Article(id=1196886714347205005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)22-2159-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.22.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763289629779, onlineDateStr=2025-11-16, pubDate=1732204800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763289629779, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763289629779, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763289629779, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196886663541600644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='22', pageStart='2099', pageEnd='2196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763289617666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763292152892, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196897297100488858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196897297104683163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2159, endPage=2168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196886714561114511, articleId=1196886714347205005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preparation and Performance Study of Puerarin Daidzein Inclusion Complex Nanocrystals, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To prepare puerarin/daidzein porous nanocrystals using polyethyleneglycol (PEG)and chitosan(CS)as carrier aterialsand evaluate their physicochemical properties and in vitro characteristics. METHODS The drug loading rate and entrapment rate were used as indicators to optimize the prescription,and the insoluble drug puerarin-daidzein was encapsulated in the form of inclusion compound by two-step method β-CD-puerarin-daidzein-PEG-CS nanocrystals. The inclusion degree of puerarin-daidzein nanocrystals was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, antioxidant and bacteriostatic tests to verify the feasibility of the preparation method. And investigate its drug release behavior in simulated gastrointestinal fluid and gastric environment, and fit the drug release model. RESULTS The inclusion compound prepared by saturated aqueous solution method was the best when the volume fraction of inclusion compound was 1.000% acetic acid. Its cumulative release rate is about 90%, drug loading and inclusion rate are (26.13±0.74)% and (78.39±2.23)%, respectively. Puerarin-daidzein nanocrystals have many and dense pore diameters, and have good antioxidant performance. Obvious inhibition zone against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be observed, showing good antibacterial performance. CONCLUSION Puerarin-Daidzein porous nanocrystals can significantly improve the dissolution of insoluble drug daidzein, which lays a foundation for its application in the field of biomedicine.

, correspAuthors=Yongmei GUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shenghang YE, Weifeng ZHU, Zhenzhong ZANG, Chang ZHOU, Haiyan CHEN, Huanhuan DONG, Yongmei GUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1196887002856600177, articleId=1196886714347205005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=葛根素-大豆苷元包合物纳米晶的制备及性能研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于葛根黄酮类成分间溶解性和渗透性具有“自洽”作用,以聚乙二醇(PEG)和壳聚糖(CS)为载体材料进行葛根素-大豆苷元多孔纳米晶的制备,并评价其理化性质和体外特性。方法 以载药率和包封率作为考察指标进行处方优化,通过两步法以包合物形式包裹难溶性药物葛根素-大豆苷元形成β-环糊精(β-CD)-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶。采用傅里叶变换红外、热重、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、抗氧化和抑菌性能测试等确定葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶的包合程度,以证实制备方法的可行性。并考察其在释放介质pH值1.2、6.8和7.4磷酸盐缓冲溶液条件下的释药行为,并对释药模型进行拟合。结果 饱和水溶液法制备的包合物在体积分数为1.000%乙酸配比下制成的包合物最佳。其累积释放率约为90%,载药量和包合率分别为(26.13±0.74)%、(78.39±2.23)%,葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶孔径多而密,抗氧化性能良好,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌均能观察到明显抑菌圈,显示出良好的抗菌性能。。结论 葛根素-大豆苷元多孔纳米晶可显著提高难溶性药物大豆苷元的溶出度,为其在生物医药领域的应用奠定了一定基础。

, correspAuthors=管咏梅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 管咏梅,女,博士,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药新制剂与新技术、食疗学 Tel:(0791)87651498
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叶盛航,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药新剂型、新工艺及中药质量控制

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叶盛航,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药新剂型、新工艺及中药质量控制

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figureFileBig=EXvDDEKVpqpboKLbukaCZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197125021039640737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Screening of nanocrystalline stabilizers. n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Stabilizers Potential/mV Particle size/nm
PVP-K30-PEG 2.13 ±0.33 75.93±18.22
MSDS-PEG 1.00 ±1.05 305.07±69.90
PC-PEG 5.27 ±0.82 805.07±69.90
PAA-PEG 0.932 ±0.65 652.667±48.91
CS-PEG 32.5 ±12.8 459.0±99.6
), ArticleFig(id=1197125021110943906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳米晶稳定剂的筛选。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Stabilizers Potential/mV Particle size/nm
PVP-K30-PEG 2.13 ±0.33 75.93±18.22
MSDS-PEG 1.00 ±1.05 305.07±69.90
PC-PEG 5.27 ±0.82 805.07±69.90
PAA-PEG 0.932 ±0.65 652.667±48.91
CS-PEG 32.5 ±12.8 459.0±99.6
), ArticleFig(id=1197125021169664163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Redispersed RDI and drying weight loss of β-cyclodextrin-puerarin/daidzein/PEG/CS nanocrystals with different proportions of crosslinkers.n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material RDI Drying weight loss/%
Drug loaded-acetic acid of 1.000% 0.95±0.002 0.90±0.002
Drug loaded-acetic acid of 0.175% 0.99±0.003 0.91±0.002
Unloaded-acetic acid of 1.000% 0.93±0.008 0.92±0.006
Unloaded-acetic acid of 0.175% 0.77±0.002 0.93±0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1197125021245161636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同体积分数乙酸β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶再分散系数(RDI)和干燥失重均值。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material RDI Drying weight loss/%
Drug loaded-acetic acid of 1.000% 0.95±0.002 0.90±0.002
Drug loaded-acetic acid of 0.175% 0.99±0.003 0.91±0.002
Unloaded-acetic acid of 1.000% 0.93±0.008 0.92±0.006
Unloaded-acetic acid of 0.175% 0.77±0.002 0.93±0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1197125021320659109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Zone of inhibition of β-cyclodextrin-puerarin-daidzein-PEG-CS nanocrystalline。

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain Bacteriostatic diameter/mm
Unloaded Drug loaded-
acetic acid of
0.175%
Drug loaded-
acetic acid of
1.000%
Drug
Staphylococcus aureus 0 29 30 24
Colibacillus 0 22 28 19
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0 24 25 20
), ArticleFig(id=1197125021400350886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶的抑菌直径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain Bacteriostatic diameter/mm
Unloaded Drug loaded-
acetic acid of
0.175%
Drug loaded-
acetic acid of
1.000%
Drug
Staphylococcus aureus 0 29 30 24
Colibacillus 0 22 28 19
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0 24 25 20
), ArticleFig(id=1197125021488431271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Weibull order fitting equation of β-cyclodextrin-puerarin-daidzein-PEG-CS nanocrystals with different proportions of crosslinkers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material Weibull drug release model equations
Drug loaded-acetic
acid of 0.175%
lnln[1/(1-y/100)]=-1.277+0.285ln(x+0.028)
Drug loaded-acetic
acid of 1.000%
lnln[1/(1-y/100)]=-1.581+0.503ln(x+3.976)
Drug lnln[1/(1-y/100)]=-1.946+0.360ln(x-4.513)
), ArticleFig(id=1197125021555540136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886714347205005, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同比例交联剂下β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶的Weibull拟合方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material Weibull drug release model equations
Drug loaded-acetic
acid of 0.175%
lnln[1/(1-y/100)]=-1.277+0.285ln(x+0.028)
Drug loaded-acetic
acid of 1.000%
lnln[1/(1-y/100)]=-1.581+0.503ln(x+3.976)
Drug lnln[1/(1-y/100)]=-1.946+0.360ln(x-4.513)
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葛根素-大豆苷元包合物纳米晶的制备及性能研究
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叶盛航 1, 2 , 朱卫丰 1 , 臧振中 1 , 周昌 3 , 陈海燕 3 , 董欢欢 1 , 管咏梅 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(22): 2159-2168
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(22): 2159-2168
葛根素-大豆苷元包合物纳米晶的制备及性能研究
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叶盛航1, 2, 朱卫丰1, 臧振中1, 周昌3, 陈海燕3, 董欢欢1, 管咏梅1, *
作者信息
  • 1 江西中医药大学,现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 南昌 330004
  • 2 江西医学高等专科学校,江西 上饶 334000
  • 3 江西中医药大学药学院,南昌 330004
  • 叶盛航,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药新剂型、新工艺及中药质量控制

通讯作者:

* 管咏梅,女,博士,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药新制剂与新技术、食疗学 Tel:(0791)87651498
Preparation and Performance Study of Puerarin Daidzein Inclusion Complex Nanocrystals
Shenghang YE1, 2, Weifeng ZHU1, Zhenzhong ZANG1, Chang ZHOU3, Haiyan CHEN3, Huanhuan DONG1, Yongmei GUAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine,Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao 334000, China
  • 3 School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2024-11-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.008
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目的 基于葛根黄酮类成分间溶解性和渗透性具有“自洽”作用,以聚乙二醇(PEG)和壳聚糖(CS)为载体材料进行葛根素-大豆苷元多孔纳米晶的制备,并评价其理化性质和体外特性。方法 以载药率和包封率作为考察指标进行处方优化,通过两步法以包合物形式包裹难溶性药物葛根素-大豆苷元形成β-环糊精(β-CD)-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶。采用傅里叶变换红外、热重、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、抗氧化和抑菌性能测试等确定葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶的包合程度,以证实制备方法的可行性。并考察其在释放介质pH值1.2、6.8和7.4磷酸盐缓冲溶液条件下的释药行为,并对释药模型进行拟合。结果 饱和水溶液法制备的包合物在体积分数为1.000%乙酸配比下制成的包合物最佳。其累积释放率约为90%,载药量和包合率分别为(26.13±0.74)%、(78.39±2.23)%,葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶孔径多而密,抗氧化性能良好,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌均能观察到明显抑菌圈,显示出良好的抗菌性能。。结论 葛根素-大豆苷元多孔纳米晶可显著提高难溶性药物大豆苷元的溶出度,为其在生物医药领域的应用奠定了一定基础。

纳米晶  /  制备  /  表征  /  葛根素  /  大豆苷元  /  溶解度  /  生物利用度

OBJECTIVE To prepare puerarin/daidzein porous nanocrystals using polyethyleneglycol (PEG)and chitosan(CS)as carrier aterialsand evaluate their physicochemical properties and in vitro characteristics. METHODS The drug loading rate and entrapment rate were used as indicators to optimize the prescription,and the insoluble drug puerarin-daidzein was encapsulated in the form of inclusion compound by two-step method β-CD-puerarin-daidzein-PEG-CS nanocrystals. The inclusion degree of puerarin-daidzein nanocrystals was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, antioxidant and bacteriostatic tests to verify the feasibility of the preparation method. And investigate its drug release behavior in simulated gastrointestinal fluid and gastric environment, and fit the drug release model. RESULTS The inclusion compound prepared by saturated aqueous solution method was the best when the volume fraction of inclusion compound was 1.000% acetic acid. Its cumulative release rate is about 90%, drug loading and inclusion rate are (26.13±0.74)% and (78.39±2.23)%, respectively. Puerarin-daidzein nanocrystals have many and dense pore diameters, and have good antioxidant performance. Obvious inhibition zone against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be observed, showing good antibacterial performance. CONCLUSION Puerarin-Daidzein porous nanocrystals can significantly improve the dissolution of insoluble drug daidzein, which lays a foundation for its application in the field of biomedicine.

nanocrystalline  /  preparation  /  characterization  /  puerarin  /  daidzein  /  solubility  /  bioavailability
叶盛航, 朱卫丰, 臧振中, 周昌, 陈海燕, 董欢欢, 管咏梅. 葛根素-大豆苷元包合物纳米晶的制备及性能研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2159 -2168 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.008
Shenghang YE, Weifeng ZHU, Zhenzhong ZANG, Chang ZHOU, Haiyan CHEN, Huanhuan DONG, Yongmei GUAN. Preparation and Performance Study of Puerarin Daidzein Inclusion Complex Nanocrystals[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2159 -2168 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.008
葛根素和大豆苷元是一种萃取自葛根中的天然植物的化合物[1],被广泛应用于药用、保健品和食品等领域。近年来,其生物活性及药理学作用得到了广泛研究和深入探究。同时,葛根素和大豆苷元还可以对心血管疾病[2]、肝炎[3]、癌症[4]以及神经系统疾病[5]等有积极的防治效果。葛根素和大豆苷元的临床剂型有多种,其中包括口服剂型、注射剂型、贴剂型、滴剂型等[6]。口服剂型主要以胶囊、片剂、颗粒剂等形式出现。口服剂型相对于注射剂安全性更高,顺应性更强,更适合长期给药。葛根素和大豆苷元都属于生物药剂学分类系统(BCS)Ⅳ类化合物,均为难溶性药物,在水中的溶解度分别为0.462和3.85 μg·mL-1,此外,葛根素的脂溶性也差,口服吸收效果不好,导致口服生物利用度低,限制了其临床应用。
纳米晶,也称为纳米混悬剂,是尺寸在纳米范围内的一种结晶药物纳米颗粒[7-8],可改善难溶性药物的溶解度和稳定性来提高其生物利用度,从而降低该药物的剂量以及不良反应等方面特征性显著[9-11]。纳米晶技术是一种将难溶性药物转化为可溶性药物的方法,通过将药物转化为纳米级别的颗粒,增加其表面积,使药物更易于被溶解和吸收[12-13]。在医学领域中,人们也常通过制备药物纳米晶来改善药物的溶解度、稳定性和生物利用度等方面,从而提高药效和减少不良反应,尤其对于一些难溶性药物的研究具有很大的潜力。
本研究通过两步法以包合物形式包裹难溶性药物同源成分葛根素-大豆苷元形成β-环糊精(β-CD)-葛根素-大豆苷元-聚乙二醇(PEG)-壳聚糖(CS)纳米晶,见图1,采用透射电镜(SEM)、溶出度、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等方法对制剂相关性能进行表征,增强其水溶性,为难溶性药物的溶解度和生物利用度提供参考。
PEG20000(PEG20000,大连美仑生物技术有限公司,批号:J0203A)、CS(上海西格玛奥德里奇贸易有限公司,批号:BCCG9965)、大豆苷元(上海源叶生物科技有限公司,分析纯,质量分数>95%)、葛根素(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,分析纯,质量分数>95%),β-CD(大连美仑生物技术有限公司,批号:A0817A,质量分数>98.5%)、NaOH(批号:2197131,质量分数≥96.0%)、磷酸二氢钾(批号:2206161,质量分数≥99.5%)、无水乙醇(批号:221031,西陇科学股份有限公司)、金黄色葡萄球菌(批号:ATCC25923HBJZ005)、大肠杆菌(批号:ATCC25922HBJZ087)、铜绿假单胞菌(批号:ATCC27853HBJZ017,青岛海博生物技术有限公司)。
DZF-6050型真空干燥箱(上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂);ZNCL-BS智能磁力搅拌器(西安安泰仪器科技有限公司);紫外分光光度计(北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司);ZRS-8G型智能溶出仪(天大天发科技有限公司);TG/DTA6300热重分析系统(浙江天正电气股份有限公司);BSA124S分析天平(北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司);SU8010型热场发射扫描电子显微镜;Spectrum Two型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪;Nano-S型马英国马尔文公司纳米粒度仪;EPED-ESL-10TH试验室级超纯水器(南京易普易达科技发展有限公司);差示扫描量热分析(Diomand DSC型,美国PerkinElmer公司);pH-3C pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司);水浴恒温振荡器(常州恩培仪器制造有限公司);KQ3200E型超声波清洗器(昆明市超声仪器有限公司);TD-3500 X射线衍射仪(丹东通达科技有限公司)。
采用饱和水溶液法[14]制备β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元包合物,并通过两步法将包合物载入纳米晶形成β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶[15]。根据课题组前期的实验结果表明,同源成分最佳处方葛根素与大豆苷元的投药量分别为80.98、3.46 mg[16],即称取适当比例下的葛根素和大豆苷元完全溶解,将所得的溶液缓慢滴加到β-CD溶液中即得到β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元包合物。精密称取等比例质量的PEG和CS,加水至10 mL,搅拌至完全溶解即可得到PEG-CS纳米晶混悬液,将制得的β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元包合物加入到上述已配置好的PEG-CS纳米晶混悬液中,并通过水浴恒温振荡器振荡8 h(500 r·min-1,37 ℃)将药物载入到载体中,所得β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶以12 000 r·min-1离心,并纯化20 min,除去上清液,使其重悬于水中,重复2次纯化过程即可[17-18]
将10 mL β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶悬浮液精密量取,置于超速离心管中离心20 min,转速为8 000 r·min-1。取续滤液1 mL置于10 mL量瓶中,滴加pH=7.4比例下的磷酸缓冲液,定容至刻度。最后,测定上清液中药物的含量。每组样品设3个平行样,以计算包封率和载药量(公式1~2)。
包封率(%)= - ×100%
载药量(%)= - ×100%
精密量取β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶悬浮液,并转移到马尔文电位样品池中,采用动态光散射技术而进行确定的室温下Zeta电位值。所有测量均以3份进行,以测量平均值进行计算。
在15 kV的加速电压下,使用扫描电子显微镜,观测共载同源药物葛根素/大豆苷元前后的PEG/CS纳米晶形状及显微结构。将样品通过碳双面胶带固化在铝样品板上,用溅射法镀上金,通过捕获图像观察其表面形貌来实现的。
精密称取10 mg β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶分散于小瓶中,置于10 mL纯水,然后以250 r·min-1的速度匀速摇晃悬浮液5 min,测量样品平均粒径以比较颗粒大小(公式3)。
RDI=D/D0
式中,D0是在真空干燥前葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶的平均粒径,D是来自真空干燥后葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶再分散悬浮液的平均粒径。
称取约1.0 g(精确至0.1 mg)β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶置于干燥的扁形称量瓶中,然后将其放在105 ℃的干燥箱中干燥6 h。待样品冷却至室温,称量样品质量(公式4)。
LD(%)= m - m m ×100%
FTIR采用Spectrum Two型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,用衰减全反射(ATR)技术分析样品配方相互作用。在钨灯的照射下,装载样品的光谱配方以及其纯组分在4 000~400 cm-1的扫描范围内获得。
采用TG/DTA6300热重分析系统获得样品质量与温度的关系曲线进而推断其稳定性,以评估每组实验温度依赖性的重量变化。载同源物质前后PEG-CS纳米晶、原料药葛根素-大豆苷元、PEG和CS(0.5~5 mg)放入铝锅中。然后通过以10 ℃·min-1,10 mL·min-1惰性氮流速增加温度来测量体质量损失的百分比。均进行3次以保证实验数据的可靠性。
采用X-射线衍射仪记录载同源物质前后PEG/CS纳米晶、原料药葛根素-大豆苷元、PEG和CS的X-射线衍射图谱,分析样品的结晶度。X-射线源为Cu-Kα线,扫描范围为2θ=10°~60°,扫描速度为2°·min-1。利用MDI Jade和Origin软件对XRD曲线进行处理。用其光谱峰来测定材料的晶体结构。尖锐峰证实了纯材料的结晶度,而扩散峰表明了合成纳米晶的非晶态性质。
1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力测定:用无水乙醇配置0.05 mg·mL-1的DPPH溶液。将样品制成质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶混悬液,然后配成不同质量浓度为0.08、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 mg·mL-1的待测葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶溶液。取100 μL样品与100 μL DPPH混合液,于517 nm测定吸光度。以抗坏血酸(Vc)作为阳性对照,平行测定3次。按照公式5计算DPPH自由基清除能力(%)。
DPPH自由基清除率(%)= 1 - A - A A ×100%
式中:A样品组:100 μL样品液+100 μL DPPH混合液的吸光度值;A空白组:100 μL样品液+100 μL蒸馏水的吸光度值;A对照组:100 μL蒸馏水+100 μL DPPH混合液的吸光度值。
ABTS+清除能力:配制7 mmol·L-1ABTS和4.96 mmol·L-1过硫酸钾等体积混合,在室温下避光静置12~16 h,形成ABTS自由基储备液。然后用无水乙醇将混合液稀释至40倍。将样品制成质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶混悬液,然后配成不同质量浓度为0.08、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 mg·mL-1的待测样品溶液。于734 nm处测其吸光度,平行测定3次,按照公式6计算每个浓度的ABTS+清除率(%)。
ABTS+清除率(%)= 1 - A - A A ×100% 公式
式中,A样品组:50 μL样品液+150 μL ABTS混合液的吸光度值;A空白组:50 μL样品液+150 μL蒸馏水的吸光度值;A对照组:50 μL蒸馏水+150 μL ABTS混合液的吸光度值。
使用灭菌后的生理盐水将金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌菌种稀释适宜倍数,得到大约为1.5×107 CFU·mL-1菌液。用无菌镊子将滤纸片分别放在含有菌液的平板上,滴入采用试管二倍稀释法用无菌去离子水溶解后的大豆苷元纳米晶悬浮液,将培养基置于37 ℃恒温培养箱培养24 h,取出观察并记录实验结果。
根据上述实验成功制备体外性能较好的葛根素/大豆苷元纳米晶,采用大杯法模拟人工体液,考察β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶在释放介质pH值1.2、6.8和7.4磷酸盐缓冲溶液条件下的释药速率。在50 r·min-1的速度下运行和(37±0.5) ℃的温度下进行溶出检测。本实验精密称量样品(100 mg剂量),置于300 mL 释放介质混匀后,于5、15、30、60、105、170、260、380 min分别取样5 mL,并及时补充空白介质5 mL。最终,计算累积释放率并绘制体外释药曲线,以评估纳米晶的释药性能。
本实验以粒径和Zeta电位为评价指标,PEG是药物输送系统的首选聚合物[19]。固定其中一种常用基底物质PEG,另一稳定剂则选择实验室常用7种稳定剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-K30)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、2,6-吡啶二甲酰胺(MSDS)、软磷脂(PC)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)和CS进行筛选,结果见表1。对筛选出的最佳稳定剂,对溶解时间、水相和油相的比例、最佳转速进行工艺考察,见图2。现有文献表明,CS常用乙酸溶解,但是乙酸的体积分数未统一,Melo等[20]使用体积分数0.175%乙酸和Li等[21]使用体积分数1.000%的乙酸进行溶解壳聚糖,但不同体积分数的乙酸溶液可以导致混合物的水解和聚合物的分解,从而影响PEG和CS的相对分子质量分布[22-24]。本实验采用常用体积分数为0.175%和1.000%的乙酸,结合实验结果表明,在体积分数1.000%的乙酸比例下,纳米晶的载药量和包封率更好。包封率为(78.39±2.23)%,载药量为(26.13±0.74)%。
载同源物质前PEG-CS纳米晶的Zeta电位和粒径分布结果表明,乙酸体积分数为1.000%和0.175%的平均电位分别为(28.1±7.2)和(20.4±6.4)mV,粒径分别为(334.2±28.7)和(550.3±77.72)nm。根据结果可知,PEG-CS纳米晶稳定性良好。
样品表面喷金2.5 min后,进行SEM观察并记录图谱,见图3,发现在使用乙酸不同体积分数配比下,载同源物质前后的PEG-CS纳米晶均呈现一定的晶体结构。结合比较乙酸常用体积比例1.000%和0.175%条件下。我们发现纳米晶结构内含多个孔径,孔径的大小约为小于400 μm,这也为药物的载入提供了较为合适的捷径。总之,再结合SEM观测下的溶胀分散程度,在使用乙酸体积分数为1.000%下,PEG-CS纳米晶孔径多而密,为后续载入难溶性同源成分葛根素-大豆苷元奠定一定的基础。
再分散性实验是保证药物服用时的均匀性和分剂量的准确性的前提因素。由表2结果可知,β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶RDI其越接近1,在补水后易恢复到原来纳米晶结构,表明其材料在液体中的均匀分散程度越好。通过分散性实验验证材料的分散性能。分散性能越好,更能够被更好地分散在其他物质中,提高产品的质量和性能。装载同源物质前后以及乙酸体积分数变化对于纳米晶再分散性的影响不显著,样品的再分散性能较好。
干燥失重是衡量纳米晶质量的一个重要影响因素,与纳米晶的性能、应用和保留等有着密切的关系,当干燥失重值过低将会导致纳米晶易脆碎开裂,但干燥失重值太高又会影响纳米晶的使用情况,降低储存保质期限。参考《中国药典》2020年版第三部通则0831-干燥失重测定法。结果均处于1.0%内,表明β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶在优化的工艺下,其干燥失重值符合要求,见表2
通过傅里叶红外分光光度仪,KBr颗粒技术记录见图4。葛根素在3 400~3 000、2 930~2 850 cm、1 500~1 700、1 620、1 500~1 300 cm-1存在明显的O-H伸缩振动、C-H伸缩振动、C=O伸缩振动、C=C伸缩振动、C-H弯曲振动峰[25-28]。大豆苷元在3 400~3 000、1 500~1 700、1 600~1 580 cm、1 300~1 000 cm-1分别存在特征性较强的O-H伸缩振动、C=O伸缩振动峰、芳香族C=C伸缩振动、芳香族C-H弯曲振动。CS分别在3 400、2 930~2 850、1 500~1 700、1 560~1 595、1 156 cm-1存在较明显的N-H伸缩振动、C-H伸缩振动、C=O伸缩振动、N-H弯曲振动和C-N伸缩振动、C-O伸缩振动峰[29]。PEG在3 400~3 000、2 930~2 850、1 156、1 500~1 300 cm-1分别存在较为明显的O-H伸缩振动峰、C-H伸缩振动;C-O伸缩振动和C-H弯曲振动峰[1]
进行同源成分共载前后对比,发现载同源物质后β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶代表性基团O-H的伸缩振动峰、C-H伸缩振动、C=O伸缩振动、C=C伸缩振动、C-H弯曲振动所对应的峰值强度增强。其余大约在3 400、1 080 cm-1的特征红外吸收峰,该峰值强度显著增加。特征峰值和功能基团表明,这些聚合物的交联成功,为确认葛根素-大豆苷元的存在奠定基调。葛根素和大豆苷元内均存在C=O,C=O中的氧原子和C-O具有较强的电负性,主要表现为在载同源物质后的特征基团吸收频率都会下降,但其吸收强度增加,形成氢键。在1 700~1 000 cm-1内也集中表现其吸收峰增加。这均表明葛根素已被成功地嵌入在纳米晶结构中。
使用不同比例交联剂的葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶和纯组分的热重曲线图(图5)。该区域的重量变化归因于样品[30]。TGA热图显示,由于聚合物之间的化学键断裂和降解作用,在350 ℃前由于水分从样品表明和整体中蒸发作用,质量下降了10%以内。表明 β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶在350 ℃以内具有良好的热稳定性。当温度超过350 ℃后,聚合物开始分解,集中表现在350~450 ℃时质量损失大约达到了80%。在450 ℃后已然达到稳定的状态,从而发生物质的裂解以及化学键的断裂。
采用X-射线衍射仪记录载同源物质前后PEG-CS纳米晶、葛根素-大豆苷元、PEG和CS的X-射线衍射图谱,分析样品的结晶度。X-射线源为Cu-K α线,扫描范围为2θ=10°~60°,扫描速度为2°·min-1,见图6。利用MDI Jade和Origin软件对XRD曲线进行处理。用其光谱峰来测定材料的晶体结构。载同源物质后PEG-CS纳米晶尖锐峰增强证实了纯材料的结晶度增强,而扩散峰表明了合成纳米晶的非晶态性质。
DPPH和ABTS+是一种稳定的自由基,可以用来评估样品抗氧化能力。由图7可知,随着样品浓度的增加,其对DPPH和ABTS+的清除能力逐渐增强。当样品溶液浓度为100 mg·mL-1时,DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率分别约为80%和92%,当样品溶液质量浓度增至600 mg·mL-1时,DPPH和ABTS+清除率分别约为85%和94%。结果表明,样品具有一定的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力,但其效果弱于维生素C(VC)。
使用直尺测量抑菌圈直径,抑菌圈直径越大表示抗菌活性越强。由图8可见,以葛根素-大豆苷元为阳性药。通过比较载同源物质前后纳米晶和葛根素-大豆苷元的抑菌圈的大小,得出载入葛根素-大豆苷元后的PEG/CS纳米晶抗菌能力最好,葛根素-大豆苷元抑菌效果次之,体积分数1.000%乙酸的β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶效果最佳,见表3。结合图8发现,说明在改善难溶性药物葛根素-大豆苷元溶解度,使其更易渗透过滤纸片,破坏细菌角质层细胞,发挥更强的抗菌能力。说明葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌具有较强的抑制作用。
葛根素和大豆苷元主要是通过口服途径进行吸收和代谢的。通过体外溶出实验比较在使用不同体积分数乙酸的体外药物溶出情况,绘制药物溶出度时间曲线见图9,在pH 7.4的缓冲液中溶出速率相对较高[31],课题组前期实验证实[26-27],载同源成分葛根素-大豆苷元相对于承载单一成分,其溶出度明显上升。在250 min后释放介质中药物浓度无明显变化,累积释放率大约为80%,这可能是由于样品混悬液主要以大颗粒形态存在,与释放介质的接触面积小,难以溶出。而体积分数1.000%乙酸下的纳米晶在250 min内的药物累积释放率最佳。采用一级、Higuchi和Weibull释药模型对样品体外释药行为进行拟合,发其体外释过程均符合Weibull释药模型,拟合方程见表4,说明释药过程是典型的双相动力学特征。
葛根素和大豆苷元是中药葛根含量丰富的有效成分,药理作用广泛、安全范围大,药食两用领域对其需求量日益上涨,然而受制于溶解度差、生物利用度低等缺陷影响,因此,寻求有效提高葛根素和大豆苷元水溶性和生物利用度的方法是推动该产业链发展亟待解决的关键。本课题组前期研究发现,大豆苷元对葛根素有促渗作用,其中,大豆苷元的溶解度也极低,几乎很难被肠道直接吸收。而纳米剂型研究在中药难溶性成分溶解度和有效成分的生物利用度方面发挥着重要的作用[32-34]。而已有文献表明,常用体积分数0.175%乙酸[20]和1.000%的乙酸[21]进行溶解壳聚糖,但乙酸的用量对PEG和CS都具有一定的影响。乙酸可以作为溶剂,溶解PEG,并影响PEG的性质、结构和溶解度;此外,在PEG与乙酸进行酯化反应时,乙酸会对反应的速率和产物的性质产生影响;同时,在PEG的制备过程中添加乙酸也可能会影响产品的质量和产率,一般来说,溶剂浓度越高,在其中溶解的物质受到的影响就越大。基准物质比例常选用1∶1作为最佳合适比例[35]。更有研究发现,相对于体积分数0.175%的乙酸,体积分数1.000%乙酸可以提高壳聚糖的稳定性,改善其物理和化学性能[36]。葛根素-大豆苷元包合物与PEG-CS纳米晶之间的相互作用涉及多个关键方面。在本次纳米晶制备过程中,包合物通过疏水作用、氢键形成和静电相互作用等方式与PEG-CS纳米晶发生相互作用,实现了有效的包载。其次,当葛根素-大豆苷元包合物与PEG-CS纳米晶共载以后,也表现出较强的维持药物活性、提高药物生物利用度和详细的释放动力学,这些研究结果为深入了解该纳米晶系统的相互作用机制以及在药物输送中的应用奠定了实验基础。本次的实验当中通过调整聚乙二醇和壳聚糖的反应条件、溶液浓度、反应时间以及它们之间的相互作用可能包括氢键、范德华力等有助于纳米晶的稳定性和结构的形成。综合实验结果表明在体积分数1.000%的乙酸条件下,β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶的载药量和包封率更好。
本研究采用两步法制备葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶。通过SEM、溶出曲线、再分散性、干燥失重、FT-IR、TGA、XRD、抗氧化性以及抑菌实验等手段对葛根素/大豆苷元的药剂学特征进行表征,结果表明最佳配方下体积分数1.000%的乙酸粒径分布主要是在(334.2±28.7)nm之间,且其粒径分布与SEM基本保持一致,形态完整,分散性好,晶型结构较稳定。体外释放实验表明葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶在体积分数1.000%乙酸下的释放动力学最符合Weibull释药动力学模型。再分散性和干燥失重分别表明葛根素/大豆苷元纳米晶的分散性和稳定性良好。FTIR实验表明在170~1 000 cm-1内,特征峰吸收峰明显增多,其峰值也明显增大。TGA和XRD实验表明其样品热稳定性良好。制备包合物以提高药物包裹入纳米晶内水相的机率,避免药物的渗漏作用,稳定性较高。载入难溶性药物后的纳米晶由于葛根素-大豆苷元明显抑菌作用,同时研究结果也显示当葛根素-大豆苷元与β-CD形成包合物时,溶解度显著性提高,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌抑制效果更加显著。这可能是由于提高了葛根素-大豆苷元纳米晶溶解度,可能损坏细胞质膜和细胞壁,泄漏微生物的胞浆含量,导致细菌破坏作用的发生[37]。虽然药物可以载入纳米晶空腔内,但通常情况下作为难溶性药物只是简单地镶嵌在纳米晶双分子层之间,极易破坏双分子层结构而导致药物泄漏。β-CD包合技术显著改善葛根素-大豆苷元等难溶于水的药物进入内部空腔,提高难溶性药物进入纳米晶内水相机率,形成 β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶。但由于β-CD的内部空腔有限,也会影响药物的利用率[38]
综上所述,本研究成功制备了β-CD-葛根素-大豆苷元-PEG-CS纳米晶,并且显著改善了葛根素/大豆苷元的水溶性。所制备的纳米晶具有较高的载药量及包封率,且葛根素-大豆苷元以晶体状态存在于纳米晶中。通过将 β-CD包合技术与纳米晶的自身优势相结合,药物以包合物的形式转移到纳米晶内水相,从而显著提高药物的溶解度并降低药物的泄漏。这种技术能有效解决难溶性中药成分吸收差和生物利用度低等问题,显示出新型纳米晶在解决难溶性药物的剂型设计方面具有广阔的应用前景。此外,它为改善药物溶解度提供了一种可行的策略,为促进中药传承创新提供了新的发展思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82260765)
  • 江西省科技厅揭榜挂帅项目(20223BBG71002)
  • 江西省重点研发计划(20224BBG71023)
  • 江西省高层次高技能领军人才培养工程(12623001)
  • 江西中医药大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(JZYC22S72)
  • 粉葛的食疗健康产品开发转化(2017YFC1702900-202403)
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2024年第59卷第22期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.008
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-16
  • 出版时间:2024-11-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82260765)
江西省科技厅揭榜挂帅项目(20223BBG71002)
江西省重点研发计划(20224BBG71023)
江西省高层次高技能领军人才培养工程(12623001)
江西中医药大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(JZYC22S72)
粉葛的食疗健康产品开发转化(2017YFC1702900-202403)
作者信息
    1 江西中医药大学,现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 南昌 330004
    2 江西医学高等专科学校,江西 上饶 334000
    3 江西中医药大学药学院,南昌 330004

通讯作者:

* 管咏梅,女,博士,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药新制剂与新技术、食疗学 Tel:(0791)87651498
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.22.008
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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