Article(id=1196886726930121250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)22-2169-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.22.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1707148800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763289632780, onlineDateStr=2025-11-16, pubDate=1732204800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763289632780, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763289632780, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763289632780, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196886663541600644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='22', pageStart='2099', pageEnd='2196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763289617666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763292152892, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196897297100488858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196897297104683163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2169, endPage=2178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196886727139836452, articleId=1196886726930121250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Solubility Evaluation of Osthole Nanocrystallization Based on Wet Medium Grinding, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To prepare osthole(OST) nanocrystallization and evaluate its characterization. METHODS OST-NSs were prepared by a media grinding method, and the average particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) were used as indicators to optimize the formulation and process parameters. The crystal morphology, crystal form, and interaction between OST-NCs and stabilizers were characterized. Their surface wettability, equilibrium solubility, and in vitro dissolution in various media were investigated, and the f2 value was used to evaluate the similarity of the dissolution curves. RESULTS The formulation and process parameters for preparing OST-NCs were as follows: OST (3%): PVP-VA64, sodium deoxycholate 25∶5∶1, the volume ratio of grinding beads (0.4-0.6 mm) to OST suspension was 2∶1, and it was ground at 450 r·min-1 for 70 min, and 9% mannitol was used as a lyophilized protective agent to prepare OST-NCs. The stability of OST-NCs decreases with increasing temperature. After reconstitution, the particle size of OST-NCs was (354.2±9.857) nm, the PDI was (0.259±0.023), and the Zeta potential was (-22.2±0.896) mV. OST-NCs basically maintain the rod-shaped crystal structure. There is no interaction between OST and the stabilizer. The surface wettability of OST-NCs is better than that of OST and its physical mixture. The equilibrium solubility of OST-NCs in pure water is 231% that of OST. Among the six dissolution media, the dissolution rate and cumulative dissolution of OST-NCs were significantly better than those of OST and its physical mixture. Additionally, the f2 values for the physical mixtures were greater than 50, whereas those for OST-NCs were less than 50, as compared with the dissolution curves of OST. CONCLUSION The results show that the reproducibility of OST-NCs is good during their preparation. The grinding temperature should be reduced, and the grinding time should be optimized. The dissolution behavior of OST-NCs is significantly different from that of OST. The reduction of particle size is the main reason for the improved water solubility of OST-NCs. These results suggest that the nanocrystallization strategy based on media grinding can effectively improve the water solubility and hydrophobicity of OST and has a good application prospect in the development of new OST drugs.

, correspAuthors=Jinhua CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengyan WANG, Man YANG, Qianru JU, Jiaxuan NIE, Dan GAO, Xigang LIU, Jinhua CHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1196887145186115607, articleId=1196886726930121250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于介质研磨法的蛇床子素纳米结晶的制备、表征及体外水溶性评价, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 以蛇床子素(osthole,OST)为模型药物,研究纳米结晶技术提高OST水溶性的适用性。方法 采用介质研磨法制备蛇床子素纳米混悬液(OST-NSs),以平均粒径和多分散系数(PDI)为指标,优化处方和工艺参数;对蛇床子素纳米结晶(OST-NCs)的晶体形态、晶型及其与稳定剂相互作用进行表征;并考察其表面润湿性、平衡溶解度及其在多种介质中的体外溶出度,f2值评价溶出曲线相似性。结果 OST-NCs处方和工艺参数为:OST(30 mg·mL-1):聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-乙酸乙烯酯聚合物(PVP-VA64)-脱氧胆酸钠=25∶5∶1;研磨珠(0.4~0.6 mm)与OST混悬液的体积比2∶1,450 r·min-1研磨70 min;90 mg·mL-1甘露醇为冻干保护剂,制备OST-NCs。OST-NSs的稳定性随着温度增加而降低;OST-NCs复溶后,粒径为(354.2±9.857)nm,PDI为(0.259±0.023),Zeta电位为(-22.2±0.896)mV;OST-NCs基本保持晶体结构,呈棒状,OST和稳定剂之间无相互作用,表面润湿性优于OST及其物理混合物;OST-NCs在纯水中平衡溶解度是OST的2.31倍;在6种溶出介质中,OST-NCs的溶出速度和累积溶出度均显著优于OST及其物理混合物,而且与OST的溶出曲线相比,物理混合物的f2值均大于50,而OST-NCs的f2值均小于50。。结论 介质研磨法制备OST-NCs,重现性好;在制备OST-NSs时,应降低研磨温度,减少研磨时间;OST-NCs的溶出行为与OST显著不同,粒径减小是OST-NCs提高OST水溶性的主要原因;提示基于介质研磨法的纳米结晶策略能够有效改善OST的水溶性和疏水性,在OST新药开发方面具有较好的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=常金花, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 常金花,女,硕士,副教授,硕士师导师 研究方向:药物新剂型与新技术 Tel:(0314)2290629
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王梦颜,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药新剂型

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王梦颜,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药新剂型

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王梦颜,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药新剂型

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caption=Particle size distribution of OST-NSs, figureFileSmall=wLgZ1YwHfB7/VQE0IFbF8A==, figureFileBig=uwKoSy3UTYTC58qmFboH7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125144998101385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蛇床子素(OST)纳米混悬液粒径分布, figureFileSmall=wLgZ1YwHfB7/VQE0IFbF8A==, figureFileBig=uwKoSy3UTYTC58qmFboH7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145094570378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Zeta potential distribution of OST-NSs, figureFileSmall=gTX53NoOWaZYzlr+OTkNbw==, figureFileBig=nDPPHO1JJHBB8VGXExiWsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145149096331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图2, caption=OST纳米混悬液Zeta电位分布, figureFileSmall=gTX53NoOWaZYzlr+OTkNbw==, figureFileBig=nDPPHO1JJHBB8VGXExiWsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145220399500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of stabilizer type on OST-NSs particle size and PDI.n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=N/4ZNyZrRI6zMDspuokkFA==, figureFileBig=arIa+dY3U/mo939jBs/UOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145287508365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图3, caption=稳定剂种类对蛇床子素纳米混悬液(OST-NSs)粒径和多分散系数(PDI)的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=N/4ZNyZrRI6zMDspuokkFA==, figureFileBig=arIa+dY3U/mo939jBs/UOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145358811534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of stabilizer ratio on OST-NS particle size and PDI. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=xmUzS4AEhfKnhDo5951sSg==, figureFileBig=J3hW96eAt0WfvwCd7mtmFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145417531791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图4, caption=稳定剂比例对OST-NSs粒径及PDI的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=xmUzS4AEhfKnhDo5951sSg==, figureFileBig=J3hW96eAt0WfvwCd7mtmFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145488834960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of drug concentration on OST-NSs particle size and PDI.n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=Pgzg7OP68IsPecjG585Kiw==, figureFileBig=Xw7dgOI9ClfRPwI4OSLWXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145560138129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图5, caption=药物浓度对OST-NSs粒径及PDI的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=Pgzg7OP68IsPecjG585Kiw==, figureFileBig=Xw7dgOI9ClfRPwI4OSLWXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145623052690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of grinding time on OST-NSs particle size and PDI. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=UjJyF2zh0iYrp0rWx0EXSA==, figureFileBig=aQW0hOU35zXsy7B5UlIcVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145694355859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图6, caption=研磨时间对OST-NSs粒径和PDI的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=UjJyF2zh0iYrp0rWx0EXSA==, figureFileBig=aQW0hOU35zXsy7B5UlIcVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145765659028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of storage temperature on the stability of OST-NSs particle size and PDI. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=V1EVmYXT49j4BqVhFzPc4g==, figureFileBig=6vBzlSpUcL+ISk46Aj8ytw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145820184981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图7, caption=贮存温度对OST-NSs粒径和PDI稳定性的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=V1EVmYXT49j4BqVhFzPc4g==, figureFileBig=6vBzlSpUcL+ISk46Aj8ytw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145883099542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of lyophilized protective agents type and ratio on OST-NSs particle size and PDI. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=mq3PXmgHqFsDYnmjI1t9eA==, figureFileBig=yN2yna54oK5KU2FT1M93aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125145946014103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图8, caption=冻干保护剂种类和质量浓度对OST-NSs粒径和PDI的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=mq3PXmgHqFsDYnmjI1t9eA==, figureFileBig=yN2yna54oK5KU2FT1M93aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146021511576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Appearance of OST-NCs using different lyophilized protective agents

A-mannitol; B-trehalose; C-maltose.

, figureFileSmall=HYkmUFC0egVT1H1cCFKc9w==, figureFileBig=6ySPaFpegi8HAEJNKy86+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146088620441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图9, caption=使用不同冻干保护剂的蛇床子素纳米混悬液冻干粉(OST-NCs)外观

A-甘露醇;B-海藻糖;C-麦芽糖。

, figureFileSmall=HYkmUFC0egVT1H1cCFKc9w==, figureFileBig=6ySPaFpegi8HAEJNKy86+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146155729306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=SEM photograph of OST(A) and OST-NSs(B), figureFileSmall=TxOZAOUTRdGrbURwJeDtkw==, figureFileBig=ABlXRL2YSHrTR13wj1qscw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146231226779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图10, caption=OST(A)和OST-NSs(B)的扫描电镜图, figureFileSmall=TxOZAOUTRdGrbURwJeDtkw==, figureFileBig=ABlXRL2YSHrTR13wj1qscw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146294141340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=XRD spectrograms of samples

A-OST; B-mannitol; C-sodium deoxycholate; D-PVP-VA64; E-physical mixture; F-OST-NCs.

, figureFileSmall=wkjPTpVNrhRzfhDVBXJTPw==, figureFileBig=ZTWg8TlEUbBcpg5521CraQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146369638813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图11, caption=样品的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱

A-OST原料药;B-甘露醇;C-脱氧胆酸钠;D-PVP-VA64;E-物理混合物;F-OST-NCs。

, figureFileSmall=wkjPTpVNrhRzfhDVBXJTPw==, figureFileBig=ZTWg8TlEUbBcpg5521CraQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146432553374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=DSC spectrograms of samples

A-OST; B-mannitol; C-sodium deoxycholate; D-PVP-VA64; E-physical mixture; F-OST-NCs.

, figureFileSmall=2y1J9pQrGV+WZfqOY4RwkA==, figureFileBig=mVu9hfTAwJKPehcTRxJcww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146491273631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图12, caption=样品的差示扫描量热(DSC)图谱

A-OST原料药;B-甘露醇;C-脱氧胆酸钠;D-PVP-VA64;E-物理混合物;F-OST-NCs。

, figureFileSmall=2y1J9pQrGV+WZfqOY4RwkA==, figureFileBig=mVu9hfTAwJKPehcTRxJcww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146554188192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=FTIR spectrograms of samples

A-OST; B-nannitol; C-sodium deoxycholate; D-PVP-VA64; E-physical mixture; F-OST-NCs.

, figureFileSmall=lG7GHAU+QENIlS0znu4PnQ==, figureFileBig=CY4g3hTeewOKSeK2GDnD+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146621297057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图13, caption=样品的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)图谱

A-OST原料药;B-甘露醇;C-脱氧胆酸钠;D-PVP-VA64;E-物理混合物;F-OST-NCs。

, figureFileSmall=lG7GHAU+QENIlS0znu4PnQ==, figureFileBig=CY4g3hTeewOKSeK2GDnD+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146696794530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=HPLC chromatograms of samples for specificity

A-reference substance; B-blank solvent; C-blank excipient; D-test sample; 1-osthole

, figureFileSmall=W/vW5UhQlHcEMjYTRgENXQ==, figureFileBig=D1+NxDXGtwjbhqThsZSXsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146831012259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图14, caption=样品专属性考察HPLC色谱图

A-对照品;B-空白溶剂;C-空白辅料;D-供试品;1-蛇床子素。

, figureFileSmall=W/vW5UhQlHcEMjYTRgENXQ==, figureFileBig=D1+NxDXGtwjbhqThsZSXsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146902315428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Dissolution profiles of OST, OST-NCs and PM in different media.n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-0.1 mol·L-1HCl; B-pH 6.8 PBS; C-pure water; D-0.1 mol·L-1 HCl-0.1%Tween 80; E-pH 6.8-0.1%Tween 80; F-pure water-0.1% Tween 80.

, figureFileSmall=4Ice3Ivabrfe8sS/Ll//oA==, figureFileBig=LzEfHPV20GOTZacRRicctA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125146969424293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=图15, caption=OST,OST-NCs和物理混合物在不同溶出介质中的溶出曲线。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

A-0.1 mol·L-1盐酸;B-pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液;C-纯水;D-0.1 mol·L-1盐酸-0.1%聚山梨酯80; E-pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液-0.1%聚山梨酯80;F-纯水-0.1%聚山梨酯80。

, figureFileSmall=4Ice3Ivabrfe8sS/Ll//oA==, figureFileBig=LzEfHPV20GOTZacRRicctA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125147040727462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Effect of combined stabilizer ratio on OST-NSs particle size and PDI. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Proportion PVP-VA64+SDS PVP-VA64+sodium deoxycholate
Particle size/nm PDI Particle size/nm PDI
1∶1 711.4 ±25.13 0.241 ±0.028 631.1 ±11.28 0.377 ±0.078
2∶1 540.7 ±0.078 0.250 ±0.078 528.1 ±0.078 0.358 ±0.078
5∶1 504.7 ±0.078 0.215 ±0.078 323.4 ±0.078 0.197 ±0.078
10∶1 417.0 ±0.078 0.180 ±0.017 402.4 ±0.017 0.294 ±0.017
20∶1 585.2 ±0.017 0.336 ±0.017 394.5 ±0.017 0.190 ±0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147120419239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

联合稳定剂比例对OST-NSs粒径和PDI的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Proportion PVP-VA64+SDS PVP-VA64+sodium deoxycholate
Particle size/nm PDI Particle size/nm PDI
1∶1 711.4 ±25.13 0.241 ±0.028 631.1 ±11.28 0.377 ±0.078
2∶1 540.7 ±0.078 0.250 ±0.078 528.1 ±0.078 0.358 ±0.078
5∶1 504.7 ±0.078 0.215 ±0.078 323.4 ±0.078 0.197 ±0.078
10∶1 417.0 ±0.078 0.180 ±0.017 402.4 ±0.017 0.294 ±0.017
20∶1 585.2 ±0.017 0.336 ±0.017 394.5 ±0.017 0.190 ±0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147187528104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effect of grinding medium dosage on OST-NS particle size and PDI. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Proportion Particle size/nm PDI
1 ∶1 480.7 ±7.582 0.230±0.061
1.5 ∶1 460.7 ±12.17 0.262±0.11
2 ∶1 334.1 ±2.577 0.211±0.048
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147267219881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研磨珠与OST混悬液的体积比对OST-NSs粒径和PDI的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Proportion Particle size/nm PDI
1 ∶1 480.7 ±7.582 0.230±0.061
1.5 ∶1 460.7 ±12.17 0.262±0.11
2 ∶1 334.1 ±2.577 0.211±0.048
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147330134442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Effect of rotational speed on OST-NSs particle size and PDI. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Rotational speed/r·min-1 Particle size/nm PDI
450 334.1±2.577 0.211±0.048
350 355.9±0.153 2 0.210±0.039
250 487.4±3.510 0.291±0.030
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147401437611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

转速对OST-NSs粒径和PDI的影响。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Rotational speed/r·min-1 Particle size/nm PDI
450 334.1±2.577 0.211±0.048
350 355.9±0.153 2 0.210±0.039
250 487.4±3.510 0.291±0.030
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147468546476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Verification test of optimal formulation and grinding process for OST-NSs. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch No. Particle size/nm PDI Zeta potential/mV
1 347.8±4.2 0.271±0.01 -21.3±0.553
2 332.3±6.317 0.251±0.022 -20.4±0.404
3 334.5±1.637 0.205±0.018 -21.8±0.839
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147539849645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

OST-NSs最优处方和研磨工艺的验证试验。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch No. Particle size/nm PDI Zeta potential/mV
1 347.8±4.2 0.271±0.01 -21.3±0.553
2 332.3±6.317 0.251±0.022 -20.4±0.404
3 334.5±1.637 0.205±0.018 -21.8±0.839
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147606958510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The solubility of the samplies in different medium in 25 ℃. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Medium ρ(Solubility)/μg·mL-1
OST Physical mixture OST-NCs
Pure water 5.98±3.54 10.54±3.55 13.86±0.92
Aqueous solution containing 0.2 mg·mL-1 tween-80 11.95±3.23 - -
Aqueous solution containing 0.5 mg·mL-1 tween-80 25.64±1.36 - -
Aqueous solution containing 1 mg·mL-1 tween-80 37.27±0.67 - -
Aqueous solution containing 2 mg·mL-1 tween-80 74.44±4.81 - -
Aqueous solution containing 5 mg·mL-1 tween-80 170.55±8.30 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147682455983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

25 ℃下各样品在不同介质中的溶解度。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Medium ρ(Solubility)/μg·mL-1
OST Physical mixture OST-NCs
Pure water 5.98±3.54 10.54±3.55 13.86±0.92
Aqueous solution containing 0.2 mg·mL-1 tween-80 11.95±3.23 - -
Aqueous solution containing 0.5 mg·mL-1 tween-80 25.64±1.36 - -
Aqueous solution containing 1 mg·mL-1 tween-80 37.27±0.67 - -
Aqueous solution containing 2 mg·mL-1 tween-80 74.44±4.81 - -
Aqueous solution containing 5 mg·mL-1 tween-80 170.55±8.30 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1197125147753759152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886726930121250, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The f2 of dissolution in vitro for OST-NCs and Physical mixtures compared with crude material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Dissolution
medium
f2
OST-NCs Physical mixtures
Pure water 7.1 51.11
Aqueous solution containing 1 mg·mL-1
tween-80
7.32 64.49
0.1 mol·L-1 HCl aqueous solution 21.05 70.33
0.1 mol·L-1 HCl aqueous solution
containing 1 mg·mL-1 tween-80
15.89 63.27
pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution 9.63 71.11
pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution
containing 1 mg·mL-1 tween-80
10.647 73.92
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OST-NCs、物理混合物相对于原料药体外溶出的相似因子

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medium
f2
OST-NCs Physical mixtures
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Aqueous solution containing 1 mg·mL-1
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7.32 64.49
0.1 mol·L-1 HCl aqueous solution 21.05 70.33
0.1 mol·L-1 HCl aqueous solution
containing 1 mg·mL-1 tween-80
15.89 63.27
pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution 9.63 71.11
pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution
containing 1 mg·mL-1 tween-80
10.647 73.92
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基于介质研磨法的蛇床子素纳米结晶的制备、表征及体外水溶性评价
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王梦颜 1 , 杨曼 2 , 巨倩茹 1 , 聂嘉璇 1 , 高丹 1 , 刘喜纲 1 , 常金花 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(22): 2169-2178
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(22): 2169-2178
基于介质研磨法的蛇床子素纳米结晶的制备、表征及体外水溶性评价
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王梦颜1, 杨曼2, 巨倩茹1, 聂嘉璇1, 高丹1, 刘喜纲1, 常金花1, *
作者信息
  • 1 承德医学院,河北省中药研究与开发实验室, 河北 承德 067000
  • 2 沧州市人民医院中药房, 河北 沧州 061000
  • 王梦颜,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药新剂型

通讯作者:

* 常金花,女,硕士,副教授,硕士师导师 研究方向:药物新剂型与新技术 Tel:(0314)2290629
Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Solubility Evaluation of Osthole Nanocrystallization Based on Wet Medium Grinding
Mengyan WANG1, Man YANG2, Qianru JU1, Jiaxuan NIE1, Dan GAO1, Xigang LIU1, Jinhua CHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
  • 2 Pharmacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou People's Hospital, Cangzhou 061000, China
出版时间: 2024-11-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.009
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目的 以蛇床子素(osthole,OST)为模型药物,研究纳米结晶技术提高OST水溶性的适用性。方法 采用介质研磨法制备蛇床子素纳米混悬液(OST-NSs),以平均粒径和多分散系数(PDI)为指标,优化处方和工艺参数;对蛇床子素纳米结晶(OST-NCs)的晶体形态、晶型及其与稳定剂相互作用进行表征;并考察其表面润湿性、平衡溶解度及其在多种介质中的体外溶出度,f2值评价溶出曲线相似性。结果 OST-NCs处方和工艺参数为:OST(30 mg·mL-1):聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-乙酸乙烯酯聚合物(PVP-VA64)-脱氧胆酸钠=25∶5∶1;研磨珠(0.4~0.6 mm)与OST混悬液的体积比2∶1,450 r·min-1研磨70 min;90 mg·mL-1甘露醇为冻干保护剂,制备OST-NCs。OST-NSs的稳定性随着温度增加而降低;OST-NCs复溶后,粒径为(354.2±9.857)nm,PDI为(0.259±0.023),Zeta电位为(-22.2±0.896)mV;OST-NCs基本保持晶体结构,呈棒状,OST和稳定剂之间无相互作用,表面润湿性优于OST及其物理混合物;OST-NCs在纯水中平衡溶解度是OST的2.31倍;在6种溶出介质中,OST-NCs的溶出速度和累积溶出度均显著优于OST及其物理混合物,而且与OST的溶出曲线相比,物理混合物的f2值均大于50,而OST-NCs的f2值均小于50。。结论 介质研磨法制备OST-NCs,重现性好;在制备OST-NSs时,应降低研磨温度,减少研磨时间;OST-NCs的溶出行为与OST显著不同,粒径减小是OST-NCs提高OST水溶性的主要原因;提示基于介质研磨法的纳米结晶策略能够有效改善OST的水溶性和疏水性,在OST新药开发方面具有较好的应用前景。

蛇床子素  /  纳米混悬液  /  纳米结晶  /  介质研磨法  /  质量评价

OBJECTIVE To prepare osthole(OST) nanocrystallization and evaluate its characterization. METHODS OST-NSs were prepared by a media grinding method, and the average particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) were used as indicators to optimize the formulation and process parameters. The crystal morphology, crystal form, and interaction between OST-NCs and stabilizers were characterized. Their surface wettability, equilibrium solubility, and in vitro dissolution in various media were investigated, and the f2 value was used to evaluate the similarity of the dissolution curves. RESULTS The formulation and process parameters for preparing OST-NCs were as follows: OST (3%): PVP-VA64, sodium deoxycholate 25∶5∶1, the volume ratio of grinding beads (0.4-0.6 mm) to OST suspension was 2∶1, and it was ground at 450 r·min-1 for 70 min, and 9% mannitol was used as a lyophilized protective agent to prepare OST-NCs. The stability of OST-NCs decreases with increasing temperature. After reconstitution, the particle size of OST-NCs was (354.2±9.857) nm, the PDI was (0.259±0.023), and the Zeta potential was (-22.2±0.896) mV. OST-NCs basically maintain the rod-shaped crystal structure. There is no interaction between OST and the stabilizer. The surface wettability of OST-NCs is better than that of OST and its physical mixture. The equilibrium solubility of OST-NCs in pure water is 231% that of OST. Among the six dissolution media, the dissolution rate and cumulative dissolution of OST-NCs were significantly better than those of OST and its physical mixture. Additionally, the f2 values for the physical mixtures were greater than 50, whereas those for OST-NCs were less than 50, as compared with the dissolution curves of OST. CONCLUSION The results show that the reproducibility of OST-NCs is good during their preparation. The grinding temperature should be reduced, and the grinding time should be optimized. The dissolution behavior of OST-NCs is significantly different from that of OST. The reduction of particle size is the main reason for the improved water solubility of OST-NCs. These results suggest that the nanocrystallization strategy based on media grinding can effectively improve the water solubility and hydrophobicity of OST and has a good application prospect in the development of new OST drugs.

osthole  /  nanosuspension  /  nanocrystallization  /  media grinding  /  quality evaluation
王梦颜, 杨曼, 巨倩茹, 聂嘉璇, 高丹, 刘喜纲, 常金花. 基于介质研磨法的蛇床子素纳米结晶的制备、表征及体外水溶性评价. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2169 -2178 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.009
Mengyan WANG, Man YANG, Qianru JU, Jiaxuan NIE, Dan GAO, Xigang LIU, Jinhua CHANG. Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Solubility Evaluation of Osthole Nanocrystallization Based on Wet Medium Grinding[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2169 -2178 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.009
中医学理论认为骨质疏松症属于“骨痿”“骨痹”的范畴,补肾中药能够广泛用于防治骨质疏松症。蛇床子素(osthole,OST)是一种小分子香豆素类化合物,是中药蛇床子的主要有效成分,具有温肾壮阳的功效[1]。现代药理学研究发现,OST可以通过激活AKT/eNOSsGC/PKG 信号通路而促进骨形成[2],同时增强骨代谢活动,促进骨修复和骨重建[3]。因此,OST是一种非常有前景的防治骨质疏松症的候选药物。
按照生物药剂学分类系统(BSC),OST属于BSCⅡ类,具有低溶解性、高渗透性的特征,课题组前期研究表明OST绝对生物利用度仅为2.22%。近些年,已经有研究将OST制成新型递药系统[4-8],提高其生物利用度,但这些递药系统仍存在载药量低、有机溶剂残留、稳定性差等缺点。
纳米混悬液是由少量稳定剂稳定的纳米范围的药物分散体系,可以改善药物的疏水性、增加药物的体外溶出度、提高药物的载药量和稳定性[9-11],因此它是提高难溶性药物口服生物利用度的有效策略。纳米混悬液的制备方法有自上而下和自下而上两大类,研究证实不同制备方法对纳米混悬液的物理化学性质具有一定的影响,其中介质研磨法具有操作简单、容易放大制备的优点,而且在保持药物的物理稳定性和晶型稳定方面较好[12-15]
因此,本研究拟采用介质研磨法制备蛇床子素纳米混悬液(OST-NSs),采用单因素考察筛选其处方和研磨工艺,冷冻干燥法进行固化,得到蛇床子素纳米结晶(OST-NCs),并对其形貌、晶型、润湿性等物理化学性质进行表征,同时考察其平衡溶解度和在多种溶出介质中的溶出度。本研究旨在为改善OST水溶性和丰富OST-NCs研究,提供实验数据和新思路。
Agilent1260-Ⅱ型高效液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦公司);RC807DP型溶出试验仪(天津市天大天发科技有限公司);马尔文ZEN3690型激光粒径仪(英国马尔文公司);QM3SP2型行星式球磨机 (南京驰顺科技发展有限公司);LGJ-22D型冷冻干燥机 (北京四环科学仪器厂);GTCS-2013B型恒温振荡器(金坛市天竟实验仪器厂);磁力搅拌器(江苏科析仪器有限公司);KQ-300型超声波清洗器(昆山洁力美超声仪器有限公司);Theta Lite接触角仪[大昌洋行(上海)有限公司]。
OST原料药 (西安天本生物工程有限公司,纯度:98%,批号:201910);OST对照品(成都普菲德生物技术有限公司,批号:18032005,纯度:HPLC为97.85%);聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(PVP-VA64)(德国 BASF公司);脱氧胆酸钠 (西格玛奥德里奇上海贸易有限公司);甘露醇(北京凤礼精求医药股份有限公司);麦芽糖 (上海蓝季科技发展有限公司);海藻糖(北京凤礼精求医药股份有限公司);盐酸 (振兴化工试剂厂);氢氧化钠(天津欧博凯化工有限公司);磷酸二氢钾(天津市光复科技发展有限公司);聚山梨酯80 (天津市试剂批发公司);甲醇、甲酸为色谱纯;娃哈哈纯净水。
精密称取适量PVP-VA64和脱氧胆酸钠,置于100 mL烧杯中,加适量去离子水,搅拌溶解;再将适量OST原料药加入到稳定剂溶液中,搅拌分散,形成OST混悬液。量取直径为0.4~0.6 mm的氧化锆研磨珠,置于研磨罐中,按照一定的体积比,加入OST混悬液,搅匀,将研磨罐放置到行星式球磨机中,设置研磨工艺参数,研磨一定时间后,即得OST-NSs。
精密吸取OST-NSs 10 μL,去离子水稀释400倍后,使用马尔文激光粒径仪ZEN3690测定稀释后的OST-NSs平均粒径和PDI。OST-NSs粒径和Zeta电位结果见图1~2
选择OST的质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1,OST与稳定剂的质量浓度比为5∶1,OST混悬液与研磨珠的体积比为1∶2,研磨速度为450 r·min-1,研磨时间为70 min,按照“2.1”项下方法制备OST-NSs。以平均粒径和PDI为指标,筛选稳定剂种类,结果见图3
图3可知,采用不同种类的稳定剂制得的OST-NSs,其平均粒径的范围为(381~4 766) nm,PDI的变化范围为0.213~1.000。其中以PVP-VA64作为稳定剂,制得的OST-NSs的平均粒径最小,为(381±5.285)nm,且PDI在0.2~0.3之间。因此,本研究选择PVP-VA64为空间稳定剂。
固定药物质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1,选择OST与PVP-VA64的质量浓度比分别为5∶1,10∶1,25∶1,50∶1,OST混悬液与研磨珠的体积比为1∶2,研磨速度为450 r·min-1,研磨时间为70 min,按“2.1”项下方法制备OST-NSs,以平均粒径和PDI为指标,确定药物与稳定剂的质量浓度比,结果见图4。由图4可知,OST与PVP-VA64的质量浓度比为5∶1时粒径最小,为375.1 nm。
文献[16]报道选择高分子聚合物和表面活性剂的组合作为联合稳定剂,可形成静电空间稳定,有利于减小粒径和提高稳定性。固定药物质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1,OST与PVP-VA64的质量浓度比为5∶1,OST混悬液与研磨珠的体积比为1∶2,研磨速度为450 r·min-1,研磨时间为70 min,选择表面活性剂(脱氧胆酸钠和SDS)为稳定剂2,按“2.1”项下方法制备OST-NSs,以平均粒径和PDI为指标,筛选联合稳定剂的比例,结果见表1。由表1可知,选择PVP-VA64和脱氧胆酸钠作为联合稳定剂,且质量浓度比为5∶1时,平均粒径和PDI均较好。
选择OST∶PVP-VA64∶脱氧胆酸钠的质量浓度比为25∶5∶1,OST混悬液与研磨珠的体积比为1∶2,研磨速度为450 r·min-1,研磨时间为70 min,按照“2.1”项下方法制备OST-NSs。以平均粒径和PDI为指标,筛选OST质量浓度(10,30,100 mg·mL-1),结果见图5。由图5可知,当OST质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1时,OST-NSs的平均粒径和PDI均较小。
固定OST质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1,OST∶PVP-VA64∶脱氧胆酸钠的质量浓度比为25∶5∶1,OST混悬液体积为30 mL,研磨速度为450 r·min-1,研磨时间为70 min,以平均粒径和PDI为指标,筛选研磨珠与OST混悬液的体积比(1∶1,1.5∶1,2∶1),结果见表2。由表2可知,随着研磨珠体积的增加,OST-NSs的平均粒径减小,而PDI基本不变,推测其原因可能是研磨珠的填充率越大,研磨腔内药物与研磨珠发生碰撞频率越高,研磨效率越高[17],越有利于粒径的减小。因此,选择研磨珠与OST混悬液的体积比为2∶1。
固定OST质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1,OST∶PVP-VA64∶脱氧胆酸钠的质量浓度比为25∶5∶1,OST混悬液体积为30 mL,研磨珠与OST混悬液的体积为2∶1,研磨时间为70 min,以平均粒径和PDI为指标,筛选研磨速度(250,350,450 r·min-1),结果见表3。由表3可知,随着研磨速度的增加,粒径也随之减小,这是因为碰撞频率和剪切力强度增强,导致颗粒破碎率增大。因此,选择研磨速度450 r·min-1制备OST-NSs。
固定OST质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1,OST∶PVP-VA64∶脱氧胆酸钠的质量浓度比为25∶5∶1,OST混悬液体积为30 mL,研磨珠与OST混悬液的体积为2∶1,研磨速度为450 r·min-1,以平均粒径和PDI为指标,筛选研磨时间(10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80 min),结果见图6。由图6可知,随着研磨时间的增加,粒径减小,但当研磨时间超过70 min时,OST-NSs的粒径稍稍增加。推测是因为随着研磨时间的延长,研磨过程中产生的热量增多,促使粒子团聚,致使NSs粒径变大。因此,选择研磨时间为70 min。
精密称取PVP-VA64 180.0 mg,脱氧胆酸钠36.0 mg,置于100 mL烧杯中,加30 mL去离子水,搅拌溶解;再将精密称定的OST 900.0 mg加入到稳定剂溶液中,搅拌分散,形成OST混悬液。量取60 mL直径为0.4~0.6 mm的氧化锆研磨珠,置于研磨罐中,加入OST混悬液,搅匀,将研磨罐放置到行星式球磨机中,设置研磨速度为450 r·min-1,研磨70 min,即得OST-NSs,平行制备3批样品。测定样品的平均粒径,PDI和Zeta电位,结果见表4
表4可知,3批样品的粒径、PDI和Zeta电位基本一致,表明优选处方和研磨工艺重复性较好,可用于OST-NSs的制备。
取OST-NS分别置于4 ℃、室温和40 ℃下,于放置后1、2、7、14、21、30 d取样,按照“2.2.1”项下方法测定粒径和PDI,见图7。OST-NSs在0 d时的粒径和PDI分别为418.1 nm和0.273,放置30 d后,在4 ℃下,粒径和PDI分别增加到418.1 nm和0.330;在室温下,粒径和PDI分别增长到468.7 nm和0.372;在40 ℃下,粒径和PDI分别增长到935.9 nm和0.643,表明OST-NSs在高温下粒径和PDI稳定性较差。
为了改善NSs的物理稳定性,采用冷冻干燥法将其固化。首先按照“2.2.9”项下方法制备OST-NSs,测定粒径和PDI,然后将冻干保护剂加入到OST-NSs中,待冻干保护剂溶解后,将其放置在-80 ℃下预冻,再放入冷冻干燥机中干燥48 h。分别以外观、再分散性、OST-NSs冻干粉复溶后的粒径和PDI为评价指标,筛选冻干保护剂种类(麦芽糖、海藻糖、甘露醇)和质量浓度(30、60、90 mg·mL-1)。OST-NCs粒径和PDI结果见图8
选择不同浓度的麦芽糖为冻干保护剂,冻干后产品外观塌陷,且有蜂窝,不利于保存;海藻糖为冻干保护剂,冻干后产品不易分散,复溶后无法成均一稳定的纳米混悬液,甘露醇外观呈粉末状,且无蜂窝,分散性较好,尤其是90 mg·mL-1甘露醇为冻干保护剂的OST-NCs复溶后的粒径和PDI均较小。因此,选择以甘露醇为冻干保护剂,质量浓度为90 mg·mL-1,制备OST-NSs冻干粉(OST-NCs),见图9
取OST-NCs适量,加去离子水稀释,滴于锡箔纸上、晾干,进行真空喷金处理,再采用SEM观察样品表面形态,结果见图10。由图10可知,OST原料药晶体形态不规则,且粒度分布较宽;OST-NCs中的OST基本呈棒状或片状,粒径明显小于原料药,且大小较均一。
分别取适量OST原料药、OST-NCs、物理混合物(OST与处方量的稳定剂和冻干保护剂的混合物)、PVP-VA64、脱氧胆酸钠、甘露醇进行XRD,测定参数设置为:Cu靶,2θ扫描范围5°~45°,扫描速度为5°·min-1,结果见图11。蛇床子素在9.19°、12.47°、19.25°、20.98°、21.37°、26.02°有较强的衍射峰,表明OST原料药为晶体结构。甘露醇的衍射特征峰分别为13.63°、14.60°、17.25°、18.72°、19.82°、20.40°、23.34°,而PVP-VA64和脱氧胆酸钠图谱无明显的衍射特征峰。在物理混合物和OST-NCs衍射图谱中,能够观察到OST和甘露醇的特征衍射峰,表明OST仍保持晶体结构,但是与物理混合物相比,OST-NCs的衍射峰强度降低。应用Origin2023软件,根据结晶度=结晶区面积/总面积,计算样品结晶度。结果OST、物理混合物和OST-NCs的结晶度分别为73.7%、66.97%、6.7%,与衍射图谱结果一致。推测其原因可能与OST-NCs粒径减小有关,也可能是在研磨过程中,部分OST晶体转变为无定形。
取OST原料药、甘露醇、脱氧胆酸钠、PVP-VA64、物理混合物和OST-NCs适量,进行DSC分析。测定参数设置为:氮气流下,升温速度为10 ℃·min-1,升温范围为40~200 ℃,氧化铝为参比,结果见图12,OST原料药在84 ℃存在吸热熔融峰,甘露醇在167 ℃处有吸热熔融峰,脱氧胆酸钠和PVP-VA64图谱中无明显的吸热熔融峰。在OST-NCs和物理混合物的图谱中,均能观察到OST和甘露醇的吸热熔融峰,表明OST在OST-NCs中保持晶体结构,与XRD结果一致。但是,OST-NCs中OST的吸热熔融峰出现在,而且熔距变宽,峰面积降低,其原因可能是OST-NCs的粒径较小。
分别将OST原料药、OST-NCs冻干粉末、物理混合物、PVPVA64和脱氧胆酸钠、甘露醇与KBr混匀后压片,扫描范围4 000~500 cm-1。由图13可知,OST在1 714和1 121 cm-1处存在C=O和C-O的伸缩振动峰,甘露醇在3 277 cm-1处有羟基 (-OH) 的伸缩振动。OST-NCs在1 720和1 123 cm-1处存在有OST原料药特征峰,在3 186 cm-1处存在甘露醇的特征峰,表明在制备OST-NCs过程中,OST与辅料之间无相互作用。
将OST原料药、OST-NCs、物理混合物在1.6 kPa压力下压片,用Theta Lite 接触角仪以去离子水为媒介,采用悬滴法对样品的润湿性进行分析,平行测定3次。测试条件为4 μL去离子水,结果OST原料药、物理混合物和OST-NCs的水接触角分别为(68.03±0.49)°,(33.17±0.42)°和(21.82±0.93)°。与OST相比,物理混合物和OST-NCs的水接触角均降低,而且OST-NCs的最小。表明OST-NCs的润湿性最好。
对照品溶液的制备精密称定OST对照品约10.00 mg,置于10 mL量瓶中,加入体积分数75%甲醇溶液超声溶解后定容,得质量浓度为130.6 μg·mL-1 OST对照品储备液。
供试品溶液的制备:精密称定OST-NCs 10.00 mg,置于25 mL量瓶中,加入体积分数75%甲醇超声溶解后,定容,即得。
阴性溶液的制备:按照OST-NCs处方比例,精密称定PVP-VA64、脱氧胆酸钠和甘露醇,置于25 mL量瓶中,加入体积分数75%甲醇超声溶解后,定容,得到阴性溶液。
色谱柱Thermo C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相:体积分数0.1%甲酸水-甲醇(25∶75);检测波长322 nm;流速1 mL·min-1;柱温30 ℃;进样10 μL。
取OST对照品溶液、空白溶剂、阴性溶液、供试品溶液,经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后,取续滤液,按照“2.5.2”项下色谱条件下进样测定,结果见图14。空白溶剂和空白辅料对于OST-NCs中OST的测定无干扰,该方法专属性良好。
精密量取OST对照品储备液,用流动相分别配置成系列质量浓度(0.653、 1.306、2.612、6.53、13.06、26.12、65.3、130.6 μg·mL-1)的溶液,进样测定。以质量浓度(ρ)为横坐标,峰面积(A)为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,得回归方程为:A=39.202ρ-1.664 9(r2=0.999 9),表明OST在0.653~130.6 μg·mL-1内线性关系良好。
取质量浓度为65.3 μg·mL-1对照品溶液,在同一天内按照“2.5.2”项下色谱条件,连续进样测定6次,记录峰面积,计算相对标准偏差(RSD)。结果日内精密度RSD分别为0.05%,表明仪器精密度良好。
按照“2.5.1”项下方法,制备供试品溶液6份,记录峰面积,外标一点法,测定供试品溶液中OST质量浓度,计算RSD。结果RSD为0.86%,表明重复性良好。
取处方量空白辅料,加入适量OST,按照“2.5.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,平行制备6份,按“2.5.2”项下色谱条件测定,计算回收率。结果OST平均回收率分别为95.31%,RSD为0.35%。
按照“2.5.1”项下方法,制备供试品溶液,分别于进样器放置后 0、2、4、8、12 h,按照“2.5.2”项下的色谱条件进样分析,记录峰面积,外标一点法测定样品中OST的质量浓度,计算RSD。结果RSD为0.09%,表明供试品溶液在进样器中放置12 h稳定。
精密称取3批OST-NCs适量(相当于OST10.00 mg),置于25 mL量瓶中,加体积分数75%甲醇溶液超声溶解,放置室温后定容。经0.45 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,按照“2.5.2”项下方法测定样品中OST的浓度,计算百分含量。结果平均含量为22.59%,RSD为0.86%。
测定OST、OST-NCs和物理混合物在纯水中的平衡溶解度,以及OST在含有不同浓度聚山梨酯80水溶液中的平衡溶解度。取过量的OST原料药、物理混合物和OST-NCs各3份,加入到纯水中,同时将过量的OST原料药各3份加入到含有聚山梨酯80的水溶液中,将样品放置在恒温振荡器中,在25 ℃,150 r·min-1条件下,振荡48 h后,离心取上清液。将上清液用无水乙醇稀释后,用0.45 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,按照“2.5.2”项下方法测定样品中OST的浓度,结果见表5。OST-NCs中OST的平衡溶解度高于原料药和物理混合物,表明稳定剂和减小粒径均有利于提高OST的溶解性。而且聚山梨酯80对于OST具有较好的增溶作用,可用于体外溶出度试验,来满足漏槽条件。
取处方量的空白辅料和OST,混合均匀,即得物理混合物。精密称取相当于OST10.00 mg的物理混合物适量,按照“2.5.1”项下方法制备供试品溶液,经0.45 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,按照“2.5.2”项下方法测定样品中OST的浓度,计算百分含量,结果为22.58%。
参照《中国药典》2020年版溶出度测定二法[18],每个样品进行3次平行试验。精密称定相当于10.00 mg OST的OST-NCs、物理混合物及OST原料药粉末,装入0#胶囊壳,然后放置到沉降篮中,进行溶出度的测定。溶出介质分别为纯水、0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液和pH 6.8的磷酸盐缓冲液以及含有1 mg·mL-1聚山梨酯80的纯水0.1 mol·L-1盐酸水溶液和pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液(900 mL),转速为75 r·min-1,温度为(37±0.5) ℃。分别于5、10、20、30、45、60、90、120 min取样5 mL(同时补充等温等量的溶出介质),经0.45 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,按照“2.5.2”项下方法测定样品中OST的浓度,每个样品进行3次平行试验,计算累积溶出度,绘制溶出曲线,见图15
溶出介质为纯水、0.1 mol·L-1盐酸水溶液和pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲溶液时,为非漏槽条件;OST在含有1 mg·mL-1聚山梨酯80的水溶液中达到漏槽浓度,为漏槽条件。由测定结果可知,在非漏槽条件时,与原料药相比,OST-NCs中OST的溶出速率和累积溶出度明显提高,而物理混合物溶出度与原料药基本一致,推测OST-NCs提高OST的溶出度的主要原因是粒径减小,而稳定剂和润湿性作用不明显。此外,OST-NCs在纯水、0.1 mol·L-1盐酸水溶液和pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中,5 min的累积溶出度分别为68.30%、0.67%、50.40%,120 min累积溶出度分别为76.26%、58.71%、78.91%,推测其原因是OST-NCs在0.1 mol·L-1盐酸水溶液中,更容易产生聚集;同时OST在0.1 mol·L-1盐酸中不稳定,易发生降解。在漏槽条件下,OST-NCs的溶出速率和累积溶出度均优于OST原料药和物理混合物,表明减小粒径能够提高OST的水溶性,与非漏槽条件的溶出试验结果一致。此外,在含有0.1%聚山梨酯80的纯水、0.1 mol· L-1盐酸水溶液和pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中,OST-NCs在120 min时的累积溶出度均高于90%,其中在0.1 mol·L-1盐酸水溶液中其溶出速率和溶出度最小。
采用相似因子法比较OST原料药与物理混合物和OST-NCs在6种溶出介质中溶出曲线的相似性(公式1):当f2值介于0~50之间时,即可认为两条曲线有显著性差异;介于50~100之间时,即说明两条曲线为无显著性差异;f2值越接近100,相似程度也就越高,结果见表6
f2=50log 1 1 2 i = 1 n ( R t - T t ) 2 ] 1 2 × 100
公式1中,Rt为参比样品t时刻的累积溶出率,Tt为待测样品t时刻的累积溶出率,n为取样时间点的个数。
由计算结果可知,在6种溶出介质中,与原料药的溶出曲线相比,物理混合物的f2值均大于50,而OST-NCs的f2远远小于50,表明物理混合物中OST的溶出行为与原料药相似,而OST-NCs中OST的溶出行为与原料药有显著差异,提示加入稳定剂虽然可以提高OST的润湿性,但是对于溶出度的改善作用不明显;减小粒径可能是OST溶出度提高的主要原因。
采用介质研磨法制备粒径小且具有较好物理稳定性的纳米混悬液,受到多个因素影响。本研究对稳定剂种类及浓度、药物浓度,研磨速度、研磨时间及研磨介质的用量进行筛选,逐步优化处方,最终获得了OST-NSs,其中稳定剂种类的筛选是十分重要的一项。为防止在制备纳米混悬液过程中由于表面自由能增大使粒子聚集或者粒径增加,在制备过程中常常加入稳定剂,但值得注意的是,空间稳定剂对温度具有一定的敏感性,离子型稳定剂受体系pH值的影响较大,单独使用一种稳定剂时可能无法获得稳定的纳米混悬液[16],联合使用时通过空间位阻和电荷相斥两种机制,可获得粒径更小,更稳定的OST-NSs,本研究最终选择PVP-VA64(空间稳定剂)和脱氧胆酸钠(离子型稳定剂)联合使用。稳定剂的用量过少,无法起到抑制粒子生长的作用,过大时又会产生增溶的效果[17],稳定剂的用量是影响粒径非常重要的因素,通过单因素考察得出当PVP-VA64和脱氧胆酸钠的比例为5∶1时,获得的OST-NSs的粒径和PDI较好。此外,药物浓度也是影响研磨结果的关键因素之一,药物浓度应该保持在足够的水平,随着药物浓度的增加,可增加混悬液的黏稠性,使药物与研磨珠之间可以得到充分接触,防止纳米混悬液的沉降;但药物浓度过大,与研磨珠间的距离过近时,会影响药物粒子间以及与研磨珠的撞击效果,进而影响粒径和PDI[19-20],本研究最终确定OST的质量浓度为30 mg·mL-1
药物在纳米混悬液等液体处方中的降解风险较高,其中研磨介质的高能量输入会增加活性成分降解的速度[19],因此研磨介质的用量也是在制备过程中需要重视的一个因素,本实验考察了研磨介质对制备纳米混悬液的影响,通过粒径和PDI作为评价指标,发现当研磨介质量和药液量为2∶1时制得的纳米混悬液粒径为334.1 nm,PDI为0.211,且OST-NCs中OST的含量为22.59%(是标示量的95.8%)。在整个研磨过程中,开始时药物与研磨珠的碰撞可能性较大,粒径随着时间的延长而减小,随着时间继续增加,微小的晶体有着更大的机械阻力,研磨过程中也会产热,使晶体聚集在一起,反而会使粒径增大。转速较小时,剪切力和碰撞频率小,颗粒获得能量少,破碎率下降,导致制备效率低,高转速能够提高获得粒径较小且均一稳定的纳米混悬液的效率[21],因此本研究最终选择的研磨时间为70 min,研磨速度为450 r·min-1。此外,由初步稳定性试验结果可知OST-NSs在40 ℃下,粒径和PDI均增长较快,提示在制备OST-NSs时,应降低研磨温度,减少研磨时间。
由本研究结果可知,采用介质研磨方法,将OST原料药的粒径减小至纳米级,不仅能够增加其表面润湿性,稍稍增加平衡溶解度,而且能够明显提高OST在6种溶出介质中的溶出速率和累积溶出度;通过溶出曲线相似性评价结果推测,粒径减小是OST水溶性改善的主要原因。因此,本研究能够为进一步的OST纳米结晶的开发提供理论依据。
  • 河北省自然科学基金项目(H2022406073)
  • 河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(246Z2504G)
  • 河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(ZD2022121)
  • 承德医学院中药学学科建设项目
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2024年第59卷第22期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.009
  • 接收时间:2024-02-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-16
  • 出版时间:2024-11-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-06
基金
河北省自然科学基金项目(H2022406073)
河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(246Z2504G)
河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(ZD2022121)
承德医学院中药学学科建设项目
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    1 承德医学院,河北省中药研究与开发实验室, 河北 承德 067000
    2 沧州市人民医院中药房, 河北 沧州 061000

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* 常金花,女,硕士,副教授,硕士师导师 研究方向:药物新剂型与新技术 Tel:(0314)2290629
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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