Article(id=1196886664086860165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)22-2099-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.22.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763289617796, onlineDateStr=2025-11-16, pubDate=1732204800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763289617796, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763289617796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763289617796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196886663541600644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='22', pageStart='2099', pageEnd='2196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763289617666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763292152892, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196897297100488858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196897297104683163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2099, endPage=2106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196886664292381063, articleId=1196886664086860165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Advances in the Application of Microscale Thermophoresis in Drug Target Discovery, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The discovery of drug targets is crucial for understanding the mechanism of drug action and facilitating the development of novel drug therapeutics. Microscale thermophoresis (MST), renowned for its minimal sample consumption, rapid detection speed, high sensitivity, and the absence of the need for protein immobilization, has emerged as a pivotal tool in drug target research. This article outlines the strategies for identifying drug targets, with a focus on elucidating the principles of MST and its application in drug target discovery. Furthermore, it summarizes the promising prospects of MST in this field. The applications of MST are found in both forward and reverse strategies for target discovery, enabling the identification of target proteins for compounds, single herbal ingredients, and compound prescriptions, as well as facilitating drug screening. Additionally, the integration of MST with other molecular interaction techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), provides a potent arsenal for studying the interactions between drugs and their targets. Despite certain limitations, MST holds immense potential for application in the realms of novel drug development and drug mechanism research.

, correspAuthors=Jianya LING, Xiaorui CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui LU, Ying YU, Jianya LING, Xiaorui CHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1196886834111361456, articleId=1196886664086860165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=微量热泳动技术在药物靶点发现中的应用进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

药物靶点的发现对于理解药物作用机制和新药开发至关重要。微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis,MST)以其具有样本用量少、检测速度快、灵敏度高且无须固定蛋白的特点,成为药物靶点研究中的重要工具之一。文章简述了药物靶点的发现策略,重点介绍了MST技术的原理及其在药物靶点发现中的应用,并总结了其应用前景。MST技术在靶点发现的正向和逆向策略中均有应用,可以用于化合物、中药单体成分及复方的靶点蛋白确定或药物筛选。此外,MST与其他分子互作技术如表面等离子体共振技术(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)等联用,为药物与靶点相互作用的研究提供了有力工具。尽管MST技术存在一定的局限性,但它在新药研发和药物机制研究领域仍具有广阔的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=凌建亚, 程肖蕊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 凌建亚,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药用真菌分子系统学及天然活性组分等研究 Tel:(0532)58631517;
程肖蕊,女,博士,教授 研究方向:中药药理学 Tel:(0531)89628348
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卢慧,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药药理学研究

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卢慧,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药药理学研究

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Acta Pharm Sin B(药学学报英文), 2022, 12(6): 2887-2904., articleTitle=Gentiopicroside targets PAQR3 to activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and ameliorate disordered glucose and lipid metabolism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197124913761927169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=124, issue=null, pageStart=155263, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=49, authorNames=CHEN H, HU Q, WEN T, journalName=Phytomedicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN H, HU Q, WEN T, et al. Arteannuin B, a sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia annua, attenuates inflammatory response by inhibiting the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2D3-mediated NF-κB activation[J]. Phytomedicine, 2024, 124: 155263., articleTitle=Arteannuin B, a sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia annua, attenuates inflammatory response by inhibiting the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2D3-mediated NF-κB activation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1197124908896535455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, awardId=82374062, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(82374062), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1197124908959450016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, awardId=YDZX2023003, language=CN, fundingSource=中央引导地方科技发展专项资金项目(YDZX2023003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1197124909013975969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, awardId=XZ202201ZY0026G, language=CN, fundingSource=西藏自治区科技计划重点研发计划(XZ202201ZY0026G), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1197124909068501922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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技术 原理 数据结果 优点 缺点 适用范围
MST[12] 热泳动特性变化 亲和力(KD)、解离常数(Kd)、摩尔结合焓(ΔH)、摩尔结合熵(ΔS)、吉布斯自由能(ΔG) 对样品稳定性要求不高、无须固定蛋白、样品用量少、检测速度快、高灵敏度 需荧光标记蛋白;要求样本自身无荧光 微量样品(nmol·L-1、μL级别)
SPR[13] SPR角动态变化 亲和力(KD)、结合速率、解离速率 高灵敏度、实时动态监测、无须样品标记 对样品组成及温度等干扰因素敏感 中药成分小分子化合物
BLI[14] 光干涉信号变化 亲和力(KD)、结合速率、解离速率 耐受粗样品、对二甲基亚砜等有机溶剂不敏感、无须样品标记、检测速度快 灵敏度低;样品用量大 耐受中药复方提取液、中药组分溶液等
ITC[15] 热量动态变化 解离常数(Kd)、结合常数(Ka)、结合位点数(n)、摩尔结合焓(ΔH)、摩尔结合熵(ΔS)、吉布斯自由能(ΔG) 一次性获得动力学、热力学信息、可表征弱结合、高灵敏度、无需样品标记 对缓冲液要求严格 解析动力学及热力学等机制
CETSA[16] 温度变化 结合常数(Ka)、熔解温度(Tm) 蛋白质具有正确的亚细胞定位、翻译后修饰和代谢物反馈等条件 需与WB联用;灵敏度低 寻找药物靶标蛋白
), ArticleFig(id=1197124908523242394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

体外药物-靶点互作技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术 原理 数据结果 优点 缺点 适用范围
MST[12] 热泳动特性变化 亲和力(KD)、解离常数(Kd)、摩尔结合焓(ΔH)、摩尔结合熵(ΔS)、吉布斯自由能(ΔG) 对样品稳定性要求不高、无须固定蛋白、样品用量少、检测速度快、高灵敏度 需荧光标记蛋白;要求样本自身无荧光 微量样品(nmol·L-1、μL级别)
SPR[13] SPR角动态变化 亲和力(KD)、结合速率、解离速率 高灵敏度、实时动态监测、无须样品标记 对样品组成及温度等干扰因素敏感 中药成分小分子化合物
BLI[14] 光干涉信号变化 亲和力(KD)、结合速率、解离速率 耐受粗样品、对二甲基亚砜等有机溶剂不敏感、无须样品标记、检测速度快 灵敏度低;样品用量大 耐受中药复方提取液、中药组分溶液等
ITC[15] 热量动态变化 解离常数(Kd)、结合常数(Ka)、结合位点数(n)、摩尔结合焓(ΔH)、摩尔结合熵(ΔS)、吉布斯自由能(ΔG) 一次性获得动力学、热力学信息、可表征弱结合、高灵敏度、无需样品标记 对缓冲液要求严格 解析动力学及热力学等机制
CETSA[16] 温度变化 结合常数(Ka)、熔解温度(Tm) 蛋白质具有正确的亚细胞定位、翻译后修饰和代谢物反馈等条件 需与WB联用;灵敏度低 寻找药物靶标蛋白
), ArticleFig(id=1197124908586156955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 靶点蛋白 配体(化合物) Kd值数量级 参考文献
天然药物药效物质 胆碱三甲胺裂解酶(choline trimethylamine-lyase, CutC) (-)-没食子儿茶素、没食子酸酯 μmol·L-1 [35]
胞嘧啶/尿苷单磷酸氨酶2 (cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2, CMPK2) 血竭素(dracorhodin, DP) μmol·L-1 [36]
化学药物 核糖核苷酸还原酶调节亚基M2(ribonucleotide reductase M2, RRM2) 单苯酮(monobenzone, MB) μmol·L-1 [37]
中药复方 β-淀粉样蛋白(Amyloid-β1-42,Aβ1-42) 灯盏乙素 mmol·L-1 [38]
), ArticleFig(id=1197124908653265820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正向策略中MST应用举例

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分类 靶点蛋白 配体(化合物) Kd值数量级 参考文献
天然药物药效物质 胆碱三甲胺裂解酶(choline trimethylamine-lyase, CutC) (-)-没食子儿茶素、没食子酸酯 μmol·L-1 [35]
胞嘧啶/尿苷单磷酸氨酶2 (cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2, CMPK2) 血竭素(dracorhodin, DP) μmol·L-1 [36]
化学药物 核糖核苷酸还原酶调节亚基M2(ribonucleotide reductase M2, RRM2) 单苯酮(monobenzone, MB) μmol·L-1 [37]
中药复方 β-淀粉样蛋白(Amyloid-β1-42,Aβ1-42) 灯盏乙素 mmol·L-1 [38]
), ArticleFig(id=1197124908716180381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 配体(化合物) 疾病 靶点蛋白 Kd值数量级 参考文献
天然药物药
效物质
松果菊苷(echinacoside, ECH) 脑卒中后抑郁(post-stroke
depression, PSD)
核呼吸因子2(nuclearrespiratoty factor 2,Nrf2) μmol·L-1 [42]
重楼皂苷Ⅶ(paris saponin Ⅶ,
PSⅦ)
乳腺癌(breast cancer,
BC)
大肿瘤抑制因子(large tumor suppressor kinase 1,LATS1)、MOB激酶激活因子1A(MOB kinase activator 1A,MOB1)、丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶3 (serine/threonine kinase 3,STK3) mmol·L-1 [43]
大黄酚 慢性肾脏疾病(chronic
kidney disease, CKD)
裸角质层同源物2 (naked cuticle homolog 2, NKD2) μmol·L-1 [44]
芒果苷(mangiferin, MG)和肉
桂酸(cinnamic acid, CA)
类风湿性关节炎(rheuma-
toid arthritis, RA)
Toll样受体4 (toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B,PKB) μmol·L-1 [45]
), ArticleFig(id=1197124908774900638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196886664086860165, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

逆向策略中MST应用举例

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分类 配体(化合物) 疾病 靶点蛋白 Kd值数量级 参考文献
天然药物药
效物质
松果菊苷(echinacoside, ECH) 脑卒中后抑郁(post-stroke
depression, PSD)
核呼吸因子2(nuclearrespiratoty factor 2,Nrf2) μmol·L-1 [42]
重楼皂苷Ⅶ(paris saponin Ⅶ,
PSⅦ)
乳腺癌(breast cancer,
BC)
大肿瘤抑制因子(large tumor suppressor kinase 1,LATS1)、MOB激酶激活因子1A(MOB kinase activator 1A,MOB1)、丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶3 (serine/threonine kinase 3,STK3) mmol·L-1 [43]
大黄酚 慢性肾脏疾病(chronic
kidney disease, CKD)
裸角质层同源物2 (naked cuticle homolog 2, NKD2) μmol·L-1 [44]
芒果苷(mangiferin, MG)和肉
桂酸(cinnamic acid, CA)
类风湿性关节炎(rheuma-
toid arthritis, RA)
Toll样受体4 (toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B,PKB) μmol·L-1 [45]
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微量热泳动技术在药物靶点发现中的应用进展
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卢慧 1 , 于莹 2 , 凌建亚 1, 3, * , 程肖蕊 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(22): 2099-2106
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(22): 2099-2106
微量热泳动技术在药物靶点发现中的应用进展
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卢慧1, 于莹2, 凌建亚1, 3, *, 程肖蕊2, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东中医药大学药学院, 济南 250355
  • 2 山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 济南 250355
  • 3 山东大学微生物技术国家重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
  • 卢慧,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药药理学研究

通讯作者:

* 凌建亚,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药用真菌分子系统学及天然活性组分等研究 Tel:(0532)58631517;
程肖蕊,女,博士,教授 研究方向:中药药理学 Tel:(0531)89628348
Advances in the Application of Microscale Thermophoresis in Drug Target Discovery
Hui LU1, Ying YU2, Jianya LING1, 3, *, Xiaorui CHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 2 Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2024-11-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.001
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药物靶点的发现对于理解药物作用机制和新药开发至关重要。微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis,MST)以其具有样本用量少、检测速度快、灵敏度高且无须固定蛋白的特点,成为药物靶点研究中的重要工具之一。文章简述了药物靶点的发现策略,重点介绍了MST技术的原理及其在药物靶点发现中的应用,并总结了其应用前景。MST技术在靶点发现的正向和逆向策略中均有应用,可以用于化合物、中药单体成分及复方的靶点蛋白确定或药物筛选。此外,MST与其他分子互作技术如表面等离子体共振技术(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)等联用,为药物与靶点相互作用的研究提供了有力工具。尽管MST技术存在一定的局限性,但它在新药研发和药物机制研究领域仍具有广阔的应用前景。

微量热泳动  /  药物靶点  /  分子互作技术

The discovery of drug targets is crucial for understanding the mechanism of drug action and facilitating the development of novel drug therapeutics. Microscale thermophoresis (MST), renowned for its minimal sample consumption, rapid detection speed, high sensitivity, and the absence of the need for protein immobilization, has emerged as a pivotal tool in drug target research. This article outlines the strategies for identifying drug targets, with a focus on elucidating the principles of MST and its application in drug target discovery. Furthermore, it summarizes the promising prospects of MST in this field. The applications of MST are found in both forward and reverse strategies for target discovery, enabling the identification of target proteins for compounds, single herbal ingredients, and compound prescriptions, as well as facilitating drug screening. Additionally, the integration of MST with other molecular interaction techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), provides a potent arsenal for studying the interactions between drugs and their targets. Despite certain limitations, MST holds immense potential for application in the realms of novel drug development and drug mechanism research.

microscale thermophoresis  /  drug target  /  molecular interaction technology
卢慧, 于莹, 凌建亚, 程肖蕊. 微量热泳动技术在药物靶点发现中的应用进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2099 -2106 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.001
Hui LU, Ying YU, Jianya LING, Xiaorui CHENG. Advances in the Application of Microscale Thermophoresis in Drug Target Discovery[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2099 -2106 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.001
药物作用靶点是指存在于机体细胞、可与药物直接结合并发生相互作用,从而赋予药物生物学效应的特定分子[1]。药物靶点具有下列特性:药物作用于靶点后对疾病治疗具有有效性;中靶后引起的毒副作用反应小;基于其筛选的物质具有成药性。因此,确定药物作用靶点对于疾病的针对性治疗和新药研发至关重要。目前药物靶点有不到500个,包括受体、酶、离子通道、核酸等[2]。绝大多数上市药物都是以蛋白质为靶点的,因此在确定药物作用靶点的过程中,保证蛋白质的稳定性至关重要。而微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis,MST)由于其无须固定蛋白,在一定程度上保证了蛋白的稳定性,并且灵敏度高、样品用量少,广泛应用于研究化合物与生物分子的相互作用中,成为药物靶点研究中的重要工具。以往的研究文献已对MST在分子相互作用领域的广泛应用进行了详尽的综述[3-4],然而,在药物靶点这一关键研究领域内,MST技术的具体应用与进展尚未得到系统性的总结。鉴于此,本文旨在填补这一空白,全面综述MST技术在药物靶点发现中的最新应用进展,以期为药物研发领域的科研人员提供新的视角和启示。
当前的靶点蛋白确定策略分为两个方向[5-6](图1):逆向策略(蓝色方向)是从药物本身出发,通过各种生化和结构生物学技术确认具体结合的靶点蛋白。Celastrol抑制多种人类肿瘤细胞类型的增殖,有研究[7]通过表面等离子体共振技术(surface plasmon resonance, SPR)和等温滴定量热技术(isothermal titration calorimetry, ITC) 确定Celastrol诱导癌细胞凋亡的靶点蛋白,结果发现Celastrol与过氧化物还原酶2(peroxiredoxin 2, Prdx2)的亲和活性最强,提示Prdx2是可能的药物靶点。有学者[8]通过网络药理学探讨萆薢活性成分(薯蓣皂苷元)抗动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的作用机制,并通过体外细胞造模验证,发现薯蓣皂苷元抗AS可能的作用靶点是腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)。
与逆向策略不同,正向策略(红色方向)从蛋白的表型出发,即先确认药物或病理引起的多组学层面的表型变化和相关细胞信号通路的变化从而找到潜在的靶点蛋白,然后通过技术测试该蛋白与潜在药物结合的可能性。学者们[9]在实验中发现哮喘患者和哮喘模型鼠的瞬时受体电位阳离子通道成员A1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1,TRPA1)的表达和活性升高,提示TRPA1是可能的药物靶点,而其拮抗剂GDC-0334能够有效抑制TRPA1对气道平滑肌和感觉神经元的作用,并通过冷冻电镜技术观察到GDC-0334与TRPA1的结合。Toll样受体-4(toll-like receptors-4,TLR4)信号通路与慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG)密切相关,有学者[10]通过检测TLR4信号通路变化验证养胃和络饮治疗CAG的作用机制。GPR84主要在中性粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞和其他先天免疫细胞中表达,在炎症刺激时其表达增加。有研究报道[11]GPR84在活动性溃疡性结肠炎患者和硫酸葡聚糖钠(dextran sulfate,DSS)诱导的结肠炎小鼠的发炎结肠组织中高度上调,在表达GPR84的HEK293细胞中通过使用钙动员测定法对160 000种化合物进行高通量筛选,鉴定出GPR84新型拮抗剂CLH536,并证明CLH536能抑制炎症因子的产生。
不论是正向策略还是反向策略,对于潜在的“药物-靶点”对的验证是不可或缺的环节。验证的过程可分为体外分子层面、体外细胞层面和体内实验验证3个方面。
在体外分子层面验证时,通常会使用各种生物物理和生物化学技术来验证药物与靶点之间的相互作用。常用的研究药物与靶点蛋白互作研究技术包括MST[12]、SPR[13]、生物膜干涉技术(bio-layer interferometry,BLI)[14]、ITC[15]等。通过这些技术,可以测量药物与靶点之间的亲和力、结合动力学参数等信息,从而验证它们之间的相互作用(表1)。在体外药物-靶点互作技术中,与SPR、BLI需要将蛋白固定到相应芯片的需求相比,MST不需要固定蛋白,减少了实验中可能出现的蛋白质结构变化或失活的风险,同时保持了蛋白的自然结构和活性;与ITC对缓冲液要求严格的特点相比,MST对缓冲液的要求不高,且不受蛋白质大小、性质或结合动力学参数的限制。另外,MST样本需求量小、检测速度快,且即使在低浓度下也能够准确测量分子间微弱的相互作用,已成为药物与靶点蛋白的作用研究的重要工具之一。
在体外细胞层面验证时,可以利用细胞热迁移实验(cellular thermal shift assay,CETSA)[16]联用免疫印迹(Western blotting,WB),直接检测药物与靶点蛋白的结合关系。另一种方法是将验证过的药物与靶点组合引入细胞体系,通过细胞增殖、细胞凋亡等细胞生物学实验,在细胞水平上验证药物是否能够影响细胞功能、代谢或生存等生物学过程,从而间接验证药物与靶点之间的相互作用。
经体外初步验证后,再通过小鼠、大鼠、猪等动物模型进行体内实验检验药物-靶点关系。对动物模型进行给药后,通过行为学实验及Luminex多因子检测[17-18](以全面剖析生物标志物的动态变化)、多色免疫组化染色[19](精准定位并量化组织内蛋白表达及细胞分布)、单细胞RNA测序[20-21](揭示单个细胞水平的基因表达异质性)等技术观察其生理、病理学变化。同时聚焦药物在体内的药动学特征(如吸收、分布、代谢与排泄过程)及毒代动力学参数,以全面评估药物的生物利用度、作用时长及潜在的毒性反应。最终,这些结果将为进入临床试验提供重要依据,并通过临床试验进一步验证药物在人体内的实际作用机制、靶点结合效率及安全性,确保药物在真实患者群体中的有效性与安全性,从而为患者带来更加精准、有效的治疗选择。
热泳动现象是指分子在温度梯度下的定向移动(分子向远离热源的方向移动)。在恒定的缓冲条件下,热泳动能够反映出分子大小,电荷和溶剂化熵[22]。当化合物与荧光标记的靶点蛋白结合后其分子大小、电荷等分子性质发生改变,荧光标记靶点蛋白Target(T)与化合物-荧光标记靶点聚合物Target-Ligand(TL)的热泳动现象产生差异。MST技术将热泳动现象与荧光检测相结合,通过梯度滴定实验,将反应体系中荧光分布的变化进行量化表征,测量计算出分子间的结合常数(图2)[23-24],定量分析溶液中微升的分子间的相互作用。
将固定浓度的带有荧光标记的互作分子(大多是靶点蛋白)和浓度梯度的配体(或化合物)分子置于毛细管中,红外激光通过分光镜反射到毛细管的固定位置,激光光斑处温度升高使毛细管内产生一个局部微观温度梯度场中,由于存在热泳动现象,毛细管内的荧光强度会在激光器打开前、打开时和打开后发生变化,通过检测该荧光变化得到分子间的相互作用信息(图3)。
荧光分布受热弛豫时间和荧光靶蛋白的热泳动两方面影响,热弛豫时间短而荧光靶蛋白的热泳动时间长,故可通过测量荧光分布热从而表征荧光靶蛋白的热泳动现象。在较慢的热泳动时间内(10 s),荧光靶蛋白先从局部加热区域移往四周的低温地区,局部加热区域的荧光靶蛋白浓度降低,最后由于质量扩散效应的反作用使荧光靶蛋白的分布达到稳定态(图3)。毛细管中的荧光通过光学二极管来成像,然后将加热中心的标准化荧光Fnorm(Fnorm=Fhot/Fcold,Fhot为加热区的荧光值,Fcold为初始或冷却后的荧光值)对时间绘图(图4A),最后拟合出S形的荧光-浓度反应曲线,即结合曲线(图4B)。当荧光标记靶点蛋白与梯度浓度稀释的配体(或化合物)结合时,Fnorm=(1-TL)Fnorm,结合+Fnorm,结合[25]
MST常用的拟合模型为[26]:
[ T L ] [ T 0 ]= ( [ L 0 ] + [ T 0 ] + K d ) - ( [ L 0 ] + [ T 0 ] + K d ) 2 - 4 · [ L 0 ] · [ T 0 ] 2 [ T 0 ] [ T L ] [ T 0 ]= 1 1 + ( E C 50 / [ T 0 ] ) n
其中[T0] [L0] [TL]分别代表结合状态下的荧光标记靶点蛋白浓度、配体浓度、荧光标记靶点蛋白-配体聚合物浓度,Kd为解离常数,EC50为配体的半数最大结合浓度。解离常数在毫摩尔级别及以下,证明两者亲和。
实验时至少准备20 μL的配体样品、5~100 nmol·L-1的荧光标记靶点蛋白,以减少由于样品蒸发、样品粘在微反应管和移液误差而遇到问题的可能性[27]。靶点蛋白需要带有荧光标签(GFP、YFP等)或本身带有荧光基团(芳香族氨基酸等)。配体样本的浓度做梯度稀释,并与固定浓度的荧光标记靶点蛋白事先混匀后即可用MST检测(图5),对实验结果拟合后即可测得解离常数Kd。荧光标记靶点蛋白的浓度应在预期解离常数的数量级上,配体样本的浓度应足够高,以达到至少一个数量级的最终浓度。
MST除了能精确检测生物分子间相互作用,通过计算解离常数(Kd),还能得到有关生物分子互作的其他参数,实现精确的定性分析。MST可用于小分子间相互作用,蛋白质与小分子、核酸、多肽、蛋白质间相互作用的检测。
MST的操作简单、可重复性好且灵敏度高,因此特别适合于RNA相互作用的研究,并且已经在广泛的生物学相关的RNA相互作用中得到了证明[27-28]。为验证马泽氏甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina mazei)中可能参与氮(N)调控的sRNA41的靶标是编码乙酰辅酶A脱羧酶/合酶复合物的操纵子基因(mRNA-MM2089)[28-29],采用MST检测荧光标记后的5'UTR的80 nucleotide(nt)的MM2089(5'UTR MM2089)与sRNA41的相互作用,得到Kd值在纳摩尔级别;240 nt长的5'UTR MM2089片段作为未标记的竞争RNA,使其结合减少至1/10(Kd值在毫摩尔级别);删除sRNA41的nt 18~46(包括结合位点和侧翼区域)则完全抑制了结合。该发现表明sRNA41与5' UTR MM2089显著结合,提示MM2089可能是sRNA41的结合位点,为研究Methanosarcina mazei转录后调控的新机制提供了证据。
MST可用于高通量筛选与目标蛋白质结合的小分子化合物。有报道证明[30]糖原合成酶激酶3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β,GSK3β)与轴心2蛋白(axis inhibitor 2,Axin2)相互作用并磷酸化,从而引发其泛素化和蛋白酶体降解。为找到一种可以促进Axin2与GSK3β相互作用、引发Axin2蛋白酶体降解的小分子化合物,研究者进行了MST筛选实验,将细菌表达的重组Axin2蛋白片段(嵌入GSK3β结合域的残基327-476)与合成化学文库中的每种化合物孵育,随后与不同浓度的重组GSK3β蛋白片段(残基26-383,与Axin2结合的结构域)孵育。MST筛选结果发现,化合物CW8531能有效增强Axin2与GSK3β的结合相互作用,其Kd值在微摩尔级别。
水稻条纹病毒(ricestripevirus,RSV)编码的非结构蛋白3 (non-structural protein 3,NS3)通过劫持宿主RNA沉默途径加工pri-miRNA,诱导miRNA积累和靶基因抑制,导致水稻病毒感染[31]。为验证NS3与人工pri-miR528的相互作用,使用MonolithTM系列蛋白质标记试剂盒RED-NHS第二代标记纯化的GST-NS3蛋白并检测其浓度(标记时需注意其酸碱度),将GST-NS3蛋白与人工合成的pri-miR528进行MST[27]
MST的操作简便,是一种快速测定和分析钙调磷酸酶及其相互作用蛋白的解离常数的有效方法[32]。钙调磷酸酶(calcineurin,CN)是唯一受Ca2+和钙调蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)调控的蛋白磷酸酶,由催化亚基A (CNA)和调节亚基B (CNB)组成。细胞质中Ca2+增加,钙调磷酸酶被激活并从底物中识别和锚定两个短线性基序PxIxIT和LxVP基序,催化去磷酸化,参与许多Ca2+依赖的信号转导途径。由于荧光标记后PxIxIT多肽自身产生聚集,故采用MST检测LxVP基序多肽和钙调磷酸酶的结合,而PxIxIT基序多肽和钙调磷酸酶的结合采用荧光偏振检测技术(fluorescence polarization binding assay,FP)检测。PxIxIT和LxVP基序多肽在体外重组合成,CNA、CNB和CaM在大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)细胞中表达,其中重组CNB和CaM蛋白通过苯基-Sepharose层析纯化、CNA亚基通过CaM-Sepharose 4B亲和柱纯化。将多肽进行荧光标记后,与钙调磷酸酶(CNA、CNB、CaM)进行MST检测其相互作用,得到的Kd值在微摩尔级别证明钙调磷酸酶与LxVP基序多肽能结合。该研究表明与FP相比,MST更适用于自身不发生聚集的生物分子之间的相互作用。
MST是一种可靠和多功能的冠状病毒研究工具。严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)的功能受体是血管紧张素转换酶-2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)[33]。研究者们[34]将SARS-CoV-2的受体结合结构域(重组S1亚基蛋白)进行荧光标记后,与预测可能的结合肽(B001R、NB001、NB002)进行MST检测,得到其亲和力在微摩尔级别,提示这些肽可以作为预防SARS-CoV-2感染的重点。同时在体外大量表达纯化的His-ACE2后进行荧光标记,与连续稀释的S1亚基蛋白进行MST检测,得到其Kd值在纳摩尔级别。实验结果提示MST在天然脂质环境中亦可进行准确可靠的结合测量(不需要制备纯化蛋白),为膜蛋白与生物分子间相互作用的检测提供了一种工具。
MST多用于中药单体成分及复方的靶点蛋白确定或寻找靶向某一蛋白的药物筛选(表2~3)。因MST的影响因素较多,故现多采用分子对接预测结合后进行MST及其他分子互作技术检测,相互印证结果后继续进行细胞及动物实验验证结果。
MST可被应用于三甲胺氮氧化物(rimethylamine N-oxide production, TMAO)与AS的发病机制有关,它的产生离不开CutC的作用[39]。对雌性C57BL/6 J小鼠灌胃给的山核桃多酚提取物12周后,发现给药组肥胖指标、炎症指标下降,动脉粥样硬化病理变减弱,提示山核桃多酚提取物对AS有治疗效果[35]。为明确具体活性成分,先进行分子对接后通过MST检测CutC与提取物的结合力,发现(-)-没食子儿茶素、没食子酸酯的亲和力均在微摩尔级别,为强结合。MST作为验证,提示山核桃多酚能有效缓解AS。
CMPK2参与线粒体DNA的挽救合成途径并磷酸化dUMP、dCMP、CMP和UMP。CMPK2参与激活NLRP3炎症小体,提示CMPK2是控制NLRP3炎症小体相关疾病的潜在有前途的治疗靶点[36]。有研究[36]通过超滤亲和质谱分析筛选CMPK2抑制剂并通过激酶活性测定评估半抑制浓度(IC50),发现DP的IC50= 1.34 μmol·L-1。通过MST分析DP与CMPK2的直接相互作用,结果表明,DP与CMPK2结合的Kd值在纳摩尔级别,证明DP和CMPK2强亲和。
为寻找急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukaemia, AML)的可能药物,学者们[37]通过网络药理学研究核糖核苷酸还原酶在AML患者中的作用,发现RRM2表达水平与AML恶性增殖呈正相关,提示RRM2可能是AML患者风险分层和治疗靶点的重要生物标志物。为筛选药物,学者们通过分子对接模拟筛选出潜在抑制剂MB,通过MST法测定RRM2蛋白与MB的结合,其Kd值在微摩尔级别,且体外实验结果表明MB抑制重组核糖核苷酸还原酶活力,提示MB可能通过与RRM2结合抑制核糖核苷酸还原酶(ribonucleotide reductase,RNR)的活性。
灯盏生脉胶囊具有神经保护作用,是卒中二级预防用中成药。研究人员通过灌胃给予4月龄雄性APP/PS1小鼠40、200 mg·kg-1·d-1灯盏生脉溶液2个月后,发现其水迷宫实验中测试期的潜伏期明显缩短,大脑皮层的淀粉样斑块增多但皮层可溶性Aβ1-42和Aβ1-40的水平降低;对4月龄雄性APP/PS1小鼠灌胃给药20、100 mg·kg-1·d-1灯盏生脉胶囊2月后,发现给药组无明显焦虑情况且水迷宫中的逃避潜伏期明显下降,20 mg·kg-1·d-1灯盏花乙素给药后降低皮层可溶性Aβ1-42和Aβ1-40的水平。该结果提示灯盏生脉胶囊及其有效成分灯盏花乙素可能通过降低Aβ聚集而防治阿尔茨海默病[38]。为验证黄芩苷是灯盏生脉胶囊降低Aβ聚集的作用靶点,将400 nmol·L-1的荧光标记后的Aβ1-42作为大分子底物,与16个浓度梯度的灯盏花乙素进行MST检测其结合作用,得到Kd在毫摩尔级别,提示灯盏花乙素与Aβ单体有结合活性,提示灯盏花乙素可能是灯盏生脉胶囊降低Aβ聚集的作用靶点。
中药具有多成分、多靶点的复杂特点,其靶点的确定是传承中医药、研发新药的关键步骤。故中药靶点的确定大多是反向的,MST技术在其中起着重要作用。
松果菊苷(ECH)具有抗抑郁特性,并在多种神经疾病模型中都表现出神经保护作用[40],有研究[41]证明ECH通过影响Nrf2抑制氧化应激和细胞凋亡而具有神经保护作用。为研究ECH对脑卒中后抑郁(post-stroke depression,PSD)的作用,研究者采用大脑中动脉闭塞并发慢性不可预测轻度应激的方法建立大鼠PSD模型[42],并对其腹腔注射7.5、15和30 mg·kg-1的松果菊苷21 d。结果发现,与模型组相比,ECH治疗组的蔗糖消耗量明显增加,强迫游泳实验中ECH治疗组比PSD组表现出明显更低的不动和抑郁样行为;ECH治疗组的脑梗死体积明显减小并减轻缺血/再灌注引起的脑损伤的影响,海马区Nissl染色显示ECH治疗组神经元完整性增强。为探究ECH缓解PSD的具体机制是否与Nrf2相关,通过分子对接和MST检测ECH与Nrf2之间的相互作用,结果显示其Kd值在微摩尔级别,表明ECH与Nrf2有良好的结合活性,提示ECH可能通过Nrf2介导BDNF/TrkB信号轴从而发挥神经保护和抗抑郁作用。
有研究表明重楼皂苷Ⅶ(PSⅦ)抑制乳腺癌(breast cancer,BC)细胞的锚定依赖性(细胞活力)和锚定依赖性(集落形成)的生长,并诱导BC细胞凋亡和自噬[43]。PSⅦ诱导的自噬与LATS1活性形式的增加有关。为确定PSⅦ抑制BC的作用机制,研究者通过分子对接表明PSⅦ直接与STK3-MOB1-LATS1三元复合物结合,通过MST检测PSⅦ分别与LATS1、MOB1和STK3的亲和力,其Kd值均在毫摩尔级别,证明PSⅦ与MST2-MOB1-LATS1三元配合物具有较高的亲和力。
大黄酚可以改善CKD小鼠的肾功能,延缓TGF-β刺激诱导的人肾细胞纤维化过程[46]。对单侧输尿管闭塞诱导的8周龄CKD小鼠灌胃给药40 mg·kg-1·d-1大黄酚15 d后[44],与模型组相比,其肾重比明显降低(P<0.05),血清中尿素氮和血肌酐(肾功能不全的临床评价指标)显著降低,免疫组化染色显示大黄酚组肾纤维化明显缓解。NKD2是一种TNF-α调节剂,已被证明与肾纤维化密切相关。从AlphaFold蛋白质结构数据库(https://www.alphafold.)中获得了小鼠NKD2(Q8VE28)的X射线晶体结构,使用Discovery Studio 2016 Client软件进行大黄酚与NKD2的分子对接,以cdocker能值评价结合情况。两者cdocker能值为42.32 kJ·moL-1,表明大黄酚与NKD2结合,NKD2与大黄酚的Val183、Val147和Leu138形成疏水相互作用、残基Thr182和Ser184形成氢键相互作用。利用慢病毒过表达载体[感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)=30]在HK-2细胞中高表达NKD2,与14个浓度梯度的大黄酚溶液进行MST检测,结果显示大黄酚与NKD2的Kd值在微摩尔级别,表明大黄酚与NKD2有良好的结合活性,提示大黄酚通过抑制NF-κB的活化和NKD2的表达来介导NKD2/NF-κB通路。
对6~8周龄雄性Lewis大鼠进行RA造模(AIA-M大鼠模型)后,给予21.4 g·kg-1白虎桂枝汤治疗30 d后[45],发现与模型组相比,大鼠的关节炎发病率、肢体直径和关节炎评分降低,疼痛阈值升高,表明白虎桂枝汤对RA有效。为进一步阐明其作用机制,学者基于转录组学分析的差异数据分析和网络药理学预测可能的靶点蛋白是TLR4和蛋白激酶B(AKT),可能的代表性成分是芒果苷(MG)和肉桂酸(CA)。又通过MST和SPR分别检测CA与TLR4、MG与PKB的亲和活性,其结果均在微摩尔级别,表明亲和力强。
SBF-1是一种特性良好的抗肿瘤药物,对不同种类的癌症具有强大的细胞毒性作用。为研究其对人类前列腺癌(prostate cancer, PC)的作用,学者们[47]聚焦于雄激素受体(androgen receptor, AR),用MST检验重组3种人GFP-AR突变蛋白和SBF-1的结合亲和力,结果显示SBF-1对AR突变体L702H和F876L的结合亲和力较强,Kd值均在微摩尔级别。学者们又用PC3细胞表达敲降DNA结合域(DNA-binding domain, DBD)的ARΔDBD蛋白,通过MST和ITC检测SBF-1与ARΔDBD的亲和力,MST结果表明SBF-1与ARΔDBD之间存在微弱的结合,其Kd值在微摩尔级别;ITC结果显示SBF-1与ARΔDBD相互作用的热力学参数无变化,证实SBF-1无法与纯化的ARΔDBD结合。这些结果提示SBF-1与AR-DBD结合阻止其与靶基因结合。
孕酮和脂联素受体3(progestin and adipo Q receptor family member 3,PAQR3)属于7次跨膜蛋白中的PAQR蛋白家族。从Uniprot上获得PAQR3的氨基酸序列,用Swiss Model识别合适的结构模板(PDB,代码:5lxg.1.A)并建立同源模型,使用Molecular Operating Environment 2015进行龙胆苷(gentiopicroside,GPS)与PAQR3同源模型三维结构的分子对接,根据对接化合物在结合位点上的结合方式分配结合能,用蛋白配体相互作用指纹图谱鉴定蛋白配体相互作用类型[48]。分子对接结果发现GPS配合物与PAQR2的Leu40、Asp42、Glu69、Tyr125和Ser129形成3个关键氢键,提示GPS可能靶向PAQR2蛋白。将原核生物重组表达的PAQR3荧光标记后与GPS分别进行SPR、MST和CETSA测定,证实GPS以正剂量依赖性方式直接与PAQR3蛋白相互作用,Kd值在微摩尔级别。此外,GPS引起的PAQR3热稳定性的增加在很大程度上受到Glu69影响并且SPR结果表明Glu3缺失的PAQR3蛋白与GPS相互作用的能力明显受损,表明Glu69可能是GPS的重要结合位点。
有研究[49]报道青蒿素B在体外可显著抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)或TNF-α诱导的炎症反应,并对体内葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate,DSS)诱导的结肠炎和LPS诱导的急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)具有保护作用。为确定青蒿素B的潜在靶点及分子机制,学者们通过相似性集成法(https://sea.bkslab.org/)预测其作用靶点是泛素结合酶E2D3(ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme E2 D3, UBE2D3)。通过CETSA、MST检测青蒿素B与UBE2D3之间的直接相互作用结果,CETSA结果表明青蒿素B增加了UBE2D3的热稳定性,而青蒿素B失活后结果发生改变;而MST实验进一步证实青蒿素B直接与UBE2D3相互作用,Kd值在微摩尔级别。
综上,进行MST检测所需要的蛋白多为原核/真核细胞重组表达的蛋白,其本身或表达融合蛋白(GFP, YFP等)或直接合成荧光样品(核酸、多肽)或使用MST相关荧光标记试剂盒进行荧光标记(氨基偶联、半胱氨酸偶联、His-tag特异性标记),药物分为14~16个浓度梯度,在NanoTemper公司生产的Monolith系列仪器上进行操作。其操作简单,难点在于蛋白和药物溶液的制备。
与其他技术相比,MST技术具有独特优势。MST对蛋白的要求条件简单、对缓冲液的要求低,适用于难以纯化或性质不稳定的蛋白如跨膜蛋白等;无论是确定药物筛选靶点蛋白还是确定靶点蛋白筛选药物,MST技术都可以胜任;不需要固定蛋白,较大可能性地减小对蛋白结构、活性的影响;检测时间短,可进行高通量筛选。中药及其复方具有多成分、多靶点、多途径的特点,预测其药物靶点是传承与研发中药的难点之一,而MST技术为中药及其复方的靶点预测提供了良好的工具。综上所述,MST是一种简单、方便地寻找药物靶点的方法。
在药物靶点发现的正向策略中,MST技术可以筛选潜在的药物分子与靶点蛋白的结合亲和性并评估其结合强度,提供新药研发新思路,降低药物开发成本;在逆向策略中,MST技术可以了解药物与潜在靶点蛋白之间的作用机制,有助于揭示药物的治疗作用机制及副作用。因此,MST技术在新药研发领域和药物机制研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。
由于MST属于微观环境检测,仪器对分子大小、水化层、电荷改变等因素高度敏感,故误差较大。此外,MST技术只能呈现出药物与靶点是否结合,不能体现其具体结合片段及促进或抑制作用。为解决其存在的不足,可将MST作为分子对接预测后的验证,或与其他互作技术(如SPR、BLI等)相互印证,并用细胞及动物实验作为补充说明。
综上所述,MST技术在药物靶点发现领域的应用正处于快速发展阶段,其独特的优势为药物研发注入了新的活力。未来,随着技术的不断进步和完善,MST技术有望在药物靶点研究中发挥更加重要的作用,为医药科学的发展贡献更多力量。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82374062)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展专项资金项目(YDZX2023003)
  • 西藏自治区科技计划重点研发计划(XZ202201ZY0026G)
  • 山东省2023年度中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZX2023137)
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2024年第59卷第22期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.001
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-16
  • 出版时间:2024-11-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82374062)
中央引导地方科技发展专项资金项目(YDZX2023003)
西藏自治区科技计划重点研发计划(XZ202201ZY0026G)
山东省2023年度中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZX2023137)
作者信息
    1 山东中医药大学药学院, 济南 250355
    2 山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 济南 250355
    3 山东大学微生物技术国家重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266237

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* 凌建亚,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药用真菌分子系统学及天然活性组分等研究 Tel:(0532)58631517;
程肖蕊,女,博士,教授 研究方向:中药药理学 Tel:(0531)89628348
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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