Article(id=1200147894557832024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)11-1032-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.11.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067155731, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1717776000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067155731, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067155731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067155731, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147892095779072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='953', pageEnd='1064', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067155144, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067375019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148814364508515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148814364508516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1032, endPage=1040, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147894864016222, articleId=1200147894557832024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Optimization of Formulation Process and Evaluation of Immune Effect of Liposomal Peptide Vaccine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To optimize the formulation process of liposomes, construct a complex adjuvant liposome peptide vaccine, and evaluate its immune effect in mice. METHODS Taking particle size distribution and polydispersity index as evaluation indicators, the formulation process was optimized through single factor experiments. The physical properties were investigated using a laser particle size analyzer, and the microstructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency was calculated using BCA protein concentration assay, and the stability was investigated by storing at 4 and 25 ℃ for 0, 90, and 180 d. Three composite adjuvant peptide vaccines were constructed by combining it with squalene, monophosphoryl lipid A(MPLA), and QS-21. Then, BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a blank control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was subcutaneously injected with free peptide vaccine and three kinds of liposomal peptide vaccine, respectively. The samples were taken 14 d after the second immunization. ELISA was used to detect the specific IgG antibody and its subtype titer in mouse serum, and flow cytometry was used to detect the spleen lymphocyte typing, to evaluate the immune effects of different peptide vaccine formulations. RESULTS The optimal preparation conditions obtained from single factor experiments were as follows: membrane material ratio of 5∶1, ultrasonic power of 30 W, ultrasonic frequency of 40 times, and high-pressure homogenization time of 6 min. The average particle size of the liposomes was reduced from 329.7 nm to 132.0 nm, with a polydispersity index of 17.8% and an encapsulation efficiency of 76.9%. The morphology under transmission electron microscopy was regular and approximately spherical, and the stability was good after storage at 4 ℃ for 180 d. The results of the in vivo immune experiment in mice showed that the liposomal peptide vaccine could produce high titer IgG and IgG2a antibodies, up to 6.4×104 and 3.2×104, respectively; upregulate the proportion of CD4+T and CD8+T cells in lymphocytes (P<0.05), and enhance cellular immunity in mice. CONCLUSION The physicochemical properties of the optimized formulation process are stable and good, and the polypeptide vaccine formulated with adjuvant can enhance humoral and cellular immunity in mice。 It is a potential carrier for the delivery of polypeptide antigen immunization.

, correspAuthors=Fenghua XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haoyuan SHI, Zhuanqing HUANG, Zhifa XIA, Qi SUN, Zhenwei SHI, Songtao HUANG, Ying ZHANG, Shusen YAO, Fenghua XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147897376404423, articleId=1200147894557832024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=脂质体多肽疫苗的处方工艺优化及免疫效果评价, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 优化脂质体的处方工艺,构建复合佐剂脂质体多肽疫苗,并评价其在小鼠体内的免疫效果。方法 以粒径分布和多分散系数为评价指标,通过单因素实验优化处方工艺,使用激光粒度分析仪考察其物理特性,使用透射电镜观察其微观形态,利用二辛可酸(BCA)蛋白浓度测定法计算其包封率,置于4和25 ℃条件下储存0、90和180 d考察其稳定性。将其与角鲨烯、单磷酰脂质A(monophosphoryl lipid A,MPLA)和QS-21配伍构建3种复合佐剂多肽疫苗,随后将BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白对照组和实验组,实验组分别皮下注射游离多肽疫苗和3种脂质体多肽疫苗,第2次免疫后14 d取材。酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测小鼠血清中特异性免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体及其亚型滴度,流式细胞术检测脾脏淋巴细胞分型,评价不同多肽疫苗处方的免疫效果。结果 单因素实验得到的最优制备条件为:膜材比5∶1、超声功率30 W、超声次数40次、高压均质时间6 min。使脂质体的平均粒径从329.7 nm减小至132.0 nm,多分散指数为17.8%,包封率为76.9%,透射电镜下形态规整近似球形,4 ℃条件下储存180 d稳定性良好。小鼠体内免疫实验结果表明,脂质体多肽疫苗能产生高滴度的IgG和IgG2a抗体,最高可达6.4×104和3.2×104;上调淋巴细胞中CD4+T和CD8+T细胞的比例(P<0.05),增强小鼠细胞免疫。结论 处方工艺优化后制备的脂质体理化性质较好且稳定,将其与佐剂配伍构建的多肽疫苗能增强小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫,是具有应用潜力的多肽抗原免疫递送载体。

, correspAuthors=徐风华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐风华,女,博士,研究员,主任 研究方向:免疫纳米递送系统、新药和药物新剂型研发 Tel:(010)66937349
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石浩源,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:免疫纳米递送系统

, authorsList=石浩源, 黄转青, 夏志发, 孙琦, 史振伟, 黄松涛, 张莹, 姚树森, 徐风华)}, authors=[Author(id=1200147897871332326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200147898013938670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, authorId=1200147897871332326, language=EN, stringName=Haoyuan SHI, firstName=Haoyuan, middleName=null, lastName=SHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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石浩源,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:免疫纳米递送系统

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石浩源,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:免疫纳米递送系统

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caption=脂质体在4和25 ℃条件下储存0、90、180 d后的外观(A)和粒径(B), figureFileSmall=eYQshEyXl1FFD0zh0GSD+A==, figureFileBig=zeL4wc2sxYQur6sah5WinA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147903261012127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Titer levels of S450-471 specific binding antibody IgG in mouse serum, figureFileSmall=PxJLdhmt9T4EC5KoodoYzQ==, figureFileBig=Fkvk4Oe6HOxyNKJozu5WTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147903361675428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=图6, caption=小鼠血清中S450-471特异性结合抗体IgG的滴度水平, figureFileSmall=PxJLdhmt9T4EC5KoodoYzQ==, figureFileBig=Fkvk4Oe6HOxyNKJozu5WTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147903449755813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Titer level of S450-471 specific binding antibody IgG2a in mouse serum, figureFileSmall=XGdNHLDd/CutqOLOKMBLEw==, figureFileBig=mdsoLVwIdRjjIBoINfipcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147903567196329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=图7, caption=小鼠血清中S450-471特异性结合抗体IgG2a的滴度水平, figureFileSmall=XGdNHLDd/CutqOLOKMBLEw==, figureFileBig=mdsoLVwIdRjjIBoINfipcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147903667859628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Proportion of CD4+ T cell(A), CD8+ T cell(B) and CD4/CD8(C) in spleen lymphocytes of mice. n=5, $\bar{x}±s$

1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01,3)P<0.001, vs blank group.

, figureFileSmall=hatybnl5Rbvtu8l5dzumtg==, figureFileBig=6MnVP2IeEPGOaiZGoALJzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147903823048879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=图8, caption=小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞中CD4+T细胞(A)、CD8+T细胞(B)和CD4/CD8(C)比例. n=5, $\bar{x}±s$

与空白对照组相比,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01,3)P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=hatybnl5Rbvtu8l5dzumtg==, figureFileBig=6MnVP2IeEPGOaiZGoALJzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147903940489394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design and grouping of single factor experiments for liposome preparation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Group
Membrane material ratio 2∶1 3∶1 4∶1 5∶1 6∶1
Ultrasonic power/W 20 30 40 50 60
Ultrasonic frequency/time 20 30 40 50 60
High-pressure homogenization time/min 4 5 6 7 8
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904087290037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

脂质体制备单因素实验表的设计和分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Group
Membrane material ratio 2∶1 3∶1 4∶1 5∶1 6∶1
Ultrasonic power/W 20 30 40 50 60
Ultrasonic frequency/time 20 30 40 50 60
High-pressure homogenization time/min 4 5 6 7 8
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904225702069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Design and grouping of experiments for evaluating the immune effect of liposome peptide vaccine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Formula
B Blank Blank control
Q S450-471+Q Peptide+QS-21
S S450-471+S@LIPO Peptide+liposome+squalene
SQ S450-471+S+Q@LIPO Peptide+liposome+squalene+QS-21
SMQ S450-471+S+M+Q@LIPO Peptide+liposome+squalene+MPLA+QS-21
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904326365369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

脂质体多肽疫苗免疫效果评价实验的设计和分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Formula
B Blank Blank control
Q S450-471+Q Peptide+QS-21
S S450-471+S@LIPO Peptide+liposome+squalene
SQ S450-471+S+Q@LIPO Peptide+liposome+squalene+QS-21
SMQ S450-471+S+M+Q@LIPO Peptide+liposome+squalene+MPLA+QS-21
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904414445754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Particle size distribution of liposomes prepared under different membrane material ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle
size/nm
Polydispersity
index(PDI)
2∶1 20 20 4 325.8 0.153
3∶1 20 20 4 263.7 0.181
4∶1 20 20 4 226.3 0.193
5∶1 20 20 4 183.2 0.186
6∶1 20 20 4 195.1 0.181
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904489943229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同膜材比条件下制备脂质体的粒径分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle
size/nm
Polydispersity
index(PDI)
2∶1 20 20 4 325.8 0.153
3∶1 20 20 4 263.7 0.181
4∶1 20 20 4 226.3 0.193
5∶1 20 20 4 183.2 0.186
6∶1 20 20 4 195.1 0.181
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904640938176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Particle size distribution of liposomes prepared under different ultrasonic powers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle size
/nm
PDI
5∶1 20 20 4 181.7 0.186
5∶1 30 20 4 162.2 0.183
5∶1 40 20 4 171.4 0.183
5∶1 50 20 4 185.9 0.216
5∶1 60 20 4 244.4 0.351
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904754184389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同超声功率条件下制备脂质体的粒径分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle size
/nm
PDI
5∶1 20 20 4 181.7 0.186
5∶1 30 20 4 162.2 0.183
5∶1 40 20 4 171.4 0.183
5∶1 50 20 4 185.9 0.216
5∶1 60 20 4 244.4 0.351
), ArticleFig(id=1200147904896790730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The experimental data records under different number of ultrasound times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle
size/nm
PDI
5∶1 30 20 4 162.2 0.183
5∶1 30 30 4 154.3 0.192
5∶1 30 40 4 143.1 0.177
5∶1 30 50 4 147.5 0.194
5∶1 30 60 4 183.8 0.220
), ArticleFig(id=1200147905018425550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同超声次数条件下制备脂质体的粒径分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle
size/nm
PDI
5∶1 30 20 4 162.2 0.183
5∶1 30 30 4 154.3 0.192
5∶1 30 40 4 143.1 0.177
5∶1 30 50 4 147.5 0.194
5∶1 30 60 4 183.8 0.220
), ArticleFig(id=1200147905156837585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The experimental data records under different high pressure homogenization time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle
size/nm
PDI
5∶1 30 40 4 143.1 0.183
5∶1 30 40 5 138.3 0.177
5∶1 30 40 6 133.1 0.170
5∶1 30 40 7 136.5 0.186
5∶1 30 40 8 153.8 0.185
), ArticleFig(id=1200147905278472407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同高压均质时间条件下制备脂质体的粒径分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Membrane material
ratio
Ultrasonic power
/W
Ultrasonic
frequency/times
High-pressure
homogenization time/min
Mean particle
size/nm
PDI
5∶1 30 40 4 143.1 0.183
5∶1 30 40 5 138.3 0.177
5∶1 30 40 6 133.1 0.170
5∶1 30 40 7 136.5 0.186
5∶1 30 40 8 153.8 0.185
), ArticleFig(id=1200147905391718619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Validation results of 3 batches of liposomes prepared by optimal formulation process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Preparation
method
Mean particle
size/nm
PDI Zeta
potential/mV
Thin film dispersion method 132.4 0.180 35.3
Thin film dispersion method 130.5 0.174 36.0
Thin film dispersion method 133.2 0.181 35.6
), ArticleFig(id=1200147905521742044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147894557832024, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

最优处方工艺制备3批次脂质体的验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Preparation
method
Mean particle
size/nm
PDI Zeta
potential/mV
Thin film dispersion method 132.4 0.180 35.3
Thin film dispersion method 130.5 0.174 36.0
Thin film dispersion method 133.2 0.181 35.6
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脂质体多肽疫苗的处方工艺优化及免疫效果评价
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石浩源 1, 2 , 黄转青 1, 2 , 夏志发 1, 2 , 孙琦 1, 2 , 史振伟 1, 2 , 黄松涛 1, 2 , 张莹 1 , 姚树森 1 , 徐风华 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(11): 1032-1040
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(11): 1032-1040
脂质体多肽疫苗的处方工艺优化及免疫效果评价
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石浩源1, 2, 黄转青1, 2, 夏志发1, 2, 孙琦1, 2, 史振伟1, 2, 黄松涛1, 2, 张莹1, 姚树森1, 徐风华1, *
作者信息
  • 1 解放军总医院医疗保障中心药剂科, 北京 100853
  • 2 解放军医学院, 北京 100853
  • 石浩源,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:免疫纳米递送系统

通讯作者:

*徐风华,女,博士,研究员,主任 研究方向:免疫纳米递送系统、新药和药物新剂型研发 Tel:(010)66937349
Optimization of Formulation Process and Evaluation of Immune Effect of Liposomal Peptide Vaccine
Haoyuan SHI1, 2, Zhuanqing HUANG1, 2, Zhifa XIA1, 2, Qi SUN1, 2, Zhenwei SHI1, 2, Songtao HUANG1, 2, Ying ZHANG1, Shusen YAO1, Fenghua XU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2 Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
出版时间: 2024-06-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.010
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目的 优化脂质体的处方工艺,构建复合佐剂脂质体多肽疫苗,并评价其在小鼠体内的免疫效果。方法 以粒径分布和多分散系数为评价指标,通过单因素实验优化处方工艺,使用激光粒度分析仪考察其物理特性,使用透射电镜观察其微观形态,利用二辛可酸(BCA)蛋白浓度测定法计算其包封率,置于4和25 ℃条件下储存0、90和180 d考察其稳定性。将其与角鲨烯、单磷酰脂质A(monophosphoryl lipid A,MPLA)和QS-21配伍构建3种复合佐剂多肽疫苗,随后将BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白对照组和实验组,实验组分别皮下注射游离多肽疫苗和3种脂质体多肽疫苗,第2次免疫后14 d取材。酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测小鼠血清中特异性免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体及其亚型滴度,流式细胞术检测脾脏淋巴细胞分型,评价不同多肽疫苗处方的免疫效果。结果 单因素实验得到的最优制备条件为:膜材比5∶1、超声功率30 W、超声次数40次、高压均质时间6 min。使脂质体的平均粒径从329.7 nm减小至132.0 nm,多分散指数为17.8%,包封率为76.9%,透射电镜下形态规整近似球形,4 ℃条件下储存180 d稳定性良好。小鼠体内免疫实验结果表明,脂质体多肽疫苗能产生高滴度的IgG和IgG2a抗体,最高可达6.4×104和3.2×104;上调淋巴细胞中CD4+T和CD8+T细胞的比例(P<0.05),增强小鼠细胞免疫。结论 处方工艺优化后制备的脂质体理化性质较好且稳定,将其与佐剂配伍构建的多肽疫苗能增强小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫,是具有应用潜力的多肽抗原免疫递送载体。

多肽疫苗  /  纳米脂质体  /  处方工艺优化  /  疫苗佐剂

OBJECTIVE To optimize the formulation process of liposomes, construct a complex adjuvant liposome peptide vaccine, and evaluate its immune effect in mice. METHODS Taking particle size distribution and polydispersity index as evaluation indicators, the formulation process was optimized through single factor experiments. The physical properties were investigated using a laser particle size analyzer, and the microstructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency was calculated using BCA protein concentration assay, and the stability was investigated by storing at 4 and 25 ℃ for 0, 90, and 180 d. Three composite adjuvant peptide vaccines were constructed by combining it with squalene, monophosphoryl lipid A(MPLA), and QS-21. Then, BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a blank control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was subcutaneously injected with free peptide vaccine and three kinds of liposomal peptide vaccine, respectively. The samples were taken 14 d after the second immunization. ELISA was used to detect the specific IgG antibody and its subtype titer in mouse serum, and flow cytometry was used to detect the spleen lymphocyte typing, to evaluate the immune effects of different peptide vaccine formulations. RESULTS The optimal preparation conditions obtained from single factor experiments were as follows: membrane material ratio of 5∶1, ultrasonic power of 30 W, ultrasonic frequency of 40 times, and high-pressure homogenization time of 6 min. The average particle size of the liposomes was reduced from 329.7 nm to 132.0 nm, with a polydispersity index of 17.8% and an encapsulation efficiency of 76.9%. The morphology under transmission electron microscopy was regular and approximately spherical, and the stability was good after storage at 4 ℃ for 180 d. The results of the in vivo immune experiment in mice showed that the liposomal peptide vaccine could produce high titer IgG and IgG2a antibodies, up to 6.4×104 and 3.2×104, respectively; upregulate the proportion of CD4+T and CD8+T cells in lymphocytes (P<0.05), and enhance cellular immunity in mice. CONCLUSION The physicochemical properties of the optimized formulation process are stable and good, and the polypeptide vaccine formulated with adjuvant can enhance humoral and cellular immunity in mice。 It is a potential carrier for the delivery of polypeptide antigen immunization.

peptide vaccine  /  nanoliposomes  /  optimization of prescription process  /  vaccine adjuvant
石浩源, 黄转青, 夏志发, 孙琦, 史振伟, 黄松涛, 张莹, 姚树森, 徐风华. 脂质体多肽疫苗的处方工艺优化及免疫效果评价. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (11) : 1032 -1040 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.010
Haoyuan SHI, Zhuanqing HUANG, Zhifa XIA, Qi SUN, Zhenwei SHI, Songtao HUANG, Ying ZHANG, Shusen YAO, Fenghua XU. Optimization of Formulation Process and Evaluation of Immune Effect of Liposomal Peptide Vaccine[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (11) : 1032 -1040 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.010
多肽疫苗是按照病原体抗原基因中已知或预测的某段抗原表位的氨基酸序列,通过化学合成技术制备的疫苗[1]。其克服了传统疫苗的许多缺点,可大规模化学合成,易于纯化,在人体应用中较为安全。但多肽必须与适当的佐剂配合,以提高抗原的靶向性并延长抗原存在时间,诱导有效而持久的免疫效应和记忆抗体[2]。因此,选择适当的佐剂是构建多肽疫苗的关键。
基于脂质的递送系统已被确立为诱导体液和细胞免疫反应的强大递送系统[3],目前应用最为广泛的是脂质体和脂质纳米粒(lipid nanoparticle,LNP), LNP是一种广泛用于将核酸物质递送至细胞的纳米载体,由可电离阳离子脂质、中性辅助磷脂、胆固醇和聚乙二醇化脂质组成[4]。脂质体和LNP的最大区别在于形态,脂质体是脂质有序排列的双分子层形成封闭囊泡,有亲水的内部空腔结构;LNP则没有亲水空腔,相反,LNP因为阳离子磷脂和带负电的核酸物质静电络合作用存在于内部,形成的多层核心分散于脂质层间。脂质体可以包裹水溶性和脂溶性药物,增强抗原蛋白的稳定性,并通过储存效应促进疫苗成分的逐渐释放[5-7],更适合递送亲水性多肽分子,但仍存在稳定性较差,包封率较低的问题。阳离子脂质体在诱导抗原特异性细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞 (cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTL)反应和抗体产生方面优于中性和阴离子脂质体[8-9],不仅和抗原递呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC)表面的负电荷之间有强静电相互作用[10],而且可以静电吸附阴离子抗原,即亚基蛋白和核酸编码抗原,从而保护它们不被降解,并促进专业APC的摄取[11]。壳聚糖是带正电荷的多糖,具有良好的生物相容性和黏附性[12-13]。利用壳聚糖修饰脂质体,壳聚糖会黏附在脂质体双分子层上,可以提高脂质体的稳定性并减小泄漏率[14-15]。AS01是经典的颗粒佐剂系统,它是一种脂质体佐剂,含有免疫刺激剂单磷酰脂质A(monophosphoryl lipid A,MPLA)和QS-21[16-17]。MPLA是一种从脂多糖中分离出来的低毒性衍生物,可以特异性激活APC上的Toll 样受体 4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4),促进抗原呈递和T细胞活化[18],导致核因子κB(NK-κB)的激活和促炎细胞因子的表达,从而产生更强的Th1细胞反应[19]。QS-21是南美洲皂树(Quillaja-saponaria Molina )树皮提取物的第21个组分,能激活APC中的NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3),随后激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1(caspase 1),促进细胞因子白细胞介素1β(IL1β)、IL18和IL33活性形式的产生[20]。这两种免疫刺激成分协同作用,使AS01诱导 Th1为主的免疫反应并促进CTL的生成[21]。角鲨烯是由6个异戊二烯单位组成的三萜胆固醇前体[22-23],具有增强药效和增强生物相容性的作用,已被用作疫苗佐剂和给药乳剂,是水包油乳剂型佐剂MF59和AS03的主要成分[24]
本研究以基于新冠病毒S蛋白的S1亚基受体结合结构域区段上S450-471(NYLYRLFRKSNLKPFERDISTE)构建的分支多肽作为模型抗原,选择脂质体作为免疫递送系统构建多肽疫苗,设计构建了脂质体的处方工艺,并通过单因素实验对脂质体制备的处方工艺进行优化,以优化的脂质体处方工艺为基础,将脂质体与角鲨烯、MPLA和QS-21佐剂配伍组合,评价脂质体多肽疫苗在小鼠体内体液免疫和细胞免疫效果,以获得较优的脂质体/佐剂免疫递送系统。
大豆卵磷脂(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);合成多肽S450-471(成都圣诺生物制药有限公司);胆固醇、角鲨烯和壳聚糖(上海源叶生物科技有限公司);无水乙醇(天津福晨化学试剂有限公司);PBS干粉(北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司);BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(武汉博士德生物工程有限公司);QS-21和MPLA(法国InvivoGen公司);HRP标记的羊抗鼠IgG抗体(亚科因生物技术有限公司);CD3-FITC、CD4-APC、CD8a-PE抗体(美国Biolegend公司)。
旋转蒸发仪(日本YAMATO公司);循环水式多用真空泵(郑州长城科工有限公司);超声波细胞破碎机(宁波新芝生物科技有限公司);高压均质仪(美国PhD科技有限公司);激光粒度分析仪(英国马尔文仪器有限公司);共聚焦显微镜(Leica公司);酶标仪(Molecular Devices公司);酶联免疫斑点分析仪(美国Cellular Technology公司);流式细胞仪(美国Beckman Coulter公司);透射电子显微镜HT7800(日本日立公司)。
用PBS将脂质体稀释100倍,使用漩涡震荡仪混合均匀,将稀释后的液体滴于载玻片中央,盖上盖玻片,在显微镜下观察。
本实验采用动态散射光技术测定脂质体的粒径及分布。取稀释10倍后的脂质体样品将进样槽填满,确保没有气泡产生,使电极片能与液面充分接触。在机器上运行测量程序,运行结束后导出结果,分析脂质体的粒径、PDI和Zeta电位。
利用单因素考察法对制备流程中可能对脂质体粒径影响较大的4个因素,制备方法选择薄膜分散法,以粒径分布和多分散系数为评价指标进行实验,考察因素和分组见表1
精密称取大豆卵磷脂60 mg、胆固醇 30 mg,置于圆底烧瓶中,加入10 mL无水乙醇,常温下搅拌使其溶解形成澄明溶液,将圆底烧瓶连接到旋转蒸发仪,在45 ℃水浴条件下去除乙醇形成透明薄膜。加入含有多肽抗原(2 mg·mL-1)的PBS溶液5 mL和1%壳聚糖溶液5 mL震荡使薄膜充分水化,形成乳白色半透明溶液。然后置于超声波破碎仪中,超声20次(20 W,工作4 s,间歇4 s,冰水浴),再将得到的半透明溶液置于高压均质机中(100 000 kPa)循环4 min得到脂质体。取1 mL稀释100倍,测定其粒径分布和多分散系数。
保持胆固醇的用量不变,依次改变大豆卵磷脂的用量(90、120、150、180 mg),在其他条件均不变的情况下进行其余4组实验,分别测定各组脂质体的粒径分布。
以优化后的膜材比制备脂质体,在保持其他因素不改变的情况下,考虑到超声功率过大会导致大量发热,依次改变超声功率(30、40、50、60 W),继续进行其余4组实验,分别测定各组脂质体粒径分布和多分散系数。
以优化后的膜材比、超声功率制备脂质体,在控制其他因素不改变的情况下,依次改变超声次数(30,40,50,60),继续进行其他4组实验,分别测定各组脂质体粒径分布和多分散系数。
以优化后的膜材比、超声功率、超声次数制备脂质体,在保持其他因素不改变的情况下,依次改变高压均质时间(5、6、7、8 min),继续进行其余4组实验,分别测定各组脂质体粒径分布和多分散系数。
根据单因素实验筛选出的最佳条件,使用薄膜分散法以最优方案分别平行制备3批脂质体,测定其平均粒径、多分散系数和Zeta电位。
将采用优化制备过程得到的脂质体用蒸馏水进行100倍稀释。将已稀释的溶液放置于专用铜网上,保持3 min。利用无尘纸轻轻吸除表面多余的溶液,并在溶液上滴加2%的磷钨酸(pH值为7.0),负染1 min。最后,在透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)下进行样品观察并记录影像。
①将25 μL的标准品和待测样品分别置于微孔板中;②向每个孔中加入200 μL的工作液,并振荡30 s以确保混合均匀,在37 ℃下覆盖并孵育微孔板30 min;③将孔板冷却至室温后,使用酶标仪在595 nm波长下测量光密度(OD)值;④以BSA标准品的OD值为基准(扣除空白对照孔的OD值得到准确读数),制作标准曲线,曲线的X轴表示蛋白质质量浓度(μg·mL-1),Y轴表示相应的OD595 nm读数。根据此曲线及样品的稀释倍数,计算出样品中的蛋白质质量浓度。
将制备完成的脂质体于4 ℃、6 000 r·min-1离心20 min,取上清液体积V(mL),加入的抗原总量为A(mg);测得的上清多肽抗原质量浓度为ρ(mg·mL-1),按公式1计算样品中脂质体对多肽抗原包封率(encapsulation efficiency,EE):
EE(%)=(1-ρV/A)×100%
为了考察脂质体溶液在不同温度下储存的稳定性,将同一批制备完成的脂质体分别置于4和25 ℃条件下储存0、90和180 d,分别通过其外观性状和纳米激光粒度仪分析结果进行比较分析。
取大豆卵磷脂25 mg、胆固醇5 mg和角鲨烯25 mg(另2种疫苗分别添加QS-21及同时添加QS-21和MPLA,100 μg)溶于5 mL无水乙醇中,常温下搅拌使其溶解形成澄明溶液,在45 ℃水浴条件下使用旋转蒸发仪除去乙醇形成透明薄膜。加入含有多肽抗原2 mg的PBS 1 mL和1 mL配制好的1%壳聚糖溶液震荡使薄膜充分水化,形成乳白色半透明溶液。置于超声波破碎仪中,冰水浴下超声40次(30 W,工作4 s,间歇4 s),再将得到的半透明溶液置于高压均质机(100 000 kPa)均质循环6 min得到脂质体S450-471+S@LIPO(添加QS-21的脂质体S450-471+S+Q@LIPO,添加QS-21和MPLA的脂质体S450-471+S+M+Q@LIPO)。
取1 mg·mL-1多肽溶液2 mL,加入100 μg QS-21即得到游离新冠多肽疫苗(S450-471 +QS-21)。
将健康的雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分成5组,每组5只,其中1组为空白对照组,其他4组为接种新冠多肽疫苗的实验组(表2)。实验组小鼠分别在第0天(首次免疫)和第14天(加强免疫,剂量减半)分别在背部皮下多点注射接种新冠多肽疫苗,免疫剂量为每只200 μL。在第2次加强免疫后14 d将小鼠处死,采集小鼠血液和脾脏样本,使用ELISA和流式细胞术对样本进行检测。本实验通过了解放军总医院动物实验伦理委员会的审批。
多肽抗原的血清特异性结合抗体IgG及其亚型滴度的测定采用ELISA法来检测,具体的实验步骤如下:①包被:用包被缓冲液将抗原稀释至2 μg·mL-1。向每个ELISA板孔中加入0.1 mL,4 ℃过夜孵育。次日,弃去孔内溶液,用洗涤缓冲液洗3次,每次3 min(简称洗涤,下同);②封闭:分别向各板孔中加入0.1 mL的封闭液,37 ℃孵育1 h,洗涤3次;③加样:分别加一定稀释倍数的待检样品0.1 mL和梯度稀释后的抗体标准品0.1 mL于上述已包被好的反应孔中,置37 ℃孵育1 h,洗涤3次(同时做空白孔,阴性对照孔及阳性对照孔)。④加酶标抗体:于各反应孔中,加入0.1 mL新鲜稀释的酶标抗体(1∶10 000)。37 ℃孵育1 h,洗涤3次;⑤加底物液显色:于各反应孔中加入0.1 mL新鲜配制的3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)底物溶液,37 ℃避光反应10~30 min;⑥终止反应:于各反应孔中加入50 μL的2 mol·L-1硫酸;⑦结果判定:将ELISA板置于酶标仪上,于450 nm处读取各孔的OD值。当待测血清样品OD值大于未处理的正常小鼠血清OD值的2倍时定义为阳性,最小阳性OD值对应的血清稀释度即为血清抗体滴度。
将脾脏细胞悬液离心后收集沉淀。用100 μL无菌PBS重悬细胞,分别加入流式荧光标记抗体CD3-FITC、CD4-APC、CD8a-PE染色,避光静置30 min。而后于3 000 r·min-1,离心5 min,弃上清,加入1 mL PBS清洗2次,最后用200~300 μL无菌PBS重悬装入流式管中,使用流式细胞仪进行检测,检测前混匀细胞。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件对实验数据进行统计学分析,实验数据计量资料以均值±标准差($\bar{x}±s$)表示,组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用t检验,P<0.05代表差异具有统计学意义。
制备流程优化前制备的脂质体外观见图1,溶液均一无杂质,呈半透明溶液状,在倒置显微镜下放大200倍观察,脂质体成粒径均匀的球状小颗粒。
经纳米激光粒度仪检测,制备的脂质体平均粒径为329.7 nm,PDI为15.0%(图2)。说明所得脂质体虽然性状均一,比较稳定,但是平均粒径仍较大,有必要通过优化制备流程得到理化性质更好的脂质体。
实验结果见表3,随着膜材比的增加,脂质体的粒径变小,当膜材比为5∶1,脂质体的平均粒径在理想范围内且最小,当膜材比为6∶1时,脂质体的平均粒径又有所增加,结合对多分散系数的分析得出,SPC与Chol的比例为5∶1时,制备的脂质体最优。
表4可知,当超声功率为30 W、平均粒径为162.2 nm、PDI为18.3%时,所制备的脂质体最好;当超声功率为60 W时,功率较大导致溶液温度明显升高,脂质体的粒径偏大,PDI为0.351,分散程度也明显变大,不适合作为制备条件。
表5可知,当超声次数为40次时,所得脂质体物理性质最优。实验过程中发现,当超声次数为60次时,置于超声破碎机内的样品溶液温度较高,从表5结果也可以看出,过高的温度导致所制备的脂质体平均粒径和PDI升高,提示在脂质体制备过程中要考虑温度的影响。
表6可知,不同条件下制备的脂质体均符合要求,当高压均质时间为6 min时,所制备的脂质体平均粒径最小,PDI最小,粒径分布比较均匀,因此最佳的高压均质时间为6 min。
薄膜分散法3个批次制备的脂质体平均粒径为132.0 nm、PDI值为17.8%、Zeta电位为35.6 mV,符合实验设计的要求,说明该最优处方可靠,见表7
透射电镜下观察脂质体的结构见图3,分散性良好,形态规整,近似圆形,粒径大小在100 nm左右。
通过BCA蛋白浓度法建立的已知浓度多肽抗原标准曲线方程为:Y=0.000 352 5X+0.073 32(r2=0.997 3),其方程的标准曲线见图4
脂质体中多肽抗原质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1,取1 mL脂质体溶液多次离心累计取上清液共0.6 mL,在酶标仪595 nm条件下检测到上清液的OD值为0.209(已减去空白孔OD值)。将该值代入多肽抗原标准曲线可得此时上清液中蛋白质量浓度为384.9 μg·mL-1,此时V=0.6 mL,ρ=384.9 μg·mL-1,A=1 000 μg,代入公式1计算得包封率为76.9%。脂质体对抗原的包封率较高,具有作为疫苗免疫载体的潜力。
将同批次制备好的脂质体分别置于4和25 ℃条件下储存0、90和180 d后观察,发现置于4 ℃储存的脂质体外观性状无明显差异,平均粒径也无明显变化,而置于25 ℃下储存的脂质体随着时间的增长,液体颜色加深,提示可能出现聚集现象,且粒径随着储存时间增加明显变大(图5)。说明脂质体在4 ℃的条件下长期储存比较稳定。
机体接收到外来抗原的刺激信号后,免疫系统的部分B淋巴细胞成熟分化为效应B细胞,产生特异性结合抗体,其中IgG是血清中特异性结合抗体的主要成分,具有抗病毒、中和病毒、抗菌及免疫调节的功能。在小鼠第2次免疫后14 d,收集其外周血离心取血清,检测血清中多肽抗原S450-471特异性结合抗体IgG的滴度水平。结果显示,Q组抗体滴度约为4 000,S组抗体滴度约为1.6×104,SQ组中抗体滴度达到3.2×104以上,SMQ组的抗体滴度最高为6.4×104(图6)。
辅助性T淋巴细胞(helper T lymphocytes, Th)介导的抗原应答可分为两种,Th1细胞通过释放Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-β等诱导倾向细胞免疫应答,诱导产生IgG2a抗体;而Th2型细胞通过释放Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10等诱导倾向体液免疫应答,产生IgG1抗体。对于由病毒引起的传染病,需要通过Th1来活化巨噬细胞、B细胞和CD8+细胞毒性T细胞的功能来直接杀死已经被感染和病变的细胞[25]。接下来检测了S450-471特异性结合抗体IgG2a的滴度水平,其中Q与对照组B无明显差异,仅略有升高,S达到8 000以上,SQ达到1.6×104以上,SMQ为3.2×104以上(图7),其结果基本与S450-471特异性结合抗体IgG的趋势相符。
在第2次免疫后14 d收集小鼠脾脏细胞进行T淋巴细胞亚型检测。相对于空白对照组B(24.9%),疫苗实验各组脾脏淋巴细胞中CD4+T淋巴细胞比例明显升高(图8A);而在CD8+T淋巴细胞比例的结果中,相对于B(11.84%),实验组Q(12.21%)、S(13.27%)、SQ(13.06%) 和SMQ(12.86%)均有不同程度的升高(图8B);与此同时,经计算发现各实验组CD4/CD8比值较对照组明显升高(图8C)。以上各组数据均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
脂质体的理化性质是决定脂质体发挥作用效果的重要影响因素,粒径及其分布是判断脂质体是否合格的重要指标。研究表明,纳米颗粒(<200 nm)更容易通过淋巴引流进入淋巴结[26],并促进抗原提呈细胞的吸收,使其更适合传递分子佐剂和抗原[27-29]。单因素实验得到的最优的制备条件为:膜材比5∶1、超声功率30 W、超声次数40次、高压均质时间6 min,使脂质体的平均粒径从329.7 nm减小至132.0 nm,对此制备流程进行了验证,其结果与预期相符,且PDI均在30%以下,说明脂质体粒径分布比较均匀[30];利用BCA蛋白浓度法测定脂质体对多肽抗原S450-471的包封率为76.9%;在透射电镜观下观察其形态规整,近似圆形,其大小与动态散射光测定的粒径分布基本相符;随后对稳定性进行了评价,发现在4 ℃储存的稳定性较好,180 d后其外观和粒径无明显变化,明显优于在25 ℃条件下储存。在优化后脂质体处方工艺的基础上,以负载角鲨烯的脂质体为研究对象,并将其与MPLA和QS-21佐剂联用构建复合佐剂免疫递送系统,通过小鼠体内免疫实验评价其免疫效果。SMQ在免疫后的血清抗体效价较高,有效激活小鼠体液免疫,并且通过促进Th1反应诱导IgG2a产生,其中效果SMQ明显最好。流式分析结果显示,脂质体多肽疫苗的脾脏T淋巴细胞中的CD4+T细胞比例显著升高(P<0.05),这与Peng等[31]在新型冠状病毒感染康复的患者中发现针对病毒刺突蛋白的CD4+T细胞反应的比例较高的结果相似。机体被新型冠状病毒感染的主要特征是CD4+T淋巴细胞数量的减少和CD4/CD8比值的下降。CD4+ T淋巴细胞数量越少,新型冠状病毒感染的程度越严重[32-33]。因此,在本研究中,免疫小鼠血清和脾细胞中T细胞CD4/CD8比值的升高,提示机体免疫功能增强。有研究表明,随着CD4+T淋巴细胞的含量增多, 机体接触外来病原体时启动免疫反应的速度更快,能更迅速地对抗病原体,提示机体的免疫功能得到了提高[34]。CD4+T细胞比例的增加会辅助B细胞产生抗体为主的体液免疫反应,同时促进以CD8+T细胞为主的Th1方向的细胞免疫反应[35-36]。结果发现,各疫苗组CD4+T和CD8+T比例以及CD4/CD8的比值均明显高于对照组,说明多肽疫苗有效促进了小鼠的细胞免疫,机体的免疫功能增强,其中疫苗SMQ的效果最好。所以,综合效果最优的复合佐剂免疫递送系统组合为:脂质体+角鲨烯+MPLA+QS-21,不但能高效激活小鼠体液免疫,而且能促进CD4+和CD8+T细胞免疫,增强小鼠的细胞免疫功能。
综上所述,本研究优化了脂质体处方和制备工艺条件,并通过实验筛选得到了能有效递送新型冠状病毒多肽抗原并增强机体免疫效果的新型复合佐剂脂质体免疫递送系统,由于基于脂质的配方技术已经广泛应用,这种纳米疫苗可能具有良好的临床应用潜力。为基于脂质体的新冠多肽疫苗研发提供了良好的研究基础。
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.010
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-06-08
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(82171814)
作者信息
    1 解放军总医院医疗保障中心药剂科, 北京 100853
    2 解放军医学院, 北京 100853

通讯作者:

*徐风华,女,博士,研究员,主任 研究方向:免疫纳米递送系统、新药和药物新剂型研发 Tel:(010)66937349
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.11.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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