Article(id=1200147838870061827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147837586604797, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)10-0857-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.10.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1670774400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067142455, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1716307200000, pubDateStr=2024-05-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067142455, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067142455, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067142455, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147837586604797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='10', pageStart='857', pageEnd='950', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067142149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067345188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148689244225889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147837586604797, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148689244225890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147837586604797, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=857, endPage=867, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147839138497292, articleId=1200147838870061827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Recent Advances of Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Treatment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrogels and nanoparticles have great application prospects in drug delivery. Hydrogels possess good biocompatibility and physicochemical versatility to enable disease-triggered in situ self-assemble and sustained or stimuli-responsive drug release. The high targeting ability and low toxicity of nanoparticles can significantly improve the delivery efficiency of antitumor drugs. However, hydrogels and nanoparticles still face many challenges in their applications, for example, hydrogels suffer from low mechanical strength and have difficulty in delivering hydrophobic drugs, while nanoparticles have off-target effects and low accumulation and retention in tumors. Therefore, the incorporation of nanoparticles into the hydrogel network can form a novel multifunctional system that enables the hydrogel to serve as a reservoir for the local delivery of nano-drugs into tumors, thereby combining the advantages of two preparations to produce synergistic therapeutic effects. Herein, we review the design of drug release behavior of nanoparticle-hydrogel composite systems, and outline the recent progress of nanoparticle-hydrogel composite systems in the local application of antitumor drugs, including intratumoral and peritumoral injections, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections, transdermal administration and intraluminal administration, providing insights and references for the rational design of novel anti-tumor dosage forms and preparations.

, correspAuthors=Lu HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haiyu TANG, Meng LI, Zhixiang YUAN, Lili HE, Lu HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147841185317723, articleId=1200147838870061827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水凝胶和纳米颗粒在药物递送方面具有极大的应用前景。水凝胶具有良好的生物相容性以及物理化学的多功能性,可以实现疾病触发的原位自组装和药物持续性或响应性释放。纳米颗粒的高靶向性和低毒性可显著提高抗肿瘤药物的递送效率。然而,水凝胶和纳米颗粒在应用时仍面临诸多挑战,例如水凝胶具有机械强度低和难以递送疏水性药物等缺点,纳米颗粒具有脱靶效应以及在肿瘤的低蓄积和低滞留等问题。因此,将纳米颗粒掺入到水凝胶网络中可形成一种新型的多功能系统,使水凝胶成为抗肿瘤纳米药物局部应用的储库,从而结合两种制剂的优势以产生协同治疗效果。本文综述了纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统的药物释放行为设计,并概述了纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统在抗肿瘤药物局部应用方面的研究进展,包括瘤内和瘤周注射、皮下或肌肉注射、透皮给药和腔道内给药,为抗肿瘤新剂型和新制剂的设计提供思路和参考。

, correspAuthors=韩露, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*韩露,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:缓控释及肿瘤靶向递药系统研究 Tel:(028)85658343
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唐海玉,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:缓控释及肿瘤靶向递药系统研究

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唐海玉,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:缓控释及肿瘤靶向递药系统研究

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唐海玉,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:缓控释及肿瘤靶向递药系统研究

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给药途径 凝胶材料 纳米材料 模型药物 肿瘤模型 参考文献
瘤周注射 泊洛沙姆407 泊洛沙姆 紫杉醇、拉帕替尼微粒 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [24]
瘤周注射 丝素蛋白 叶酸修饰的单壁碳纳米管 多柔比星 小鼠原位乳腺癌肿瘤 [25]
瘤周注射 葡聚糖 聚酰胺-胺 奥沙利铂 小鼠原位乳腺癌肿瘤 [26]
瘤周注射 琼脂 普鲁士蓝纳米颗粒 普鲁士蓝 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [27]
瘤内注射 基质金属蛋白酶-2敏感聚乙二醇 脱氧核糖核酸寡核苷酸、核定位信号 多柔比星、咪喹莫特 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [28]
瘤内注射 聚乙二醇、α-环糊精 聚乙烯亚胺 CPG、IR820 小鼠皮下黑色素瘤 [29]
瘤内注射 多巴胺、透明质酸 透明质酸 咪喹莫特、多柔比星 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [30]
皮下给药 儿茶酚功能化透明质酸 N-三甲基壳聚糖 卵清蛋白 - [31]
皮下给药 聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯 聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物 卵清蛋白、咪喹莫特 小鼠黑色素瘤、小鼠原位乳腺癌肿瘤 [32]
透皮给药 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 壳聚糖、三聚磷酸钠 卵清蛋白、R837 小鼠皮下黑色素瘤 [33]
透皮给药 泊洛沙姆188/407 脂质体 IR780 小鼠皮下结肠癌肿瘤 [34]
膀胱给药 壳聚糖、β-甘油磷酸盐 Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒 卡介苗 N-丁基-N-(4-羟丁基)-亚硝胺诱导大鼠膀胱癌 [35]
阴道给药 泊洛沙姆188/407 纳米脂质体 蟾酥、雄黄纳米晶 - [36]
), ArticleFig(id=1200147846247841827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147838870061827, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统(NP-gels)抗肿瘤的应用举例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
给药途径 凝胶材料 纳米材料 模型药物 肿瘤模型 参考文献
瘤周注射 泊洛沙姆407 泊洛沙姆 紫杉醇、拉帕替尼微粒 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [24]
瘤周注射 丝素蛋白 叶酸修饰的单壁碳纳米管 多柔比星 小鼠原位乳腺癌肿瘤 [25]
瘤周注射 葡聚糖 聚酰胺-胺 奥沙利铂 小鼠原位乳腺癌肿瘤 [26]
瘤周注射 琼脂 普鲁士蓝纳米颗粒 普鲁士蓝 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [27]
瘤内注射 基质金属蛋白酶-2敏感聚乙二醇 脱氧核糖核酸寡核苷酸、核定位信号 多柔比星、咪喹莫特 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [28]
瘤内注射 聚乙二醇、α-环糊精 聚乙烯亚胺 CPG、IR820 小鼠皮下黑色素瘤 [29]
瘤内注射 多巴胺、透明质酸 透明质酸 咪喹莫特、多柔比星 小鼠皮下乳腺癌肿瘤 [30]
皮下给药 儿茶酚功能化透明质酸 N-三甲基壳聚糖 卵清蛋白 - [31]
皮下给药 聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯 聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物 卵清蛋白、咪喹莫特 小鼠黑色素瘤、小鼠原位乳腺癌肿瘤 [32]
透皮给药 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 壳聚糖、三聚磷酸钠 卵清蛋白、R837 小鼠皮下黑色素瘤 [33]
透皮给药 泊洛沙姆188/407 脂质体 IR780 小鼠皮下结肠癌肿瘤 [34]
膀胱给药 壳聚糖、β-甘油磷酸盐 Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒 卡介苗 N-丁基-N-(4-羟丁基)-亚硝胺诱导大鼠膀胱癌 [35]
阴道给药 泊洛沙姆188/407 纳米脂质体 蟾酥、雄黄纳米晶 - [36]
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纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展
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唐海玉 , 李萌 , 袁志翔 , 何黎黎 , 韩露 *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(10): 857-867
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(10): 857-867
纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展
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唐海玉, 李萌, 袁志翔, 何黎黎, 韩露*
作者信息
  • 西南民族大学药学院, 成都 610225
  • 唐海玉,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:缓控释及肿瘤靶向递药系统研究

通讯作者:

*韩露,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:缓控释及肿瘤靶向递药系统研究 Tel:(028)85658343
Recent Advances of Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Treatment
Haiyu TANG, Meng LI, Zhixiang YUAN, Lili HE, Lu HAN*
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
出版时间: 2024-05-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.001
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水凝胶和纳米颗粒在药物递送方面具有极大的应用前景。水凝胶具有良好的生物相容性以及物理化学的多功能性,可以实现疾病触发的原位自组装和药物持续性或响应性释放。纳米颗粒的高靶向性和低毒性可显著提高抗肿瘤药物的递送效率。然而,水凝胶和纳米颗粒在应用时仍面临诸多挑战,例如水凝胶具有机械强度低和难以递送疏水性药物等缺点,纳米颗粒具有脱靶效应以及在肿瘤的低蓄积和低滞留等问题。因此,将纳米颗粒掺入到水凝胶网络中可形成一种新型的多功能系统,使水凝胶成为抗肿瘤纳米药物局部应用的储库,从而结合两种制剂的优势以产生协同治疗效果。本文综述了纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统的药物释放行为设计,并概述了纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统在抗肿瘤药物局部应用方面的研究进展,包括瘤内和瘤周注射、皮下或肌肉注射、透皮给药和腔道内给药,为抗肿瘤新剂型和新制剂的设计提供思路和参考。

纳米粒  /  水凝胶  /  复合递药系统  /  肿瘤  /  局部治疗

Hydrogels and nanoparticles have great application prospects in drug delivery. Hydrogels possess good biocompatibility and physicochemical versatility to enable disease-triggered in situ self-assemble and sustained or stimuli-responsive drug release. The high targeting ability and low toxicity of nanoparticles can significantly improve the delivery efficiency of antitumor drugs. However, hydrogels and nanoparticles still face many challenges in their applications, for example, hydrogels suffer from low mechanical strength and have difficulty in delivering hydrophobic drugs, while nanoparticles have off-target effects and low accumulation and retention in tumors. Therefore, the incorporation of nanoparticles into the hydrogel network can form a novel multifunctional system that enables the hydrogel to serve as a reservoir for the local delivery of nano-drugs into tumors, thereby combining the advantages of two preparations to produce synergistic therapeutic effects. Herein, we review the design of drug release behavior of nanoparticle-hydrogel composite systems, and outline the recent progress of nanoparticle-hydrogel composite systems in the local application of antitumor drugs, including intratumoral and peritumoral injections, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections, transdermal administration and intraluminal administration, providing insights and references for the rational design of novel anti-tumor dosage forms and preparations.

nanoparticle  /  hydrogel  /  composite drug delivery system  /  tumor  /  local treatment
唐海玉, 李萌, 袁志翔, 何黎黎, 韩露. 纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (10) : 857 -867 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.001
Haiyu TANG, Meng LI, Zhixiang YUAN, Lili HE, Lu HAN. Recent Advances of Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Treatment[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (10) : 857 -867 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.001
癌症是威胁人类健康的杀手,其诱导遗传和表观遗传改变是导致发病和死亡的主要原因之一[1]。目前常规的癌症治疗方法主要有手术切除、放疗、化疗、免疫治疗、光疗和激素治疗等[2]。除手术切除以外,大多数治疗方法需要将药物输入患者体内达到治疗效果。然而,抗癌药物的使用仍面临许多问题,如靶向性差、肿瘤滞留时间短、毒性大、生物利用率低等[3]。随着缓控释系统、靶向给药系统、透皮给药系统等递药系统(drug delivery systems,DDS)的不断发展,抗肿瘤药物的递送策略也迈上了新的台阶[4-6]
纳米递药系统(nano drug delivery systems,nano-DDSs)是抗癌药物递送的一种极具潜力的药物输送平台。nano-DDSs具有特定的组织或细胞靶向、体内长循环、高生物利用度、低用药剂量、低用药频率和低副作用等优点[7]。大量报道显示脂质体、聚合物纳米粒、聚合物胶束、纳米乳、纳米凝胶、纳米囊等纳米载体能成功靶向肿瘤[8]。然而,已上市的用于肿瘤治疗的纳米药物仍然非常少,包括白蛋白结合型紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)(Abraxane®)、PTX脂质体(力扑素®)、PTX胶束(Cynviloq®、Paclical®、紫晟®等)、盐酸多柔比星脂质体(Doxil®、里葆多®等)、米伐木肽脂质体(Mepact®)、硫酸长春新碱脂质体(Marqibo®)、伊立替康脂质体(Onivyde®)等。许多针对癌症的纳米药物还处于临床或临床前试验[9]。nano-DDSs可以利用载体粒径和表面性质的特殊性,或者通过高渗透和长滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention effect,EPR)而被动地积聚在特定组织(如肿瘤)中[10],也可以通过配体或抗体的修饰而靶向特定组织或细胞,还可以通过一些特殊的理化性质(如pH敏感、热敏感、磁靶向、光动力学等)而实现靶组织的富集[11]。同时,nano-DDSs能够实现多种药物的共同递送,例如将抗原和佐剂成分组合在一起以达到最大化免疫刺激作用[12]。然而,在应用nano-DDSs时也面临诸多挑战,如高效抗癌药物递送需同时满足长循环、肿瘤靶向、肿瘤滞留、肿瘤细胞穿透和细胞内药物释放的多重作用[13]。很大一部分纳米颗粒通过静脉注射会分布到肝脏和脾脏等吞噬细胞丰富的网状内皮系统中,如果颗粒较大,也会大量分布在肺部[14]。据报道[15],纳米粒全身给药后在肿瘤中蓄积量的中位数仅为给药剂量的0.7%,这产生的脱靶效应将导致效价降低以及严重毒副作用。此外,nano-DDSs通常载药量不高,加上靶向效率不理想且体内滞留时间较短,纳米药物往往需要多次注射才能达到治疗效果,进一步增加纳米粒的潜在毒性。
水凝胶是一种主要由均聚物或共聚物组成的亲水性三维聚合物网络,广泛用于组织工程和药物输送[16]。水凝胶中含有大量的水,能够模仿许多活组织的细胞外基质,具有高生物相容性和低体内刺激性的特点[17]。同时,水凝胶具有独特的多孔结构和可修饰的物理化学性质,可以作为治疗药物的贮库并实现药物的持续性或刺激响应性释放[18]。由于交联点在水凝胶中的非均质分布以及水凝胶的强亲水性,传统的水凝胶存在机械性能有限、溶胀程度低、难以递送疏水性药物、突释效应剧烈等缺点[19]。基于此,将纳米颗粒载入到水凝胶中制备纳米粒-水凝胶复合递药系统(nanoparticle-hydrogel composite drug delivery systems,NP-gels)受到了广泛关注[20]。NP-gels可结合纳米粒和水凝胶的递药优势,具有生物相容性好、载药量大、可载多种药物、调节药物释放速度、靶向药物递送、延长药物在靶部位滞留时间等特点[21]。通过对纳米颗粒和凝胶材料的修饰,不仅可以赋予纳米颗粒靶向递送等功能,还可以促进水凝胶对新刺激的反应,产生多种调节性释药方式[21]。纳米粒和水凝胶的不同组合形式可以通过多种给药途径打开抗肿瘤治疗的新思路(表1)。由此可见,NP-gels作为多功能DDS为再生医学、药物和诊断试剂的递送提供了一个理想的平台[22-23]
本文综述了NP-gels在瘤内或瘤周的局部应用(主要基于抗肿瘤光疗、化疗和免疫疗法的角度),皮下或肌肉注射给药,以及经皮和腔道内给药等方式来论述NP-gels作为药物输送载体在肿瘤治疗中的优势与挑战,并简要探讨了NP-gels的药物释放行为设计,以期为抗肿瘤制剂的研发提供一定参考。
NP-gels是近年来比较流行的一种水凝胶控释方式,可避免不稳定性药物的降解,并可根据各种给药目的调节药物释放动力学[37]。水凝胶中的受控物质(药物分子或纳米粒)可以通过扩散、材料溶胀、材料降解或溶蚀、化学控制释放等方式释放[38](图1)。纳米颗粒中药物的释放动力学主要受纳米材料性质、处方组成、颗粒结构、粒子大小、电位以及制备技术等控制[39]。水凝胶从溶胶到凝胶的转化过程可能会导致药物分子的突释效应,将药物制成纳米粒后载入到凝胶中可以克服这一缺点,保证药物稳定且持续地释放[40]。进一步可将纳米颗粒通过静电相互作用、共价结合、物理交联等方式固定在水凝胶网络中,依赖凝胶材料的溶蚀或共价键的断裂等作用而释放纳米药物,从而稳定控制药物释放[31]。Zhou等[41]研究发现,将α-环糊精与含有顺铂的聚乙二醇-b-聚丙烯酸嵌段共聚物胶束通过物理交联形成超分子水凝胶,水凝胶的侵蚀可释放载顺铂的聚合物胶束,随后顺铂通过与氯离子交换而从胶束中释放出来,两种释放行为保证顺铂在肿瘤部位的缓慢释放。此外,药物可分别储存在水凝胶网络中(快速扩散)以及纳米颗粒中(缓慢释放),或者药物可分别储存在具有不同释放动力学的微粒中,这有助于对药物的分级释放控制以及对多种药物的释放动力学的独立控制[42-43]。例如,将PTX纳米粒和拉帕替尼微球共同载入到泊洛沙姆温敏水凝胶中以构建PTX短期快速释放和拉帕替尼长期缓慢释放的共递药系统[24]。NP-gels还可通过纳米粒之间的相互作用(如正负电荷相互作用、疏水相互作用等)而组装形成[7,44],无需在处方中额外添加凝胶材料,这种NP-gels中药物的释放一般由纳米颗粒间相互作用强弱、纳米粒材料降解能力、药物与纳米粒间作用力强弱等决定。与传统的NP-gels相比,这种由纳米粒相互作用形成的NP-gels能够载入更多的纳米药物,其未来的发展可能会倾向于加强原位相变能力、释放速度可调性和刺激响应性等功能。
一些聚合物水凝胶因其内部或外部参数(例如温度、光、电磁场、pH、酶或盐浓度等)的触发而表现出溶胀行为、相的改变或平衡状态的变化,被称为“刺激响应”或“智能”水凝胶[45-46]。这种响应行为会使凝胶和药物之间的连接键断裂,从而导致药物释放[47](图2)。除了使用具有刺激响应的凝胶材料以外,还可以通过在普通凝胶基质中加入刺激响应性纳米粒来制备智能NP-gels。例如,将氧化碳纳米管或氧化石墨烯等碳纳米材料掺入到氨基酸水凝胶中,利用碳纳米材料优异光热性能,在近红外光(near-infrared light,NIR)的照射下,碳纳米材料产生热量从而触发了大量药物释放,为药物的控制释放提供了新的策略[48]。由此可见,以碳基纳米粒子和聚合物水凝胶为基础的复合材料由于其高导电性、高机械强度、热稳定性、氧化还原性以及近红外光敏性等特性可被用作创新的药物输送装置[49]。此外,在智能水凝胶中嵌入能响应外部刺激的纳米颗粒,可以实现远程控制药物释放的能力。Zhang等[35]制备了以壳聚糖、β-甘油磷酸盐和Fe3O4磁性纳米粒为基质的可注射的磁性热敏水凝胶,在外加磁场下显著延长了膀胱内卡介苗的停留时间,与传统的卡介苗相比,表现出更强的抗浅表膀胱肿瘤的功效。刺激响应性NP-gels按需释放、可控释放和高效的药物输送特点吸引了大量学者的目光,其在未来的抗肿瘤药物递送方面具有极大的应用潜力。
局部、靶向和按需给药的方式可能会逐步取代全身分布的频繁静脉给药。将纳米颗粒的靶向递送能力以及受控释药能力与水凝胶的高度生物相容性相结合可以更高效地实现药物位点特异性释放[50-51]。药物位点特异性递送主要从以下两个方面设计。
一方面依赖于对纳米颗粒的靶向性进行设计,再将靶向纳米颗粒滞留在水凝胶的网络基质中以调节药物释放。负载药物的纳米粒从NP-gels中缓慢释放,然后与肿瘤细胞表面的受体结合,介导药物的内吞作用(图3)。研究[25]发现将载多柔比星(doxorubicin,DOX)的叶酸功能化单壁碳纳米管加入到由2种蚕丝蛋白组成的水凝胶中制备杂化系统,释放出的载药纳米管能够主动靶向至叶酸受体阳性的癌细胞,使得DOX在肿瘤部位持续、靶向且刺激响应性释放。值得注意的是,凝胶材料对纳米粒表面功能化修饰可能有干扰,比如泊洛沙姆407是一种常用的温敏性水凝胶材料,其较强的表面活性作用是否会屏蔽或干扰纳米粒表面配体或抗体的靶向作用,从而影响纳米粒的靶向性质,这种干扰作用还需进一步的实验检测。
另一方面,位点特异性药物递送也可以通过对水凝胶进行修饰来实现。水凝胶的化学和物理多功能性可以用于实现疾病触发的原位组装,可以调节水凝胶程序降解以控制药物释放,还可以特异性结合疾病位点的靶向受体。水凝胶上的靶向配体修饰可使凝胶材料特异吸附在病灶部位,从而增加制剂在特定部位的滞留时间以提高药物的递送效率[52](图4)。例如,儿茶酚功能化水凝胶可模拟贻贝黏附蛋白而牢固黏附在多种表面,具有组织黏附、药物输送和伤口愈合等多种医学用途[53]。利用这个性质,将药物载入到儿茶酚功能化水凝胶中,即可实现药物在特定部位(尤其是腔道)内的持续高效释放。
化疗是利用化疗药物破坏或者阻断核酸的合成,阻止癌细胞分裂或促进癌细胞分化的一种治疗方法[54]。然而,化疗药物具有无选择毒性,其抗增殖能力在损害肿瘤细胞的同时也会损害机体正常细胞。同时,癌细胞会对化学结构相似的化疗药物产生耐药性而降低治疗效果[55]。将药物通过NP-gels局部递送至肿瘤部位可增加化疗药物在肿瘤中的暴露浓度和时间,从而提高治疗效果和安全性。Luo等[26] 设计了一种由奥沙利铂-共轭G5聚酰胺和氧化葡聚糖组成纳米复合水凝胶,通过凝胶的缓释作用以及纳米药物的主动转胞吞和被动扩散作用增强化疗药物在肿瘤组织的滞留并促进药物的肿瘤深部穿透。这种给药策略有效防止了药物被快速清除,为肿瘤治疗提供了新选择。
除了单一疗法以外,化疗还常与其他治疗方式联用以增加治疗效果,例如化疗联合光疗、化疗联合免疫治疗、化疗联合辐射治疗等。其中,光化学联合疗法可以运用化疗和光疗2种不同的作用机制杀灭肿瘤细胞,并且光疗还能加速化疗药物在肿瘤中的渗透和细胞内递送,从而实现协同治疗作用。研究人员将载光敏剂IR780的纳米粒和载DOX的纳米粒掺入到可注射的壳聚糖水凝胶中,NIR照射后,DOX从制剂中的释放量增加了1.7倍,在化疗和光热治疗的协同作用下,癌细胞存活率显著降低(约为9%),说明这种光化学疗法在癌症治疗中具有很大的应用潜力[56]。值得注意的是,一定剂量的化疗药物(如DOX、表柔比星、PTX、环磷酰胺和奥沙利铂等)可以诱导肿瘤细胞产生免疫原性细胞死亡(immunogenic cell death,ICD),促进肿瘤释放抗原,从而激活免疫系统,调节肿瘤免疫微环境[57]。然而化药引起的免疫应答往往较弱,在治疗方案中同时加入免疫佐剂便可增强抗肿瘤免疫应答[58]。因此,化疗和免疫疗法的联合应用也极具潜力[59]。Yan等[28]将加载了DOX的核靶向四面体DNA纳米结构与二硫交联聚乙烯亚胺复合,制备了一种具有高靶向性的并能有效渗透到肿瘤远端的阳离子纳米复合物,并与免疫佐剂咪喹莫特(imiquimod或R837)共同加载到基质金属蛋白酶-2敏感的聚乙二醇水凝胶中,纳米复合物的破膜能力可以有效实现对肿瘤组织的深度渗透,DOX促使肿瘤细胞原位生成肿瘤相关抗原,并在R837的作用下诱导强烈免疫应答,有效抑制肿瘤转移和生长。然而化疗联合免疫疗法并不一定产生协同作用,化疗也可能干扰或逆转免疫治疗效果[60],例如化疗药物的剂量、给药方案、给药时间等不合适都可能无差别杀死肿瘤中的免疫细胞,造成对肿瘤免疫微环境的负面影响。因此,需要更多的研究来探寻化疗和免疫治疗两者之间最佳的组合、剂量、配比、剂型设计和给药方案等。
光疗是依靠光疗药物将光能转化为热能或化学能的一种治疗方式[61],主要包括光热治疗(photothermal therapy,PTT)和光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy,PDT),具有简单、高效、低耐药性的独特优势,被认为是灭活病原体和消融肿瘤的新型治疗方法[62]。PDT主要依赖于光敏剂(photosensitizer,PS)在光照下产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)而诱导细胞氧化损伤[63]。PTT利用PS在特定光波长下将光能转化为热能,增加局部温度以杀死癌细胞[64]。因此,PTT可用于治疗对PDT不敏感的缺氧肿瘤。目前已在中国获得临床批准的光疗药物有:血卟啉、喜泊芬、酞菁锌、吲哚菁绿等[65]。这些光疗药物在抗肿瘤应用中取得了显著的疗效,但传统光疗药物的光毒性和光对生物组织的弱穿透性仍然是限制光疗广泛应用的巨大挑战[66]。由于PS不具有肿瘤选择性,其在皮肤、肝脏等正常组织中也有分布,这使得在自然光的照射下,正常皮肤也会受到损害[67]。目前基于纳米粒子的光疗不仅可以直接靶向到肿瘤部位,利用自身的光学性质作为光疗剂,如金纳米粒[68]、多巴胺纳米粒[69]等,还能通过调节肿瘤微环境来启动全身免疫应答[70]。然而全身给药的纳米粒在肿瘤部位的摄取率仍然不足,将纳米粒子装载于可直接注射至肿瘤部位的原位水凝胶中,可以提高PS在肿瘤部位的有效积累和滞留[71]。鉴于此,NP-gels已被用于递送PS,以提高药物治疗效果并降低全身毒性。
尽管PDT和PTT在肿瘤消融方面表现出巨大的优势,单一的光疗由于有限的光热或光动力效应以及潜在的试剂泄漏等因素,对肿瘤的治疗效果往往停留在抑制其生长,没有达到肿瘤完全消融的目的[72]。由此,基于光疗的联合疗法也备受瞩目,除了化疗联合光疗外,放疗(radiotherapy,RT)联合光疗、免疫治疗联合光疗等也引起了研究者们的兴趣。然而肿瘤内部的缺氧环境使得癌细胞容易逃避电离辐射产生的致死性DNA损伤,导致肿瘤对RT的敏感性降低[73],同时缺氧环境也极大削弱了PDT和免疫治疗的效果。有研究发现PTT产生的热量可以加速肿瘤微环境血液流动,提供氧气,使肿瘤对RT更敏感[74]。研究人员将普鲁士蓝纳米颗粒(prussian blue nanoparticles,PBNPs)加载到琼脂水凝胶中,制备了一种光响应性纳米粒-水凝胶复合系统,PBNPs不仅具有良好的光热转化效率,还可作为纳米酶来驱动内源性过氧化氢产生氧气,改善肿瘤缺氧微环境,增强肿瘤细胞对辐射的敏感性,实现PTT和RT的协同抗肿瘤作用[27,75]。由此可见,为了增强基于光疗的联合疗法的治疗效果,可以将一切增加肿瘤微环境中氧气的方法与之联用。比如,往肿瘤中直接递送氧气(如血红蛋白作为氧气载体[76],小球藻作为氧气供体[77]);往肿瘤中递送可催化瘤内过氧化氢生成氧气的酶类(如过氧化氢酶[78])或纳米粒(如MnFe2O4纳米粒[79]、PBNPs[75]);使用抗血管生成剂以改善肿瘤灌注并减轻肿瘤缺氧[80];或者使用能在NIR刺激下发生热解反应生成单线态氧的材料[81],从而不依赖于瘤内氧含量。
肿瘤免疫疗法被认为是最有希望的治疗方法之一。肿瘤免疫治疗的目标是利用患者自身的免疫系统,通过启动或增强自身肿瘤特异性T细胞免疫应答以高度特异和相对安全的方式来攻击肿瘤[82]。免疫疗法的类型包括过继细胞转移、免疫抑制阻断剂、癌症疫苗、细胞因子疗法等[83]。然而由于实体瘤中复杂且致密的肿瘤微环境以及各种免疫逃逸机制,使得单一的免疫疗法往往收效甚微。因此,基于肿瘤免疫疗法的各种联合治疗模式层出不穷。这些联合疗法通常是利用一定的抗肿瘤治疗方式(如化疗、放疗、光疗、溶瘤病毒等)使肿瘤细胞产生ICD效应而释放肿瘤特异性抗原以及一些损伤相关分子模式(免疫刺激物),然后配以治疗方案中的免疫刺激佐剂或者免疫抑制阻断剂来进一步增强抗肿瘤免疫应答或者逆转肿瘤微环境介导的免疫逃逸,实现协同治疗效果,这种治疗方式也被称为原位疫苗[84]。目前已有大量研究将诱导ICD的疗法与各类免疫佐剂相结合,探讨两者的不同组合形式以及递药系统对该联合治疗效果的影响[29,85-86]
常用的免疫佐剂有细菌和细菌毒素、Tol样受体(toll-like receptor,TLR)激动剂、免疫检查点抑制剂、白细胞介素类等,这些佐剂可以促进肿瘤抗原被抗原提呈细胞(antigen-presenting cells,APCs)摄取和呈递,打通免疫应答的关键通路,进而增强记忆T细胞和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的活性[87]。免疫佐剂递送的关键是要成功被APCs摄取,因此佐剂通常以纳米粒的形式递送以高效激活APCs。例如,Zhang等[30]将佐剂R837负载到透明质酸功能化的聚多巴胺纳米粒上,同时通过静电吸附作用将DOX吸附在纳米粒表面,再将此载药纳米粒整合到热敏水凝胶中,制备了一种近红外响应型原位肿瘤疫苗,这种集化疗、PTT和免疫疗法“三合一”的治疗方法能增强宿主抗肿瘤免疫力,具有实现肿瘤消退的潜力。然而复杂的制剂设计和多种药物的共同递送也使得复合系统的大批量制备、质量评价、储存、灭菌等操作存在诸多困难,难以实现工业化生产。
肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制是许多抗肿瘤免疫疗法失败的主要原因之一[88]。免疫检查点抑制剂是目前已上市的最有效的免疫抑制阻断剂,它通过阻断细胞毒T淋巴细胞抗原-4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4,CTLA-4)或细胞程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death protein-1,PD-1)等检查点来增强抗肿瘤免疫应答。研究表明,以PD-1/PD-L1作为治疗靶点并与诱导ICD效应的治疗方式联用可通过促进肿瘤抗原和相关免疫调节分子的释放,进而协同激活抗肿瘤免疫应答[89-91]。免疫检查点抑制剂的应用通常是血管给药,这种系统性的暴露一方面使得抗体快速消除而需要反复注射,另一方面抗体的大剂量应用容易导致严重的免疫相关不良反应[92]。因此,将免疫检查点抑制剂通过局部缓释(如凝胶制剂)的手段递送至肿瘤部位或许是解决上述问题的有效途径。
虽然肿瘤内注射或肿瘤周围注射具有高效、低毒的应用效果,但在实际临床应用中,瘤内或瘤周注射主要用于不可手术切除或标准治疗失败的晚期实体瘤(如转移性黑色素瘤、肝细胞癌或肝转移、头颈瘤)和初期肿瘤[93],或者用于实体瘤手术切除前,以控制肿瘤大小而利于手术进行,而不适用于注射器不可触及的血液瘤等非实体肿瘤。然而有部分文献在做动物模型时,将肿瘤切除一部分,在剩余肿瘤内进行瘤内或瘤周注射,通过剩余肿瘤的生长情况来评价制剂的抗肿瘤效果[43]。该方法能模拟临床中的手术切除再给药的过程,但在实际临床应用中,剩余肿瘤的存在可能会带来复发的风险[94]。目前瘤内注射型凝胶制剂,对注射时的肿瘤大小、注射体积、注射速度、凝胶黏度、凝胶机械强度等没有统一的标准,上述因素都可能影响制剂的抗肿瘤效果。因此,瘤内或瘤周注射型NP-gels的临床开发仍然任重而道远。
皮下或肌肉注射型抗肿瘤疗法主要是肿瘤疫苗。肿瘤疫苗由抗原和佐剂组成,通过主动免疫以激活肿瘤特异性T细胞免疫应答,或训练免疫系统以抗原特异性的方式识别肿瘤并对肿瘤产生反应[95-96]。根据肿瘤疫苗形式和内容的不同,可大致分为亚单位疫苗(蛋白质疫苗或多肽疫苗)、核酸疫苗、树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)疫苗、肿瘤细胞疫苗以及原位疫苗等[97]。除了外源性DC疫苗以外,其余的肿瘤疫苗都需要将抗原和佐剂递送给体内的APCs才能激活抗肿瘤免疫通路。由于DCs是体内最强大的APCs[98],因此肿瘤疫苗递送成功的关键是靶向并激活内源性DCs亚群。
一种激活DCs的策略是肿瘤疫苗主动或被动靶向至DCs(尤其是淋巴结内DCs),这可以通过调节疫苗颗粒的粒径、形态、表面电荷,或颗粒表面修饰配体或抗体来实现[99-100]。由于形态类似于病毒和细菌,纳米颗粒类疫苗更容易被DCs识别和吸收,并且纳米颗粒可以同时将抗原和佐剂递送给同一个DC,从而诱导更强烈的免疫应答[101-102]。因此,将肿瘤抗原和佐剂共同封装在纳米颗粒内是肿瘤疫苗递送的流行策略。然而,纳米颗粒类疫苗往往需要反复多次或较高剂量的注射给药才能诱发有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答,这种给药方式会降低患者的依从性并可能增加副作用。因此,开发可持续递送纳米疫苗的系统具有重要的临床意义。另一种激活DCs的策略是利用植入或可注射的生物材料控制释放平台持续释放肿瘤抗原和佐剂以不断刺激DCs的成熟[103],或者通过释放趋化因子来募集DCs至注射部位以摄取贮库中的抗原和佐剂[104]。可注射水凝胶已经在癌症疫苗的输送中被广泛应用,它以可调节和持续的方式释放抗原和佐剂,并可保护抗原在释放过程中不被体内酶降解,从而通过单剂量注射引发强烈的免疫反应[34,105-106]。然而,水凝胶应用的主要问题在于溶胶到凝胶转变的突释行为,以及抗原和佐剂由于理化性质不同而具有不同的释放行为,这可能会导致免疫耐受或药物毒副作用[107]。因此,将肿瘤抗原和佐剂共同封装在纳米颗粒内,再掺入可注射水凝胶中,或许可以结合2种制剂的优势而克服上述困难。Meng等[32]以卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)作为肿瘤模型抗原与佐剂R837共制备成纳米疫苗,再掺入至超声响应式自愈合水凝胶中,通过多次超声远程控制纳米疫苗释放,以模拟常规疫苗多次免疫的效果,结合anti-PD-1后,可有效抑制肿瘤的生长并阻止术后肿瘤的转移和复发。NP-gels还可以利用不同纳米颗粒与水凝胶的结构特点或物理化学相互作用实现不同的释放行为。比如将携带模型抗原OVA的N-三甲基壳聚糖纳米颗粒掺入儿茶酚功能化的透明质酸水凝胶中[31],由于共价和静电相互作用,纳米粒被保留在凝胶中以延长OVA的释放,小鼠皮下给药后,没有相互作用的纳米粒从水凝胶中快速释放,被邻近APCs吞噬,作为引发抗原特异性抗体应答的启动剂量;保留在凝胶中的纳米粒被募集的APCs摄取,作为加强剂量,诱导长期免疫记忆反应。从这个角度来看,凝胶的突释效应和缓释程序也可被利用为模拟常规疫苗的“初免和加强”的多次免疫过程。此外,光热作用也有助于提高癌症疫苗的效力,局部的适当加热可促进DCs细胞活化、迁移以及抗原呈递[43]。因此,NP-gels也可以通过靶向性修饰、刺激响应性设计、联合治疗策略等手段来增强肿瘤疫苗的递送效率和免疫刺激效果。
TDD是一种应用于皮肤,使药物穿过角质层进入体内循环的给药方法。目前,TDD已被应用于浅表皮层癌的治疗,如黑色素瘤[108]、乳腺癌[109]等。由于皮肤的低渗透性限制了TDD的广泛使用,因此,TDD的研究重点是提高药物的经皮渗透能力。基于纳米载体的透皮给药具有高渗透性、缓释性、低毒副作用、避免肝脏首过效应、高生物利用度等优点[110],同时消除了患者在注射时的恐惧和疼痛。进一步可将纳米药物与凝胶系统结合,以延长纳米药物在皮肤表面的滞留时间,促进药物的经皮吸收。Chen等[111]将光敏剂IR780制备成脂质体,再掺入到泊洛沙姆水凝胶中,皮下肿瘤模型表明该制剂能使IR780有效穿透角质层屏障并递送到皮下肿瘤和深处转移部位,在激光照射下能显著抑制肿瘤生长,且无明显脱靶毒性。这项研究表明脂质体与水凝胶的结合具有促进药物透皮吸收的能力,但水凝胶在皮肤表面的涂抹量往往不高,且部分载药凝胶容易被衣物擦去,因此经皮给药的NP-gels通常需要多次给药才能达到有效治疗浓度,或许贴剂可以解决这一困扰。透皮技术另一个最重要的问题是许多药物无法按治疗所需的速率穿过皮肤角质层到达靶部位。微针(microneedles,MNs)作为一种微创无痛的递药技术,具有患者依从性高、使用简单、愈合作用快等优点[112]。MNs具有微米大小的针头,这种特殊装置允许分子级和纳米级的药物高效准确透过皮肤角质层[113]。因此,MNs常用于辅助免疫疗法和光热疗法来治疗癌症。Chen 等[33]报道了将包裹光敏剂吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)的壳聚糖纳米粒(ICG-NPs)通过离心沉积到微针壳,再将免疫抑制酶抑制剂1-甲基色氨酸(1-Methyl-tryptophan,1-MT)负载到微针基质中作为微针芯,构建了核-壳MNs,应用于肿瘤部位后,MNs被组织液溶解,释放出ICG-NPs和1-MT,共同激活抗肿瘤免疫应答。MNs是近年来颇为热门的剂型,虽然其具有无痛且高效的透皮递送能力,但MNs由于针尖太小,其载药量往往不高,且药物的加入可能会对含药微针针尖硬度、溶解性、成型能力等产生影响,因此MNs更适合递送剂量小、药理作用强的药物。MNs还常与癌症疫苗相结合,负载疫苗的MNs能将抗原和佐剂靶向到皮肤真皮层的DCs或巨噬细胞进而激活抗原特异性免疫应答[114-115]。除了载药MNs能直接介导纳米颗粒的经皮递送以外,电穿孔、超声波、空白微针预处理等手段都具有促进NP-gels系统经皮输送的潜力。
抗肿瘤药物的腔道内应用场景主要有腔道肿瘤的局部药物治疗、鼻腔给药用于脑肿瘤的治疗、经腔道递送的肿瘤疫苗等。传统腔道给药剂型包括栓剂、气雾剂、泡腾片、滴剂及滴丸剂等,常用于直肠、阴道、尿道、鼻腔、耳道给药。然而,药物通过腔道给药到达病变部位往往需要穿过多重的生物屏障,这无疑会降低药物的疗效,加大药物剂量可以在一定程度上解决靶部位药物量不足的问题,但这可能导致药物浓度达到中毒水平[116]。因此,开发新的药物递送模式以提高药物在腔道的黏附性和透膜吸收量是未来研究的主流方向之一。生物黏附给药系统是一种利用黏附性聚合物材料与机体黏膜组织相互作用而产生较长时间的紧密接触,使药物能够穿过黏膜上皮细胞进入循环系统的一种给药方式[117]。生物黏附性能材料可分为天然生物聚合物(比如模仿贻贝黏附蛋白的多巴胺修饰材料、凝集素、壳聚糖或海藻酸盐为基础的生物黏附材料)以及合成或半合成聚合物(比如超支化聚甘油涂层生物黏附材料、聚丙烯酸基生物黏附材料)[118],它们具备出色的生物相容性、组织黏附力和可控降解性等特性。利用纳米载体进行腔道给药可增加药物与黏膜的相互作用,具有控制药物释放、减少药物不良反应、增加药物的渗透等优点[119]。将生物黏附材料与纳米载体相结合,制备成NP-gels复合递药系统,仅需单次给药就能达到持续输注药物的目的。Frank等[120]制备了2种NP-gels复合体系:含有R837的聚己内酯纳米囊表面包覆壳聚糖后再掺入到羟乙基纤维素凝胶中,以及含有R837的聚己内酯纳米囊掺入到壳聚糖水凝胶中,研究发现,与R837纳米粒相比,两种体系都具有较好的阴道黏膜黏附、渗透和药物保留能力,而壳聚糖凝胶组促进药物渗透的能力更强。这项研究表明NP-gels体系的确可以促进药物的黏附和吸收,但还需进一步的实验验证该制剂对感染HPV小鼠的治疗效果。
NP-gels的缓控释作用也有效降低了一些药物的刺激性。Zhang等[36]将蟾酥负载于纳米脂质体中,雄黄粉碎至纳米级,共同载到泊洛沙姆温敏凝胶中,通过局部阴道给药的方式用于治疗宫颈癌,体内试验发现该NP-gels复合制剂能有效黏附在阴道黏膜部位,减少对正常部位的刺激性,显著提高了安全性。虽然NP-gels能促进药物在腔道的黏附和渗透,但腔道内的黏液层和上皮细胞层仍然是阻碍药物及纳米药物吸收的主要因素。为了增加纳米粒在黏液和上皮细胞的渗透能力,可在纳米粒表面进行适当修饰,如细胞穿膜肽的修饰[121-122]、PEG的修饰[123]、聚乙烯醇的修饰[124]等其他聚合物的修饰[125]。可见,纳米粒上的适当修饰和黏附性凝胶材料的使用都能促进药物在腔道黏膜的黏附以及药物穿透黏液,从而提高药物的局部应用效果。
科学技术的不断发展为肿瘤治疗提供了无限可能。结合纳米粒和水凝胶2种递药系统优势的NP-gels,因其性能可调性和多功能性而成为抗肿瘤药物递送的新平台。NP-gels可以有效解决药物的难溶性、药物靶向性差、滞留时间短、透皮效率低等问题,表现出高度的生物相容性和可调节的释放性能,为肿瘤联合治疗策略搭建新的桥梁。
尽管NP-gels在药物递送领域具有较大优势,但在临床应用之前,仍有许多挑战需要克服。NP-gels性能的提高主要归因于纳米粒子与聚合物链之间相互作用的增强,因此,在应用时,我们还需考虑纳米粒子的大小、形状、表面性质,以及纳米粒子在水凝胶中的数量和均匀性等对纳米粒和凝胶之间的相互作用和体内过程的影响[126]。例如,较大比表面积的疏水性纳米颗粒在水凝胶中的大量聚集可能会导致预期性能的降低,并对肿瘤邻近组织造成伤害,不一致的凝胶形态也会使药物释放行为不稳定,但对相关问题的研究较为缺乏。此外,NP-gels的体内研究报告仍然较少,应采用多种手段监测NP-gels与机体的相互作用,比如水凝胶在不同个体差异下的体内详细性能(例如网络密度、孔隙度、流变性等)变化、蛋白吸附、生物降解、长期毒性等生物性能指标,以及NP-gels中纳米粒的体内生物分布、代谢、毒性、稳定性等特征。最后,NP-gels的设计往往较为复杂,在实现临床转化前,应解决NP-gels的扩大生产、质量控制、储存稳定性和灭菌等操作难题。因此,在早期的剂型设计时就应考虑后续的临床转化问题,而不是一味地追求复杂的功能化设计。即便面临诸多困难,NP-gels凭借其独特的剂型优势,在肿瘤以及其他疾病的预防、诊断和治疗中具有极大的应用潜力,相信随着研究的深入以及技术水平的提高,NP-gels的临床转化将不断加快。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82003683)
  • 西南民族大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目资助(校20211050)
  • 西南民族大学研究生创新型科学项目资助(ZD2022220)
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2024年第59卷第10期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.10.001
  • 接收时间:2022-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-05-22
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-12
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(82003683)
西南民族大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目资助(校20211050)
西南民族大学研究生创新型科学项目资助(ZD2022220)
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    西南民族大学药学院, 成都 610225

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*韩露,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:缓控释及肿瘤靶向递药系统研究 Tel:(028)85658343
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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