Article(id=1200147841860596075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147837586604797, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)10-0872-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.10.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693238400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067143167, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1716307200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067143167, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067143167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067143167, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147837586604797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='10', pageStart='857', pageEnd='950', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067142149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067345188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148689244225889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147837586604797, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148689244225890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147837586604797, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=872, endPage=878, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147842217111924, articleId=1200147841860596075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Antidepressant Effect of Morinda officinalis Oligosaccharides, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Morinda officinalis is one of the four traditional southern medicines in China. Modern studies show that its oligosaccharides have good anti-depression activity.After continuous research and development by Chinese scientists, Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide Capsules, which are mainly composed of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide, have been approved to be marketed as the fifth kinds of anti-depression new drugs in Chinese traditional medicine with independent intellectual property rights.By referring to the domestic and foreign literature on Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide as the research object, this paper comprehensively summarizes and combs the research and development process, anti-depression mechanism, extraction process, detection method and clinical application of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide, which provides references for the subsequent research on Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides and the research and development of antidepressant drugs discovered from traditional Chinese medicine and natural products.

, correspAuthors=Zeping ZUO, Ying LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yongzhe SONG, Jian ZHAO, Xiao YE, Min YU, Xiaoru WU, Beibei MA, Tingting WANG, Hairun YANG, Wanhui LIU, Xingchao GENG, Zeping ZUO, Ying LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147842640736636, articleId=1200147841860596075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁作用研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

巴戟天是我国传统的“四大南药”之一。现代医学研究发现,巴戟天中含有多种活性成分,如糖类、蒽醌类、环烯醚萜类及氨基酸类等,具有明显提高机体免疫力、增强记忆、抗氧化、抗衰老等作用。其中寡糖类成分表现出良好的抗抑郁活性,这一研究对发展新型抗抑郁药物提供了重要的思路与方向。在我国,以巴戟天寡糖为主要成分的巴戟天寡糖胶囊已获批上市,成为我国具有独立知识产权的中药五类抗抑郁症新药。为了更好地推进巴戟天寡糖的研究,本文全面梳理和归纳了国内外关于巴戟天寡糖的相关文献,对其研发历程、抗抑郁作用机制、提取工艺、检测方法以及临床应用情况进行了深入地总结和归纳,旨在为后续以巴戟天寡糖为主要成分的抗抑郁药物研究以及从中药和天然产物中发现抗抑郁药物的研发提供有益的借鉴和参考。

, correspAuthors=左泽平, 刘颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*左泽平,女,主管药师 研究方向: 药理毒理研究 Tel:(010)87632551;
刘颖,女,研究员 研究方向:药物分析与药物质量控制研究 Tel:(010)67872233-8072
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宋咏哲与赵健为共同第一作者

宋咏哲,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与药物质量控制;

赵健,男,工程师 研究方向:药品智慧管理。

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巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁作用研究进展
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宋咏哲 1 , 赵健 2 , 叶潇 3 , 于敏 3 , 吴笑如 4 , 马贝贝 4 , 王婷婷 4 , 杨海润 4 , 刘万卉 1 , 耿兴超 3 , 左泽平 4, * , 刘颖 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(10): 872-878
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(10): 872-878
巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁作用研究进展
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宋咏哲1, 赵健2, 叶潇3, 于敏3, 吴笑如4, 马贝贝4, 王婷婷4, 杨海润4, 刘万卉1, 耿兴超3, 左泽平4, *, 刘颖3, *
作者信息
  • 1 烟台大学, 山东 烟台 264003
  • 2 国家药品监督管理局信息中心, 北京 100032
  • 3 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 4 北京同仁堂股份有限公司科学研究所, 北京 100079
  • 宋咏哲,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与药物质量控制;

    赵健,男,工程师 研究方向:药品智慧管理。

通讯作者:

*左泽平,女,主管药师 研究方向: 药理毒理研究 Tel:(010)87632551;
刘颖,女,研究员 研究方向:药物分析与药物质量控制研究 Tel:(010)67872233-8072
Research Progress on the Antidepressant Effect of Morinda officinalis Oligosaccharides
Yongzhe SONG1, Jian ZHAO2, Xiao YE3, Min YU3, Xiaoru WU4, Beibei MA4, Tingting WANG4, Hairun YANG4, Wanhui LIU1, Xingchao GENG3, Zeping ZUO4, *, Ying LIU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China
  • 2 Center for Information, National Medical Products Administraiton, Beijing 100032, China
  • 3 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 4 Scientific Research Institute, Beijing Tongrentang Co., Ltd., Beijing 100079, China
出版时间: 2024-05-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.003
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巴戟天是我国传统的“四大南药”之一。现代医学研究发现,巴戟天中含有多种活性成分,如糖类、蒽醌类、环烯醚萜类及氨基酸类等,具有明显提高机体免疫力、增强记忆、抗氧化、抗衰老等作用。其中寡糖类成分表现出良好的抗抑郁活性,这一研究对发展新型抗抑郁药物提供了重要的思路与方向。在我国,以巴戟天寡糖为主要成分的巴戟天寡糖胶囊已获批上市,成为我国具有独立知识产权的中药五类抗抑郁症新药。为了更好地推进巴戟天寡糖的研究,本文全面梳理和归纳了国内外关于巴戟天寡糖的相关文献,对其研发历程、抗抑郁作用机制、提取工艺、检测方法以及临床应用情况进行了深入地总结和归纳,旨在为后续以巴戟天寡糖为主要成分的抗抑郁药物研究以及从中药和天然产物中发现抗抑郁药物的研发提供有益的借鉴和参考。

巴戟天寡糖  /  胶囊  /  抑郁症  /  临床应用  /  检测方法

Morinda officinalis is one of the four traditional southern medicines in China. Modern studies show that its oligosaccharides have good anti-depression activity.After continuous research and development by Chinese scientists, Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide Capsules, which are mainly composed of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide, have been approved to be marketed as the fifth kinds of anti-depression new drugs in Chinese traditional medicine with independent intellectual property rights.By referring to the domestic and foreign literature on Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide as the research object, this paper comprehensively summarizes and combs the research and development process, anti-depression mechanism, extraction process, detection method and clinical application of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide, which provides references for the subsequent research on Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides and the research and development of antidepressant drugs discovered from traditional Chinese medicine and natural products.

Morinda officinalis oligosaccharide  /  capsule  /  depression  /  clinical application  /  detection method
宋咏哲, 赵健, 叶潇, 于敏, 吴笑如, 马贝贝, 王婷婷, 杨海润, 刘万卉, 耿兴超, 左泽平, 刘颖. 巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁作用研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (10) : 872 -878 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.003
Yongzhe SONG, Jian ZHAO, Xiao YE, Min YU, Xiaoru WU, Beibei MA, Tingting WANG, Hairun YANG, Wanhui LIU, Xingchao GENG, Zeping ZUO, Ying LIU. Research Progress on the Antidepressant Effect of Morinda officinalis Oligosaccharides[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (10) : 872 -878 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.003
抑郁症是给人类造成沉重负担的一种精神性疾病,严重者可出现自杀念头和行为,对患者及其家属造成的痛苦、对社会造成的损失是其他疾病无法比拟的[1-2]。目前,对于抑郁症的治疗手段多数采用药物控制病情发展,但据统计目前药物抗抑郁的总有效率低于70%[3]。此外,据报道抗抑郁药物的副作用与不良反应不仅会导致治疗的依从性变差,且停药还会导致戒断反应及抑郁症复发[3]。因我国在中药及天然药物研发方面具有独特的资源优势,促使研究者将抗抑郁药物的研发目光转向了中药领域。
巴戟天是一种名贵中药材,属“四大南药”之一,来源于茜草科巴戟属植物巴戟天(Morinda officinalis How)的干燥根,主治阳痿遗精、宫冷不孕、月经不调、少腹冷痛、风湿痹痛及筋骨痿软[4]。巴戟天中含有多种化学成分,主要包括糖类、环烯醚萜类、氨基酸类、蒽醌类及挥发性成分[5]等。研究发现,巴戟天中糖类成分不仅可以提高机体免疫力、增强记忆、具有抗氧化抗衰老等作用且表现出良好的抗抑郁活性[6]。Cui等[7]对巴戟天药材总提物进行液液萃取、透析、凝胶柱层析等多种分离后,发现巴戟天寡糖具有明显的抗抑郁、抗应激等作用。此后,研究人员对巴戟天中寡糖类成分进行了一系列研究,认为巴戟天中寡糖类(四至七聚糖)成分为其抗抑郁的主要物质基础。2012年,以巴戟天寡糖提取物为主要成分的巴戟天寡糖胶囊作为我国具有独立自主知识产权的中药五类抗抑郁症新药[8]正式上市,也开启了中医药在抗抑郁领域的现代化进程。本研究将以巴戟天寡糖为研究对象,对其抗抑郁药物的研发历程、提取工艺、检测方法、作用机制和在临床上的应用情况进行综述,为后续巴戟天寡糖的研究提供参考。
巴戟天在传统中医药理论中具有补肾阳、强筋骨、祛风湿的主要功效。Cheng等[9]在对助阳类中草药治疗阳虚病症的研究过程中发现,巴戟天水提物可显著改善利血平化小鼠的阳虚体征,并可拮抗利血平所引起的脑儿茶酚胺(catecholamine,CA)耗竭,使去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)与多巴胺(dopamine,DA)明显回升,首次表明了巴戟天可能成为临床抗抑郁药物的新来源。
Cui等[7]通过小鼠悬尾法及强迫游泳实验证实了巴戟天提取物具有明显的抗抑郁活性,并采用液液萃取、透析、凝胶柱层析等手段分离提取物中的有效成分,验证其活性并对其进行化学、波谱学鉴定,进一步揭示了巴戟天抗抑郁的有效组分为一组菊淀粉型寡糖同系物,即巴戟天寡糖,也以此为基础开展了后续的新药研发工作。Zhang等[10]通过观察纯度较高的巴戟天寡糖(四至七聚糖)对小鼠强迫性游泳和大鼠获得性无助抑郁模型的影响,发现巴戟天寡糖与地昔帕明作用类似,具有一定的抗抑郁作用,能明显缩短大鼠和小鼠强迫性游泳期间的不动时间。上述研究为巴戟天寡糖新药研发提供了药效学支撑。
2005年,以巴戟天寡糖为主要成分的巴戟天寡糖胶囊由北京同仁堂股份有限公司研发成功,获得临床批件,为中药第五类新药,也由此开展临床试验。在Ⅰ期临床试验中,Si等[11]发现,无论是单次给药还是连续给药,巴戟天寡糖胶囊在受试者中均表现出良好的耐受性,并且未出现具有临床意义的不良事件、心电图与生命体征异常等现象。不良反应也较为轻微,多为轻度的口干与困倦。此后,在初步评价巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗轻、中度抑郁症的疗效和安全性的Ⅱ期临床试验中,Wang等[12]以氟西汀片为对照,采用分组随机、双盲双模拟、阳性药平行对照、多中心临床试验研究方法,评价了巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗轻、中度抑郁症(肾虚证)的安全性和有效性。结果表明,巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗轻、中度抑郁症(肾虚证)不劣于对照药氟西汀片,且在治疗剂量下基本无毒副作用,安全性好。在最终评价巴戟天寡糖胶囊在临床安全性与疗效的Ⅲ期临床试验中,Kong等[13]依旧以氟西汀片与安慰剂为对照,采用随机、双盲双模拟、安慰剂与阳性药平行对照、多中心临床试验研究方法来评价巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗抑郁症(肾虚证)的临床安全性和有效性。结果显示,巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗抑郁症的疗效优于安慰剂,不劣于氟西汀,对中医证候的疗效优于氟西汀,对抑郁伴发的焦虑有效且在治疗剂量下不良反应轻微,安全性好。
巴戟天寡糖胶囊通过Ⅰ、Ⅱ以及Ⅲ期临床试验研究,结果表明,其能够治疗轻、中度抑郁症且疗效不低于氟西汀,不良反应也较轻,是一种中药类抗抑郁新药。
寡糖,又名低聚糖,由2~10个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成,多羟基,具有一定的亲水性,以乙醇回流最常用,但存在溶媒介质影响等不确定因素,可导致提取物含量降低,可能影响其临床疗效等[14]。寡糖的提取还可以采用超声波提取、微波提取及生物提取等多种现代提取方法。而目前研究报道中对巴戟天寡糖类成分的常用提取方法有水提法和乙醇水溶液回流提取法[15],对其提取工艺的研究主要考察溶媒的比例、醇的浓度比例,提取时间、次数、温度和pH等。Wu等[16]考察了巴戟天寡糖在水、乙醇及不同pH值水溶液中的化学稳定性,发现在水溶液中进行提取时寡糖的含量会逐渐下降并产生新的未知成分;在不同体积分数的乙醇溶液中进行提取时,体积分数在10%~30%时会发生少量水解,当乙醇的体积分数大于40%,在50%~60%之间时提取率最高;在不同pH值水溶液中提取变化差异较大,巴戟天寡糖在pH为2和3时基本被水解,pH为4和5时大部分水解,pH为6~10时巴戟天寡糖趋于稳定。因此,在对巴戟天寡糖进行提取时要注意考察乙醇的浓度及溶剂的pH。
多指标优选中药提取工艺是提高中药制剂质量的重要手段,符合中药中多组分、多靶点的作用特点,能更合理地评价整个工艺过程。文献[17-18]采用此方法考察了液固比、乙醇体积分数、提取时间、提取次数并通过正交试验的方法优选出巴戟天寡糖的最佳提取方法:加入15倍量的体积分数40% 乙醇浸泡24 h后进行提取,共提取2次,每次1 h。而Ma等[17]将正交试验法与紫外-可见分光光度检测法结合起来,并且采用超滤法富集相对分子质量3 000以下的巴戟天寡糖,较好地解决了多糖对寡糖含量测定的干扰。
但采用正交设计的试验方法,难以考察各因素之间、多个响应面与因素之间的交互作用关系。因此,Yang等[19]采用响应面法来优化巴戟天的提取工艺,并且与正交试验的方法相比,该方法能更好地弥补一个水平点优选方式的不足,能以最经济、最少的试验次数和最短的时间对所选的考察因素及试验参数进行全面研究,对巴戟天低聚糖有效部位新药中试及产业化的研究具有重要意义。
为控制以巴戟天寡糖为主要成分的相关中药制剂的质量,对寡糖类成分的分析方法进行研究至关重要。目前对于糖类化合物的检测,多采用化学分析法、气相色谱法(GC)、液相色谱法(LC)及液质联用(LC-MS)等方法。但是化学分析法中常用的糖类检测方法如斐林氏法、高锰酸钾法及硫酸-苯酚法等只能测定总还原糖,不能测定其他糖的含量。糖类物质本身不具有挥发性,若采用GC法则需要进行衍生化处理,操作较为复杂。由于糖类化合物的结构特殊,其在紫外区没有吸收或不产生荧光,这就给检测带来了很大的困难,只能采用示差折光检测器(RID)、蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)、电雾式检测器(CAD)等来进行检测。
而文献研究报道中,对巴戟天寡糖进行含量测定时主要测定四至七聚糖的含量,采用的方法主要有高效液相色谱(HPLC)法[20]和亲水作用色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HILIC-ELSD)联用法[21],且在对不同产地的巴戟天粉末进行含量测定时发现五聚糖的含量稳定且回收率较高。但是由于上述研究是以低聚糖四至七聚糖为对照品,操作步骤较为繁琐。因此,Zhang等[22]通过RID或ELSD,以含有乙腈的水溶液为流动相,采用HPLC法以五聚糖作为对照品来测定(外标法)巴戟天菊淀粉型三至九聚糖(巴戟天寡糖三至九聚糖)的含量,减少了对照品数量,缩短了测定时间且重复性好。而Zhou等[23]采用HPLC-ELSD 法同时定性定量分析巴戟天中的3种寡糖(巴戟天寡糖四聚糖、巴戟天寡糖五聚糖、蔗果三糖),发现不同批次巴戟天药材中巴戟天寡糖五聚糖的含量最高,也从一定程度上说明了以五聚糖作为质量控制的标准可以更好地控制巴戟天药材及产品的质量。此外,Jing等[24]首次使用HPLC-CAD法同时测定巴戟天混合寡糖中6个寡糖单体含量。由于CAD不依赖化合物的分子结构,所以能对大范围的化学结构和种类进行分析检测,其灵敏度较RID和ELSD高[25]。Hao等[26]采用超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE)的方法,快速对巴戟天寡糖低聚糖类成分进行鉴别,这些研究为巴戟天寡糖类化合物质量标准的制定提供了新的研究思路。
此外,更有文献[27]采用液相串联三重四极杆质谱仪(LC-MS/MS)的方法,以格列苯脲为内标,选择ESI电离源,在负离子模式下进行多反应检测,建立了在大鼠血浆体内的巴戟天寡糖五聚糖的含量测定方法,用于其后续在大鼠体内的药动学研究。结果表明,大鼠口服巴戟天寡糖(五聚糖)原液后在体内0.68 h达到最大血药浓度,4 h后消失,无法进行准确定量;然而可能是由于其在胃内降解迅速,且在肠细胞单层的通透性较差,从而导致大鼠体内的口服生物利用度仅为0.5%。
现代药理学研究表明[5],巴戟天在治疗神经系统、免疫系统、内分泌系统及心血管系统等诸多身心疾病与失调方面均有较明显疗效,其中尤以巴戟天寡糖类成分干预神经系统疾病效果最为突出,且与经典药物的传统功效相对应,因此关于巴戟天寡糖对于神经系统疾病的作用机制也成为了国内外关注的热点。
Zou等[28]对成年ICR小鼠进行腹腔注射巴戟天寡糖14 d,通过免疫组化法测定海马齿状回新增殖神经细胞的数目;另通过原代细胞培养观察不同剂量巴戟天寡糖对大鼠海马神经元树突生长的影响。结果表明,巴戟天寡糖能够显著促进成年小鼠海马神经细胞的再生,增加原代培养的海马神经元树突及分支数目,这种海马神经可塑性调节作用可能是其抗抑郁的机制之一。
据报道[29],抑郁症患者下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)轴功能是亢进的,血中糖皮质激素(glucocorticoid,GC)水平显著升高,同时人的脑神经细胞存在介导GC作用的受体,其中海马上表达水平最高。对于抑郁症患者而言,由于血中GC水平持续升高而导致海马受体GC水平降低,从而使海马对HPA轴产生负反馈。这就意味着其抗抑郁作用的机制可能与GC对海马的选择性损伤及HPA轴的亢进有关。Li等[29-31]多次采用高浓度皮质酮损伤PC12神经细胞开展试验,发现从巴戟天提取到的巴戟天寡糖可以防止这种损伤的发生,并且通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法扩增测试发现,大鼠前脑皮层神经细胞生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)及海马BDNF mRNA表达显著升高,表明巴戟天寡糖可减轻细胞内的钙超载,逆转NGF mRNA表达水平的下降,推测巴戟天寡糖的抗抑郁作用机制可能与神经因子表达升高有关。Li等[32]发现慢性应激导致小鼠肾上腺皮质弥漫性增生和肾上腺髓质萎缩,但每次应激前用巴戟天寡糖(100 mg·kg-1,ip)预处理15 d的小鼠肾上腺则没有发生任何病理变化,表明巴戟天寡糖可降低血清皮质酮水平,提高睾酮水平。这意味着调节HPA轴的亢进也可能是其抗抑郁作用的机制之一。
也有研究[33-34]发现,巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁的作用机制可能是通过影响神经营养因子通路、调节突触的可塑性实现的,并且该研究结果显示,巴戟天寡糖可以显著修复脑源性神经营养因子-糖原合成酶-3β-β-连环蛋白(BDNF-GSK-3β-β-catenin)通路的异常以及内侧前额叶皮质的突触蛋白缺失,这可能是其发挥抗抑郁及应激恢复能力的基础。
5-羟色胺(5-hydroxy tryptamine,5-HT)广泛分布于脑内,可以调节多种生理功能,主要相关疾病包括抑郁症和焦虑障碍。Cai等[35]应用小鼠悬尾法、5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptophan,5-HTP)诱发小鼠甩头法、阿扑吗啡诱导小鼠刻板行为法以及小鼠全脑单胺递质含量测量法等发现巴戟天中的巴戟天寡糖4种单体成分可以兴奋小鼠5-HT神经系统,提示巴戟天寡糖的抗抑郁作用可能通过5-HT神经系统实现。此外,有研究表明[36],经巴戟天寡糖干预治疗后发现小鼠抑郁样行为减少并且肠道菌群失调现象逐渐恢复,推测巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁作用机制也可能与肠道微生菌群中的5-HTP有关。Zhang等[37]发现口服巴戟天寡糖可以增加肠道微生物群中的色氨酸羟化酶(tryptophan hydroxylase,TPH)水平,从而加速色氨酸产生5-HTP;与此同时巴戟天寡糖会抑制5-HTP脱羧酶(5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase,5-HTPDC)活性,从而减少5-HT生成,并积累5-HTP。肠道微生物群中升高的5-HTP被吸收到血液中,然后穿过血脑屏障,以改善大脑中的5-HT水平。这项研究首次揭示了巴戟天寡糖可通过增加肠道微生物群中的5-HTP来缓解抑郁症。
卒中后抑郁症(post-stroke depression,PSD)属于继发性抑郁症的一种,也是困扰卒中幸存者常见的精神疾病之一。Zhu等[38]关注到巴戟天寡糖可通过PKA/pCREB途径上调PSD大鼠内侧前额叶皮质中葡萄糖转运蛋白3(glucose transporter 3,GLUT3)的表达,以改善糖代谢,增强突触活性,从而PSD改善的抑郁样行为。因此,提示GLUT3可能是巴戟天寡糖治疗PSD的潜在靶点,而PSD改善的主要表现为其代谢紊乱的恢复。Li等[39]发现巴戟天寡糖在减少PSD大鼠的抑郁样行为时,会逆转大鼠缺血海马区血清白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和核苷酸结合寡聚结合域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体的表达,并且此类指标表现同样发生在脂多糖+三磷酸腺苷(LPS+ATP)诱导的大鼠(巴戟天寡糖干预)小胶质细胞中,因此提示巴戟天寡糖对于NLRP3炎症小体的调控作用可能与IκB/NF-κBp65信号通路有关。Liang等[40]发现,巴戟天寡糖可通过抑制肿瘤坏死因子样弱凋亡诱导剂-下游-Jun N末端激酶/脑源性神经营养因子-磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(TWEAK-pJNK/BDNF-pERK)通路从而减少细胞凋亡,对PSD发挥较好的治疗效果。Li等[39]已经证明巴戟天寡糖可以抑制脑卒中后大鼠的海马炎症,因此,Zhu等[41]使用慢性轻度应激(chronic mild stress,CMS)小鼠模型,继续探讨了巴戟天寡糖改善实验性抑郁症的机制,判断巴戟天寡糖是否通过靶向海马炎症来减轻抑郁症。该研究发现巴戟天寡糖通过靶向E2F转录因子2(E2F2)介导的MyD88/PI3K信号通路在CMS小鼠中发挥抗抑郁作用。
Wang等[42]采用小鼠慢性不可预知应激(chronic unpredictable stress,CUS)抑郁模型评价巴戟天寡糖对慢性应激小鼠抑郁、焦虑样行为的影响,并探究其对肠上皮间、脾组织中调节性T细胞(Tr细胞)数量的调节作用。连续给药28 d后,巴戟天寡糖可明显增加小鼠肠上皮间和脾组织中Tr细胞的数目,这可能也是其抗抑郁的重要机制之一。
Mu等[43]采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)探讨了巴戟天寡糖对抑郁症患者血浆白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响。该试验测定患者治疗前后血浆IL-6及TNF-ɑ的浓度变化。结果显示巴戟天寡糖胶囊可降低抑郁症患者血浆IL-6和TNF-α水平。推测免疫炎症细胞因子(IL-6及TNF-α)水平的变化可能是巴戟天寡糖胶囊抗抑郁作用潜在的药理学机制。
目前,针对巴戟天寡糖胶囊的临床研究主要集中在单独给药及联合其他经典抗抑郁药等方面。评判抑郁程度多采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、中医肾阳虚证评分表及社会功能缺陷表(SDSS)。评价不良反应多采用治疗后不良反应量表(TESS)并采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)来评估疗效及睡眠质量改善情况。关于选择的临床样本多为有一般的抑郁症患者以及特定人群抑郁症患者(如老年抑郁症患者及产后抑郁患者等)。
目前,临床研究以盐酸氟西汀[44](巴戟天寡糖胶囊每粒150 mg,每次2粒,每日2次,治疗第2周后,若NAMD减分率低于30%,则增加药物剂量至每次4粒)、草酸艾司西酞普兰片[45](巴戟天寡糖胶囊每粒150 mg,每日2~4粒)为对照进行观察比较,发现巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗轻、中度抑郁症患者的疗效与临床常用抗抑郁药的疗效相当,不良反应轻微,药物副反应少,对社会功能恢复发挥积极作用。
文献[46]针对肾阳虚型轻、中度抑郁症患者进行巴戟天寡糖胶囊单独给药治疗(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每粒300 mg,起始每次1粒,每日1次。治疗第2周后,若NAMD减分率低于30%,则药物剂量为每次2粒,每日2次),发现其可以明显改善抑郁症伴焦虑症状患者的症状。并且Liu等[47]以盐酸帕罗西汀片作为对照(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每粒150 mg,起始每次1粒,每日1次。治疗第2周后,若NAMD减分率低于30%,则药物剂量为每次2粒,每日2次),对巴戟天寡糖胶囊的安全性进行客观评定。治疗8周后发现巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗肾阳亏虚型轻、中度抑郁症疗效不劣于阳性对照药盐酸帕罗西汀,表明巴戟天寡糖用药安全有效。Wang等[48]为了提高抑郁症的治疗效果,将舒肝解郁胶囊与巴戟天寡糖胶囊联合给药,发现其联用有助于改善临床症状,提高生活质量,且效果显著,值得应用。
以上研究均表明巴戟天寡糖胶囊可以明显改善患者的抑郁症状,提高临床疗效。产后抑郁症是产褥期常见的并发症,该病可能导致产妇及其子代的不良结局,应予以足够重视[49]。因此,Hao等[50]将巴戟天寡糖胶囊应用于产后抑郁症患者,发现在治疗产后抑郁方面其临床疗效显著,这也是一种用来治疗产后抑郁的新药。
功能性消化不良(FD)是临床上常见的胃肠功能性疾病,发病机制尚不明确,随着神经胃肠病学的发展,揭示精神心理因素可通过脑-肠轴影响胃肠道功能[51]。Zhu等[52]采用随机对照的方法对临床120例FD伴轻、中度抑郁患者进行临床疗效和安全性的研究。发现巴戟天寡糖治疗组(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每次1粒,每日2次)患者血浆中5-HT水平低于安慰剂组,同时经治疗后患者的抑郁症状及胃肠道症状均得到显著改善。研究认为巴戟天寡糖胶囊可以明显改善FD伴轻、中度抑郁患者的消化道症状及抑郁障碍。
胃癌是全球癌症相关性死亡的主要原因之一,而在胃癌患者进行常规治疗过程中经常会产生一定的抑郁情绪。因此Sun等[53]探讨了巴戟天寡糖胶囊干预对胃癌术后抑郁患者预后的影响。该研究选取了临床93例胃癌术后放、化疗合并抑郁患者进行评估,结果显示常规放、化疗治疗加巴戟天寡糖干预组(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每粒150 mg、每日2次。无效或显效不明确者增加剂量为每次300 mg,每日2次)的总有效率高于常规放、化疗治疗组。此研究表明在胃癌术后放、化疗时合并轻、中度抑郁患者中,使用巴戟天寡糖胶囊干预可提高患者对后续放、化疗的依从性,改善患者情绪,从而帮助患者逐步建立战胜疾病的信心,减缓癌症的进展。
冠心病是临床多见的心身性疾病,除了疾病本身引发躯体不适外,患者还易出现抑郁、恐怖、焦虑等情绪。Liu等[54]选取98例冠心病伴抑郁患者(在治疗冠心病的基础上,口服巴戟天寡糖胶囊早晚各1粒,连续4周),探讨了巴戟天寡糖胶囊对冠心病抑郁患者血清神经递质及抑郁程度的影响。研究发现巴戟天寡糖胶囊用药组血清5-HT、DA和NE等水平均明显高于对照组(心血管治疗药物),结果表明,巴戟天寡糖胶囊有助于缓解冠心病伴抑郁患者的抑郁症状,改善生活质量,且可能与调节血清神经递质水平等因素有关。
巴戟天寡糖胶囊可与其他经典抗抑郁药如米那普仑[55]、帕罗西汀[56-57]、文拉法辛[58]等联用,研究[55-58]发现,联合用药的治疗总有效率明显高于单独给药,临床疗效可观,安全性良好,具有较好的临床应用价值。
Chang等[59]针对60例临床抑郁症患者(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每粒300 mg,每日2次),旨考察了督灸联合巴戟天寡糖胶囊治疗轻度抑郁症肾阳虚型临床疗效。结果发现联合用药的神经递质指标DA、NE、5-HT明显升高,这可以证明运用督灸联合巴戟天寡糖胶囊可明显缓解轻度抑郁症状,改善中医肾阳虚型的临床表现。
也有研究[60-61]对巴戟天寡糖胶囊联合舍曲林治疗抑郁症的临床效果进行了研究,发现二者联合用药(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每次1粒,每日2次)可迅速缓解抑郁症患者症状,减轻炎症损伤,减少不良反应,调节神经内分泌功能,有效提高临床疗效。基于上述研究对一般抑郁症患者的治疗,Guo等[49]进一步探讨了巴戟天寡糖胶囊联合舍曲林治疗产后抑郁症的临床效果。该研究团队选取了120例产后抑郁症患者(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每次1粒,每日2次),证明巴戟天寡糖胶囊联合舍曲林治疗产后抑郁症的效果确切,是控制患者抑郁样症状、改善睡眠质量及提高生活质量的安全有效途径,并能进一步纠正患者神经内分泌紊乱及HPA轴功能异常、抑制体内炎症反应。
老年抑郁症是一种神经内科常见的精神类疾病之一,近年来研究提示,中西医结合治疗老年抑郁症效果较为满意,在降低西药不良反应、提高疗效等方面具有一定优势[62]。Yu等[63]针对临床90例老年抑郁症患者利用脑波同步穴位刺激联合巴戟天寡糖胶囊对老年抑郁症患者进行了研究(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每粒300 mg,每日2次)。该研究发现巴戟天寡糖胶囊及脑波同步穴位刺激联合巴戟天寡糖胶囊均可改善老年抑郁症患者抑郁症状、记忆功能认知功能,且在提高老年抑郁症患者的睡眠质量上,脑波同步穴位刺激联合巴戟天寡糖胶囊的改善效果更好。也有研究表明[64-65],巴戟天寡糖胶囊与阿戈美拉汀片联用在治疗老年抑郁症方面具有一定的临床疗效(巴戟天寡糖胶囊每次1粒,每日2次)。在二者联合用药中发现巴戟天寡糖胶囊可以起到增效剂作用,并且具有良好的安全性,能够更显著地提升患者的生存质量。
目前,临床上用于治疗抑郁症的化学类药物多具有一定的副作用及其耐药性等明显缺点,从天然产物的中获取抗抑郁活性成分也越来越受到人们的关注。巴戟天作为传统的温肾补阳类中药,现代研究表明其主要成分巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁作用明显,已开发成我国具有自主知识产权的新药——巴戟天寡糖胶囊,主要用于减轻肾阳虚型轻、中度抑郁症患者的症状。巴戟天寡糖胶囊的主要成分为巴戟天寡糖三~九聚糖且其有效率与化药相当,毒副作用罕有,制备工艺稳定且相对简单,是目前唯一以寡糖为主要成分的抗抑郁药[66]。临床应用中也表现出较好的治疗效果和安全性,与其他经典抗抑郁药联用不良反应较小。巴戟天寡糖胶囊的研发及应用也为科学地进行中药或天然产物的发现、研究和应用抗抑郁药物提供参考。
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2024年第59卷第10期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.003
  • 接收时间:2023-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-05-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-29
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    1 烟台大学, 山东 烟台 264003
    2 国家药品监督管理局信息中心, 北京 100032
    3 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    4 北京同仁堂股份有限公司科学研究所, 北京 100079

通讯作者:

*左泽平,女,主管药师 研究方向: 药理毒理研究 Tel:(010)87632551;
刘颖,女,研究员 研究方向:药物分析与药物质量控制研究 Tel:(010)67872233-8072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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