Article(id=1200147770536457147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147768326062257, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)09-0757-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.09.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680192000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067126163, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1715097600000, pubDateStr=2024-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067126163, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067126163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067126163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147768326062257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='9', pageStart='757', pageEnd='856', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067125636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067301065, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148504178950495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147768326062257, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148504178950496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147768326062257, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=757, endPage=767, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147770813281214, articleId=1200147770536457147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=New Progress on Preperation, Structural Characterization and Pharmacological Activities of Sea buckthorn Polysaccharides, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hippophae rhamnoides L. is a high-quality medicinal and edible plant with rich nutritional values and a wide range of biological activities. It has been used to improve hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, liver injury and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Sea buckthorn polysaccharides (SBPs) are one of the most important bioactive components of Hippophae rhamnoides L.. The preperation methods of SBPs include hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and flash extraction. Different preperation methods lead to different configurations and biological activities of SBPs. Furthermore, these biological activities are related to the chemical structure of SBPs, including the relative molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond and three-dimensional structure. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that SBPs possess various activities, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant activity, as well as the regulation of blood sugar and lipid metabolism disorder, which will exhibit excellent development value in functional food and medicament. However, few studies on the structure-function relationship of SBPs have been reported. In this paper, the preperation methods, structure characterization, pharmacological activities and the utilization of SBPs were systematically reviewed, the structure-activity relationship and application prospect were discussed, which will provide a theoretical basis for a further research and development and utilization of SBPs.

, correspAuthors=Chenfeng JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Na LING, Haiyan TIAN, Mingze GAO, Qiyao WANG, Guiguo XU, Chenfeng JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147772197401591, articleId=1200147770536457147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=沙棘多糖的制备、结构表征与药理活性研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)是一种优质的药食同源经济植物,具有丰富的营养价值和广泛的生物学活性,常用于改善高血糖、高血脂、肝损伤和预防心脑血管疾病等。沙棘多糖是沙棘中重要的活性成分之一,制备方法主要有热水浸提法、超声波辅助法、微波辅助法和闪式提取法等。不同的制备方法导致沙棘多糖的构型和生物活性也不同,且其生物学活性与多糖的化学结构密切相关,常受相对分子质量、单糖组成、糖苷键及空间结构等因素的影响。现代药理学研究表明,沙棘多糖具有肝脏保护、抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖及调节脂质代谢紊乱等多重生物学活性,在功能性食品和医药等领域有巨大的开发应用价值。然而,目前关于沙棘多糖构效关系的研究报道较少。本文系统综述了沙棘多糖的制备、纯化、结构表征和药理活性等方面的研究进展,对沙棘多糖的构效关系和应用前景进行了探讨,以期为沙棘多糖的深入研究与开发利用提供一定的理论依据。

, correspAuthors=汲晨锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*汲晨锋,男,研究员 研究方向:中药多糖活性 Tel:(0451)84603522
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凌娜和田海燕为共同第一作者

凌娜,女,副研究员 研究方向:功能性食品及多糖活性;

田海燕,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:功能性食品及多糖活性。

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Manp-吡喃型甘露糖;Glcp-吡喃型葡萄糖;Galp-吡喃型半乳糖;Araf-呋喃型阿拉伯糖。

, figureFileSmall=faSJeVkbtEcV5Wl2xTs8Pw==, figureFileBig=wzumDggS6lqSj5A25oV8Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147776408481965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147770536457147, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rtxgIdz/3pWQpaUtlHP/vg==, figureFileBig=6ktqwtRR5zZfDpJYAQP0FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200147776479785136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147770536457147, language=CN, label=图3, caption=沙棘多糖组分SBP-1-a重复单元结构

Araf-呋喃型阿拉伯糖;Galp-吡喃型半乳糖;Glcp-吡喃型葡萄糖;Rhap-吡喃型鼠李糖;GalAp-吡喃型半乳糖醛酸。

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LPS-脂多糖;D-GalN-D-氨基半乳糖;CCl4-四氯化碳;APAP-对乙酰氨基酚;TLR4-Toll样受体4;Myd88-髓样分化因子;NF-κB-核因子-κB;IL-1β-白细胞介素-1β;IL-6-白介素-6;TNF-α-肿瘤坏死因子-α;Adiponectin-脂联素;TLR-Toll样受体;PPARγ-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体;p38-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38;ERK-细胞外信号调节激酶;JNK-c-Jun N末端激酶;Bcl-2-B细胞淋巴瘤-2;Bax-B细胞淋巴瘤-2相关X蛋白;BAD-B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因相关启动子;Keap1-Kelch样ECH关联蛋白;Nrf2-核因子-E2相关因子2;HO-1-血红素氧合酶1;SOD-超氧化物歧化酶;ALT-谷丙转氨酶;AST-天冬氨酸转氨酶;iNOS-诱导型一氧化氮合酶;NO-一氧化氮;GSH-Px-谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;GSH-谷胱甘肽;Cytochrome C-细胞色素C;Caspase-半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋水解酶。

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↑ -上调;↓ -下调; TLR4-Toll样受体4;p-JNK-磷酸化c-Jun N末端激酶;p-ERK-磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶;NF-κB-核因子-κB;Bax-B细胞淋巴瘤-2相关X蛋白;p-p38 MAPK-磷酸化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38;Nrf2-核因子-E2相关因子2;HO-1-血红素氧合酶1;SOD-2-超氧化物歧化酶2;PPARγ-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体;Bcl-2-B细胞淋巴瘤-2;Caspase-3-胱天蛋白酶3;ALT-谷丙转氨酶;AST-天冬氨酸转氨酶;IL-1β-白细胞介素-1β;IL-6-白介素-6;TNF-α-肿瘤坏死因子-α;MAPK-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;Myd88-髓样分化因子;IL-6-白介素-6;IFN-γ-γ干扰素;NO-一氧化氮;HMGB1-高迁移率族蛋白1;MMP-2-基质金属蛋白酶2;MGMT-甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶;MMP-9-基质金属蛋白酶9; DPPH-1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼;·OH-羟基自由基; · O 2 --超氧阴离自由基;GSH-Px-谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;SOD-超氧化物歧化酶;MDA-丙二醛;α-glucosidase-α-葡萄糖苷酶;PERK-蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶;ATF4-激活转录因子4;Keap1-Kelch样ECH关联蛋白;CHOP-CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白;TC-总胆固醇;TG-甘油三酯;FFAs-游离脂肪酸;LDLR-低密度脂蛋白受体;p-AMPKα -磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α;PGC1α-PPAR-γ共激活因子1α;PPARα-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α;UCP1-解偶联蛋白1;PRDM16-PR结构域蛋白16。

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提取方法 最佳提取工艺 多糖含量/mg·g-1 优点 缺点 文献
热水浸提法 料液比1∶25、提取温度80 ℃、提取时间40 min 102.36 简便易行、节约成本 多次浸提耗时长、提取率低 [10]
碱法 0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液 78.02 简便易行,碱对细胞壁的破坏作用有利于酸性多糖的溶出 提取物成分复杂、衍生物多、反应终点不易控制 [10]
微波辅助法 料液比1∶45、微波功率560 W、萃取时间50 s 19.04 升温快、穿透力强、操作方便、省时、节能、提取率高、对环境污染小等 萃取功率过大、温度过高可能影响多糖活性;只能在实验室应用,不能用于工业生产中 [10-12]
超声波辅助法 料液比1∶50、提取温度60 ℃、提取时间20 min 88.09 提取速度快、时间短、效率高,耗能低,产品有效成分损失少 超声时间过长易导致糖苷键断裂,影响多糖得率和活性 [10]
超声波辅助法 固液比1∶52.5,超声功率607.1 W、超声时间42.3 min 76.80 提取速度快、效率高,萃取温度低,产品有效成分损失少 超声时间过长易导致糖苷键断裂,影响多糖得率和活性 [13]
酶法 质量分数2%加酶量、pH值7.5、提取温度45 ℃、提取时间50 min 65.91 反应条件温和,回收率高,不改变多糖结构 酶的价格较高,条件要求严格。操作繁琐、时间长、提取率低 [10]
酶法-超声波法 料液比1∶50、pH值7.5、提取温度45 ℃、质量分数2%加酶量、强功率下超声波20 min,继续酶解30 min 81.50 反应条件温和、不改变多糖结构,反应易控制,提取量较高,基本不产生衍生物 提取时间较长 [10]
超声波法-酶法 料液比1∶50、提取温度60 ℃、强功率下超声波20 min、pH值7.5、提取温度45 ℃、质量分数2%加酶量,继续酶法提取50 min 79.10 反应条件温和、不改变多糖结构,反应易控制,提取量较高 提取时间较长 [10]
超声波-微波法 料液比1∶30、提取时间180 s、微波功率450 W 22.50 操作简便、提取时间短、提取率高 萃取时间过长易导致多糖断裂,影响多糖得率和活性 [14]
闪式提取法 固液比1∶30、提取电压225 V、提取时间110 s 9.43 简便、快速、高效,常温提取可较好保护植物有效成分 有机溶剂不易去除,提取时间过长易导致多糖断裂,影响多糖得率 [15]
), ArticleFig(id=1200147777079570628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147770536457147, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沙棘多糖(SBPs)的制备方法及优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法 最佳提取工艺 多糖含量/mg·g-1 优点 缺点 文献
热水浸提法 料液比1∶25、提取温度80 ℃、提取时间40 min 102.36 简便易行、节约成本 多次浸提耗时长、提取率低 [10]
碱法 0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液 78.02 简便易行,碱对细胞壁的破坏作用有利于酸性多糖的溶出 提取物成分复杂、衍生物多、反应终点不易控制 [10]
微波辅助法 料液比1∶45、微波功率560 W、萃取时间50 s 19.04 升温快、穿透力强、操作方便、省时、节能、提取率高、对环境污染小等 萃取功率过大、温度过高可能影响多糖活性;只能在实验室应用,不能用于工业生产中 [10-12]
超声波辅助法 料液比1∶50、提取温度60 ℃、提取时间20 min 88.09 提取速度快、时间短、效率高,耗能低,产品有效成分损失少 超声时间过长易导致糖苷键断裂,影响多糖得率和活性 [10]
超声波辅助法 固液比1∶52.5,超声功率607.1 W、超声时间42.3 min 76.80 提取速度快、效率高,萃取温度低,产品有效成分损失少 超声时间过长易导致糖苷键断裂,影响多糖得率和活性 [13]
酶法 质量分数2%加酶量、pH值7.5、提取温度45 ℃、提取时间50 min 65.91 反应条件温和,回收率高,不改变多糖结构 酶的价格较高,条件要求严格。操作繁琐、时间长、提取率低 [10]
酶法-超声波法 料液比1∶50、pH值7.5、提取温度45 ℃、质量分数2%加酶量、强功率下超声波20 min,继续酶解30 min 81.50 反应条件温和、不改变多糖结构,反应易控制,提取量较高,基本不产生衍生物 提取时间较长 [10]
超声波法-酶法 料液比1∶50、提取温度60 ℃、强功率下超声波20 min、pH值7.5、提取温度45 ℃、质量分数2%加酶量,继续酶法提取50 min 79.10 反应条件温和、不改变多糖结构,反应易控制,提取量较高 提取时间较长 [10]
超声波-微波法 料液比1∶30、提取时间180 s、微波功率450 W 22.50 操作简便、提取时间短、提取率高 萃取时间过长易导致多糖断裂,影响多糖得率和活性 [14]
闪式提取法 固液比1∶30、提取电压225 V、提取时间110 s 9.43 简便、快速、高效,常温提取可较好保护植物有效成分 有机溶剂不易去除,提取时间过长易导致多糖断裂,影响多糖得率 [15]
), ArticleFig(id=1200147777176039625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147770536457147, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 提取方法 相对分子质量 单糖组成及比例 主要糖苷键 药理活性 作用机制 文献
SJ-2 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Man-Gal-Rha-Ara=33.03∶
20.38∶18.19∶15.1∶13.22
α型糖苷键 抗氧化抗菌 清除·OH和 · O 2 -自由基 [13]
HRP Ia 超声波+热水提取 - Glu-Man-Xyl=1.13∶ 1.06∶1 αβ型糖苷键 免疫调节 促进巨噬细胞增殖 [18-19]
SBP-Ⅰ 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Man-Gal-Ara-Xyl=32.17∶
2.20∶1.45∶1.18∶1
α型糖苷键 抗氧化 对DPPH自由基有一定清除能力 [20]
SBP-Ⅱ 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Xyl-Man-Gal=1.02∶1∶0.28∶0.20 α型糖苷键 抗氧化 清除DPPH自由基 [20]
SBP-Ⅲ 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Xyl-Gal=2.15∶1∶0.28 β型糖苷键 抗氧化 清除DPPH自由基 [20]
SP0.1-1 热水浸提法 2.62×104 Ara-Glu-Gal-Man=11.2∶2.3∶1.9∶1 →4)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 抗氧化、抗衰老 提高抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px、CAT)活性,降低MDA水平,调节NF-κB信号通路 [22]
SBP 热水浸提法 3.782×105 Ara-Fuc-GluA-Rha-Glu-Xyl-Gal=
2.65∶2.44∶1.03∶0.98∶0.91∶0.81∶0.75
αβ型糖苷键的吡喃环型酸性多糖 抗氧化 清除DPPH自由基 [23]
SBP-1-a 热水浸提法 9.944×103 Ara-Glu-Gal-GalA-Rha=44.6∶28.2∶
19.7∶5.3∶2.1
→3,4)-β-L-Rhap-(1→、→4)-α-D-Galap-(1→ 抗肥胖 促进脂肪细胞中PGC1α, UCP1, PRDM16表达 [24]
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SBPs的结构表征及生物学活性

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名称 提取方法 相对分子质量 单糖组成及比例 主要糖苷键 药理活性 作用机制 文献
SJ-2 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Man-Gal-Rha-Ara=33.03∶
20.38∶18.19∶15.1∶13.22
α型糖苷键 抗氧化抗菌 清除·OH和 · O 2 -自由基 [13]
HRP Ia 超声波+热水提取 - Glu-Man-Xyl=1.13∶ 1.06∶1 αβ型糖苷键 免疫调节 促进巨噬细胞增殖 [18-19]
SBP-Ⅰ 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Man-Gal-Ara-Xyl=32.17∶
2.20∶1.45∶1.18∶1
α型糖苷键 抗氧化 对DPPH自由基有一定清除能力 [20]
SBP-Ⅱ 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Xyl-Man-Gal=1.02∶1∶0.28∶0.20 α型糖苷键 抗氧化 清除DPPH自由基 [20]
SBP-Ⅲ 超声波辅助提取 - Glu-Xyl-Gal=2.15∶1∶0.28 β型糖苷键 抗氧化 清除DPPH自由基 [20]
SP0.1-1 热水浸提法 2.62×104 Ara-Glu-Gal-Man=11.2∶2.3∶1.9∶1 →4)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ 抗氧化、抗衰老 提高抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px、CAT)活性,降低MDA水平,调节NF-κB信号通路 [22]
SBP 热水浸提法 3.782×105 Ara-Fuc-GluA-Rha-Glu-Xyl-Gal=
2.65∶2.44∶1.03∶0.98∶0.91∶0.81∶0.75
αβ型糖苷键的吡喃环型酸性多糖 抗氧化 清除DPPH自由基 [23]
SBP-1-a 热水浸提法 9.944×103 Ara-Glu-Gal-GalA-Rha=44.6∶28.2∶
19.7∶5.3∶2.1
→3,4)-β-L-Rhap-(1→、→4)-α-D-Galap-(1→ 抗肥胖 促进脂肪细胞中PGC1α, UCP1, PRDM16表达 [24]
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沙棘多糖的制备、结构表征与药理活性研究进展
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凌娜 1, 2 , 田海燕 1, 2 , 高铭泽 1, 2 , 王祺瑶 3 , 徐贵国 1, 2 , 汲晨锋 1, 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(9): 757-767
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(9): 757-767
沙棘多糖的制备、结构表征与药理活性研究进展
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凌娜1, 2, 田海燕1, 2, 高铭泽1, 2, 王祺瑶3, 徐贵国1, 2, 汲晨锋1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨商业大学药物工程技术研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 2 中华人民共和国教育部抗肿瘤天然药物工程研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 3 山东大学药学院, 济南 250012
  • 凌娜,女,副研究员 研究方向:功能性食品及多糖活性;

    田海燕,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:功能性食品及多糖活性。

通讯作者:

*汲晨锋,男,研究员 研究方向:中药多糖活性 Tel:(0451)84603522
New Progress on Preperation, Structural Characterization and Pharmacological Activities of Sea buckthorn Polysaccharides
Na LING1, 2, Haiyan TIAN1, 2, Mingze GAO1, 2, Qiyao WANG3, Guiguo XU1, 2, Chenfeng JI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076,China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center for Natural Antitumor Drugs, Ministry of Education P.R. China, Harbin 150076,China
  • 3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2024-05-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.09.001
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沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)是一种优质的药食同源经济植物,具有丰富的营养价值和广泛的生物学活性,常用于改善高血糖、高血脂、肝损伤和预防心脑血管疾病等。沙棘多糖是沙棘中重要的活性成分之一,制备方法主要有热水浸提法、超声波辅助法、微波辅助法和闪式提取法等。不同的制备方法导致沙棘多糖的构型和生物活性也不同,且其生物学活性与多糖的化学结构密切相关,常受相对分子质量、单糖组成、糖苷键及空间结构等因素的影响。现代药理学研究表明,沙棘多糖具有肝脏保护、抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖及调节脂质代谢紊乱等多重生物学活性,在功能性食品和医药等领域有巨大的开发应用价值。然而,目前关于沙棘多糖构效关系的研究报道较少。本文系统综述了沙棘多糖的制备、纯化、结构表征和药理活性等方面的研究进展,对沙棘多糖的构效关系和应用前景进行了探讨,以期为沙棘多糖的深入研究与开发利用提供一定的理论依据。

沙棘  /  多糖制备  /  结构表征  /  药理活性  /  肝脏保护

Hippophae rhamnoides L. is a high-quality medicinal and edible plant with rich nutritional values and a wide range of biological activities. It has been used to improve hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, liver injury and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Sea buckthorn polysaccharides (SBPs) are one of the most important bioactive components of Hippophae rhamnoides L.. The preperation methods of SBPs include hot water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and flash extraction. Different preperation methods lead to different configurations and biological activities of SBPs. Furthermore, these biological activities are related to the chemical structure of SBPs, including the relative molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond and three-dimensional structure. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that SBPs possess various activities, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant activity, as well as the regulation of blood sugar and lipid metabolism disorder, which will exhibit excellent development value in functional food and medicament. However, few studies on the structure-function relationship of SBPs have been reported. In this paper, the preperation methods, structure characterization, pharmacological activities and the utilization of SBPs were systematically reviewed, the structure-activity relationship and application prospect were discussed, which will provide a theoretical basis for a further research and development and utilization of SBPs.

Hippophae rhamnoides L.  /  polysaccharides preperation  /  structure characterization  /  pharmacological activity  /  hepatoprotection
凌娜, 田海燕, 高铭泽, 王祺瑶, 徐贵国, 汲晨锋. 沙棘多糖的制备、结构表征与药理活性研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (9) : 757 -767 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.09.001
Na LING, Haiyan TIAN, Mingze GAO, Qiyao WANG, Guiguo XU, Chenfeng JI. New Progress on Preperation, Structural Characterization and Pharmacological Activities of Sea buckthorn Polysaccharides[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (9) : 757 -767 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.09.001
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)属于胡颓子科沙棘属植物,是一种落叶灌木,在我国多地均有分布,沙棘喜光、耐寒、耐酷热,一般生长在贫瘠山地,对土壤适应性强。沙棘果实为圆球形,橙黄色或橘红色,口感酸、肉质鲜厚。沙棘是一种药食同源植物,果实和叶中富含多糖、维生素、黄酮类、微量元素和各种氨基酸等成分,具有很好的营养价值和保健功能。近年来,沙棘已被开发成各种功能性食品及药品,如:沙棘原浆、沙棘果汁、沙棘茶、沙棘油、沙棘酵素,以及沙棘颗粒、沙棘糖浆、复方沙棘籽油栓、沙棘VC片等[1]。藏医名著《四部医典》记载:沙棘具有止咳化痰、活血散瘀、健胃消食之功效;《月王药诊》中记载了沙棘“开胃舒胸、饮食爽口、容易消化”等功效。现代药理学研究表明,沙棘中含有的黄酮类、多糖类、沙棘油和维生素等活性成分具有保肝、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血脂及降血糖等多种药理活性[2-3]
多糖是一种重要的生物大分子,具有复杂的结构和广泛的生物学活性。研究发现,多糖在免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗衰老等方面具有显著的生物学活性,在食品和医药保健方面具有重要的应用价值[4]。沙棘多糖(Sea buckthorn polysaccharides,SBPs)是沙棘的主要活性成分之一,主要存在于沙棘浆果、沙棘果皮和沙棘叶中,其中沙棘浆果中的含量最高[5]。多项研究表明,SBPs具有肝脏保护、抗炎、免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂等多种药理活性[6-7]。多糖的相对分子质量、单糖组成、糖苷键类型及连接方式等都与多糖的生物活性密切相关,对SBPs构效关系的研究具有重要意义[8]。因此,本文对近年来SBPs的制备、结构表征、药理活性及应用等方面的研究进行综述及展望,以期为SBPs构效关系的研究以及相关产品的开发利用提供一定的理论依据。
多糖常用的制备方法有热水浸提法、溶剂法、酶法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、闪式提取法等,且不同提取方法对多糖的得率、结构特征及生物活性均有一定程度的影响[9]。热水浸提法是应用最多的一种多糖提取方法。Yang等[10]采用5种方法从沙棘浆果中提取SBPs,多糖得率由高到低依次为:热水提取法>超声波辅助法>酶法-超声波协同萃取法>酶法>微波辅助法。其中热水提取法在80 ℃下提取40 min,多糖含量为102.36 mg·g-1,超声波辅助法在60 ℃下提取20 min,多糖含量为88.09 mg·g-1,热水提取法优于超声波辅助法。超声波和微波提取分别利用超声波的机械效应、空化效应和微波辐射,使细胞破碎解体、多糖溶出,具有提取速度快、效率高、萃取时间短等优点[11-12]。采用热水浸提法、微波辅助提取和超声波辅助提取沙棘叶中多糖,发现超声波辅助提取SBPs的含量(76.80 mg·g-1)优于微波提取(70.50 mg·g-1)和热水浸提法(62.40 mg·g-1),超声波最佳提取工艺为:超声功率607.1W、超声时间42.3 min、液固比52.5∶1 [13-14]。Zhao等[15]采用闪式提取法提取SBPs,在电压225 V、提取时间110 s、固液比1∶30时,SBPs的提取率为9.43 mg·g-1,高于传统煎煮法(8.84 mg·g-1)。闪式提取法具有高效、快速、简便等优点,常温下操作能较好保护植物的有效成分。SBPs几种常用的制备方法、多糖含量、最佳提取工艺及优缺点见表1
多糖的分离纯化是探讨多糖结构和生物活性的首要前提。研究发现,多糖的纯度越高,其结构和活性越稳定。沙棘粗多糖中常含有蛋白质、色素和小分子化合物等杂质,需通过脱蛋白、脱色、除杂等步骤进行初步纯化,进一步通过分级纯化获得均一多糖。粗多糖中的小分子物质常采用多次醇沉去除,蛋白质多采用Sevag法、酶法等去除,脱色常采用活性炭吸附法、H2O2氧化法等。分级纯化常采用分步沉淀法、金属络合物法、分子筛色谱法、离子交换色谱法、柱层析法等,以获得纯度更高的单一组分(图1)[16-17]。Qin等[13]采用Sevag法(氯仿-正丁醇=4∶1)对沙棘叶多糖进行脱蛋白和脱色处理,蛋白去除率达78.96%,多糖损失仅为33.75%。经DEAE-52离子交换层析进一步纯化获得3个均一组分SJ-1、SJ-2和SJ-3,得率分别为11.64%、77.67%和10.69%。Song等[18]先用Sevag-木瓜蛋白酶法去除沙棘粗多糖中的蛋白,然后用Sephadex G-150凝胶色谱柱进行分离纯化,得到纯品HRPIa和HRPIb,得率分别为31.3%和15.8%。Tian等[19]首先采用DEAE-52纤维柱按极性大小对沙棘粗多糖进行分离,再根据相对分子质量大小,用Sephadex A-50凝胶柱进行纯化,获得2种多糖组分HRP Ia和HRP Ib。Wei等[20]采用DEAE-52纤维素柱层析从沙棘中分离纯化得到1种中性多糖SBP-Ⅰ和2种酸性多糖SBP-Ⅱ、SBP-Ⅲ。
SBPs的结构解析是进行多糖构-效关系研究的基础,对于深入探讨其生物学活性及其作用机制具有重要意义。不同提取部位、不同提取方法获得的沙棘均一多糖,其单糖组成、相对分子质量、糖苷键类型以及空间构象等不同,导致药理活性也存在显著差异。
多糖相对分子质量常见测定方法有凝胶渗透色谱法(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)、高效凝胶渗透色谱法(high performance gel permeation chromatography, HPGPC)等[21]。研究发现,不同相对分子质量的SBPs其化学结构和生物活性有显著差异。采用热水浸提法获得的沙棘浆果多糖相对分子质量差异较大,最小为9.944×103,最大为3.782×106 (表2)。其中相对分子质量较大的SBPs具有显著的抗氧化、抗衰老活性[22-23],而相对分子质量较小(9.944×103)的SBPs可通过调节脂肪细胞中相关蛋白的表达发挥抗肥胖作用[24]。结果表明,相对分子质量较小的多糖分子更易于穿透组织,与细胞中的物质结合发挥抗肥胖作用,SBPs有望开发成为一种新型的抗肥胖药物。
目前,对SBPs结构表征的研究大多数来自于沙棘浆果多糖。多糖的单糖组成主要以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法和气相色谱(GC)法等分析为主。研究发现,SBPs的单糖组成差异较大,不同提取方法获得的SBPs其单糖组成和比例不同。采用超声波辅助提取的SBPs,其单糖组成主要以葡萄糖(Glu)、甘露糖(Man)和半乳糖(Gal)为主,含有少量的阿拉伯糖(Ara)、鼠李糖(Rha)和木糖(Xyl)等[18-20],而采用热水浸提法获得的SBPs单糖组成主要以Ara、Glu和Gal为主,还含有少量的Man、Rha、Xyl、葡萄糖醛酸(GluA)和半乳糖醛酸(GalA)[22-24],可能是不同提取方法导致多糖链的水解断裂,且链断裂的位置可能不同,导致单糖的组成存在差异(表2)。
多糖的化学结构复杂,对其结构表征还需进一步通过甲基化反应、Smith降解、酸水解等确定糖苷链的类型,再结合质谱、核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)、1H-1H关联性磁共振谱(1H-1H correlation spectroscopy, 1H-1H COSY)、异核单量子关系(heteronuclear single quantum coherence, HSQC)、核超限效应谱(nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy, NOESY)等多种技术分析糖苷键的连接方式[25]。由表2可知,SBPs主要是由α-1→4、1→6糖苷键和β-1→4糖苷键组成,分支多见于O-6、O-3位,且还原末端多为Glu和Gal,这些多糖被证实具有显著的抗氧化、抗菌、免疫调节等活性[13,18-20]。Shen等[22]发现,SBPs组分SP0.1-1主链以→4)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→残基为骨架,侧链由α-L-Araf-(1→ 5)、α-L-Araf-(1→3, 5)、α-Araf和β-D-Galp-(1→4, 6)残基组成(图2)。
Ma等[24]采用红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法和NMR技术对沙棘多糖组分SBP-1-a进行结构表征,其主链是由→3,4)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-Galap-(1→, →4)-α-D-Galap-(1→残基组成,侧链由α-L-Araf、β-D-Galp、β-D-Glcp、α-D-Glcp组成,其中阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖残基为主要单糖成分,比例超过92%(图3)。
目前对SBPs化学结构的研究相对较浅,大多数仅是对多糖初级结构的解析,对其空间构象及构-效关系的研究较少。仅见Zhao等[23]报道SBPs是一种含有羟基(—OH)、羧基(—COOH)、羰基(—C=O)、醛基(—CHO)等官能团以及αβ型糖苷键的吡喃环型酸性多糖,刚果红实验分析其呈现三螺旋结构,扫描电镜显示其微观结构呈片状,该多糖的热稳定性较强。
多糖的结构与生物学活性密切相关,采用物理、化学或生物学技术对多糖残基上的—COOH、—OH、—NH2等基团进行分子修饰和结构改造,以获得活性更强的多糖衍生物。目前,多糖的分子修饰已成为临床药物研究的热点之一,常见的化学修饰方法有硫酸酯化、磷酸酯化、乙酰化、羧甲基化、金属离子螯合等,而不同的化学修饰方法对多糖的生物学活性影响也不同[26]
秦蕾[13]对提取的沙棘叶多糖进行硫酸酯化、羧甲基化和金属螯合作用的分子修饰,获得3种沙棘叶多糖衍生物,琼脂平板扩散结果显示3种多糖衍生物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌的抑制作用比原多糖更显著,抑制作用强弱依次为金属离子螯合多糖>硫酸酯化多糖>羧甲基化多糖。
肝脏是人体重要的免疫器官,在氧化应激、细胞因子、病毒感染、乙醇、药物、代谢性疾病等多种因素下均可导致肝损伤。研究证明,植物多糖具有良好的抗肝脏损伤效应,主要通过清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化、调节细胞因子和抑制炎症反应以及抑制肝细胞凋亡等途径发挥作用[27]。据报道[28],SBPs对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)联合D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)、四氯化碳(CCl4)、对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)等多种药物诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有良好的保护作用,且其作用机制涉及多种途径、多个靶点(图4),沙棘有望开发成为一种新型的能够改善肝脏损伤的功能性食品或保肝药物。
采用LPS联合D-GalN诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,常用来研究疾病的进程和药物的保肝、护肝作用及机制[29]。研究发现,SBPs可显著降低模型小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的水平(P<0.01),升高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的活性,降低丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的水平,对小鼠肝细胞损伤和炎性细胞浸润有明显的改善作用[30]。SBPs通过抑制Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 associated X,Bax)、Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase,p-ERK)、磷酸化c-Jun N末端激酶(phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase,p-JNK)、磷酸化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase 38,p-p38 MAPK)和核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)的表达发挥保肝作用[31-33],见图4
研究发现,SBPs对CCl4引发的小鼠肝毒性也具有一定的保护作用。SBPs预处理可明显减轻小鼠肝损伤,减少小鼠体内总胆红素和AST、ALT的水平,提高GSH-Px、SOD的活性和GSH的含量,降低IL-1β、TNF-α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、NO和MDA的水平,抑制NF-κB信号通路和p-JNK、p-ERK、p38 MAPK的磷酸化[34]
对乙酰氨基酚(APAP)又名扑热息痛,是临床上一种常见的非抗炎解热镇痛药,若服用过量易导致急性肝损伤、肾功能衰竭,严重的甚至导致患者死亡[35]。Wang等[36-37]研究发现SBPs在APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤中也具有一定的保护作用,可降低模型小鼠体内ALT、AST的水平和iNOS、NO的表达,提高肝中GSH-Px、SOD-2的表达和GSH的水平,抑制JNK的磷酸化,提高Bcl-2/Bax比值。此外,SBPs还能下调Kelch样ECH关联蛋白(Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1,Keap1)的表达,上调核因子-类胡萝卜素2衍生因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf-2)及其靶基因血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)的表达。结果表明,SBPs可减轻APAP引起的小鼠急性肝损伤,其肝保护作用可能与激活Nrf-2/HO-1-SOD-2信号通路有关。
SBPs对于脓毒症诱导的C57BL/6J小鼠肝损伤也具有一定的保肝作用。SBPs可改善脓毒症肝损伤模型小鼠的病理结构、减轻炎症反应,降低血清中ALT、AST、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的水平;同时还发现SBPs可抑制模型小鼠肝细胞凋亡,提高肝脏中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)、B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)的表达,降低Bax、caspase-3、NF-κB的表达;在PPARγ被特异性敲除后,SBPs的肝脏保护作用减弱或丧失。结果表明,SBPs对脓毒症诱导的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用与PPARγ的表达上调有关[38](图4)。
近年来,SBPs的抗炎和免疫调节作用也日益受到关注,SBPs能够激活巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,释放促炎症因子,通过调控TLR4/MyD88/ NF-κB信号通路参与机体的炎性反应、氧化应激和免疫调节等过程[39]。研究发现,SBPs能够明显增强环磷酰胺导致免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能,提升脾脏组织中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)以及NO的水平[40]。另有研究发现,多糖的生物学活性与单糖的结构具有一定的相关性。多糖中的葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖、果胶等与免疫刺激有关,可促进巨噬细胞的增殖和炎症因子的释放,起到抗炎和免疫调节作用[16-17]。从沙棘果实中分离出一种半乳糖醛酸HRWP-A与TLR4受体结合,通过介导MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,促进炎症因子的释放并激发下游炎症反应,恢复环磷酰胺所致免疫抑制小鼠的机能[41]
此外,研究还发现SBPs对LPS诱导的猪小肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2损伤具有保护作用,其机制为抑制MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,表现为下调TLR4、MyD88、p-MAPK7、转录因子p65(RELA)和NF-κB的表达,降低细胞中炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8)和凋亡因子(如Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9)的水平,上调免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgM、IgG)的表达来减缓炎症反应,发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用[42-43]
目前,SBPs抗肿瘤活性的研究报道较少。Bao等[44]发现沙棘纯化多糖SBP-Ⅲ能够显著抑制肝癌HepG-2细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,诱导细胞凋亡,抑制磷酸化的p38、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白的表达。此外,体内实验发现HRWP-A能够显著抑制Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠的生长,促进小鼠淋巴细胞增殖,增强巨噬细胞和NK细胞活性[45]。SBPs对脑胶质瘤大鼠也具有抑瘤作用,可能与抑制高迁移率族蛋白1(high mobility group box-1 protein,HMGB1)、甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶(methylguanine DNA methyltransferase,MGMT)及TLR4 mRNA的转录与蛋白表达,阻滞细胞周期和诱导细胞凋亡有关[46]
研究表明,SBPs具有良好的抗氧化活性,其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基( · O 2 -)的清除能力较强,对CCl4、H2O2、Fe2+和Vc诱导的小鼠肝脏脂质过氧化也具有显著的抑制作用[47]。Wei等[20]报道沙棘酸性多糖SBP-Ⅲ、SBP-Ⅱ抗氧化活性高于中性多糖SBP-Ⅰ,可能与多糖的纯度和一级结构有关。
体内实验发现SBPs对D-半乳糖所致亚急性衰老模型小鼠肝、脑组织损伤具有一定的保护作用,可能与其抗氧化活性有关,SBPs可提高模型小鼠肝、脑及血清中GSH-Px和SOD的活性,降低MDA的含量[48]。此外,Shen等[22]发现SP0.1-1对H2O2诱导的黑腹果蝇氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用,可减轻果蝇肠道内ROS的积累,清除自由基,维持肠道稳态,提高抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px和CAT)的活性,抑制脂质过氧化的产物MDA的水平,延缓衰老。综上所述,SBPs具有显著的抗氧化活性,有望开发成为一种新型的抗氧化剂或功能性食品。
天然植物多糖如α-葡聚糖、β-葡聚糖、寡糖和杂多糖等具有显著的降血糖活性,研究发现这些多糖主要通过干预细胞的黏附发挥降血糖作用[49]。Guo等[50]通过体外酶-抑制剂模型和体内小鼠耐糖模型探讨HRP对α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase,AG)活性的影响及其降糖机制。结果发现,随着HRP浓度的升高,其对AG的抑制活性逐渐增强,显著降低淀粉、蔗糖和麦芽糖负荷后小鼠的血糖值,改善小鼠的糖耐量,HRP发挥降血糖作用可能与抑制肠道内α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性有关。另据报道,SBPs能够改善胰岛素抵抗2型糖尿病大鼠和HepG2细胞模型中异常糖代谢情况和氧化应激水平,其机制可能与调控蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase,PERK)/激活转录因子4(activating transcription factor 4,ATF4)/CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)(PERK/ATF4/CHOP)和Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1信号通路有关,表现为下调PERK、ATF4、CHOP和Keap1的表达,上调Nrf2和HO-1的表达[51-52]
Xiao等[53]研究发现,SBPs可显著下调地塞米松诱导的模型大鼠血清中总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFAs)和葡萄糖水平,上调血清中脂联素(adiponectin)的水平,下调肝脏组织中低密度脂蛋白受体(low density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR)的表达,对地塞米松引起的大鼠脂质代谢紊乱具有明显的改善作用。此外,SBPs对高脂饲料喂养的斑马鱼的脂质代谢、肝脏和肠道健康也具有一定的调节作用[54]
据报道,肥胖与肠道微生物菌群失调有关,肠道菌群管理已成为肥胖症治疗的一种新方法[55]。研究发现,SBPs对高脂饮食(HFD)小鼠具有良好的抗肥胖活性,可重塑HFD肥胖小鼠的肠道菌群,显著降低肥胖小鼠的体重、血脂和肝脏甘油三酯水平;促进脂肪细胞中PPAR-γ共激活因子1α(PPAR-γ coactivator 1 alpha,PGC1α)、解偶联蛋白-1(uncoupling protein-1,UCP-1)和PR结构域蛋白16(PR domain containing 16,PRDM16)的表达,激活棕色脂肪细胞产热,从而抑制脂肪和体重的增加。SBPs对肥胖小鼠肝脏脂类代谢的调节作用可能是由于肠道微生物菌群的变化以及粪便中微生物代谢产物短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)产量的增加,通过调节肠-肝轴发挥抗肥胖作用。进一步研究发现,SBPs可提高小鼠肝脏中磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α(phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase α,p-AMPKα)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α,PPARα)蛋白的表达,刺激乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1(acetyl CoA carboxylase 1,ACC1)的磷酸化,抑制肝脏中凋亡相关因子Fas、PPARγ和CD36蛋白的表达[56]。因此,SBPs有望开发成为一种天然的抗肥胖药物。
伪狂犬病毒(PRV)是一种引起伪狂犬的α疱疹病毒。据报道,SBPs具有一定的抗病毒活性,可显著抑制伪狂犬病毒株PRV XJ5对宿主细胞PK15的感染,主要是抑制病毒的吸附和侵入;同时降低PRV病毒感染引起的氧化应激,表现为提高PK15细胞中SOD的活性,降低ROS和MDA的水平。SBPs有望开发成为一种新的抗病毒药物[57]
综上所述,SBPs主要生物学活性包括肝脏保护、抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖等,涉及多个靶点、多条信号通路。SBPs的生物学活性及其作用机制见图5
目前关于SBPs构效关系的研究较少,主要集中在SBPs的一级结构与抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎和免疫调节等关系的初步探讨。研究[20]发现,SBPs抗氧化活性与多糖的纯度和单糖的组成有关。据报道,沙棘酸性多糖对DPPH自由基的清除能力和Fe2+的螯合作用更强,单糖组成为Glu、Xyl、Gal,摩尔比为2.15∶1∶0.28,可能是多糖分子中的—COOH、—OH、—O—、—C=O等官能团能够与自由基中未配对电子和金属离子结合,发挥清除自由基和金属螯合作用;同时SBPs的三股螺旋结构也使其呈现较强的抗氧化活性[20]。Shen等[22]发现SP0.1-1对H2O2诱导的黑腹果蝇氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用,可清除自由基,提高抗氧化酶的活性。进一步分析发现SP0.1-1主要由Ara、Glu、Man和Gal组成,推测这些糖基中—OH、—CHO等官能团能够与·OH和 · O 2 -反应生成稳定的水,从而发挥抗氧化和抗衰老作用。从沙棘果实中分离的一种半乳糖醛酸HRWP-A,其结构中(1→4)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖醛残基与TLR4受体结合,通过介导MyD88/NF-κB信号通路发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用。该结果为进一步了解SBPs抗炎和免疫调节的构效关系奠定基础[41]
沙棘具有重要的营养价值和药用价值,被誉为“21世纪最有希望的保健品和医药品”“维生素之王”。沙棘在食品工业中的应用越来越广泛,主要有沙棘饮料、沙棘果汁、沙棘果酒、沙棘酸奶、沙棘茶、沙棘果酱等[1]。俄罗斯等国把沙棘食品和饮料作为特需营养品,提供给飞行员、患者。SBPs在沙棘果中含量最多,尤以葡萄糖和果糖的含量为主。SBPs具有多种生物学活性,将沙棘或SBPs制备成功能性食品,对于特定人群具有一定的调节作用,可增强机体免疫力,改善身体健康状态。此外,SBPs对肠道菌群也有很好的调节作用,可制备成益生元或发酵成益生菌,可保护肠道健康[58]。因此,未来可将SBPs开发成功能性食品,满足营养的同时起到强身健体、美容瘦身、预防疾病等功效。
SBPs是一种生物大分子,可作为食品增稠剂。将SBPs或沙棘酵素添加到酸奶中,可提高发酵乳的黏度、酸度、持水力,使SBPs酸奶具有一定的拉丝性,且酸奶的口感和风味更浓郁,结构更细腻均匀,且SBPs酸奶能显著降低大鼠血脂和动脉粥样硬化,缓解疲劳,具有良好的抗氧化活性[59-60]。在肉类加工如猪肉香肠、马肉食品中添加适量的沙棘果实提取物,可提高肉制品的风味和稳定性,降低细菌总数。在小麦面包中添加沙棘果粉,可使面包的抗氧化性和感官特性,保质期延长1~3 d。在白葡萄酒中添加沙棘叶粉,可提高自由基的清除活性[61]。总之,沙棘作为一种天然食品添加剂有着广阔的发展前景,SBPs可以作为一种食品增稠剂、乳化剂、抗氧化剂、防腐剂应用于饮料或者一些面制品中。
传统医药记载沙棘具有止咳化痰、活血散瘀、健胃消食之功效。目前市面上沙棘被开发成的医药品主要有:沙棘颗粒、沙棘糖浆、沙棘中药饮片等,适用于止咳祛痰、消食化滞、活血散瘀等症;沙棘干乳剂用于治疗小儿厌食,消化不良等症[2]。这些复方里的主要成分有沙棘黄酮、SBPs、沙棘油和维生素等,但以SBPs单一功效成分为组方的药物尚未有报道。
多糖具有显著的抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用,可通过抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡等直接杀伤癌细胞,或通过调节机体免疫系统间接杀死癌细胞。迄今,我国已应用于临床的多糖主要有香菇多糖、灵芝多糖、黄芪多糖、褐藻多糖等[62]。沙棘中已开发用于提高免疫力和补充维生素的药物主要有复方沙棘籽油栓、沙棘果油、沙棘原浆、沙棘VC压片糖果等,这些药物可通过提高机体免疫力和抗氧化活性,间接地抑制或杀灭癌细胞[63]。因此,将SBPs开发成为一种高效低毒的抗癌药物,应用于临床研究中将发挥重要作用。
SBPs具有良好的降血糖、降血脂活性,能减缓糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化等疾病的发生。抗糖尿病作用主要通过调控糖代谢酶系、促进胰岛β-细胞增殖及胰岛素的分泌,加速血糖转化,减缓葡萄糖的吸收等多种机制[50]。SBPs没有任何毒性和不良反应,可以将其制成药剂或药片使用,对糖尿病、心血管疾病具有很好的预防和治疗作用。
SBPs具有良好的保肝、护肝作用,可有效预防肝硬化和肝癌的发生。SBPs和黄芪多糖联用能显著改善酒精性脂肪肝模型小鼠的肠道微生态,减轻肝损伤,维持正常肠道功能[64]
沙棘作为一种药食同源经济植物,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。SBPs是沙棘浆果中重要成分之一,具有显著的保肝、免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和降血脂等活性,且安全无毒副作用,使得SBPs在功能性食品和医药领域有着巨大的开发潜力。然而,目前SBPs的研究仍有许多问题亟待解决。
首先,SBPs现有的制备、纯化方法复杂且产率低。在功能性食品和医药领域需要高效、简便的制备方法有助于大规模地生产高质量的SBPs。因此,应探索更加高效的SBPs制备方法。
其次,SBPs的结构分析主要集中在相对分子质量、单糖组成、糖苷键类型及连接方式等初级结构上,而对高级结构的研究较少,需要结合NMR、GC-MS、LC-MS/MS、基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)等技术进一步阐明。对SBPs空间结构的解析,是研究SBPs构效关系和量效关系的基础。
第三,由于SBPs结构复杂多样,多糖结构与生物活性之间的构效关系尚未完全阐明。随着糖化学和糖生物学的发展,综合运用“组学”技术,如基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学、微生物组学和生物信息学研究多糖发挥生物活性的作用机制,详细阐明SBPs的构效关系,为定向合成、设计糖类药物和先导化合物提供重要的参考依据。
第四,在研究多糖构效关系时,运用新兴技术对SBPs结构进行修饰,进一步提高其生物活性。多糖的分子修饰为多糖结构与功能关系的深入研究奠定了基础,也为多糖类药物的开发和应用提供坚实的理论依据[65]。因此,基于我国丰富的沙棘药食资源,利用X射线衍射、圆二色谱和原子力显微镜等技术对SBPs的高级结构进行表征及结构修饰,将成为今后研究的重点。
第五,SBPs相关功能性保健食品和医药品的研发仍明显不足,未能充分发挥我国中药资源的优势。目前,原国家卫生和计划生育委员会公布的“药食同源”目录仅有110味中药材成为保健食品的原料来源,如黄芪、当归、党参等。药食同源类保健食品具有增强免疫力、抗氧化、调节肠道菌群等功效,且其功能与产品配方、质量及原料的功效成分等有关。目前,保健食品的功效成分以多糖、总皂苷、总黄酮等为主,但完全由功效成分组成的保健食品较少,单一功效成分组方更少,由于功效成分及机制不清,未能充分发挥中药多糖的优势[66]
SBPs具有广泛的生物学活性,且其作用机制是多靶点、多途径的。SBPs有望开发成为一种新型的功能性保健食品或医药品,用以治疗肝损伤、腹泻、炎症性肠病、肿瘤、肥胖、糖尿病和心脑血管等多种疾病[67]。因此,今后加强SBPs的制备、结构表征、分子修饰、构效关系、作用机制、药动学以及肠道菌群等方面的研究,加速药食同源类SBPs在功能性保健食品、医药品等领域的开发,有望进一步提高中药多糖的高附加值和应用价值,并在未来大健康产业中创造更大的经济价值和社会效益。
  • 中央支持地方高校改革发展资金人才培养项目、中央引导地方科技发展专项资助(ZY2022B-HRB-12)
  • 黑龙江省重点研发计划指导类项目资助(GZ20210092)
  • 黑龙江省省属高等学校基本科研业务费项目资助(2020CX38)
  • 黑龙江省省属高等学校基本科研业务费项目资助(2023-KYYWF-1088)
  • 黑龙江省中医药科研项目资助(ZYW2022-093)
  • 哈尔滨市科技创新人才项目资助(2022CXRCCG013)
  • 黑龙江省“双一流”学科协同创新成果项目资助(LJGXCG2023-039)
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2024年第59卷第9期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.09.001
  • 接收时间:2023-03-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-31
基金
中央支持地方高校改革发展资金人才培养项目、中央引导地方科技发展专项资助(ZY2022B-HRB-12)
黑龙江省重点研发计划指导类项目资助(GZ20210092)
黑龙江省省属高等学校基本科研业务费项目资助(2020CX38)
黑龙江省省属高等学校基本科研业务费项目资助(2023-KYYWF-1088)
黑龙江省中医药科研项目资助(ZYW2022-093)
哈尔滨市科技创新人才项目资助(2022CXRCCG013)
黑龙江省“双一流”学科协同创新成果项目资助(LJGXCG2023-039)
作者信息
    1 哈尔滨商业大学药物工程技术研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
    2 中华人民共和国教育部抗肿瘤天然药物工程研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
    3 山东大学药学院, 济南 250012

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*汲晨锋,男,研究员 研究方向:中药多糖活性 Tel:(0451)84603522
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.09.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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