Article(id=1196884516427055743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196884515873407615, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)21-1987-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.21.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763289105754, onlineDateStr=2025-11-16, pubDate=1730995200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763289105754, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763289105754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763289105754, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196884515873407615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='21', pageStart='1987', pageEnd='2098', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763289105623, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763292131714, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196897208286097826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196884515873407615, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196897208286097827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196884515873407615, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1987, endPage=1996, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196884516657742465, articleId=1196884516427055743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Functional Hydrogels in Wound Healing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The use of traditional dressings, such as gauze, cotton and bandages, has been gradually reduced in medical practice due to their disadvantages, including poor permeability and the tendency to cause secondary injuries during replacement. In contrast, functional hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, high water retention, ease of introduction of functional components and accelerated wound healing. This paper describes the mechanisms of skin wound healing and the properties of different types of wound dressings. It summarizes the research progress in functional hydrogels constructed by physical or chemical crosslinking over the past five years. Additionally, it offers insights into the future development trends of functional hydrogels.

, correspAuthors=Xiang LIU, Haiying ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meiyi CHEN, Qiong WANG, Chuanying ZHU, Mulin ZHANG, Xiang LIU, Haiying ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1196884969395109926, articleId=1196884516427055743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=功能性水凝胶在伤口愈合中的研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

纱布、棉花和绷带等传统敷料,存在透性差、更换时容易造成二次伤害等缺点,在医疗实践中已逐步减少使用。与传统敷料相比,功能性水凝胶因其具有优异的生物相容性、高保水性、易引入功能成分的优点和加速伤口愈合等特性而备受关注。本文介绍了皮肤伤口愈合的机制和不同类型的伤口敷料的性能,总结了近五年以来,通过物理或者化学交联方式构建的功能性水凝胶的研究进展,对功能性水凝胶的未来发展趋势作出了展望。

, correspAuthors=刘想, 詹海莺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 詹海莺,女,博士,讲师 研究方向:生物与医药 Tel:(0760)88207937;
刘想,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:有机合成 Tel:(0760)88207937
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陈美怡,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:水凝胶伤口敷料

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陈美怡,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:水凝胶伤口敷料

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陈美怡,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:水凝胶伤口敷料

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J Healthc Eng, 2022, 6590025., articleTitle=Efficacy of Human Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Promoting Skin Wound Healing, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1197123864070242837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, awardId=2022KTSCX062, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省特色创新项目(自然科学)(2022KTSCX062), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1197123864149934614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, awardId=G202410573051, language=CN, fundingSource=大学生创新训练项目(G202410573051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197123859217433041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197123859225821650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, companyId=1197123859217433041, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197123859238404563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, companyId=1197123859217433041, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 广东药科大学医药化工学院, 广东 中山 528458)]), AuthorCompany(id=1197123859343262164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197123859351650773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, companyId=1197123859343262164, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Zhongshan 528458, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197123859360039382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, companyId=1197123859343262164, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 广东省化妆品工程技术研究中心, 广东 中山 528458)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197123861792735749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oI+orNo2s12Fno9ohbl1+w==, figureFileBig=IN/QjXuLcHgJzmC6qe8cXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123861851456006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=CN, label=图1, caption=皮肤伤口愈合过程图, figureFileSmall=oI+orNo2s12Fno9ohbl1+w==, figureFileBig=IN/QjXuLcHgJzmC6qe8cXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123861947924999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vvp7xDCeh/I+SKYsbIdEYA==, figureFileBig=oIIgz+G5hk6ssGZanghCnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123862023422472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=CN, label=图2, caption=多糖类天然和合成聚合物结构示意图, figureFileSmall=vvp7xDCeh/I+SKYsbIdEYA==, figureFileBig=oIIgz+G5hk6ssGZanghCnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123862090531337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KHkixj1cJXc3xSHcMm6d4w==, figureFileBig=7fSLhQ/IEEqIZGcNP8/ang==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197123862166028810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=CN, label=图3, caption=QLPD水凝胶形成示意图及结构示意图

A-QLPD水凝胶形成示意图以及EPL、PEGDGE、GTMAC和DVBAPS-co-GMA的结构示意图;B-离子作用显示的QLPD水凝胶的抗菌性能以及具有较高杀菌性能的QLPD水凝胶的合成过程。

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A-AA/AA-NHS水凝胶的制备及交联网络图;B-AA/AA-NHS水凝胶用于胃出血模型中止血作用和不压缩伤口愈合中的应用。

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敷料类型 主要原料 优点 不足/适用伤口类型 应用例子 上市代表性敷料(公司名称)
棉纱、绷带 棉纤维 成本低、方便制作、亲肤性和隔绝外界污染物 力学性能差、无抗菌、抗炎等功能;适用于浅表伤口 引入纳米粒子[22]、涂层[23]、离子液体[24]抗菌性能聚合物 SilvercelTM抗菌敷料(3M)、CavilonTM液体敷料(3M)
泡沫 PU、PVA 低表面张力、弹性、延展性、重量轻和高吸收性 需多次更换;适用于中度至大量渗透性的伤口,不适用干燥的伤口创面 用作药物载体释放抗炎剂或止痛药[25-26] Biatain® Contact(Coloplast)、UrgoTUL(URGO)
半透膜 PU 灵活性和呈透明状易看见伤口的变化 吸收能力较差;仅适用渗透性较弱的伤口创面 急性皮肤烧伤、手术缝合伤口、预防压疮等[7,27] Ⅳ3000 Dressing(Smith & Nephew Medical Ltd)、TegadermTM(3M)
水胶体 聚异丁烯、CMC 良好的拉伸性、吸水性 吸收组织液后黏性降低;仅适用于皮肤的浅表伤口 HCD配方水胶体[28],促进伤口愈合 DuoDERM® CGF® (ConvaTec)、Comfeel® Plus(Coloplast)
水凝胶 天然或合成聚合物 良好气孔性、生物相容性和装载功能成分;提供湿润环境 适用于覆盖中度或大量渗出的伤口 止血性[29-30]、自愈性[31-32]、可注射性[33-34]、抗菌性[30,35]、抗氧化性[36-37]、药物释放性[38-39]和黏附性[40-42] 冷宁康®HD-L(Jat吉原)、Hydrosorb® Comfort(HARTMANN)
), ArticleFig(id=1197123863743087122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型伤口敷料的区别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敷料类型 主要原料 优点 不足/适用伤口类型 应用例子 上市代表性敷料(公司名称)
棉纱、绷带 棉纤维 成本低、方便制作、亲肤性和隔绝外界污染物 力学性能差、无抗菌、抗炎等功能;适用于浅表伤口 引入纳米粒子[22]、涂层[23]、离子液体[24]抗菌性能聚合物 SilvercelTM抗菌敷料(3M)、CavilonTM液体敷料(3M)
泡沫 PU、PVA 低表面张力、弹性、延展性、重量轻和高吸收性 需多次更换;适用于中度至大量渗透性的伤口,不适用干燥的伤口创面 用作药物载体释放抗炎剂或止痛药[25-26] Biatain® Contact(Coloplast)、UrgoTUL(URGO)
半透膜 PU 灵活性和呈透明状易看见伤口的变化 吸收能力较差;仅适用渗透性较弱的伤口创面 急性皮肤烧伤、手术缝合伤口、预防压疮等[7,27] Ⅳ3000 Dressing(Smith & Nephew Medical Ltd)、TegadermTM(3M)
水胶体 聚异丁烯、CMC 良好的拉伸性、吸水性 吸收组织液后黏性降低;仅适用于皮肤的浅表伤口 HCD配方水胶体[28],促进伤口愈合 DuoDERM® CGF® (ConvaTec)、Comfeel® Plus(Coloplast)
水凝胶 天然或合成聚合物 良好气孔性、生物相容性和装载功能成分;提供湿润环境 适用于覆盖中度或大量渗出的伤口 止血性[29-30]、自愈性[31-32]、可注射性[33-34]、抗菌性[30,35]、抗氧化性[36-37]、药物释放性[38-39]和黏附性[40-42] 冷宁康®HD-L(Jat吉原)、Hydrosorb® Comfort(HARTMANN)
), ArticleFig(id=1197123863822778899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 机制 有效部分 潜在作用 水凝胶类型 性能 参考文献
物理交联作用 疏水作用 疏水侧链和胶束 改善力学性能 疏水侧链和十二烷基硫酸钠胶束组成层状水凝胶 自愈和力学性能 [49]
离子相互作用力 相反电荷基团 中和电荷,降低离子释放的毒性 (CBD/Alg@Zn)水凝胶 生物相容性、抗菌活性、血管生成特性 [10,50]
氢键 X H…Y 独特的方向性、可调节性和特异性 促进SA在多孔基质自组装成PAMSA水凝胶 自愈能力、高抗拉能力 [51]
π π共轭双键 π π键 提高水凝胶生物相容性 π π共轭环固定形成光热抑菌水凝胶 生物相容性、光热抗菌性能 [52]
化学交联作用 亚胺键(希夫碱) NH2/ CHO 可逆特性使得水凝胶具有自愈性、可注射性 多功能4-arm-PEG-CHO/CMCS/BFGF复合水凝胶 可注射性、自愈性、抗菌性和促进糖尿病创面全层愈合 [53]
二硫键 S S 抗氧化功能;易形成配位 牛血清蛋白二硫键重组构建成可注射蛋白水凝胶 抗氧化、自修复性能 [54]
交联剂和动态金属配位作为愈合母基的透明水凝胶 自愈性、特殊抗菌活性 [55-56]
自由基聚合 加热、紫外线辐射和电解等 刺激反应生成 紫外线照射自由基聚合反应形成Gel@Zn水凝胶 增强血管活性、加速细菌性感染伤口愈合 [3,56-57]
酶交联 辣根过氧化物酶、葡萄糖氧化酶 快速凝胶化、对细胞和组织反应温和、位点特异性和低细胞毒性 酶交联形成双网络原位可注射COS水凝胶 3D打印、可注射、自愈性和有利于不规则形状伤口的微创治疗 [58-59]
), ArticleFig(id=1197123863936025108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196884516427055743, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同交联作用制备的水凝胶作用机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 机制 有效部分 潜在作用 水凝胶类型 性能 参考文献
物理交联作用 疏水作用 疏水侧链和胶束 改善力学性能 疏水侧链和十二烷基硫酸钠胶束组成层状水凝胶 自愈和力学性能 [49]
离子相互作用力 相反电荷基团 中和电荷,降低离子释放的毒性 (CBD/Alg@Zn)水凝胶 生物相容性、抗菌活性、血管生成特性 [10,50]
氢键 X H…Y 独特的方向性、可调节性和特异性 促进SA在多孔基质自组装成PAMSA水凝胶 自愈能力、高抗拉能力 [51]
π π共轭双键 π π键 提高水凝胶生物相容性 π π共轭环固定形成光热抑菌水凝胶 生物相容性、光热抗菌性能 [52]
化学交联作用 亚胺键(希夫碱) NH2/ CHO 可逆特性使得水凝胶具有自愈性、可注射性 多功能4-arm-PEG-CHO/CMCS/BFGF复合水凝胶 可注射性、自愈性、抗菌性和促进糖尿病创面全层愈合 [53]
二硫键 S S 抗氧化功能;易形成配位 牛血清蛋白二硫键重组构建成可注射蛋白水凝胶 抗氧化、自修复性能 [54]
交联剂和动态金属配位作为愈合母基的透明水凝胶 自愈性、特殊抗菌活性 [55-56]
自由基聚合 加热、紫外线辐射和电解等 刺激反应生成 紫外线照射自由基聚合反应形成Gel@Zn水凝胶 增强血管活性、加速细菌性感染伤口愈合 [3,56-57]
酶交联 辣根过氧化物酶、葡萄糖氧化酶 快速凝胶化、对细胞和组织反应温和、位点特异性和低细胞毒性 酶交联形成双网络原位可注射COS水凝胶 3D打印、可注射、自愈性和有利于不规则形状伤口的微创治疗 [58-59]
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功能性水凝胶在伤口愈合中的研究进展
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陈美怡 1 , 王琼 1 , 祝传营 1 , 张牧霖 1 , 刘想 1, 2, * , 詹海莺 1, 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(21): 1987-1996
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(21): 1987-1996
功能性水凝胶在伤口愈合中的研究进展
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陈美怡1, 王琼1, 祝传营1, 张牧霖1, 刘想1, 2, *, 詹海莺1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 广东药科大学医药化工学院, 广东 中山 528458
  • 2 广东省化妆品工程技术研究中心, 广东 中山 528458
  • 陈美怡,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:水凝胶伤口敷料

通讯作者:

* 詹海莺,女,博士,讲师 研究方向:生物与医药 Tel:(0760)88207937;
刘想,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:有机合成 Tel:(0760)88207937
Research Progress in Functional Hydrogels in Wound Healing
Meiyi CHEN1, Qiong WANG1, Chuanying ZHU1, Mulin ZHANG1, Xiang LIU1, 2, *, Haiying ZHAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
  • 2 Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Zhongshan 528458, China
出版时间: 2024-11-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.001
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纱布、棉花和绷带等传统敷料,存在透性差、更换时容易造成二次伤害等缺点,在医疗实践中已逐步减少使用。与传统敷料相比,功能性水凝胶因其具有优异的生物相容性、高保水性、易引入功能成分的优点和加速伤口愈合等特性而备受关注。本文介绍了皮肤伤口愈合的机制和不同类型的伤口敷料的性能,总结了近五年以来,通过物理或者化学交联方式构建的功能性水凝胶的研究进展,对功能性水凝胶的未来发展趋势作出了展望。

伤口敷料  /  功能性水凝胶  /  物理交联  /  化学交联  /  天然聚合物  /  合成聚合物

The use of traditional dressings, such as gauze, cotton and bandages, has been gradually reduced in medical practice due to their disadvantages, including poor permeability and the tendency to cause secondary injuries during replacement. In contrast, functional hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, high water retention, ease of introduction of functional components and accelerated wound healing. This paper describes the mechanisms of skin wound healing and the properties of different types of wound dressings. It summarizes the research progress in functional hydrogels constructed by physical or chemical crosslinking over the past five years. Additionally, it offers insights into the future development trends of functional hydrogels.

wound dressing  /  functional hydrogel  /  physical crosslinking  /  chemical crosslinking  /  natural polymer  /  synthetic polymer
陈美怡, 王琼, 祝传营, 张牧霖, 刘想, 詹海莺. 功能性水凝胶在伤口愈合中的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (21) : 1987 -1996 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.001
Meiyi CHEN, Qiong WANG, Chuanying ZHU, Mulin ZHANG, Xiang LIU, Haiying ZHAN. Research Progress in Functional Hydrogels in Wound Healing[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (21) : 1987 -1996 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.001
皮肤覆盖全身表面,是人体最大的器官,约占体质量的16%,其作为人体免受微生物感染和抵抗机械压力和物理伤害等外来因素破坏的第一道防线和屏障,具有保护、代谢、调节体温和感受外界刺激等重要生理作用。伤口分为急性伤口[1](如手术伤口、切伤等)和慢性伤口(如细菌感染[2]、烧伤[3]、糖尿病足底溃疡[4]等)。当皮肤出现伤口时,皮肤中的表皮层和真皮层会受到损伤,并伴随着瘢痕和皮肤附属物如毛发、汗腺和皮脂腺等严重缺失的情况发生[5-6]。此时,机体将启动相互协调且连续的生理或细胞修复过程,使得伤口周围受损的组织恢复到原有的结构和功能。使用传统敷料[7],如纱布、绷带和棉花等只具有止血和保护伤口免受外部感染的功能。但是因为传统敷料生产成本低、制作工艺简单和运输方便等特点依然得到广泛应用。随着人们对治疗要求逐渐提高,这类传统敷料存在着伤口组织液过多,增加了敷料粘在伤口上的几率,使得更换敷料的时候容易造成二次伤害;且存在无法满足适配多样化的伤口类型;缺乏可控制的伤口吸湿性,导致伤口过于干燥,以及无法及时让伤口愈合等一系列显著缺点,目前,传统敷料仅适用于轻度挤压类伤口的治疗或当做二次敷料[7]
研究人员不断地寻找既能保持细胞在湿润的环境,又能促进伤口愈合的新型生物可降解的伤口敷料。Serpico等[8]提出理想的伤口敷料应具备以下特点:①有一定的力学性能;②良好的生物相容性;③可保持相对湿润的环境;④有孔隙结构,能使受损组织和环境之间气体交换;⑤有一定的止血、抗菌性能;⑥无毒且制备简单;⑦对伤口组织低黏附性,方便去除。水凝胶作为具有三维网状结构的亲水凝胶,具有良好的生物降解性、生物相容性、黏附性、透气性、柔软性,并能维持细胞迁移的湿润环境的特征,使得水凝胶成为伤口敷料的理想候选产品[9]。基于组分和功能单一的水凝胶敷料,无法满足伤口愈合过程中逐渐多元化、精细化的临床要求。近年来,水凝胶敷料的功能正在从单一化转变成“功能化”。简而言之,功能性水凝胶是将天然/合成原料,如海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)[10]、壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)[11]、聚氨酯(polyurethane,PU)[12]、聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)、羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)等原料,通过物理交联和化学交联构建成具有抗菌活性、抗氧化、抗炎、止血、机械性能好、自愈和可注射性等功能的水凝胶。在此基础上,水凝胶还可以负载一定功能性药物,在酸碱度和光热[13-14]的影响下,改变功能性药物释放速率,使得其能加速慢性伤口的恢复。
本文综述了近五年来功能性水凝胶的研究进展,介绍了皮肤伤口愈合的机制、不同伤口敷料的类型、物理或者化学方法构建水凝胶的方法、制备功能性水凝胶的天然聚合物和合成聚合物的研究,以及抗菌性、止血、抗氧化抗炎、促进血管生成和减少瘢痕等功能型水凝胶的最新研究进展,并展望了功能性水凝胶在伤口愈合领域未来发展方向。
皮肤伤口愈合疗法可分为传统疗法和现代疗法[15]。传统疗法一般为使用绷带、棉花等传统敷料和手术缝线等方法,对伤口创面进行止血、隔绝外界环境的处理。现代疗法集中于使用水凝胶、水胶体、生物工程皮肤等新型生物材料。一方面,现代疗法能避免手术缝线所带来的疼痛和瘢痕问题。另一方面,它能对急性伤口起到快速止血的作用,还具备抗菌、抗炎等功能针对慢性伤口的治疗,加速伤口的愈合。皮肤伤口愈合是一个复杂、多因素且动态交联的过程,分为止血期、炎症期、增殖期和重塑期四大阶段[16],涉及不同细胞类型和氧化还原反应相互调节的过程[7](图1)。
当皮肤出现伤口时,机体愈合机制会在数小时至第3天内进入第一阶段止血期。血小板作为这一阶段的关键细胞,它们会封闭损伤的血管和激活凝块,防止失血过多。另外,血小板也会释放一系列细胞因子和生长因子,进而刺激平滑肌细胞和成纤维细胞的增殖,启动对损伤区域的修复,促进炎症反应[17-18]。从止血的第1天一直持续到第20天,皮肤伤口愈合进入第二阶段炎症期。在这一阶段,白细胞和巨噬细胞[18]等进入受损组织内,清除病原体和坏死的组织,并刺激组织再生和愈合。其中,中性粒细胞作为第一个渗入损伤组织的白细胞,它会聚集在伤口部位并向巨噬细胞分化,而巨噬细胞是炎症向增殖转变的关键参与者之一[19]。M1巨噬细胞在炎症期发挥吞噬和清除伤口碎片的作用;M2巨噬细胞则是进入第三阶段分泌信号分子,吸引成纤维细胞和角化细胞到伤口处集合[20]。在受伤后第10天到第200天,当伤口周围逐渐聚集新增的新生血管和细胞,则表示伤口愈合将进入增殖期。此时,伤口皮肤周围组织中的内表皮细胞(endothelial cells,ECs)会形成新血管、角化细胞和成纤维细胞使伤口重新上皮化,当整个创面被肉芽组织覆盖时,标志着上皮化完成,表示伤口愈合准备进入最后阶段[20-21]。一些浅表伤口的愈合从第100天起将进入重塑期,该阶段的胶原蛋白逐渐形成坚韧且永久性的细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)和胶原瘢痕组织,肉芽组织中新生血管的数量减少,纤维胶原蛋白的比例增加[20]。最终,皮肤伤口在经历一年甚至两年的漫长恢复后,各项损伤指标趋于稳态以及恢复到未损伤状态,则说明伤损组织恢复正常。
伤口敷料有传统敷料和现代敷料之分。传统敷料,如绷带、纱布无法为伤口提供湿润环境以及不具备抗菌、抗氧化等功能,它们在临床上已经较少使用。现代敷料,如泡沫、半透膜、水胶体和水凝胶,这些敷料以绿色、安全的水溶性高分子聚合物材料为原料,不仅具有良好的延展性、灵活性和提供湿润环境等优点,而且适用于不同状况的伤口创面。水胶体和水凝胶因极强的吸水性、优异的生物相容性和能够装载一定的功能成分的优点,使得它们成为现代敷料中的佼佼者。两者的区别在于吸收外界水分后的形态变化。水胶体自身不含任何水分,其在吸收水分后会膨胀呈现固态;水凝胶自身含水量高,其在吸收外界水分后,形态不发生任何变化,能够为伤口提供更加湿润的环境,快速促进伤口愈合。相比于传统敷料,现代敷料能更加有效地促进伤口愈合。表1汇总了不同类型伤口敷料的优点和不足。
水凝胶制备的方式有多种,如聚合、交联[43]、相分离[44]、冷冻解冻[45]和静电纺丝[46-47]等。通常基于交联的制备方法,易于设计成具有不同的机械和化学性能的水凝胶,满足不同皮肤伤口的需求[48]。交联可以分为物理交联和化学交联。物理交联是将聚合物通过疏水作用、氢键和共轭双键等相互作用力来构建水凝胶的方式,这种方式制备的水凝胶往往表现出良好的生物相容性和可降解性能[10]。化学交联则是将一类聚合物的共价键(如希夫碱、二硫键)在紫外线辐射、加热、氧化反应、加成反应和聚合反应等作用下形成相互交错的网状结构的过程,化学共价相互作用交联构建的水凝胶具有良好的力学性能和更强的稳定性[3,48]。化学交联主要包括希夫碱反应、自由基聚合和酶交联。表2汇总了不同交联方式下制备的水凝胶作用机制及其性能。
制备功能性水凝胶的主要基质包括天然聚合物和合成聚合物。天然聚合物包括SA、透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)、淀粉(starch)、CS和纤维素(cellulose)等,它们具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性和溶胀能力,被广泛应用于伤口愈合、组织再生领域[60]。合成聚合物包括聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)、聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)、PVA和PU等,这些聚合物具有高分子量、可控的三维网络、优异的机械性能和模仿天然聚合物的优点[61-62]。本文着重讲述了SA、CS、HA和纤维素等多糖类天然聚合物以及合成聚合物PVA、PEG和PAM独特的结构和自身特征(图2)。
SA属于天然的线性多糖,其具有优异生物相容性、吸水率高、易凝胶化的特点,制备得到的SA水凝胶柔韧性高[63-64]。值得注意的是,SA结构含有大量的 COO 可以和Ca2+、Mg2+通过离子相互作用形成功能化SA基水凝胶。Li等[65]设计了Ca2+交联SA水凝胶并将去铁胺(deferoxamine,DFO)和铜纳米颗粒(Cu-NPs)加入后发生协同作用构成了(SA-DFO/Cu)水凝胶,(SA-DFO/Cu)水凝胶表现出良好的体外生物相容性,可显著加速糖尿病创面愈合。
纤维素可以分为植物纤维素和细菌纤维素,它主要通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接β-d-葡萄糖中各单元的线性链组成的多糖。这些链存在丰富的羟基,容易形成氢键,呈现微晶结构,使其具有抗拉性能[66]。Guamba等[67]从火龙果树提取出火龙果纤维素制备的水凝胶能够减少细菌生长,有助于伤口愈合。Deng等[68]以双醛修饰细菌纤维素(dialdehyde modified bacterial cellulose,DABC)、季铵化壳聚糖(hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosann,HACC)为原料得到了HACC/DABC水凝胶。该水凝胶具有自愈性能、可注射性、有一定的抗菌性能和模拟天然ECM结构的优点。
CS属于天然多糖类中唯一带阳离子的聚合物[69],它具有独特的抗菌性能、优异的生物相容性以及丰富的网状孔隙结构能赋予CS基水凝胶药物承载能力的优点[70]。Rozen等[71]基于多西环素(doxycycline,DOXY)负载硅藻生物二氧化硅(diatom biosilica,DBs)和羟基丁基壳聚糖(hydroxybutyl chitosan,HBC)的HBC/DB/DOXY复合水凝胶具有良好的生物相容性、能促进新生血管生成以及优异的抗菌性等功能。Wan等[72]基于CS特殊的网状结构,制备了CS@大黄素@微晶PVA网络的双网状水凝胶,发现该水凝胶的抗拉强度达到1 070 kPa,随着CS@大黄素浓度增加到100 mg·L-1时,柔韧性达到了803 kJ·m3,其优异的韧性、抗拉性能保证了水凝胶作为伤口敷料的完整性。
HA结构链上的羧基和羟基官能团,使其具有易功能化的特点的同时,它作为ECM主要成分之一,具有强吸水性,能有效促进细胞分化、增殖,有利于细胞润湿等优点。这些优点使得HA基水凝胶适合用于治疗不规则或难愈合的慢性伤口[73]。Wang等[74]以Ca2+、四臂胺端聚乙二醇(PEG1)、N-琥珀酰壳聚糖氧化透明质酸为组分制备得到的水凝胶。该水凝胶具有自愈、可注射性能,能够满足对不规则伤口的治疗,以及对深创面伤口可以达到有效止血,并加速伤口愈合。
PVA具有优异的机械性能、低毒性。通常PVA水凝胶可应用于伤口处理和负载药物,但纯的PVA水凝胶有着弹性不足、溶胀率低和释药性能差的缺点,通常将其与天然聚合物结合,弥补其缺点[75]。Zhang等[76]以PVA/SA水凝胶为药物载体,并负载中国香菇提取物(TCE)制备的PVA/SA-TCE水凝胶具有优异的抑菌作用、抗炎和抗氧化性能、从而加速创面伤口的愈合
PEG具有生物相容性、无免疫原性、无毒等优点[77],但单一的PEG水凝胶存在生物活性低、黏附性能不高的缺点,无法满足一些复杂的伤口创面。对于创面的炎症阶段,伤口会存在过多的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),加重伤口的感染[78]。Wang等[79]合成了一种以PEG/SA为原料的集成水凝胶(ITG-PEGDA@SA)。该水凝胶具有良好的降解性、释放药物分子的功能、和消耗炎症部位的ROS的作用,而且还可以与其他生物活性因子兼容,促进伤口愈合。
PAM是一种无毒、机械可调、可控弹性以及可以复制软骨和骨骼组织中的弹性环境等性能的聚合物材料[80]。PAM水凝胶被广泛应用于组织工程和伤口愈合领域。Bai等[81]基于PAM-胶原蛋白(collagen,COl)双网络结构,以COl为脆性网络,PAM为弹性网络的思路成功构建出的PAM-COl-COA水凝胶具有增强皮肤组织的黏弹性、吸水性和持续的生物活性,可加速伤口愈合过程的优点。
相比于单一性水凝胶,功能性水凝胶早已不再局限于简单涂抹和覆盖浅表伤口,而是可以根据烧伤、细菌感染和溃疡等具体伤口类型、达到针对性的抗炎、抗菌的治疗。本文综述了近5年以来的有关抗菌、止血、抗炎和抗氧化、促进血管生成、减少瘢痕以及针对慢性伤口治疗的功能性水凝胶在伤口愈合领域的应用研究。
皮肤伤口在恢复过程中无法避免与外界环境接触,细菌会源源不断黏附在伤口周围或进入到组织中,延缓伤口愈合。Yuan等[82]将3-[二甲基(4-乙烯基苄基)]磺酸铵[DVBAPS]和甲基丙烯酸环氧丙基酯(glycidyl methacrylate,GMA)共聚,形成(DVBAPS-co-GMA)的聚合物具有防污作用。再根据合理的进料比将不同的功能聚合物ε-聚L-赖氨酸(ε-poly-L-lysine,EPL)、聚(DVBAPS-co-GMA)和聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚[poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether,PEGDGE]与邻链混合反应,利用氨基和环氧基之间的环氧化物裂解反应,制备了QLPD水凝胶敷料(图3A)。因EPL具有抗菌作用,而PEGDGE可有效实现对细菌的初始黏附,故该水凝胶可以通过“防污-灭菌-释放”的协同作用,实现对伤口的高抗菌作用甚至提供良好的无菌环境。
由于季铵盐(quaternary ammonium salts,QAS)作为一种阳离子抗菌材料,具有高效、广谱的抗菌活性[83-84]。为了使QLPD水凝胶具有长期高效灭菌的效果,QLPD-2水凝胶与缩水甘油酯三甲基氯化铵(glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride,GTMAC)发生季铵化反应后,赋予凝胶基质更稳定的杀菌能力,显著提高了灭菌率(图3B)。他们发现QLPD-2水凝胶因其可逆的盐反应释放而延长了使用寿命,达到长期协调抗菌作用,可满足伤口愈合的特殊要求。同样地,Wang等[84]发现含季铵离子的PDFM和PDAU抗菌阳离子水凝胶具有自愈、抗菌、可注射性的功能,能够有效地促进了感染伤口的再生和愈合。
另外,抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptide,AMP)是一种几乎不会引起细菌耐药性的双亲性分子。Hou等[85]通过优化AMP肽分子的亲水性、疏水性和电荷特性得到了AMP自组装水凝胶,他们发现AMP水凝胶有着良好的选择性抗菌性能和促进伤口愈合的能力,在治疗复发性感染伤口创面中有着重要的应用潜力。
为避免一些不规则形状且出血量大的伤口可能会引起皮肤深层创伤性损伤,从而导致血管失血[86-87],威胁到生命安全。因此,止血作为伤口愈合的第一阶段,在伤口愈合过程中起着至关重要的作用。通常止血型功能水凝胶可以通过①提高吸引血小板的能力,快速促进机体凝血机制的进行;②增强水凝胶的机械性能、黏附性等,实现密封止血[10]。Zhao等[88]和Liu等[89]在基于CS水凝胶具有促进血小板黏附和聚集、红细胞凝集、抗菌能力的基础上,通过负载不同量二氢咖啡酸(dihydrocaffeic Acid,DHCA)的壳聚糖和β-甘油磷酸,制备出热敏水凝胶。该水凝胶可显著缩短大鼠肝出血和断尾模型的体外全血凝固时间和体内止血时间及出血量,从而加速伤口愈合。
术后出血、穿孔等并发症会导致额外的治疗和其他并发症,甚至危及到患者的生命。He等[90]以丙烯酰-6-氨基己酸(acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid,AA)和AA-g-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(AA-g-N-hydroxysuccinimide,AA-NHS)为底物,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide,BIS)为交联剂,通过自由基聚合反应制备得到AA/AA-NHS水凝胶(图4A)。他们发现该水凝胶具有适宜的凝胶时间、可重复的自愈性和良好的止血性能,可以在紧急情况下解决严重胃出血和不规则伤口治疗的问题(图4B)。
组织黏合剂作为伤口止血型水凝胶敷料之一,可以提高伤口的止血和愈合能力。Teng等[91]将EPL葡萄糖与儿茶酚功能化衍生物通过酰胺化和交联反应制备得到H-3水凝胶。通过构建肝出血模型和全层大鼠皮肤缺损模型,他们发现相比于纤维蛋白胶,H-3水凝胶可抑制肝的出血量减少19%~34%,且大鼠在术后第14天创面几乎完全愈合。由此可知,H-3水凝胶达到凝血速度快、止血效果好,可快速愈合伤口创面。
炎症处于伤口愈合的第二阶段。在这时期,ROS和促炎因子的浓度对伤口愈合十分重要。ROS本质是O2的自由基衍生物,其中包括羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(·O2-)和过氧化物(· O 2 - 2)等[92]。有研究表明,高浓度的ROS和促炎因子会导致损伤部分形成过度炎症或者反复炎症,导致难以愈合;低浓度的ROS可以刺激巨噬细胞迁移和血管生成有利于伤口的正常愈合[10,93]。如将白藜芦醇、花青素、茶多酚等具有抗氧化的功能成分引入水凝胶系统中形成的抗炎抗氧化水凝胶,有助于中和自由基物质,消除过多的ROS,减少促炎因子,从而加速伤口度过炎症阶段。
白藜芦醇(resveratrol, RES)属于天然非黄酮类多酚化合物,具有低毒性、抗氧化、抗炎、促进血管生成的优点[94]。单一的RES水溶解性差导致生物利用度低,而将其与水凝胶结合,可大大提高RES利用率。Zhu等[95]将甲基丙烯酸明胶(GelMA methacrylated gelatin,GelMA)、丝素甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(silk fibroin glycidyl methacrylate,SFMA)、细胞外囊泡(small extracellular vesicles,sevs)以及装载RES的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒聚合物(MSN-RES)共同合成出具有良好机械性能和溶胀能力的GelMA/SFMA/MSN-RES/PDEVs水凝胶。该水凝胶能有效降低肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达,提高转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的表达,促进血管生成。
Zhang等[96]通过将具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌活性的疏水药物鞣花酸(ellagic acid,EA)与单-(6-巯基-6-脱氧)-β环糊精的包合物作为交联剂制备得到PDCE水凝胶。该水凝胶PDCE-0.7可减轻血清脂肪酶(lipase,LPS)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞炎症因子(interleukin 6,IL-6)和TNF-α的产生,从而能促进血管生成和胶原沉积,降低感染炎症的风险。
当伤口度过炎症期后,进入到增殖阶段,肉芽组织和新生血管的生成有助于伤口的愈合。Sheng等[97]了解到温泉可以增加肉芽组织的血管密度,促进血液循环,而且一些温泉元素包括铁和硅也被认为是促进血管生成的活跃元素。当温泉达到40℃时能诱导ECs形成环状,促进新生血管形成。于是,他们以铁橄榄石 (fayalite,FA)和N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖(N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan,NOCS)为基础,设计了一种新型的具有“温泉效应”的生物活性光热FA-NOCS水凝胶。该水凝胶能够释放生物活性离子(Fe2+和SiO44-)进行原位加热,在伤口区域创造热离子环境,使得体内明显表现出促进血管生成和慢性伤口愈合的作用(图5)。
铜离子(Cu2+)作为一种血管生成剂,可以促进血管生成和胶原沉积过程[98]。Liu等[99]通过将CS分子链与银离子(Ag+)和Cu2+交联,形成具有促进血管生成、抗菌和黏附性自愈性能的多功能CS-Ag-Cu水凝胶(图6)。该水凝胶释放Cu2+后,明显降低了IL-6表达水平和促进血管生成,显著提高了血管生成过程标志物(platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1,CD31)的水平,在持续炎症反应和血管生成受损的情况下具有很大的应用潜力。
在伤口愈合的最后一个阶段,胶原瘢痕的出现代表伤口愈合,如果这时伤口部位细菌增生或ECM混乱会造成异常瘢痕,对患者的生理和心理都有不良影响[100]。因此,开发减少瘢痕又不延迟伤口愈合的新型多功能水凝胶敷料是一个较大的挑战。
Shen等[101]基于以硫代海藻酸盐(thiolated alginat,SA-SH)和聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEG diacrylate,PEG-DA)为原料制备得到BSSPD双层水凝胶,他们根据SA-SH/PEG-DA不同比例使得水凝胶的上下两层具有不同的机械强度和降解速率,且能在不同伤口愈合阶段顺序释放sevs。BSSPD双层水凝胶下层通过释放骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell,B-sev)分泌出的sev,它能在增殖早期促进内皮细胞的增殖和迁移,促进血管生成;水凝胶上层释放出富含mir-29b-3p靶点的B-sev分泌sev,在增殖后期可以抑制过度的毛细血管增殖和胶原沉积。由此可知,装载sev进行顺序释放的BSSPD双层水凝胶对伤口周围的组织,表现出更均匀的血管结构分布和更小的增生性瘢痕组织体积,可以实现快速无瘢痕的伤口愈合。
Zhang等[100]使用HA和巯基端四臂PEG为原料构建了一种装载维替泊芬(verteporfin,VP)的可注射性水凝胶(VP-gel)。VP-gel在红光照射下可产生单线态氧,提高杀菌效果。同时VP的持续释放还可调节TGF-β家族诱导的细胞反应和成纤维细胞,促进ECM重建和无瘢痕伤口愈合。
水凝胶作为伤口敷料能够加速皮肤愈合和防止微生物感染的潜力,还能吸收和保留伤口渗出物,促进成纤维细胞的生长,并促进新形成的角化细胞的迁移,这对于慢性伤口的愈合至关重要[102]
烧伤是指由过热或腐蚀性化学物质引起的皮肤损伤,它会破坏整个皮肤厚度,立即引起细胞损坏甚至死亡,在伤口表面损伤中最具破坏性[103]。此外,造成烧伤等皮肤损伤难以愈合的主要原因之一是微生物感染。在烧伤中,金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌是引起严重感染的主要细菌。为了应对这一挑战,Chelu等[104]制备了首个含有尿囊素、黄原胶和水杨酸的芦荟水凝胶,发现其对烧伤中的金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌有一定的抗菌性能。
严重的烧伤还可能导致难以承受的疼痛、增生性瘢痕。为了促进烧伤的愈合,目前已开发出无瘢痕水凝胶[100-101]。Wang等[105]将AMP-DP7和胎盘间充质干细胞(placental mesenchymal stem cells,PMSCs)固定在低温凝胶(DA7CG)表面下,制备得到大孔骨架水凝胶(DA7CG@C)。他们发现DA7CG@C水凝胶在炎症期,能抑制感染和调节炎症的情况;在增殖阶段,DA7CG@C通过内部干细胞加速皮肤、血管和毛囊的再生;在重塑阶段,它有助于ECM重塑,促进无瘢痕愈合。由此可知,DA7CG@C水凝胶满足严重烧伤的患者的需求且能参与伤口愈合的各个阶段,可以作为重大烧伤治疗敷料。
当伤口被细菌严重感染时,伤口愈合会停滞在炎症期,使得成纤维细胞难以促进新增细胞迁移和新生血管的生成。因此,细菌感染也是伤口难以愈合的重要原因之一。Liu等[106]利用 二唑基修饰的两亲性QAS与聚(ε-己内酯)-聚(乙二醇)-聚(ε-己内酯)胶束纳米抗菌剂发生偶联后得到一种具有抗菌性和良好生物相容性的PCEC-QAS水凝胶。他们发现PCEC-QAS水凝胶具有无细胞毒性、特殊抗菌性能和可降解的优点,适用于感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的皮肤伤口愈合。
糖尿病足底溃疡(diabetic foot ulcer,DFU)是糖尿病的并发症,具有连续性、重复性和不愈合的特点,且容易引起周围神经病变、持续性炎症和血流量减少,严重影响人民的生活质量[107-108]
近年来,人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells,hUMSCs)因来源丰富、自我更新能力强、免疫原性低和具有较强的创伤修复作用等优点,而被研究人员认为是治疗DFU的一大利器[109-110]。但严重的DFU伤口周围存在黏附性低和高细胞死亡率的恶劣环境,使得干细胞难以存活,从而大大降低了治疗DFU的效果。Xu等[109]了解到具有模拟ECM的三维网状结构、可以在干细胞三维培养的水凝胶,能够有效地为干细胞保留和提供在DFU伤口创面的生态位,提高其存活性。于是,他们将GelMA和儿茶酚修饰壳聚糖并装载hUMSCs形成的hUMSCs-GelMA/Chi-c水凝胶,发现该水凝胶能够促进伤口愈合、联合抑制炎症、加速血管生成和促进胶原沉积,以及增强hUMSCs对DFU伤口愈合的促进作用,从而达到高效治疗DFU。
本文综述了近五年来功能性水凝胶研究进展。天然聚合物和合成聚合物所构建的水凝胶拥有优异的机械可调性、生物相容性和自愈性等独特的性能,与生物活性因子兼容后,能加速伤口愈合。抗菌、抗炎抗氧化、止血、促进血管生成和减少瘢痕的功能性水凝胶,涉及到皮肤伤口愈合的各个阶段,达到针对性的阶段治疗。另外,科学家们已开发出一系列具体针对糖尿病足底溃疡、烧伤和细菌感染等慢性伤口的多功能性水凝胶,极大满足了人们对各种伤口类型治疗的需求。综上所述,功能性水凝胶的设计和开发在伤口愈合领域具有巨大的发展潜力,拓宽了水凝胶作为伤口敷料的应用范围。
  • 广东省特色创新项目(自然科学)(2022KTSCX062)
  • 大学生创新训练项目(G202410573051)
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2024年第59卷第21期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.21.001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-16
  • 出版时间:2024-11-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
基金
广东省特色创新项目(自然科学)(2022KTSCX062)
大学生创新训练项目(G202410573051)
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    1 广东药科大学医药化工学院, 广东 中山 528458
    2 广东省化妆品工程技术研究中心, 广东 中山 528458

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* 詹海莺,女,博士,讲师 研究方向:生物与医药 Tel:(0760)88207937;
刘想,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:有机合成 Tel:(0760)88207937
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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