Article(id=1196896390849803237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196884515873407615, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)21-2042-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.21.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699200000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763291936838, onlineDateStr=2025-11-16, pubDate=1730995200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763291936838, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763291936838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763291936838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196884515873407615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='21', pageStart='1987', pageEnd='2098', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763289105623, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763292131714, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196897208286097826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196884515873407615, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196897208286097827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196884515873407615, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2042, endPage=2052, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196896391139210215, articleId=1196896390849803237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Atherosclerosis Targeted Recombinant High-Density Lipoprotein Nano-Drug Delivery System, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To express recombinant protein PBP-ApoA1 by fusion of P-selectin banding peptide (PBP) and apolipoprotein (ApoA1) by Escherichia coli, and PBP-ApoA1 was applied to further prepare a recombinant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loading with curcumin (Cur), named PA-rHDL-Cur, for the effective treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) by targeting to activated platelets. METHODS The soluble expression of PBP-ApoA1 was achieved using a co-expression strategy with glutathione S-transferase (GST) tag. The purified PBP-ApoA1, phospholipid and cholesterol were encapsulated with Cur to prepare PA-rHDL-Cur by thin-film hydration method. The physicochemical properties of PA-rHDL-Cur were characterized by particle size analyzer and UV spectrophotometer, while the release stability was evaluated using dialysis method. Cell viability and cellular uptake efficiency of PA-rHDL-Cur were assessed in vitro. Platelet adhesion experiments were conducted to confirm the targeting ability of PA-rHDL towards activated platelets. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity, cholesterol efflux effect, and reduction in oxidized high-density lipoprotein uptake capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages treated with PA-rHDL-Cur were investigated. RESULTS The yield of PBP-ApoA1 obtained by shake flask fermentation and purification was 1.3 g·L-1. The resulting PA-rHDL-Cur exhibited uniform particle size with an average diameter of (165.3±29.6) nm and the Zeta potential of (-2.19±1.28) mV. The biocompatibility of this drug delivey system was satisfactory. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that PA-rHDL-Cur effectively targeted atherosclerotic lesions, releasing curcumin to reduce oxidative stress within foam cells at the lesion site, significantly enhancing the bioavailability of Cur. Additionally, the presence of ApoA1 in PA-rHDL facilitated cholesterol efflux, thereby delaying the progression of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION This design of biomimetic recombinant high-density lipoprotein nano-drug delivery system provides a new approach and theoretical basis for the development of novel nanocarriers against atherosclerosis.

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目的 利用大肠杆菌表达P-选择素靶向肽 (P-selectin banding peptide,PBP) 与载脂蛋白A1 (apolipoprotein A1,ApoA1) 的融合蛋白PBP-ApoA1,将其制备获得包载姜黄素 (curcumin,Cur) 的重组高密度脂蛋白 (high-density lipoprotein,HDL) PA-rHDL-Cur,用于动脉粥样硬化部位的靶向递药。方法 采用谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶 (glutathione S-transferase,GST) 标签共表达的策略实现PBP-ApoA1的可溶性表达,将PBP-ApoA1纯化后与磷脂、胆固醇采用薄膜水化法包载姜黄素制备得到PA-rHDL-Cur载药纳米粒。利用粒度仪、紫外分光光度计表征其理化性质,透析法分析其释药稳定性。体外细胞实验考察PA-rHDL-Cur的生物相容性和细胞摄取效率,通过血小板黏附实验验证PA-rHDL对活化血小板的靶向性。探究PA-rHDL-Cur对RAW264.7巨噬细胞的抗氧化功能、胆固醇泵出效果和减少氧化型高密度脂蛋白的摄取能力。结果 通过摇瓶发酵和纯化PBP-ApoA1产量达1.33 g·L-1,PA-rHDL-Cur大小均一,粒径为 (165.3±29.6) nm,Zeta电位 (-2.19±1.28) mV,生物相容性较好。体外实验证实,PA-rHDL-Cur可靶向到动脉粥样硬化病灶部位,释放Cur降低病灶部位泡沫细胞内的氧化应激,显著提高Cur的生物利用度。PA-rHDL本身含有的ApoA1可通过胆固醇逆向转运促进胆固醇外排,进而延缓动脉粥样硬化的发展进程。。结论 本研究设计的仿生重组高密度脂蛋白纳米递药系统为开发抗动脉粥样硬化的新型纳米递送体系提供了设计思路与理论依据。

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* 高敏,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:药物递送 Tel:(0510)85911900
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梁静,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物递送

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DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122442., articleTitle=Boosting the synergism between cancer ferroptosis and immunotherapy via targeted stimuli-responsive liposomes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1197123764187087265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, awardId=32101072, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32101072), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1197123764400996770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, awardId=BK20210473, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20210473), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197123761209131378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197123761217519987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, companyId=1197123761209131378, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197123761221714292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, companyId=1197123761209131378, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197123763176259987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The schematic illustration of PBP-ApoA1 expressed in E.coli and structural composition of PA-rHDL-Cur, figureFileSmall=ACzNJ2eQ+1449mNOQaTrBQ==, figureFileBig=ppUlBzWts2WbDDCe0tXoag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763234980244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=CN, label=图1, caption=融合P-选择素-载脂蛋白A1融合蛋白(PBP-ApoA1)的表达和载药仿生重组高密度脂蛋白包载姜黄素的靶向P-选择素的重组高密度脂蛋白纳米粒(PA-rHDL-Cur)的组分与结构示意图, figureFileSmall=ACzNJ2eQ+1449mNOQaTrBQ==, figureFileBig=ppUlBzWts2WbDDCe0tXoag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763318866325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Plasmid construction, expression and purification of PBP-ApoA1

A-PCR amplification for the identification of gene engineering bacteria transformed with recombinant plasmid: lane 1-ApoA1, lane 2-PBP-ApoA1; B-the effect of different temperatures on the expression of PBP-ApoA1 examined by SDS-PAGE: lane 1-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1 fermentation bacteria liquid, lane 2-4-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1] fermentation bacteria liquid at 16, 25, 37 ℃; C-The effect of IPTG concentration on the expression of expression of PBP-ApoA1 examind by SDS-PAGE: Lane 1-4-0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 mmol·L-1 IPTG; D-The expression of GST-PBP-ApoA1 and GST-ApoA1: Lane 1-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1, Lane 2-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[ApoA1], Lane 3-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1]; E-the results of purification by nickel column analyzed by SDS-PAGE (lane 1-the bacteria lysate; lane 2-supernatant of the bacteria lysate; lane 3-flow through; lane 4-GST-PBP-ApoA1);F-results of thrombin digestion: lane 1-GST-PBP-ApoA1, lane 2-4-the recombinant protein was digestived by 5, 10, 20 U thrombin for 2 h at 25 ℃, lane 5-7-the recombinant protein was digested by 5, 10, 20 U thrombin for 2 h at 37 ℃; G-fusion protein purification curves; H-results of GST column purification: lane 1-unpurified mixture of GST and PBP-ApoA1 after enzyme digestion, lane 2-flow through, lane 3-GST, lane 4-PBP-ApoA1.

, figureFileSmall=OXFWortl/iIhlbcMOMW/Xg==, figureFileBig=TkXq58CHGaar0ZWLn1kAgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763398558102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PBP-ApoA1的质粒构建、表达与纯化

A-菌落PCR鉴定重组质粒转化的基因工程菌:泳道1-ApoA1,泳道2-PBP-ApoA1; B-SDS-PAGE分析不同温度对PBP-ApoA1的表达的影响:泳道1-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1,泳道2~4-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1] 分别在16,25,37 ℃上清液; C-SDS-PAGE分析不同IPTG浓度诱导下对PBP-ApoA1表达的影响:泳道1~4-0.1、0.25、0.5、1 mmol·L-1 IPTG; D-GST-PBP-ApoA1与GST-ApoA1的表达情况:泳道1-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1,泳道2-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[ApoA1],泳道3-BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1];E-SDS-PAGE分析镍柱纯化结果:泳道1-全菌,泳道2-细菌破碎上清液,泳道3-流穿液,泳道4-GST-PBP-ApoA1;F-凝血酶酶切结果:泳道1-GST-PBP-ApoA1,泳道2~4-5、10、20 U凝血酶在25 ℃酶切2 h,泳道5~7-5、10、20 U凝血酶在37 ℃酶切2 h;G-蛋白纯化曲线; H-GST柱纯化结果:泳道1-凝血酶处理后产物,泳道2-流穿液,泳道3-GST,泳道4-PBP-ApoA1。

, figureFileSmall=OXFWortl/iIhlbcMOMW/Xg==, figureFileBig=TkXq58CHGaar0ZWLn1kAgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763465666967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Physicochemical properties and in vitro release profile of PA-rHDL-Cur.n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-hydrodynamic sizes; B-Zeta potentials; C-the size variation of PA-rHDL-Cur; D-appearance of samples at different storage times; E-standard curve of Cur; F-cumulative release profile of Cur from PA-rHDL-Cur.

, figureFileSmall=2R5AqewPFKFoo2rw5cGqGg==, figureFileBig=Jk/NPixeKaNJVVcjhYlSew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763536970136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PA-rHDL-Cur的理化性质和体外释药特性。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-粒径; B-电位; C-PA-rHDL-Cur粒径变化; D-PA-rHDL-Cur储存 10 d 后的外观图; E-Cur的标准曲线; F-PA-rHDL-Cur的药物释放曲线。

, figureFileSmall=2R5AqewPFKFoo2rw5cGqGg==, figureFileBig=Jk/NPixeKaNJVVcjhYlSew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763604079001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cell viability examined via MTT assays and intracellular uptake of Cy5-labeled PA-rHDL by RAW264.7 cells. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-the cell viability of RAW264.7 cells with the treatment of PA-rHDL; B-the cell viability of HUVECs cells with the treatment of PA-rHDL; C-CLSM images of RAW264.7 cells incubated with PA-rHDL by recording Cy5 fluorescence (scale bar=50 μm); D-the fluorescent intensities of RAW264.7cells with Cy5-labeled PA-rHDL treatment detected by flow cytometry at different time intervals.

, figureFileSmall=8FTZdpTSiZsJtI6Xr1s86w==, figureFileBig=ixuxvVMmdWkBKvEntHJpYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763671187866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MTT法检测细胞活力与PA-rHDL的体外细胞摄取情况。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-PA-rHDL对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响; B-PA-rHDL对HUVECs细胞活力的影响; C-RAW264.7细胞摄取PA-rHDL的CLSM图像 (标尺=50 μm); D-流式细胞术检测PA-rHDL处理RAW264.7细胞不同时间点的荧光强度。

, figureFileSmall=8FTZdpTSiZsJtI6Xr1s86w==, figureFileBig=ixuxvVMmdWkBKvEntHJpYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763734102427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=In vitro platelet-targeting effects of PA-rHDL

A-the images of activated platelets observed by fluorescent microscope (scale bar=50 μm); B-the fluorescent intensities of activated platelets detected by flow cytometry.

, figureFileSmall=dbTunabNkw9z32XbWgueRQ==, figureFileBig=dRDwvyJUY+7uGTeWzKiiLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763792822684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PA-rHDL的血小板靶向作用

A-荧光显微镜观察活化的血小板图像 (标尺50 μm); B-流式细胞术检测活化血小板的荧光强度。

, figureFileSmall=dbTunabNkw9z32XbWgueRQ==, figureFileBig=dRDwvyJUY+7uGTeWzKiiLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763855737245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The effect of PA-rHDL-Cur on the treatment of atherosclerosis. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-the ROS scavenging effect of different samples in RAW264.7 cells observed by CLSM (scale bar=50 μm); B-the quantitative results of ROS scavenging effect, 1)P<0.01, 2)P<0.001, vs LPS; C-the total cholesterol level in RAW264.7 cells after different concentrations of PA-rHDL treatment, 3)P<0.000 1, vs 0 μg·mL-1 PA-rHDL group; D-the microscope images of RAW264.7 cells treated with different samples and stained with oil red O (scale bar=10 μm).

, figureFileSmall=Z+HDQNqbJr7ajjRJeMReBQ==, figureFileBig=9OeIykmpHM0P0wZc1/BpIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763922846110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PA-rHDL-Cur对动脉粥样硬化的治疗效果检测。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-激光共聚焦观察不同样品对RAW264.7细胞内ROS的清除效果 (标尺=50 μm); B-图A的定量结果,与LPS组比,1)P<0.01,2)P<0.001; C-不同浓度PA-rHDL处理后RAW264.7细胞的TC水平,与0 μg·mL-1组比,3)P<0.000 1; D-显微镜图像显示不同样品处理后RAW264.7细胞内被油红O染色的脂滴(标尺=10 μm)。

, figureFileSmall=Z+HDQNqbJr7ajjRJeMReBQ==, figureFileBig=9OeIykmpHM0P0wZc1/BpIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123763985760671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

List of PCR primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Primer sequences (5'-3')
ApoA1-F ATTATTGAATTCGATGAACCGCCGCAGAGCCCGT (EcoR Ⅰ)
ApoA1-R AATCTCGAGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGTTGGGTGTTCAGTTTTT (Xho Ⅰ)
PBP-ApoA1-F ATTATTGAATTCATGCGGAATGGGTGGATGTGAGCGGCAGCGGCGATGAACC(EcoR Ⅰ)
PBP-ApoA1-R AATCTCGAGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGTTGGGTGTTCAGTTTTT (Xho Ⅰ)
pGEX5' GGGCTGGCAAGCCACGTTTGGTG
pGEX3' CCGGGAGCTGCATGTGTCAGAGG
), ArticleFig(id=1197123764065452448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196896390849803237, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重组表达载体构建中PCR扩增使用到的PCR引物序列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Primer sequences (5'-3')
ApoA1-F ATTATTGAATTCGATGAACCGCCGCAGAGCCCGT (EcoR Ⅰ)
ApoA1-R AATCTCGAGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGTTGGGTGTTCAGTTTTT (Xho Ⅰ)
PBP-ApoA1-F ATTATTGAATTCATGCGGAATGGGTGGATGTGAGCGGCAGCGGCGATGAACC(EcoR Ⅰ)
PBP-ApoA1-R AATCTCGAGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGTTGGGTGTTCAGTTTTT (Xho Ⅰ)
pGEX5' GGGCTGGCAAGCCACGTTTGGTG
pGEX3' CCGGGAGCTGCATGTGTCAGAGG
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靶向动脉粥样硬化的重组高密度脂蛋白纳米递药系统的制备及性能评价
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梁静 , 计慧娟 , 陈敬华 , 高敏 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(21): 2042-2052
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(21): 2042-2052
靶向动脉粥样硬化的重组高密度脂蛋白纳米递药系统的制备及性能评价
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梁静, 计慧娟, 陈敬华, 高敏*
作者信息
  • 江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
  • 梁静,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物递送

通讯作者:

* 高敏,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:药物递送 Tel:(0510)85911900
Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Atherosclerosis Targeted Recombinant High-Density Lipoprotein Nano-Drug Delivery System
Jing LIANG, Huijuan JI, Jinghua CHEN, Min GAO*
Affiliations
  • School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
出版时间: 2024-11-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.007
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目的 利用大肠杆菌表达P-选择素靶向肽 (P-selectin banding peptide,PBP) 与载脂蛋白A1 (apolipoprotein A1,ApoA1) 的融合蛋白PBP-ApoA1,将其制备获得包载姜黄素 (curcumin,Cur) 的重组高密度脂蛋白 (high-density lipoprotein,HDL) PA-rHDL-Cur,用于动脉粥样硬化部位的靶向递药。方法 采用谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶 (glutathione S-transferase,GST) 标签共表达的策略实现PBP-ApoA1的可溶性表达,将PBP-ApoA1纯化后与磷脂、胆固醇采用薄膜水化法包载姜黄素制备得到PA-rHDL-Cur载药纳米粒。利用粒度仪、紫外分光光度计表征其理化性质,透析法分析其释药稳定性。体外细胞实验考察PA-rHDL-Cur的生物相容性和细胞摄取效率,通过血小板黏附实验验证PA-rHDL对活化血小板的靶向性。探究PA-rHDL-Cur对RAW264.7巨噬细胞的抗氧化功能、胆固醇泵出效果和减少氧化型高密度脂蛋白的摄取能力。结果 通过摇瓶发酵和纯化PBP-ApoA1产量达1.33 g·L-1,PA-rHDL-Cur大小均一,粒径为 (165.3±29.6) nm,Zeta电位 (-2.19±1.28) mV,生物相容性较好。体外实验证实,PA-rHDL-Cur可靶向到动脉粥样硬化病灶部位,释放Cur降低病灶部位泡沫细胞内的氧化应激,显著提高Cur的生物利用度。PA-rHDL本身含有的ApoA1可通过胆固醇逆向转运促进胆固醇外排,进而延缓动脉粥样硬化的发展进程。。结论 本研究设计的仿生重组高密度脂蛋白纳米递药系统为开发抗动脉粥样硬化的新型纳米递送体系提供了设计思路与理论依据。

载脂蛋白A1  /  重组高密度脂蛋白  /  融合蛋白  /  动脉粥样硬化  /  靶向递药

OBJECTIVE To express recombinant protein PBP-ApoA1 by fusion of P-selectin banding peptide (PBP) and apolipoprotein (ApoA1) by Escherichia coli, and PBP-ApoA1 was applied to further prepare a recombinant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) loading with curcumin (Cur), named PA-rHDL-Cur, for the effective treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) by targeting to activated platelets. METHODS The soluble expression of PBP-ApoA1 was achieved using a co-expression strategy with glutathione S-transferase (GST) tag. The purified PBP-ApoA1, phospholipid and cholesterol were encapsulated with Cur to prepare PA-rHDL-Cur by thin-film hydration method. The physicochemical properties of PA-rHDL-Cur were characterized by particle size analyzer and UV spectrophotometer, while the release stability was evaluated using dialysis method. Cell viability and cellular uptake efficiency of PA-rHDL-Cur were assessed in vitro. Platelet adhesion experiments were conducted to confirm the targeting ability of PA-rHDL towards activated platelets. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity, cholesterol efflux effect, and reduction in oxidized high-density lipoprotein uptake capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages treated with PA-rHDL-Cur were investigated. RESULTS The yield of PBP-ApoA1 obtained by shake flask fermentation and purification was 1.3 g·L-1. The resulting PA-rHDL-Cur exhibited uniform particle size with an average diameter of (165.3±29.6) nm and the Zeta potential of (-2.19±1.28) mV. The biocompatibility of this drug delivey system was satisfactory. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that PA-rHDL-Cur effectively targeted atherosclerotic lesions, releasing curcumin to reduce oxidative stress within foam cells at the lesion site, significantly enhancing the bioavailability of Cur. Additionally, the presence of ApoA1 in PA-rHDL facilitated cholesterol efflux, thereby delaying the progression of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION This design of biomimetic recombinant high-density lipoprotein nano-drug delivery system provides a new approach and theoretical basis for the development of novel nanocarriers against atherosclerosis.

apolipoprotein A1  /  recombinant high-density lipoprotein  /  fusion protein  /  atherosclerosis  /  targeted drug delivery
梁静, 计慧娟, 陈敬华, 高敏. 靶向动脉粥样硬化的重组高密度脂蛋白纳米递药系统的制备及性能评价. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (21) : 2042 -2052 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.007
Jing LIANG, Huijuan JI, Jinghua CHEN, Min GAO. Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Atherosclerosis Targeted Recombinant High-Density Lipoprotein Nano-Drug Delivery System[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (21) : 2042 -2052 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.007
动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是造成心血管疾病 (cardiovascular disease,CVD)的最主要因素,是危害我国人民生命安全的“头号杀手”之一。AS作为一种慢性炎症性疾病,起始于活化的血小板和内皮细胞,活化的血小板高表达出P-选择素 (P-selectin),内皮细胞分泌多种细胞黏附因子,二者共同促进白细胞滚动和血管内皮细胞黏附[1]。单核细胞被招募到动脉内壁分化成巨噬细胞,氧化型低密度脂蛋白 (oxidized low density lipoprotein,oxLDL)诱导巨噬细胞成为脂质致密的泡沫细胞[2]。病变后期,凋亡的泡沫细胞与脂质核心一起演变为AS不稳定斑块。因此,靶向AS斑块,抑制斑块形成成为治疗AS重要靶点之一。
高密度脂蛋白 (high-density lipoprotein,HDL)是血液中重要的脂蛋白[3-4],由中性甘油三酯和胆固醇酯组成的非极性疏水核心,与磷脂、游离胆固醇和载脂蛋白组成的极性亲水外壳构成[5-6]。HDL可通过介导反向胆固醇转运将胆固醇从外周组织带回肝脏,具有抗AS的功能[7]。随着对HDL结构和功能研究的深入,制备重组HDL (recombinant high-density lipoprotein,rHDL)作为药物递送载体,用于心血管疾病的诊断与治疗已经成为研究热点[8-9]。人工制备的rHDL作为仿生药物递送系统,具有较大的空腔结构可以容纳不同类型和大小的药物[10],包括水溶性、脂溶性甚至是基因药物等[11]。其较好的生物相容性和稳定性可以有效保护药物免受降解、代谢或清除[12]。通过调整rHDL表面的成分和结构可以实现针对特定组织或细胞的靶向递送将药物精确地运送到目标区域[13]。同时,由于仿生HDL具有良好的生物相容性和降低不良反应的能力,使用它作为药物递送载体可以减少药物对非靶标组织的不良反应[14]
载脂蛋白A1 (apolipoprotein A1,ApoA1)是HDL中最主要的结构和功能蛋白,占HDL中蛋白总量的70%[15]。ApoA1能够通过活化卵磷脂胆固醇酯酰基转移酶 (lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase,LCAT)产生治疗AS的作用。此外,ApoA1是巨噬细胞中三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)的重要接受体,能够诱导细胞内胆固醇流出[16-17]。因此,ApoA1是制备仿生rHDL必不可少的原料。目前,ApoA1的常用制备方法是利用超速离心、有机萃取和高效液相等方法从人血清中分离提取,这些方法虽然能得到高纯度的ApoA1,但明显存在制备量小、成本较高、免疫原性等缺点[18-19]。体外发酵表达ApoA1实现其高效生产并赋予其多功能性具有重要的研究与应用意义。通过基因工程技术在ApoA1上融合功能性的肽段或蛋白,再将其整合到脂质纳米粒中形成的多功能仿生rHDL不仅是优异的药物递送载体,其本身还具备泵出胆固醇等抗AS的活性作用。
P-选择素是表达在活化的血小板表面的一种黏附分子[20],静息状态的血小板不表达或低表达P-选择素,在炎症介质例如:凝血酶、活性氧、肿瘤坏死因子等刺激下脱颗粒形成大量可溶性P-选择素[21]。P-选择素介导血小板黏附、聚集和活化,促进炎症反应和血栓的形成,从而加速AS斑块的形成[22]。P-选择素靶向肽 (P-selectin banding peptide,PBP)是一段能够特异性结合活化的血小板上P-选择素的多肽,PBP修饰的纳米粒对活化的血小板具有很强的结合能力[23]。作为一种短肽,PBP的生物安全性良好,免疫原性与多糖或聚合物相比较低[24-25],因此,用PBP修饰HDL作为心血管疾病的药物递送载体具有研究和临床转化意义。然而,直接将PBP修饰HDL可能会造成PBP包封在磷脂双分子层而不暴露在外部从而难以实现靶向的问题,将PBP融合到HDL的关键组分ApoA1上,在体外发酵表达融合蛋白既便于大规模生产又利用ApoA1插入HDL的天然特性及其空间结构使PBP暴露在rHDL表面。
基于上述背景,本研究通过体外发酵表达融合PBP的ApoA1融合蛋白(PBP-ApoA1),并将纯化后的PBP-ApoA1与中性磷脂、胆固醇通过薄膜水化法制备靶向P-选择素的重组高密度脂蛋白纳米粒 (PA-rHDL),包载模型药物姜黄素 (curcumin,Cur)。Cur通过抗炎、减少氧化应激、降脂、减少平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移和保护内皮细胞等途径对抗AS。然而,与大多数的活性分子类似,Cur的水溶性极差,在碱性或中性环境中不稳定,光、热和金属离子等易导致其失活。这些因素导致Cur在临床应用时生物利用度极低,易在体循环过程中被清除。本研究使用PA-rHDL作为药物递送载体,将Cur包载在脂质核心中,改善Cur水溶性差、稳定性差、生物利用度低和代谢速率快等缺陷。通过将Cur靶向递送到AS斑块部位细胞内,发挥其抗氧化、抗炎和稳定斑块细胞等治疗作用。最后,评价载药体系PA-rHDL-Cur对AS部位的靶向性及治疗AS的效果 (图 1)。oxLDL被巨噬细胞吞噬是AS发生的关键,Cur可通过促进一氧化氮合酶产生一氧化氮抑制LDL氧化为oxLDL[26]。另一方面,Cur能够有效减少巨噬细胞对oxLDL摄取,并显著增加胆固醇外流[27]。本研究设计的PA-rHDL-Cur仿生rHDL递药系统本身具有延缓AS进程的作用,还能改善Cur的生物利用度,提高Cur在体内外的稳定性,降低其毒性; 靶向性PBP的引入可提升药物被泡沫细胞的摄取效率,进而更有效发挥抗AS作用。
RE-200型旋转蒸发仪 (郑州科泰实验设备有限公司);AX224ZH/E型电子天平(奥豪斯仪器有限公司);Zetasizer nano ZS Zeta电位及纳米粒度分析仪 (英国马尔文公司);MULTISKAN GO酶标仪 (赛默飞世尔科技有限公司);UV2550型紫外分光光度计 (岛津国际贸易有限公司);Cytoflex A00-1-1102型流式细胞分析仪 (贝克曼库尔特有限公司);AKTA pure蛋白纯化仪 (GE医疗生命科学有限公司);Ti-E+A1激光共聚焦显微镜 (日本尼康公司)。
1,2-二油酰基-SN-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱 (DOPC)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000(DSPE-PEG2000)(西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司);胆固醇[Chol,艾伟拓(上海)医药科技有限公司];Cur(麦克林有限公司);琼脂糖、胰蛋白胨、酵母膏、油红O染色试剂盒 (碧云天有限公司);胎牛血清 (FBS,Lonsera);胰酶细胞消化液 (Biosharp);Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium培养基(DMEM,Sigma公司);BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(翌圣生物科技有限公司);凝胶回收试剂盒、酶切回收试剂盒 (南京金唯智有限公司);QuickCutTM XhoI、QuickCutTM EcoR I、T4 DNA Ligase (日本宝日公司);BODIPYTM 581/591 C11 (赛默飞世尔有限公司);oxLDL (广州奕源有限公司)。
E.coil DH5α、E.coil BL21 (DE3):所在实验室保存。pGEX-4T-1质粒:所在实验室保存。
具体见表1,以pET21 (b) -ApoA1为扩增模板,进行PCR扩增。用限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ和XhoⅠ对扩增片段和pGEX -4T-1空质粒进行双酶切 (EcoR Ⅰ,Xho Ⅰ) 然后回收目的片段和酶切后质粒,使用T4 DNA连接酶将目的基因连接至酶切的pGEX-4T-1载体,得到重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1]。经热激将重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1]转化到感受态细胞BL21(DE3)中,经1 h培养后将菌液涂布在含有氨苄青霉素的平板上,37 ℃培养14 h,挑取转化子进行菌落PCR验证,将验证正确的转化子经摇瓶培养后测序验证,得到大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1]重组菌株。对照组BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[ApoA1]的构建方法同上。
发酵温度优化:挑取含有PBP-ApoA1基因的阳性单克隆接种于含终质量浓度为50 μg·mL-1的卡那霉素的Luria-Bertani(LB)液体培养基中,在37 ℃、220 r·min-1的水平摇床培养14 h得到种子液。按体积分数1%接种量将种子液接种到1 L摇瓶中,继续以37 ℃、220 r·min-1的条件在摇床培养1 h至600 nm波长处的吸光度值(A600)约为0.6,在摇瓶中加入终浓度为1 mmol·L-1的异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside,IPTG),分别置于16、25、37 ℃摇床中发酵14 h。
诱导剂浓度优化:用上述方法得到种子液并接种培养至A600约为0.6,在摇瓶中加入终浓度为0.1、0.25、0.5、1 mmol·L-1的IPTG置于37 ℃摇床中发酵14 h。
谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)亲和层析纯化:将发酵后的菌体置于GST柱平衡缓冲液(140 mmol·L-1 NaCl、10 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4、1.8 mmol·L-1 KH2PO4,pH 7.4),经超声破碎和冷冻离心获取上清液。随后,使用AKTA蛋白纯化仪,用5 mL GSTCap 4FF预装柱对上清液进行纯化。平衡GST柱后按流速1 mL·min-1进样,结束进样后再次平衡GST柱,使用GST洗脱缓冲液[140 mmol·L-1 NaCl、10 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4、1.8 mmol·L-1 KH2PO4,10 mmol·L-1 谷胱甘肽(GSH),pH 8.0],按紫外峰收集洗脱液,进行十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)分析。将GST-ApoA1洗脱液使用磷酸盐缓冲溶液(Phosphate buffer saline,PBS)透析除去GSH以便于蛋白定量和后期的酶切操作。
凝血酶酶切GST-PBP-ApoA1蛋白:将5、10、20 U的凝血酶 (thrombin)分别加入到1 mL经透析纯化的1 mg GST-PBP-ApoA1融合蛋白中,分别置于25和37 ℃中酶切2 h,SDS-PAGE检验酶切情况。
镍离子亲和层析纯化:首先用Ni柱A液 (平衡缓冲液500 mmol·L-1 NaCl 、20 mmol·L-1 Na3PO4)平衡柱,随后将酶切蛋白样品以1 mL·min-1的流速进样,完成进样后再次平衡Ni柱。使用含体积分数3% B液 (洗脱缓冲液 500 mmol·L-1 NaCl、20 mmol·L-1 Na2CO3,500 mmol·L-1咪唑) 的缓冲液洗脱未结合的杂蛋白,最后通过A、B液混合线性洗脱获得去除GST标签的目的蛋白PBP-ApoA1,根据UV280 nm出峰位置收集纯化后的PBP-ApoA1。通过SDS-PAGE检验蛋白纯化情况。
利用薄膜水化法[28]制备rHDL:精密称取DOPC、Chol、DSPE-PEG2000 (摩尔比=5∶3∶1)共24 mg溶于二氯甲烷中,Cur 2 mg溶于二氯甲烷中,充分混匀后在25 ℃ 水浴中减压缓慢旋蒸除去有机溶剂,得到干燥均匀的脂质薄膜。加入2 mL质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的PBP-ApoA1水化磷脂双分子层,超声后离心并用0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤除去未包载的Cur,即得到载药重组高密度脂蛋白PA-rHDL-Cur。由ApoA1制备的重组高密度脂蛋白A-rHDL-Cur和A-rHDL方法同上。对于荧光标记的rHDL使用终浓度为20 mmol·L-1Cy5荧光染料(Sulfo-Cyanine5,Cy5)或罗丹明代替Cur。不含有ApoA1的对照组脂质体命名为LNP,制备方法与上述方法相同,水化介质为PBS溶液。
将ApoA1、LNP、PA-rHDL和PA-rHDL-Cur稀释至0.1 mg·mL-1,采取动态光散射 (dynamic light scattering,DLS) 测量蛋白和纳米粒子的水力学粒径和Zeta电位。将制备的PA-rHDL-Cur放置于室温下,分别在1、2、5、10 d测量其粒径,用于监测PA-rHDL-Cur的稳定性。
精密量取PA-rHDL-Cur混悬液适量 (约相当于Cur 1 mg),用紫外分光光度法测定PA-rHDL-Cur负载Cur的量。通过测定样品和标准品最大吸收波长420 nm的紫外吸收值并建立标准曲线,按照公式1~2计算载药量 (loading content,LC)和包封率 (entrapment efficiency,EE)。
LC(%)=m1/m2×100%
EE(%)=m1/m3×100%
m1表示PA-rHDL-Cur中所含Cur的质量,m2为PA-rHDL-Cur的质量,m3为制备脂质体时Cur的投料量。
采用动态透析法考察PA-rHDL-Cur的体外释药特性。精密量取PA-rHDL-Cur混悬液适量 (相当于Cur 1 mg),置于透析袋中 (截留相对分子质量3 500),将透析袋置于含0.2% Tween 20、25%乙醇的PBS (pH=7.0) 20 mL中,在37 ℃、100 r min-1水浴震荡,分别于0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、12、24、36、48、60、72 h取样2 mL,同时补加同体积释放介质。各时间点样品使用紫外分光光度计在420 nm处测量吸光度并计算药物释放量。
通过MTT法测定PA-rHDL-Cur对RAW264.7巨噬细胞和HUVECs静脉内皮细胞的细胞毒性。2种细胞的处理方法相同,具体操作为:取生长状态良好的细胞制成均匀的细胞悬液,在96孔板中以每孔5×103个的细胞密度接种。取制备的PA-rHDL-Cur,使用0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌。用DMEM培养基将PA-rHDL-Cur稀释至一系列质量浓度:0、0.05、0.1、0.25、0.5、1 mg·mL-1。待细胞贴壁后,用配置好的不同浓度的PA-rHDL-Cur溶液处理细胞24 h。培养孵育24 h后,弃去培养液,每孔加入含终质量浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1 MTT的培养液,继续培养4 h。随后,吸去培养液,每孔加入100 μL二甲基亚砜(DMSO),置于摇床上以50 r·min-1低速振荡20 min,使甲瓒结晶充分溶解。最后,用酶标仪在570 nm处测定各个样品孔的吸光度值,并计算细胞存活率用于反映活细胞数量和细胞增殖能力。
将RAW264.7细胞按照每皿1×105个的密度接种在35 mm共聚焦皿中,培养箱中孵育24 h。待细胞贴壁后,吸去培养基,用PBS洗涤3次,加入含Cy5标记的PA-rHDL至终质量浓度为0.2 mg·mL-1的DMEM培养基,分别孵育2、4、6、8 h。弃去培养基,用PBS洗涤3次,加入1 mL质量分数4%多聚甲醛室温固定20 min。弃去多聚甲醛,用PBS洗涤3次后用1 mL 4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)染色20 min。最后,弃去染料后用PBS洗涤3次,加入100 μL PBS,在激光共聚焦显微镜 (confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)下捕获细胞的荧光成像图像。对于流式细胞仪定量检测摄取率的测试,将RAW264.7细胞按照每孔1×104个的密度接种在12孔板中,培养24 h待细胞贴壁后弃去培养基加入质量浓度为0.2 mg·mL-1的含Cy5标记的PA-rHDL DMEM培养液,分别孵育2、4、6、8 h。随后,用胰酶消化细胞,离心弃去胰酶,PBS清洗3次后,用1 mL PBS重悬细胞成单细胞悬液并在流式细胞仪下收集单细胞上的荧光信号,评估细胞摄取情况。
取小鼠全血1 mL,室温条件下200 r·min-1离心10 min后取上层清液,再将上层清液1 200 r·min-1离心5 min后弃去上层液体,底部白色沉淀即为血小板。使用PBS重悬,计数后向96孔板每孔加入1×107个血小板,在37 ℃培养箱中孵育1 h使血小板贴壁。随后每孔加入0.1 U的凝血酶,37 ℃孵育15 min将血小板激活。使用活化的罗丹明偶联PBP-ApoA1和ApoA1,rHDL在水化过程中加入等量罗丹明,使用透析法除去游离的罗丹明。随后向活化的血小板中加入100 μL,0.1 mg·mL-1的蛋白或脂质体,37 ℃孵育2 h后在荧光显微镜下观察血小板靶向作用,并用流式定量检测荧光强度。
将RAW264.7细胞按照每皿1×105个的密度接种在35 mm共聚焦皿中,培养箱中孵育24 h,再使用100 mg·mL-1的脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理RAW264.7细胞24 h构建泡沫细胞模型。随后,加入0.1 mg·mL-1的游离的Cur、PA-rHDL和PA-rHDL-Cur 处理细胞24 h。最后,将终浓度为1 μmol·L-1 C11 BODIPY 581/591荧光探针加入处理完成的细胞,置于37 ℃培养箱孵育30 min,PBS清洗3遍,再加入1 mL质量分数4%多聚甲醛室温固定20 min并用1 mL DAPI染色20 min。用PBS洗涤3次后在激光共聚焦显微镜下捕获细胞的荧光成像图像。
将RAW264.7细胞按每孔1×105个的密度接种在6孔板中,置于培养箱中培养24 h。待细胞贴壁后,弃去培养基,用PBS洗涤3次,加入含0.05、0.2 mg·mL-1 PA-rHDL的培养基置于细胞培养箱培养,对照组加入等量PBS。孵育24 h后,加入胰酶消化每组细胞,PBS清洗并计数,参照总胆固醇 (total cholesterol,TC) 含量检测盒说明书上的操作测定细胞内胆固醇含量。
将RAW264.7细胞按每孔5×103个的密度接种到12孔板中,培养箱中孵育24 h,待细胞贴壁后加入0.1 mg·mL-1的游离的Cur、PA-rHDL和PA-rHDL-Cur 处理细胞24 h,Ctrl组加入等量PBS。随后,加入oxLDL 50 μg·mL-1处理细胞24 h,按照碧云天油红O染色试剂盒说明书进行染色,并通过显微镜拍摄图像。
本研究中检测数据以均数±标准差表示,数据分析运用SPSS 23.0软件,显著性分析使用t检验,以P<0.05为具有统计学差异,运用GraphPad Prism 8绘制统计图。
按照“2.1.1”项下方法构建质粒pGEX-4T-1-[ApoA1]与pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1],并将重组质粒转化到BL21 (DE3) 中菌株中利用通用引物进行菌落PCR鉴定,结果见图2A,在900~1 000 bp附近出现单一条带,与ApoA1、PBP-ApoA1预期条带911和944 bp位置一致。实验通过菌落PCR并结合测序数据验证了工程菌BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[ApoA1]与BL21(DE3)/pGEX-4T-1-[PBP-ApoA1]的成功构建。
按照“2.1.2”中实验步骤分别在16、25、37 ℃不同温度条件下诱导发酵14 h,发酵结束后将3组菌液A600稀释至一致,破碎后取上清液,使各组样品总蛋白含量一致用于SDS-PAGE检测蛋白发酵情况。实验结果见图2B,不含目的基因的空质粒组 (泳道1) 在26 000表达出GST标签蛋白,不同温度条件下在约57 600 (GST-PBP-ApoA1) 处均有明显条带,表明在3种温度条件下蛋白表达载体均能表达出重组蛋白GST-PBP-ApoA1。ApoA1在常规pET系列质粒中常常以包涵体形式表达,破碎后上清液中所含目的蛋白很少。因此,GST标签的融合增加了可溶性融合蛋白GST-PBP-ApoA1的表达量,并且随着温度的升高,GST-PBP-ApoA1的表达量显著提升,因此,实验将37 ℃作为表达的最佳诱导温度。同样方法改变加入终浓度为0.1、0.25、0.5、1 mmol·L-1的一系列不同IPTG浓度,其他条件保持一致,继续发酵14 h。SDS-PAGE结果见图2C,各组目的蛋白表达量相近,说明IPTG浓度对目的蛋白表达的影响较小,为减少IPTG毒性和发酵成本,实验选择诱导剂终浓度为0.1 mmol·L-1。按照上述优化的诱导条件发酵,1 L培养基可以发酵得到湿重约4.16 g的菌体。SDS-PAGE测定菌体破碎后离心的上清液,即可溶性表达蛋白,GST-ApoA1和GST-PBP-ApoA1主要以可溶形式表达在上清液中,表达条件优化后获得了高表达量的可溶性目标蛋白 (GST-ApoA1和GST-PBP-ApoA1),见图2D。实验证实GST标签的引入能够帮助PBP-ApoA1在表达过程中正确折叠,避免因不正确折叠而形成不溶性包涵体,提升ApoA1的水溶性。
利用AKTA蛋白纯化系统先经GST亲和层析进行第一步纯化获得GST-PBP-ApoA1蛋白。菌体破碎后离心得到上清液中的可溶性蛋白经纯化后在57 600左右出现单一条带,表明通过GST亲和柱层析成功纯化出GST-PBP-ApoA1(图2E)。随后,将纯化后的GST-PBP-ApoA1融合蛋白经凝血酶处理并验证融合蛋白上GST标签是否能被切除。结果见图2F,经凝血酶处理后的蛋白溶液中含有大小分别为26 000和31 400的两条条带,与GST标签断裂蛋白和PBP-ApoA1蛋白大小一致。该实验结果表明,在25 ℃,5 U的凝血酶酶切2 h可以完全切开1 mg的融合蛋白,因此,选择该条件作为酶切反应条件。酶切后的蛋白通过镍柱进行第二步纯化以获得PBP-ApoA1蛋白,见图2G2H,通过线性洗脱后26 000的GST标签蛋白首先洗脱出峰(Peak1),随后目的蛋白PBP-ApoA1被含有高咪唑的洗脱缓冲液洗脱出峰(Peak2),在314 000处出现单一条带。GST亲和层析和镍离子亲和层析两步纯化可以得到高纯度的可溶性PBP-ApoA1,1 L培养基可纯化获得约400 mg的纯蛋白。实验通过生物发酵的方法实现了PBP-ApoA1的高效生成,为制备rHDL提供了主要活性原料。
通过紫外分光光度法计算得PA-rHDL-Cur中Cur的包封率为86.3%,载药量为1.6%。采用纳米粒度仪分别对PBP-ApoA1、LNP、PA-rHDL及PA-rHDL-Cur进行粒径与表面电位的测定,结果见图3A3B。PBP-ApoA1的等电点为6.50,在pH 7.4的中性PBS介质中理论上带负电荷,纳米粒度仪测得的Zeta电位为 (-4.6±0.3) mV,与理论一致。使用非阳离子脂质制备的LNP对照组几乎不带电,而PA-rHDL与PA-rHDL-Cur电位分别为 (-1.5±1.3) (-2.2±1.3) mV,这一现象也表明了制备的PA-rHDL和PA-rHDL-Cur含有PBP-ApoA1。从粒径数据来看,PBP-ApoA1蛋白的粒径为(5.4±2.2) nm;LNP与PA-rHDL纳米粒的粒径相似,分别为(137.7±25.9) (138.5±23.7) nm;负载Cur之后的rHDL粒径增大变为(165.3±29.6) nm。这种带负电荷的小于200 nm尺寸的纳米粒适宜作为药物递送载体用于心血管疾病,因为带负电荷的纳米粒能够与血液中的凝血因子相互作用,抑制血小板聚集和凝血过程,从而减少血栓形成的风险。这种静电吸附有助于保持纳米粒的结构完整性,并增加其在血液中的循环时间。与正电荷纳米粒相比,带负电荷的纳米粒在血液循环过程中降低了与细胞和组织的非特异性相互作用。这有助于减少潜在的毒性和副作用,提高纳米粒作为药物载体的安全性。研究监测了PA-rHDL-Cur在10 d内的粒径变化,实验数据表明其粒径未发生明显变化,稳定在160~180 nm范围 (图3C),放置10 d后游离Cur出现明显沉淀,而PA-rHDL-Cur和PA-rHDL仍旧澄清(图3D)。实验结果表明PA-rHDL载体可以提升Cur的稳定性。
PA-rHDL-Cur在72 h内的释放曲线见图3F,Cur在2 h的释放量大约为(19.1±1.3)%,在12 h时的释放量约 (60.0 ±10.9)%,24 h内累计释放达 (62.0±6.5)%,72 h内达到 (72.1±7.8)%。这表明制备的重组高密度脂蛋白能够较好地包载Cur,延缓了Cur的释放,避免了药物突释,使药物能够持续发挥药效。这也表明重组高密度脂蛋白是递送Cur的良好载体。
在AS微环境中,巨噬细胞和内皮细胞是AS病程中起主要作用的细胞。本研究首先通过MTT法检测了PA-rHDL-Cur对RAW264.7巨噬细胞和HUVECs静脉内皮细胞的毒性以考察其生物相容性。实验结果 (图4A、4B)显示,PA-rHDL-Cur质量浓度在1 mg·mL-1时仍未对两种细胞产生明显的毒性,细胞存活率均高于80%,说明PA-rHDL-Cur具有良好的生物安全性。
药物发挥作用的关键是能够被细胞有效摄取,为了探究AS斑块部位细胞对PA-rHDL的摄取能力,本研究使用Cy5标记的PA-rHDL与RAW264.7细胞共孵育2~8 h,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内的荧光强度来考察细胞对PA-rHDL的摄取效率。结果见图4C,PA-rHDL处理2 h后,RAW264.7细胞内即出现大量荧光,说明PA-rHDL能够被细胞快速摄取。流式细胞术检测结果与激光共聚焦显微镜结果一致,与未给药的Ctrl组相比,2 h后RAW264.7细胞开始摄取PA-rHDL,随着孵育时间的延长,荧光强度逐渐增强,说明更多的PA-rHDL进入细胞。这一实验现象可能是由于PA-rHDL中的磷脂成分与细胞膜成分接近,可以通过膜融合的方式快速进入细胞进而提高细胞对药物的摄取效率。
图5A可见,与ApoA1组相比,含有PBP样品的组别中红色荧光点明显增多,说明PBP的引入使更多的样品黏附在活化的血小板上。利用流式细胞仪进行定量检测,实验结果表明PBP-ApoA1处理的血小板荧光强度较ApoA1增强了34.7%。将PBP-ApoA1插入到rHDL,PBP更容易暴露在纳米粒表面,单个rHDL含有多个PBP-ApoA1显著增强了PA-rHDL的靶向作用。PA-rHDL与不具有靶向功能的A-rHDL (即采用不含PBP的ApoA1制备的rHDL) 平均荧光强度增加了47.2%。实验结果表明,PBP的引入赋予了载体靶向性,制备的PA-rHDL具有AS斑块部位的能力。
研究最后通过评价PA-rHDL-Cur对氧化型活性氧 (reactive oxygen species,ROS) 的清除能力、胆固醇转运能力以及抑制oxLDL能力来考察其对AS的疗效。首先,使用C11 BODIPYTM 581/591探针检测LPS造模的泡沫细胞模型中氧化型ROS的水平来评价模型药物Cur包载在PA-rHDL中发挥抗氧化作用的效果。游离Cur因其较差的水溶性而被细胞摄取的较少,代表氧化型ROS的绿色荧光较强,ROS清除能力较弱; 重组仿生高密度脂蛋白负载Cur (PA-rHDL-Cur) 后,因其靶向性及膜融合性将大量的Cur递送到细胞内进而发挥清除ROS的抗氧化作用,氧化型ROS的绿色荧光强度显著降低(图6A、6B)。研究结果表明,活性纳米载体PA-rHDL能够递送药物分子进入细胞并释放药物发挥其作用。
水溶性较差的磷脂、三酰甘油和胆固醇不能够在血液中直接运输,也不能直接进入组织,ApoA1能够启动反向转运机制,从外周组织和血管壁中收集多余的胆固醇等,并通过LCAT转化成胆固醇酯,将其运送回肝脏进行代谢和排泄,从而减少AS的风险。此外,ApoA1还能促进胆固醇的外排,它能够与肝细胞内的特定受体结合,刺激肝细胞对胆固醇的摄取和排泄,有助于维持胆固醇代谢的平衡,防止胆固醇的堆积。为了探究制备的PA-rHDL吸收和转运细胞内胆固醇的能力,研究使用不同浓度的PA-rHDL处理RAW264.7细胞,检测细胞内胆固醇水平变化。实验结果显示,与对照组相比,PA-rHDL处理后的细胞内总胆固醇 (TC) 水平显著下调,并且呈现浓度依赖性,PA-rHDL的浓度越高,TC含量越低(图6C)。这一现象说明,发酵表达的PBP-ApoA1完整保留了ApoA1自身的生物活性,制备的PA-rHDL具备仿生性,可作为载体包载药物或其他功能物质,是一种优良的活性纳米药物递送系统。
Cur具有抗氧化作用,可通过促进一氧化氮合酶产生一氧化氮抑制LDL的氧化和脂质修饰,从而减少oxLDL的产生,还可抑制巨噬细胞对oxLDL的摄取。实验通过油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴的含量,由显微镜拍摄的图片 (图6D) 可以看出,oxLDL处理24 h后的RAW264.7细胞内形成了大量红色点状脂滴,而加入Cur与PA-rHDL-Cur后,细胞内的红色脂滴明显减少,说明Cur和PA-rHDL-Cur的处理抑制了RAW264.7细胞对oxLDL的摄取。
利用大肠埃希菌原核表达体系发酵表达融合蛋白可以在不改变天然蛋白活性的前提下赋予其多功能性。此外,以蛋白为基材制备的仿生纳米递送系统,生物相容性高,免疫原性较低。本研究通过基因工程方法将P-选择素绑定肽PBP与载脂蛋白A1 (ApoA1) 融合,赋予ApoA1靶向聚集在AS斑块部位的能力。进一步地,通过薄膜水化法制备了具有AS靶向性的仿生重组高密度脂蛋白PA-rHDL,该仿生rHDL自身具有优异的增强巨噬细胞胆固醇外排能力,可通过胆固醇逆向转运促进AS斑块的消退。此外,其还是一种性能优良的药物递送载体,PA-rHDL可负载大量疏水性药物,通过其双层膜结构对药物起到良好的保护作用,提高药物稳定性。本研究中,PA-rHDL包载模型药物Cur后,不仅表现出对活化血小板的特异性靶向黏附,还能递送Cur到达靶细胞内部发挥抗氧化和抑制oxLDL摄取的作用。本研究的设计策略及实验结果为开发治疗AS和其他心血管疾病药物递送体系提供了参考与理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32101072)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20210473)
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2024年第59卷第21期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.007
  • 接收时间:2023-11-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-16
  • 出版时间:2024-11-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-06
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国家自然科学基金项目(32101072)
江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20210473)
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    江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122

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* 高敏,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:药物递送 Tel:(0510)85911900
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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