Article(id=1199703583127073570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1199703581889753882, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)01-0009-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763961223632, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1736265600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763961223632, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763961223632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763961223632, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199703581889753882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763961223337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763967062652, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1199728073798157161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1199703581889753882, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1199728073798157162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1199703581889753882, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199703583349371688, articleId=1199703583127073570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Effects and Modern Application of Platycodonis Radix, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Platycodonis Radix is a traditional Chinese medicine as homology of medicine and food, and it has the functions of clearing pharynx, moistening throat, regulating immune system, assisting in lowering blood sugar and blood lipid. Platycodonis Radix contains saponins, flavonoids, phenols, polyacetylenes, polysaccharides and other chemical components. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Platycodonis Radix has anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes and other biological activities. In addition, Platycodonis Radix has high value in medicinal and healthcare, so it is of great significance to strengthen the development of Platycodonis Radix healthy products. This paper summarizes the research progress of Platycodonis Radix from three aspects as chemical composition, pharmacological action and modern application, which can provide some valuable references for the comprehensive utilization and development of Platycodonis Radix.

, correspAuthors=Chenfeng JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao LI, Huan ZHANG, Chenfeng JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1199703584393753427, articleId=1199703583127073570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=桔梗化学成分、药理作用及现代应用研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

桔梗(Platycodonis Radix)为经典药食同源中药,具有清咽润喉、免疫调节、辅助降血糖、降血脂等功效。桔梗中含有皂苷、黄酮、酚类、聚炔、多糖等化学成分。现代药理学研究表明,桔梗具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗糖尿病等生物活性。此外,桔梗具有很高的药用价值和保健价值。笔者从化学成分、药理作用及现代应用3个方面归纳总结了桔梗的研究进展,以期为桔梗的综合利用和开发提供一定的参考。

, correspAuthors=汲晨锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*汲晨锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:多糖的化学和药理研究 Tel:(0451)84603522
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李超,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:多糖的化学和药理研究

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李超,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:多糖的化学和药理研究

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The present invention pertains to the preparation of Platycodon grandiflorus healthy liquor and its associated method:China, CN201710482545.4[P]. 2021-04-02., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199727470262972773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=9, pageStart=95, pageEnd=100, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=76, authorNames=SHI P N, YIN X T, LIU S Q, journalName=China Condiment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI P N, YIN X T, LIU S Q, et al. Brewing and quality analysis of flavored Radix Platycodonis Rice Vinegar[J]. 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Beverage Ind(饮料工业), 2013, 16(8):12-17., articleTitle=Study on technology for a powdered beverage of Luffa leaf, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1199727470871146867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=24, issue=3, pageStart=267, pageEnd=272, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=83, authorNames=DONG H L, GUO R, SONG L, journalName=J Shanxi Univ Chin Med (山西中医药大学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG H L, GUO R, SONG L, et al. Development of throat-clearing solid beverage based on Jiegeng Decoction[J]. 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编号 多糖 单糖组成 相对分子质量 文献
82 PGP90 果糖、葡萄糖摩尔比=1.00∶0.05 3 100 [21]
83 PGP-AE 阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖摩尔比=1.06∶1.00∶0.014 931 000 [21]
84 PGP-W-1 甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖摩尔比=4.90∶4.30∶7.90∶7.80∶4.80∶18.60 6 200 [22]
85 PGPN 果糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖 10 233 [23]
86 PGA1 半乳糖、果糖 4 677 [23]
87 PGA3 半乳糖、木糖 23 442 [23]
88 PG 果糖 11 749 [24]
89 PGP-a 果糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖摩尔比=9.82∶1.73∶1.00 6 539 [25]
90 PGAW1 阿拉伯糖、半乳糖摩尔比=1.42∶1.00 9 200 [26]
91 PGA4-3b - 8 900 [27]
92 PGPI-1-a 果糖、葡萄糖 12 100 [28]
93 PGP40-1 甘露糖、葡萄糖 [29]
94 PGP-U 甘露糖醛酸、甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、氨基葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖 3 140 [30]
95 PGP-H 古罗糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖 3 440 [30]
96 PGNP 葡萄糖、果糖 13 600 [31]
), ArticleFig(id=1199727457814278210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

桔梗多糖类成分汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 多糖 单糖组成 相对分子质量 文献
82 PGP90 果糖、葡萄糖摩尔比=1.00∶0.05 3 100 [21]
83 PGP-AE 阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖摩尔比=1.06∶1.00∶0.014 931 000 [21]
84 PGP-W-1 甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖摩尔比=4.90∶4.30∶7.90∶7.80∶4.80∶18.60 6 200 [22]
85 PGPN 果糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖 10 233 [23]
86 PGA1 半乳糖、果糖 4 677 [23]
87 PGA3 半乳糖、木糖 23 442 [23]
88 PG 果糖 11 749 [24]
89 PGP-a 果糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖摩尔比=9.82∶1.73∶1.00 6 539 [25]
90 PGAW1 阿拉伯糖、半乳糖摩尔比=1.42∶1.00 9 200 [26]
91 PGA4-3b - 8 900 [27]
92 PGPI-1-a 果糖、葡萄糖 12 100 [28]
93 PGP40-1 甘露糖、葡萄糖 [29]
94 PGP-U 甘露糖醛酸、甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、氨基葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖 3 140 [30]
95 PGP-H 古罗糖醛酸、甘露糖醛酸、甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、氨基葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖、半乳糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖 3 440 [30]
96 PGNP 葡萄糖、果糖 13 600 [31]
), ArticleFig(id=1199727457986244677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药理作用 活性成分 药物剂量 疾病模型 作用机制 参考文献
抗肝癌作用 PD 25 μmol·L-1 HA22T肝癌细胞 抑制ERK1/2信号通路,靶向磷酸化CFL-1,发挥增殖抑制和促进凋亡的作用 [33]
PGD 10 μmol·L-1 HepG-2和HCCLM3肝癌细胞 通过BNIP3L介导的线粒体自噬和凋亡诱导癌细胞死亡 [34]
PGP 60 μmol·L-1 Huh-7肝癌细胞 可导致Bax/Bcl-2比值上升,增强癌细胞凋亡能力 [35]
抗胃癌作用 PD 10 μmol·L-1 AZ521和NUGC3胃癌细胞 促进c-Myc降解,可导致p21/CDK 2-CyclinE通路的失活,诱导胃癌细胞周期停滞在G1期 [36]
PD 20 μmol·L-1 SGC-7901胃癌细胞 上调miR-34a、下调survivin蛋白的表达水平 [37]
抗肺癌作用 PD 1 μmol·L-1 A549肺癌细胞 通过调节p53/VEGF/MMP2通路来抑制细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡 [39]
PD 1 μmol·L-1 A549肺癌细胞 降低细胞的活性,抑制细胞增殖 [40]
PD 170 μg·mL-1 A549肺癌细胞 调控EphA2/AKT/mTOR信号通路,下调EphA2、p-EphA2、p-AKT、mTOR蛋白的表达,并调节TNF-α、IL-6细胞因子水平 [41]
抗结直肠
癌作用
PD 10 μmol·L-1 LoVo和OR-LoVo结直肠癌细胞 调节Hippo信号通路,下调LATS2/YAP1和p-AKT表达,增加p21和p27蛋白的表达 [43]
PD 5、6 μmol·L-1 HCT116和LoVo结直肠癌细胞 抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路 [44]
PD 20 μmol·L-1 SW620人结肠癌细胞 调节周期蛋白cyclinD1、c-myc、CDK6的表达水平,阻滞细胞周期于G1期 [45]
PD 2 μmol·L-1 人直肠癌耐药细胞株SW1463/Oxa 抑制DNMT3a、RAD51、STAT3的表达,促进γ-H2AX的表达 [46]
抗氧化作用 PGP 20 μg·mL-1 猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2 刺激细胞抗氧化基因的表达,恢复肠道细胞抗氧化能力 [50]
桔梗体积分数30%乙醇提取物 800 μg·mL-1 秀丽隐杆线虫氧化损伤模型 降低ROS、MDA、GSH水平,提高T-SOD、CuZn-SOD活力 [51]
免疫调节
作用
水解发酵桔梗提取物 300 mg·kg-1·d-1 免疫抑制小鼠模型 提高血清中IgG、IgA、IgM、IL-12、TNF-α、IL-8、TGF-β分泌水平,增加脾细胞增殖指数 [53]
PGP-a 400 mg·kg-1·d-1 免疫抑制小鼠模型 提高血清中溶菌酶含量、巨噬细胞吞噬能力以及IL-2、IL-4、TNF-α的含量 [25]
水解发酵桔梗提取物 50 μg·mL-1 RAW264.7细胞 调控MAPK和NF-κB信号传导途径,诱导NO的产生以及增加TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6促炎因子的分泌 [54]
抗肥胖作用 PD 20 μmol·L-1 小鼠成纤维3T3-L1前脂肪细胞 降低SREBP-1c和FFAS的表达,抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞向成熟脂肪细胞的分化 [56]
PD 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 遗传性肥胖db/db小鼠模型 激活蛋白激酶AMPK,降低关键脂肪生成因子PPARγ和C/EBPα的表达,同时增加产热因子UCP1和PGC1α的表达 [57]
抗糖尿病
作用
PGP 200 mg·kg-1·d-1 STZ诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型 降低血糖以及改善异常脂代谢 [60]
PD 2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1 HFD/STZ诱导的2型糖尿病小鼠模型 激活AMPK信号通路,抑制葡萄糖产生和G6Pase表达 [61]
PD 2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1 HFD/STZ诱导的糖尿病肾病小鼠模型 调节NF-κB和凋亡信号通路,降低血清炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β水平 [62]
改善认知功
能作用
PD 2 μmol·L-1 HT22小鼠海马神经元细胞 调节AMPK信号通路,改善HT22细胞凋亡和神经炎症 [63]
桔梗根提
取物
5 μg·mL-1 HT22小鼠海马神经元细胞 抑制HT22细胞中的MAPK、NF-κB信号传导和ROS的释放 [65]
对消化系统
作用
PGP 400 mg·kg-1·d-1 DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型 抑制氧化应激和MPO活性,同时恢复小鼠结肠中Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg相关细胞因子水平 [67]
桔梗根发
酵液
1 mL·d-1 DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型 激活AMPK,降低促炎细胞因子的释放,抑制NF-κB信号通路和NLRP3炎症小体的表达 [68]
桔梗根部提取
的皂苷
30 mg·kg-1·d-1 顺铂诱导的肠道机械屏障损伤小鼠模型 通过PERK-eIF2 -ATF4信号通路调控内质网应激 [69]
对呼吸系
统作用
桔梗总皂苷 60 mg·kg-1·d-1 雾化吸入卵清蛋白诱导小鼠哮喘模型 调节Notch信号通路,调控Th17细胞与Treg细胞平衡 [71]
PA 2 μmol·L-1 用TGF-β1诱导MRC5细胞建立体外肺纤维化模型 激活SMAD/β-catenin信号通路,上调PPM1A表达水平 [73]
PD 25 mg·kg-1·d-1 LPS诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤模型 抑制Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase-3信号通路,抑制细胞凋亡 [74]
), ArticleFig(id=1199727459039014988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

桔梗主要药理活性及其作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药理作用 活性成分 药物剂量 疾病模型 作用机制 参考文献
抗肝癌作用 PD 25 μmol·L-1 HA22T肝癌细胞 抑制ERK1/2信号通路,靶向磷酸化CFL-1,发挥增殖抑制和促进凋亡的作用 [33]
PGD 10 μmol·L-1 HepG-2和HCCLM3肝癌细胞 通过BNIP3L介导的线粒体自噬和凋亡诱导癌细胞死亡 [34]
PGP 60 μmol·L-1 Huh-7肝癌细胞 可导致Bax/Bcl-2比值上升,增强癌细胞凋亡能力 [35]
抗胃癌作用 PD 10 μmol·L-1 AZ521和NUGC3胃癌细胞 促进c-Myc降解,可导致p21/CDK 2-CyclinE通路的失活,诱导胃癌细胞周期停滞在G1期 [36]
PD 20 μmol·L-1 SGC-7901胃癌细胞 上调miR-34a、下调survivin蛋白的表达水平 [37]
抗肺癌作用 PD 1 μmol·L-1 A549肺癌细胞 通过调节p53/VEGF/MMP2通路来抑制细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡 [39]
PD 1 μmol·L-1 A549肺癌细胞 降低细胞的活性,抑制细胞增殖 [40]
PD 170 μg·mL-1 A549肺癌细胞 调控EphA2/AKT/mTOR信号通路,下调EphA2、p-EphA2、p-AKT、mTOR蛋白的表达,并调节TNF-α、IL-6细胞因子水平 [41]
抗结直肠
癌作用
PD 10 μmol·L-1 LoVo和OR-LoVo结直肠癌细胞 调节Hippo信号通路,下调LATS2/YAP1和p-AKT表达,增加p21和p27蛋白的表达 [43]
PD 5、6 μmol·L-1 HCT116和LoVo结直肠癌细胞 抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路 [44]
PD 20 μmol·L-1 SW620人结肠癌细胞 调节周期蛋白cyclinD1、c-myc、CDK6的表达水平,阻滞细胞周期于G1期 [45]
PD 2 μmol·L-1 人直肠癌耐药细胞株SW1463/Oxa 抑制DNMT3a、RAD51、STAT3的表达,促进γ-H2AX的表达 [46]
抗氧化作用 PGP 20 μg·mL-1 猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2 刺激细胞抗氧化基因的表达,恢复肠道细胞抗氧化能力 [50]
桔梗体积分数30%乙醇提取物 800 μg·mL-1 秀丽隐杆线虫氧化损伤模型 降低ROS、MDA、GSH水平,提高T-SOD、CuZn-SOD活力 [51]
免疫调节
作用
水解发酵桔梗提取物 300 mg·kg-1·d-1 免疫抑制小鼠模型 提高血清中IgG、IgA、IgM、IL-12、TNF-α、IL-8、TGF-β分泌水平,增加脾细胞增殖指数 [53]
PGP-a 400 mg·kg-1·d-1 免疫抑制小鼠模型 提高血清中溶菌酶含量、巨噬细胞吞噬能力以及IL-2、IL-4、TNF-α的含量 [25]
水解发酵桔梗提取物 50 μg·mL-1 RAW264.7细胞 调控MAPK和NF-κB信号传导途径,诱导NO的产生以及增加TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6促炎因子的分泌 [54]
抗肥胖作用 PD 20 μmol·L-1 小鼠成纤维3T3-L1前脂肪细胞 降低SREBP-1c和FFAS的表达,抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞向成熟脂肪细胞的分化 [56]
PD 5 mg·kg-1·d-1 遗传性肥胖db/db小鼠模型 激活蛋白激酶AMPK,降低关键脂肪生成因子PPARγ和C/EBPα的表达,同时增加产热因子UCP1和PGC1α的表达 [57]
抗糖尿病
作用
PGP 200 mg·kg-1·d-1 STZ诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型 降低血糖以及改善异常脂代谢 [60]
PD 2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1 HFD/STZ诱导的2型糖尿病小鼠模型 激活AMPK信号通路,抑制葡萄糖产生和G6Pase表达 [61]
PD 2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1 HFD/STZ诱导的糖尿病肾病小鼠模型 调节NF-κB和凋亡信号通路,降低血清炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β水平 [62]
改善认知功
能作用
PD 2 μmol·L-1 HT22小鼠海马神经元细胞 调节AMPK信号通路,改善HT22细胞凋亡和神经炎症 [63]
桔梗根提
取物
5 μg·mL-1 HT22小鼠海马神经元细胞 抑制HT22细胞中的MAPK、NF-κB信号传导和ROS的释放 [65]
对消化系统
作用
PGP 400 mg·kg-1·d-1 DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型 抑制氧化应激和MPO活性,同时恢复小鼠结肠中Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg相关细胞因子水平 [67]
桔梗根发
酵液
1 mL·d-1 DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型 激活AMPK,降低促炎细胞因子的释放,抑制NF-κB信号通路和NLRP3炎症小体的表达 [68]
桔梗根部提取
的皂苷
30 mg·kg-1·d-1 顺铂诱导的肠道机械屏障损伤小鼠模型 通过PERK-eIF2 -ATF4信号通路调控内质网应激 [69]
对呼吸系
统作用
桔梗总皂苷 60 mg·kg-1·d-1 雾化吸入卵清蛋白诱导小鼠哮喘模型 调节Notch信号通路,调控Th17细胞与Treg细胞平衡 [71]
PA 2 μmol·L-1 用TGF-β1诱导MRC5细胞建立体外肺纤维化模型 激活SMAD/β-catenin信号通路,上调PPM1A表达水平 [73]
PD 25 mg·kg-1·d-1 LPS诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤模型 抑制Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase-3信号通路,抑制细胞凋亡 [74]
), ArticleFig(id=1199727459135483984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 批准文号 处方组成 功能与主治
复方桔梗止咳片 国药准字Z20044568 桔梗、远志(蜜炙)、款冬花(蜜炙)、甘草 镇咳、祛痰
桔梗冬花片 国药准字Z51020950 桔梗、款冬花、远志(制)、甘草 止咳祛痰,用于痰浊阻肺所致的咳嗽痰多
苏菲咳糖浆 国药准字Z41022370 百部流浸膏、桑白皮流浸膏桔梗流浸膏、甘草流浸膏、氯化铵、盐酸麻黄碱、薄荷脑 祛痰镇咳,用于咳嗽、哮喘多痰、支气管炎
咳舒糖浆 国药准字Z20026132 枇杷叶、南沙参、桔梗、浙贝母、氯化铵、薄荷脑、蔗糖、焦糖、苯甲酸钠 止咳化痰,用于支气管炎引起的咳嗽、多痰
桔梗流浸膏 国药准字Z51020685 桔梗、乙醇 镇咳祛痰
小儿止咳糖浆 国药准字Z51020121 甘草流浸膏、桔梗流浸膏、氯化铵、橙皮酊 镇咳祛痰,用于小儿感冒引起的咳嗽
), ArticleFig(id=1199727459231952980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

桔梗相关药物制剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 批准文号 处方组成 功能与主治
复方桔梗止咳片 国药准字Z20044568 桔梗、远志(蜜炙)、款冬花(蜜炙)、甘草 镇咳、祛痰
桔梗冬花片 国药准字Z51020950 桔梗、款冬花、远志(制)、甘草 止咳祛痰,用于痰浊阻肺所致的咳嗽痰多
苏菲咳糖浆 国药准字Z41022370 百部流浸膏、桑白皮流浸膏桔梗流浸膏、甘草流浸膏、氯化铵、盐酸麻黄碱、薄荷脑 祛痰镇咳,用于咳嗽、哮喘多痰、支气管炎
咳舒糖浆 国药准字Z20026132 枇杷叶、南沙参、桔梗、浙贝母、氯化铵、薄荷脑、蔗糖、焦糖、苯甲酸钠 止咳化痰,用于支气管炎引起的咳嗽、多痰
桔梗流浸膏 国药准字Z51020685 桔梗、乙醇 镇咳祛痰
小儿止咳糖浆 国药准字Z51020121 甘草流浸膏、桔梗流浸膏、氯化铵、橙皮酊 镇咳祛痰,用于小儿感冒引起的咳嗽
), ArticleFig(id=1199727459311644761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 配方 参考文献
苦瓜桔梗复合饮料 苦瓜汁体积分数30%、桔梗提取液体积分数15%、白砂糖质量分数8%、枸椽酸质量分数0.1% [78]
桔梗饮料 体积分数2%桔梗提取物、质量分数6.13%蔗糖、质量分数0.12%枸椽酸、质量分数0.24% β-环状糊精 [79]
玉米须桔梗复合饮料 桔梗汁体积分数6%、玉米须汁体积分数30%、白砂糖质量分数12%、枸椽酸质量分数0.07%、复配稳定剂质量分数0.2% [80]
桔麦代茶饮 桔梗4 g,麦冬须根3 g,菊花2 g,薄荷1 g [81]
甘草桔梗复方饮料 甘草汁与桔梗汁体积比50∶50、麦芽糖醇添加量质量分数4.29%、枸椽酸添加量质量分数0.05% [82]
丝瓜叶固体饮料 丝瓜叶质量分数7%,白砂糖质量分数8%,玫瑰花质量分数0.8%,山楂质量分数1%,金银花质量分数0.6%,桔梗质量分数0.6%,麦芽糊精质量分数6% [83]
桔梗汤固体饮料 桔梗汤干膏0.7 g/3 g,木糖醇1.65 g/3 g,枸椽酸0.024 g/3 g,绿茶提取物0.06 g/3 g,麦芽糊精3 g [84]
), ArticleFig(id=1199727459420696671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

桔梗相关的饮料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 配方 参考文献
苦瓜桔梗复合饮料 苦瓜汁体积分数30%、桔梗提取液体积分数15%、白砂糖质量分数8%、枸椽酸质量分数0.1% [78]
桔梗饮料 体积分数2%桔梗提取物、质量分数6.13%蔗糖、质量分数0.12%枸椽酸、质量分数0.24% β-环状糊精 [79]
玉米须桔梗复合饮料 桔梗汁体积分数6%、玉米须汁体积分数30%、白砂糖质量分数12%、枸椽酸质量分数0.07%、复配稳定剂质量分数0.2% [80]
桔麦代茶饮 桔梗4 g,麦冬须根3 g,菊花2 g,薄荷1 g [81]
甘草桔梗复方饮料 甘草汁与桔梗汁体积比50∶50、麦芽糖醇添加量质量分数4.29%、枸椽酸添加量质量分数0.05% [82]
丝瓜叶固体饮料 丝瓜叶质量分数7%,白砂糖质量分数8%,玫瑰花质量分数0.8%,山楂质量分数1%,金银花质量分数0.6%,桔梗质量分数0.6%,麦芽糊精质量分数6% [83]
桔梗汤固体饮料 桔梗汤干膏0.7 g/3 g,木糖醇1.65 g/3 g,枸椽酸0.024 g/3 g,绿茶提取物0.06 g/3 g,麦芽糊精3 g [84]
), ArticleFig(id=1199727459504582754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 批准文号 保健功能 主要原料 适宜人群
克咳片冰沁含片 国食健注G20140633 清咽润喉 甘草、苦杏仁、莱菔子、桔梗 咽部不适者
荷贝尔牌贝尔康胶囊 国食健字G20040207 有助于增强免疫力 黄芪、白芍、紫苏、葛根、佩兰、桔梗 免疫力低下者
十度牌舒茶 国食健字G20060393 有助于维持血脂、血糖健康水平 桑叶、泽泻、女贞子、桔梗、槐花、玉竹 血糖偏高者、血脂偏高者
日圣牌杏仁川贝枇杷膏 国食健注G20140887 清咽润喉 枇杷、苦杏仁、桔梗、北沙参、麦冬、蜂蜜、川贝母 咽部不适者
仙食堂牌茯苓白术颗粒 国食健注G20140536 有助于改善睡眠 茯苓、白术、当归、桔梗、甘草 睡眠状况不佳的成人
哥德牌轻通茶 国食健字G20050041 有助于润肠通便 滇牛蒡根、山楂、滇红茶、桔梗 便秘者
海之圣怡清牌黄芪人参茶 国食健注G20140925 有助于维持血糖水平 绿茶、黄芪提取物、芦根提取物、葛根提取物、知母提取物、玉竹提取物、桔梗提取物、人参提取物、红花 血糖偏高者
), ArticleFig(id=1199727459584274534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1199703583127073570, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

桔梗相关的保健食品

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 批准文号 保健功能 主要原料 适宜人群
克咳片冰沁含片 国食健注G20140633 清咽润喉 甘草、苦杏仁、莱菔子、桔梗 咽部不适者
荷贝尔牌贝尔康胶囊 国食健字G20040207 有助于增强免疫力 黄芪、白芍、紫苏、葛根、佩兰、桔梗 免疫力低下者
十度牌舒茶 国食健字G20060393 有助于维持血脂、血糖健康水平 桑叶、泽泻、女贞子、桔梗、槐花、玉竹 血糖偏高者、血脂偏高者
日圣牌杏仁川贝枇杷膏 国食健注G20140887 清咽润喉 枇杷、苦杏仁、桔梗、北沙参、麦冬、蜂蜜、川贝母 咽部不适者
仙食堂牌茯苓白术颗粒 国食健注G20140536 有助于改善睡眠 茯苓、白术、当归、桔梗、甘草 睡眠状况不佳的成人
哥德牌轻通茶 国食健字G20050041 有助于润肠通便 滇牛蒡根、山楂、滇红茶、桔梗 便秘者
海之圣怡清牌黄芪人参茶 国食健注G20140925 有助于维持血糖水平 绿茶、黄芪提取物、芦根提取物、葛根提取物、知母提取物、玉竹提取物、桔梗提取物、人参提取物、红花 血糖偏高者
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桔梗化学成分、药理作用及现代应用研究进展
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李超 1, 2 , 张欢 1, 2 , 汲晨锋 1, 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025,60(1): 9-20
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025, 60(1): 9-20
桔梗化学成分、药理作用及现代应用研究进展
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李超1, 2, 张欢1, 2, 汲晨锋1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 2 教育部抗肿瘤天然药物工程研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 李超,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:多糖的化学和药理研究

通讯作者:

*汲晨锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:多糖的化学和药理研究 Tel:(0451)84603522
Research Progress on Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Effects and Modern Application of Platycodonis Radix
Chao LI1, 2, Huan ZHANG1, 2, Chenfeng JI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center for Natural Antitumor Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150076, China
出版时间: 2025-01-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.01.002
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桔梗(Platycodonis Radix)为经典药食同源中药,具有清咽润喉、免疫调节、辅助降血糖、降血脂等功效。桔梗中含有皂苷、黄酮、酚类、聚炔、多糖等化学成分。现代药理学研究表明,桔梗具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗糖尿病等生物活性。此外,桔梗具有很高的药用价值和保健价值。笔者从化学成分、药理作用及现代应用3个方面归纳总结了桔梗的研究进展,以期为桔梗的综合利用和开发提供一定的参考。

桔梗  /  皂苷  /  多糖  /  免疫调节

Platycodonis Radix is a traditional Chinese medicine as homology of medicine and food, and it has the functions of clearing pharynx, moistening throat, regulating immune system, assisting in lowering blood sugar and blood lipid. Platycodonis Radix contains saponins, flavonoids, phenols, polyacetylenes, polysaccharides and other chemical components. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Platycodonis Radix has anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes and other biological activities. In addition, Platycodonis Radix has high value in medicinal and healthcare, so it is of great significance to strengthen the development of Platycodonis Radix healthy products. This paper summarizes the research progress of Platycodonis Radix from three aspects as chemical composition, pharmacological action and modern application, which can provide some valuable references for the comprehensive utilization and development of Platycodonis Radix.

Platycodonis Radix  /  saponin  /  polyacetylene  /  immune regulation
李超, 张欢, 汲晨锋. 桔梗化学成分、药理作用及现代应用研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (1) : 9 -20 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.01.002
Chao LI, Huan ZHANG, Chenfeng JI. Research Progress on Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Effects and Modern Application of Platycodonis Radix[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (1) : 9 -20 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.01.002
桔梗(Platycodonis Radix)为桔梗科植物桔梗[Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A. DC. ]的干燥根,主要分布在我国东北、华北、华东等地区,2022年被列入黑龙江省首批道地药材目录。桔梗性平味苦、辛,归肺经,具有宣肺利咽、祛痰排脓等功效,用于咳嗽痰多、胸闷不畅、咽痛音哑。桔梗首次记载于《神农本草经》被列为中品。《名医别录》中记载“桔梗治咽喉痛”。《伤寒论》中的桔梗汤以桔梗为主药,起到宣肺化痰、利咽止痛。现代研究表明,桔梗含有多种生物活性成分,主要含有皂苷类、黄酮类、酚酸、聚炔、多糖等化学成分,并具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗糖尿病等药理活性。桔梗含有丰富的氨基酸、植物纤维、维生素、钙、锌、钾、铁等人体饮食必需的微量元素,它含有超过16种氨基酸,其中8种为必需氨基酸[1]。2002年,桔梗被我国原卫生部列入第一批药食同源名录,作为药食同源物质,其不仅具有较高的药用价值,还可作为食品和保健品普及应用,已取得较好的市场经济效益。笔者从桔梗的化学成分、药理作用和现代应用研究3个方面进行深入阐述,详细总结了桔梗的化学成分及其药理活性。在此基础上,还统计了以桔梗为主要原料的食品以及获得批准的保健食品,可以为桔梗的深度开发和综合利用提供有力的参考依据。
桔梗中含有多种化学成分,包括皂苷类、黄酮类、酚类、聚炔类以及多糖类成分等,它们具有不同的生物活性和作用机制,使得桔梗在药理方面得到广泛关注。通常采用水或醇溶剂对桔梗中的化学成分进行提取,并通过硅胶、纤维素、葡聚糖柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化得到各种单一化合物,进一步通过红外光谱、高分辨率质谱及核磁共振等方法鉴定其结构。
皂苷类成分的种类占比最高,成为桔梗发挥药效的主要成分。桔梗中的皂苷类成分主要通过甲醇或乙醇进行提取,采用硅胶柱色谱、反相柱色谱等方法分离纯化得到。研究学者已从桔梗中分离鉴定出89个皂苷类成分[2],根据皂苷元的不同,将桔梗的皂苷类分为桔梗皂苷型(A)、远志皂苷型(B)、桔梗皂苷内酯型(C)、桔梗二酸型(D)、其他非典型皂苷(E、F),其代表性结构见图1。包括platycodin D(1)、platycodin D2(2)、platycodin D3(3)、platycoside A(4)、platycoside E(5)、deapio-platycoside E(6)[3] 、platycoside I~L(7~10)[4]、platycoside P(11)[5]、deapio-platycodin D2(12)[6]、platycoside H(13)[4]、platycoside N(14)[7]、polygalacin D2(15)[3]、platyconic acid B lactone(16)、deapio-platyconic acid B lactone(17)[6]、platycoside M-1~3(18~20)[8]、platycoside Q(21)[5]、platyconic acid A(22)[9]、methyl platyconate A(23)、methyl 2-O-methyl platyconate A(24)[10]、platycodonoids A(25)、platycodonoids B(26)[11]、platycodon A(27)、platycodon B(28)[12]等化合物。其中A、B、C型骨架结构皂苷的糖基连接位置主要在C3和C28位,D型骨架结构皂苷的糖基连接位置在C2、C3、C24和C28位,其他类型骨架结构的皂苷还可以在C16、C21位发生糖基取代。
黄酮类化合物是桔梗的主要活性成分之一,目前已分离出10余个黄酮类成分,包括黄酮类(A)和黄酮醇类(B)2种主要结构类型,其代表性结构见图2。Nam等[13]从桔梗乙醇提取物中分离出8个黄酮类化合物,包括dorajiside I(29)、dorajiside Ⅱ(30)、lonicerin(31)、rhoifolin(32)、luteolin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(33)、luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(34)、apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(35)、luteolin(36)。Jang等[14]研究学者从桔梗花乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到3个黄酮类化合物,分别是apigenin(37)、apigenin-7-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(38)、isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside(39)。Nakanishi等[15]从桔梗种子中分离得到2个黄酮醇类化合物,分别为quercetin 7-O-glucoside(40)、quercetin 7-O-rutinoside(41)。
酚类化合物对于桔梗植物的药用价值和生物活性同样起到了重要作用。近些年,研究学者从桔梗根部已分离鉴定出30余个酚类化合物。Li等[16]从桔梗根部甲醇提取物中分离出21个酚类成分,按其结构主要分为8种类型,包括木脂醇(42~47)、酚类(48~51)、新木脂素(52)、烷基芳基醚型木脂素(53~55)、呋喃型木脂素(56~57)、苯并呋喃型木脂素(58~60)、四氢呋喃型木脂素(61)、二苄基丁烷型木脂素(62),其代表性结构见图3。其中18个化合物为首次从桔梗中分离出来,2个新化合物被鉴定为(+)-(7R,8R)-palmitoyl alatusol D(42)和(+)-(7R,8R)-linoleyl alatusol D(43)。Mazol等[17]还通过HPLC从桔梗地上部分分离纯化出12个酚类化合物,包括咖啡酸(63)、3,4-二甲氧基肉桂酸(64)、阿魏酸(65)、异阿魏酸(66)、间香豆酸(67)、对香豆酸(68)、对羟基苯甲酸(69)、间羟基苯甲酸(70)、2,3-二羟基苯甲酸(71)、2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(72)、高香草酸(73)、绿原酸(74)。
研究人员已从桔梗中分离得到7个聚炔类化合物,其中lobetyol、lobetyolin、lobetyolinin可作为桔梗科植物化学分类的重要标志。Li等[18]从桔梗甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部位分离出3个聚炔类化合物,isolobetyol(75)、lobetyol(76)、lobetyolin(77)。其他学者也陆续从桔梗中纯化出4个聚炔类化合物,lobetyolinin(78)[19]、platetyolin A(79)、platetyolin B(80)[20]、cordifolioidyne C(81)[14]。其代表性结构见图4
研究发现,桔梗中含有大量的功能性多糖,在免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化等活性方面发挥重要的作用。目前通过不同制备方法获得了不同结构性状的桔梗多糖(Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides,PGP),其相对分子质量分布范围广泛,主要由果糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、甘露糖等单糖组成,见表1。PGP的生物活性与其平均相对分子质量、单糖组成、糖苷键连接类型、糖苷键主链结构密切相关,不同的提取和纯化方法均会导致其结构和理化性质发生变化。Dong等[21]采用水提醇沉法提取桔梗粗多糖,除蛋白、透析后的样品经冷冻干燥后得到PGP90(64);对提取后的滤渣利用碱提醇沉法,再通过Sephadex G-150葡聚糖凝胶色谱柱纯化得到PGP-AE(65)。许多学者通过应用红外光谱、甲基化方法以及核磁共振等方法确定了PGP的官能团类型和糖苷键的连接方式。
桔梗作为我国药食资源之一,近年来随着研究的不断深入,其药效在临床研究中逐步得到公众的认可。研究表明,桔梗具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗糖尿病、改善认知等作用,对免疫系统、消化系统以及呼吸系统也有影响。但桔梗的现代药理作用机制方面的研究还尚不够充分和系统。
现代研究表明,桔梗中三萜皂苷是治疗癌症的主要活性成分[32],可干扰肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。抗肿瘤活性主要集中于桔梗皂苷D(platycodin D, PD),其在治疗肝癌[33]、胃癌[36-38]、肺癌[39-41]等方面具有显著效果。
桔梗中的PD、远志皂苷D(polygalacin D, PGD)、PGP可抑制肝癌细胞的生长、调节肝癌细胞凋亡,从而达到抗肝癌的效果。Hsu等[33]从中药桔梗中提取PD,发现其对HA22T肝癌细胞具有增殖抑制和促进凋亡的作用,其机制是通过抑制细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2(extra cellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, ERK1/2)信号通路,靶向磷酸化丝切蛋白-1(cofilin-1, CFL-1),逆转肝癌细胞对组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitor, HDACi)的耐药性。Nan等[34]发现桔梗中的PGD对HepG-2和HCCLM3肝癌细胞的抑制作用,主要通过结合蛋白3样(BCL2 interacting protein 3 like, BNIP3L)介导的线粒体自噬和凋亡诱导癌细胞死亡,最终发挥其抗肿瘤活性。Cai和Yao[35]利用MTT法研究发现PGP显著降低Huh-7肝癌细胞的活力,增强癌细胞凋亡能力,可导致Bax/Bcl-2比值上升。此外,PGP可通过提升LINC01554的表达水平,抑制肝癌细胞的增殖、克隆形成,促进肝癌细胞凋亡。
研究表明,PD通过诱导磷酸化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p21(phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase 21, p21)/细胞周期家族成员细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶2(cell cycle dependent protein kinase 2,CDK2)-细胞周期蛋白E(cyclin E)通路失活、上调非编码小RNA(microRNA-34a, miR-34a)和下调存活蛋白(baculovirus IAP repeat containing 5, Birc5/survivin)蛋白的表达水平,在5~20 μmol·L-1剂量内可抑制胃癌细胞的生长。Xu等[36]认为PD具有显著降低AZ521和NUGC3胃癌细胞活性,通过促进原癌基因蛋白(myelocytomatosis oncogene, c-Myc)降解可导致p21/CDK2-cyclin E通路的失活,诱导胃癌细胞周期停滞在G1期,从而抑制胃癌细胞的增殖和生长。Peng等[37]研究了PD对SGC-7901胃癌细胞表现出显著的抗肿瘤作用,发现PD通过上调miR-34a的表达,下调survivin蛋白的表达水平,促进肿瘤血管内皮细胞凋亡。Si等[38]发现PD对胃癌BGC823细胞具有抑制作用,通过MTT法检测、Transwell实验及划痕法证实PD在5~20 μmol·L-1剂量内,可有效抑制胃癌BGC-823细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移能力,呈现出显著的剂量依赖性。
桔梗具有宣肺利咽之效,入肺经,因此对肺系疾病尤为有效。 PD对治疗肺癌具有显著的功效,可抑制肺癌细胞A549的活性。Li等[39]研究发现,PD能够通过调节p53/血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)/基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinases 2, MMP2)MMP2通路来抑制A549细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡。核糖核苷酸还原酶M1(ribonucleotide reductase M1, RRM1)是核糖核苷酸还原酶的一个大的催化亚基,它参与抑制肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和转移,PD可通过调控RRM1抑制A549细胞的生长。细胞色素P450 1A1(CYP1A1)是细胞色素P450酶中的主要代谢酶之一,存在于肺以及气管等呼吸组织中,在抗癌药物的代谢中起着重要作用,Song等[40]分析了PD对A549细胞抗癌活性的影响,结果表明,PD经CYP1A1酶代谢活化后,显著降低A549细胞的活性,达到抑制其增殖的作用。Yu等[41]报道了PD还能够通过调控上皮细胞激酶-2(erythropoietin producing human hepatocelluar A2,EphA2)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路,下调EphA2、p-EphA2、p-AKT、mTOR蛋白的表达,并调节肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)细胞因子水平,实现对A549细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的抑制。Li等[42]利用Lewis肺癌细胞构建荷瘤小鼠模型,发现桔梗汤可增强消癌平口服液的抗肺癌活性,明显抑制小鼠肿瘤体积的增长。
PD对治疗结直肠癌有显著活性,主要通过抑制其增殖能力发挥作用。Wang等[43]发现PD具有抗结直肠癌活性,作用机制为通过调节Hippo信号通路,下调大肿瘤抑制酶2(large tumor suppressor 2, LATS2)/Yes相关蛋白1(yes-associated protein 1;YAP1)和存活标志物p-AKT表达,同时增加p21和p27蛋白的表达,抑制LoVo和OR-LoVo结直肠癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移能力。Liu等[44]报道了PD能降低2种KRAS基因突变的结直肠癌细胞系HCT116和LoVo对西妥昔单抗(cetuximab, CTX)的耐药性,通过抑制磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/AKT信号通路,联合CTX能抑制癌细胞的生长、侵袭和迁移。Wu等[45]认为PD可通过调节周期蛋白(cyclin D1)、c-myc、周期蛋白依赖性激酶6(CDK6)的表达水平,将人结肠癌细胞SW620细胞阻滞于G1期,促进癌细胞凋亡,并抑制其增殖。Yan等[46]研究首次揭示了PD对人直肠癌耐药细胞系的化疗敏感性具有显著影响,能够明显降低人直肠癌耐药细胞株SW1463/Oxa的增殖能力,同时增强其对奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin, Oxa)化疗药物的敏感度,这与其能够抑制脱氧核糖核酸甲基转移酶3a(deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase 3a,DNMT3a)、DNA双链修复蛋白RAD51、信号传导子和转录激活子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3)的表达,促进磷酸化组蛋白γ-H2AX的表达相关,这一发现为直肠癌的临床治疗提供了有力的实验证据。
桔梗对其他肿瘤也有抑制作用,Li等[47]证实了PD通过抑制转化生长因子(transforming growth factor, TGF)-β1/丝裂原活化蛋白相关因子2/3(drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic 2/3, Smad2/3)信号通路,促进上皮钙黏蛋白(epithelial cadherin,E-cad)蛋白表达,降低神经钙黏蛋白(neural cadherin, N-cad)蛋白表达,从而降低人子宫内膜癌Ishiwaka细胞迁移和侵袭能力。Cheol等[48]发现PD还可以通过诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)介导的PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路失活来抑制膀胱尿路上皮癌EJ细胞的生长。Shi等[49]研究表明,桔梗提取物与多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX)的联合应用,通过调节基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs)/组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases,TIMPs)之间的平衡,显著抑制了肿瘤的生长和转移,桔梗提取物还降低心肌纤维化和心肌细胞凋亡的水平,有效缓解了DOX诱导的乳腺癌小鼠模型心脏功能障碍的保护作用。综上所述,PD以及其他活性成分对肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、直肠癌等恶性肿瘤均有显著的抑制作用。
大量研究表明,细胞内氧化应激对机体可能带来严重的代谢障碍,是由于自由基介导的细胞膜脂质过氧化反应造成的,与炎症、神经变性疾病以及衰老等慢性疾病有着密切的关联,而桔梗表现出较强的抗氧化活性,对自由基具有显著的清除效果。Zou等[50]从桔梗根中提取的果胶多糖PGP-I-I,在体外生物活性研究中表现出显著的抗氧化作用,PGP-I-I能够通过刺激细胞抗氧化基因的表达,增强机体对氧化应激的抵抗力,恢复肠道细胞在过氧化氢(H2O2)作用下的抗氧化防御能力。Zhao[51]发现体积分数30%乙醇桔梗洗脱物中皂苷含量较高,通过研究其对秀丽隐杆线虫氧化损伤模型的影响表明,秀丽隐杆线虫体内ROS、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平降低,同时总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn superoxide dismutase, CuZn-SOD)活力上升,发挥显著的抗氧化活性。Li等[22]通过采用复合酶法对PGP的提取工艺进行优化,经色谱柱纯化后得到均一组分 PGP-W-1,体外抗氧化实验数据显示PGP-W-1对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和OH自由基的清除率IC50值分别达到了2.14、2.25、0.78 mg·mL-1,证实了PGP具有抗氧化活性。Sun等[52]研究表明,桔梗总黄酮也具有清除自由基的能力,其抗氧化作用与维生素C无明显差异,对DPPH和OH自由基清除率IC50值分别为0.546和0.196 mg·mL-1
目前已明确桔梗具有免疫调节作用,活性成分主要集中于PGP、水解发酵提取物以及PD。Lee等[53]采用环磷酰胺黏液诱导免疫抑制小鼠模型,水解发酵桔梗提取物(150~300 mg·kg-1)能够使小鼠体内血清中免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgM)、血清细胞因子(IL-12、TNF-α、IL-8和TGF-β)、脾细胞增殖指数和有丝分裂原中细胞因子分泌水平升高,增强其免疫功能。Zhang[25]研究发现,PGP-a能够显著改善免疫抑制小鼠体质量减轻现象,还能有效提高小鼠体内血清中溶菌酶含量、小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬能力、白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2, IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4, IL-4)以及TNF-α的含量,从而增强免疫抑制小鼠的免疫能力。Jung等[54]认为水解发酵的桔梗提取物具有免疫调节作用,可促进RAW264.7细胞增殖和吞噬活性,诱导NO的产生以及增加TNF-α、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、IL-6促炎因子的分泌,其作用机制主要通过是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)和核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)信号传导途径。Wang等[55]研究发现,质量浓度为50 μg·mL-1的PD可有效促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖、诱导细胞因子分泌、提高CD4+/CD8+亚群比值、促进细胞进入DNA合成期,表现出较强的免疫调节活性。
肥胖是一种由代谢功能紊乱及其他疾病所导致的复杂病症,研究发现桔梗及其提取物能够改善多种原因导致的肥胖动物模型。Wang等[56]研究发现,PD能够通过降低关键脂肪生成因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c(sterol reg-ulatory element binding protein-1c,SREBP-1c)和脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)的表达,抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞向成熟脂肪细胞的分化,从而实现治疗肥胖的效果。Kim等[57]研究报道,PD可降低遗传性肥胖db/db小鼠的体质量,其机制是激活蛋白激酶[adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase, AMPK],降低关键脂肪生成因子PPARγ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ)和CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α(CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, C/EBPα)的表达,同时增加产热因子UCP1(uncoupled protein 1, UCP1)和过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ辅激活剂1α(proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, PGC1α)的表达。CHO等[58]采用高脂饮食诱导的C57BL/6N小鼠肥胖模型,研究了桔梗、旱芹和绿茶3种提取物组合的抗肥胖作用,其可显著降低肥胖小鼠的体质量、脂肪细胞大小、血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及瘦素、胰岛素和葡萄糖水平。Ke等[59]报道了PGP对肥胖小鼠模型中的肠道微生物群具有显著影响,能够有效降低脂肪过度积累,并调节参与脂质代谢的关键基因的表达,为肥胖相关疾病的预防和治疗提供了新的研究方向。综上,PD、PGP等都具有抗肥胖的作用,主要通过抑制关键脂肪生成因子的表达发挥作用。
2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2MD)是由胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌不足引起的葡萄糖和脂质代谢紊乱,其特征是高血糖和脂质代谢紊乱。桔梗中PGP、PD以及黄酮类化合物可以降低血糖和改善脂质代谢,以达到抗糖尿病的作用。Zhao等[60]发现PGP对于链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导T2MD大鼠模型,可使其体质量下降、降低血糖以及改善异常脂代谢。Shen等[61]发现PD(2.5 mg·kg-1)可改善高脂饮食(high-fat diet,HFD)/STZ诱导的T2MD小鼠高血糖和肝脏代谢紊乱,激活AMPK信号通路,抑制葡萄糖产生和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase,G6Pase)表达,从而抑制肝脏糖异生,并激活AMPK磷酸化水平,抑制乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)并增加肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶-1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, CPT1)表达以减少肝脏中脂肪的积累。Shen等[62]还发现,PD可降低HFD/STZ诱导的糖尿病肾病小鼠模型的空腹血糖和胰岛素抵抗水平,使其脂质水平和肾功能得到改善,并通过调节NF-κB和凋亡信号通路来抑制小鼠糖尿病肾病的发生,可以降低血清炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β的异常升高,修复肾细胞凋亡。Nam等[13]研究了从桔梗的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇组分中分离出的黄酮类化合物,对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病斑马鱼模型中受损胰岛具有恢复作用,通过阻断ATP敏感性钾通道(ATP-sensitive potassium channel, KATP)进而刺激胰岛素分泌来调节葡萄糖的摄取。
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种由大脑皮层和海马细胞退行性变化引起的认知行为障碍。主要病理特征是β-淀粉样蛋白肽(beta amyloid peptide,Aβ)过度积累导致的老年斑块形成。特别是淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白诱导的具有高度神经毒性的Aβ积累,释放出ROS、促炎细胞因子、趋化因子等神经毒性因子,导致神经元损伤。PD通过调节AMPK信号通路,改善ROS引起的AD相关细胞凋亡和神经炎症,从而达到对神经元的保护作用[63]。Yunkwon等[64]报道桔梗根提取物在对抗Aβ诱导的认知功能障碍和AD相关的神经组织病理学变化方面具有潜在的治疗作用,可降低5XFAD雌性小鼠体内Aβ的沉积,减轻炎症的发生,并保护神经元免受损伤。Ji等[65]研究报道了桔梗粗皂苷可防止Aβ诱导的小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞的神经毒性,通过抑制Aβ处理的HT22细胞中MAPK、NF-κB信号传导和ROS的释放,发挥抗炎、抗凋亡以及抗氧化作用,进而达到保护神经元的作用。Feng等[66]使用PD对大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO)模型进行治疗,研究了其对脑缺血/再灌注损伤后神经功能障碍和认知功能障碍的保护作用,研究结果表明,PD能够显著改善MCAO大鼠的神经功能和认知功能缺损,其潜在的作用机制可能与其对铁死亡信号通路的调节密切相关。
已有学者发现桔梗可以防止结肠炎和便秘的发生。Liu等[67]建立葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium salt,DSS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)小鼠模型,PGP可以降低促炎细胞因子的表达水平,抑制氧化应激和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性的增强,同时恢复小鼠结肠中Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg细胞相关细胞因子水平,通过肠系膜淋巴循环调节结肠免疫,以减轻UC。Wang等[68]认为桔梗根发酵液通过激活AMPK,降低促炎细胞因子的释放,从而抑制NF-κB信号通路和Nod样受体蛋白3(nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)炎症小体的表达,减轻DSS诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎。Shen等[69]发现桔梗根部提取的皂苷可抑制顺铂诱导内质网应激发挥肠道保护作用,其机制是通过PERK-真核翻译起始因子2(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, eIF2)-转录活化因子4(activating transcription factor 4, ATF4)信号通路调控内质网应激发挥其活性。Hao等[70]报道了PGP对盐酸洛哌丁胺诱导的小鼠便秘具有显著的防治作用,能够增加肠道中5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)的分泌,并促进色氨酸羟化酶1(tryptophan hydroxylase 1, TPH1)、5-HT4受体、瞬时受体电位锚蛋白 1(transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, TRPA1)蛋白的表达,从而达到改善便秘的效果。
桔梗归肺经,通常用于治疗肺部疾病,可抑制哮喘发作、镇咳祛痰、抑制肺纤维化、改善肺部组织损伤,对呼吸系统起到保护作用。Peng等[71]发现桔梗总皂苷能够显著缓解哮喘小鼠的气道炎症,有效抑制哮喘症状的发作,其作用机制是通过调节神经源性基因同源蛋白(neurogenic locus notch homolog protein,Notch)信号通路,对哮喘小鼠体内Th17细胞与Treg细胞的平衡进行调控。Sun等[72]研究证实,桔梗叶醇提物乙酸乙酯萃取部位能够显著降低氨水所致的咳嗽小鼠模型的咳嗽次数,相较于其他萃取部位,其镇咳祛痰的功效更为显著。Su等[73]认为桔梗酸A(platyconic acid A, PA)可显著抑制肺纤维化,其机制是通过激活SMAD/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路,上调蛋白磷酸酶 1A(protein phosphatase Mg2+/Mn2+dependent 1A, PPM1A)的表达水平,可明显抑制TGF-β1诱导的肺成纤维细胞MRC-5的增殖、迁移、炎症和细胞外基质沉积,从而改善了TGF-β1诱导的肺成纤维细胞损伤。Pei等[74]研究了PD对LPS诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用,其机制是通过抑制Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase-3信号通路,进而抑制细胞凋亡并改善肺组织损伤。
综上所述,桔梗的药理活性主要包括抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗糖尿病、改善认知等,其作用机制涉及多条信号通路,见表2
桔梗作为药食同源物质,在中医药和食品领域都有着重要的应用价值和广阔的开发前景与发展潜力。在药用方面,桔梗具有很好的清热化痰功效,常与其他中药搭配,协同发挥作用。在食用方面,桔梗可制成普通食品和保健食品,发挥其保健功效,有益于身体健康。
桔梗属于中医药的常用药,可宣利肺气,有引药上浮入肺的作用,又有升提肺气的作用,可使病理之水湿由脾到肺而归于常道,临床上广泛用于治疗多种疾病,尤其清热化痰效果极佳。桔梗早在《本草便读》中记载:“为诸药之舟楫,开提肺气散风寒,扫上部之邪氛,清利咽喉平咳逆。升而复降,宣胸快膈有功;苦且辛平,泄郁消痰多效。” 桔梗常与其他中药搭配使用,发挥协同效应,以提升治疗效果,作为清咽止咳的经典名方,桔梗汤的应用范围十分广泛,在临床治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘时,桔梗可增强肺部功能,且其不良反应较少,安全性较高[75]。复方桔梗止咳片和桔梗冬花片在镇咳祛痰方面具有较好的疗效,临床上常用于治疗肺炎、气管炎、上呼吸道感染以及慢性支气管炎急性发作等炎症相关疾病。桔梗常用复方制剂临床应用见表3
桔梗富含膳食纤维、不饱和脂肪酸、优质蛋白质、多种维生素和氨基酸等营养成分,作为药食同源植物,具有安全性高的特点,常以原植物或提取物形式应用。桔梗食品可分为普通食品和保健食品。
桔梗含有多种营养成分,可制成多种普通食品,包括白酒、米醋、饮料以及各种固态食品等。桔梗健康白酒是一种以桔梗为主要原料制备的白酒,Fang等[76]研究发现,这种白酒具有一定的保健功效,有益于人体健康。Shi等[77]研制出的新型桔梗米醋不仅口感独特,而且营养成分丰富,能够清除自由,起到抗氧化作用。以桔梗为原料的饮料有很多种,配方及功效见表4。在食品领域中,桔梗可加工成朝鲜族小菜及“狗宝”咸菜,在东北很常见且很受欢迎。现代利用桔梗作为原料,可制成锅巴、果脯、乳化香肠、曲奇饼干等多种食品[85],其工艺简单且功能明确,具有广阔的开发前景。
桔梗是药食同源中药,同时作为40种常用大宗药材之一,其保健品具有重大的开发价值。我国以桔梗为主要原料的保健食品共有 83种,主要功效为清咽润喉,其次是增强免疫力、缓解疲劳、辅助降血糖血脂、通便、耐缺氧、祛痤疮。通过药智网查询,含有桔梗原料的代表性保健食品见表5
桔梗作为一种药食同源的中药材,具有极高的药用和营养价值。笔者通过总结发现,桔梗含有多种化学成分,如皂苷、黄酮、酚类、聚炔以及多糖,而桔梗皂苷是桔梗的主要化学成分,是桔梗发挥主要药理活性的重要物质之一。桔梗除了具有止咳、祛痰、平喘的经典功效外,还具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、免疫调节等现代药理作用,并通过不同信号途径发挥作用。同时,桔梗因含丰富的化学成分和药理作用,可发挥多种保健功能,在食品和保健食品流通市场上深受人们的喜爱。
但桔梗在开发应用方面还存在亟待解决的一些问题:①目前针对桔梗的研究主要集中于根以及根茎,应加强对桔梗地上部分的化学和药理活性研究,以减少资源的浪费,实现资源再利用,提高其附加值。②目前对桔梗结构研究得不够充分,学者对桔梗皂苷类成分的研究较多,鲜少对桔梗其他成分进行研究报道,其原因可能是皂苷类等成分含量较多,黄酮、酚类、聚炔、多糖等其他成分含量较少,尚需要进一步完善研究。③关于桔梗成分的研究主要集中在皂苷类物质,而PGP等成分的活性研究相对较少,仅限于提取和分离工艺的优化,如关于多糖纯化、结构表征及活性机制的报道不多,是突破创新的重要方向之一;桔梗提取物中的多种化学成分使其作用机制具有不确定性,单体成分的药理作用需进一步发现和验证。④缺少桔梗有效成分的临床研究,现研究主要停留在细胞和动物层面,需进行更多、更充分的临床试验来验证其生物活性,指导临床应用。⑤桔梗作为一种具有高营养价值和药用价值的植物,目前在食品和药品领域的应用尚不充分,有必要进行深入研究,充分挖掘和利用其药用价值,开发出各种新型保健食品和药品,以满足广大人民群众对健康的需求。
总之,我国桔梗资源丰富,未来基础研究应结合临床实践,深入研究桔梗的有效活性成分和药理作用机制,推动桔梗制剂、功能性食品和保健品等专利成果转化,为桔梗的现代应用提供支持,推动药食两用资源开发利用,这对桔梗的广泛应用和产业发展具有重要意义。
  • 黑龙江省重点研发计划指导类项目资助(GZ20210088)
  • 哈尔滨市科技创新人才项目资助(2022CXRCCG013)
  • 黑龙江省双一流学科协同创新成果项目资助(LJGXCG2023-039)
  • 哈尔滨商业大学产业化项目资助(22CZ13)
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2025年第60卷第1期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.01.002
  • 接收时间:2024-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2025-01-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-25
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黑龙江省重点研发计划指导类项目资助(GZ20210088)
哈尔滨市科技创新人才项目资助(2022CXRCCG013)
黑龙江省双一流学科协同创新成果项目资助(LJGXCG2023-039)
哈尔滨商业大学产业化项目资助(22CZ13)
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    1 哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 哈尔滨 150076
    2 教育部抗肿瘤天然药物工程研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076

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*汲晨锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:多糖的化学和药理研究 Tel:(0451)84603522
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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