Article(id=1195816329291805038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195816324862624679, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)24-2299-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.24.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711900800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763034430096, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1734796800000, pubDateStr=2024-12-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763034430096, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763034430096, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763034430096, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195816324862624679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='24', pageStart='2299', pageEnd='2406', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763034429040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763034724390, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195817563738390939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195816324862624679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195817563738390940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195816324862624679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2299, endPage=2305, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195816329610572144, articleId=1195816329291805038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Stability of Ligustilide, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ligustilide (LIG) is a phthalide compound found in Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, which has a wide range of pharmacological activities in clinical practice, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, and vascular protective effects. However, LIG has poor stability and is easily affected by factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, pH value, and solvent type, leading to conformational changes. In addition, the low water solubility and low bioavailability of LIG limit its development and application in new drugs. The article reviews the research progress on natural sources, structural characteristics and structural modifications, degradation and transformation mechanisms, main degradation influencing factors, stabilization methods and bioactivity of LIG in recent years, in order to provide reference for the further development and applications of LIG.

, correspAuthors=Guotai WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoying HOU, Fan GAO, Lidong DU, Ruiqiong WANG, Guotai WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195816446526796171, articleId=1195816329291805038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=藁本内酯稳定性研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

藁本内酯(LIG)是中药当归和川芎含有的一种苯酞类化合物,具有广泛的药理活性,主要有抗炎、抗氧化、镇痛、抗肿瘤、神经保护和血管保护作用等,然而LIG稳定性差,容易受温度、光照和氧气、溶媒pH值、溶媒种类等因素的影响发生变构;此外,LIG水溶性低,生物利用度小,限制了LIG在新药成药方面的开发应用。笔者综述近年来国内外有关LIG天然来源、结构特点及结构改造、降解及转化机制、影响降解的主要因素、稳定化方法、生物活性等方面的研究进展,以期为LIG的进一步开发应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=吴国泰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴国泰,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:药理学与临床药学 Tel:(0931)5109816
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侯效英,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学

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侯效英,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学

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侯效英,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学

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Acad J Second Mil Med Univ(第二军医大学学报), 2016, 37 (2): 251-255., articleTitle=Neuron protective effects of ligustilide on cortex region of cerebral hypoperfusion rats, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196081642369495364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195816329291805038, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=387, pageEnd=392, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=SHI M Q, KUANG X, LIU X J, journalName=Nat Prod Res Dev(天然产物研究与开发), refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI M Q, KUANG X, LIU X J, et al. Z-Ligustilide inhibits LPS-induced neuroimflammation via PPARγ-dependent suppression of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway[J]. Nat Prod Res Dev(天然产物研究与开发), 2017, 29 (3): 387-392., articleTitle=Z-Ligustilide inhibits LPS-induced neuroimflammation via PPARγ-dependent suppression of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196081642453381445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195816329291805038, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=4, pageStart=514, pageEnd=520, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=CUI J, LI M Y, LIU Y T, journalName=J Nanjing Univ Tradit Chin Med(南京中医药大学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUI J, LI M Y, LIU Y T, et al. Ligustilide inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells and its mechanism related by GPER[J]. 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Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018, 48(6):2583-2595., articleTitle=The protective effect of ligustilide in osteoarthritis: an in vitro and in vivo study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196081642637930823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195816329291805038, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=120, issue=11, pageStart=18667, pageEnd=18677, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=WANG D, LI J, FENG W, journalName=J Cell Biochem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG D, LI J, FENG W, et al. Ligustilide suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via inhibition of RANK expression[J]. 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1-LIG; 2-(Z)-6,7-环氧藁本内酯;3-(E)-6,7环氧藁本内酯;4-3,8-环氧藁本内酯;5-3,8-环氧藁本内酯;6-(E)-亚丁基苯酞;7-内-(Z,Z')-(3.8,8.3',H-7)二藁本内酯;8-洋川芎内酯I;9-洋川芎内酯D;10-(E)-6,7-反式二羟基藁本内酯。

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藁本内酯稳定性研究进展
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侯效英 1, 2 , 高帆 1, 4 , 杜丽东 1, 3, 4 , 王瑞琼 1, 2, 3 , 吴国泰 2, 3, 4, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(24): 2299-2305
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(24): 2299-2305
藁本内酯稳定性研究进展
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侯效英1, 2, 高帆1, 4, 杜丽东1, 3, 4, 王瑞琼1, 2, 3, 吴国泰2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 甘肃中医药大学药学院, 兰州 730000
  • 2 陇药产业创新研究院, 兰州 730000
  • 3 西北中藏药省部共建协同创新中心, 兰州 730000
  • 4 甘肃省中药药理与毒理学重点实验室, 兰州 730000
  • 侯效英,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学

通讯作者:

* 吴国泰,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:药理学与临床药学 Tel:(0931)5109816
Research Progress on the Stability of Ligustilide
Xiaoying HOU1, 2, Fan GAO1, 4, Lidong DU1, 3, 4, Ruiqiong WANG1, 2, 3, Guotai WU2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2 Longyao Industry Innovation Research Institute, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwest Chinese and Tibetan Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 4 Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2024-12-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.24.001
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藁本内酯(LIG)是中药当归和川芎含有的一种苯酞类化合物,具有广泛的药理活性,主要有抗炎、抗氧化、镇痛、抗肿瘤、神经保护和血管保护作用等,然而LIG稳定性差,容易受温度、光照和氧气、溶媒pH值、溶媒种类等因素的影响发生变构;此外,LIG水溶性低,生物利用度小,限制了LIG在新药成药方面的开发应用。笔者综述近年来国内外有关LIG天然来源、结构特点及结构改造、降解及转化机制、影响降解的主要因素、稳定化方法、生物活性等方面的研究进展,以期为LIG的进一步开发应用提供参考。

藁本内酯  /  稳定性  /  结构改造  /  转化机制  /  稳定化方法

Ligustilide (LIG) is a phthalide compound found in Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, which has a wide range of pharmacological activities in clinical practice, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, and vascular protective effects. However, LIG has poor stability and is easily affected by factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, pH value, and solvent type, leading to conformational changes. In addition, the low water solubility and low bioavailability of LIG limit its development and application in new drugs. The article reviews the research progress on natural sources, structural characteristics and structural modifications, degradation and transformation mechanisms, main degradation influencing factors, stabilization methods and bioactivity of LIG in recent years, in order to provide reference for the further development and applications of LIG.

ligustilide  /  stability  /  structural modification  /  conversion mechanism  /  stabilization method
侯效英, 高帆, 杜丽东, 王瑞琼, 吴国泰. 藁本内酯稳定性研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (24) : 2299 -2305 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.24.001
Xiaoying HOU, Fan GAO, Lidong DU, Ruiqiong WANG, Guotai WU. Research Progress on the Stability of Ligustilide[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (24) : 2299 -2305 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.24.001
藁本内酯(ligustilide,LIG)是当归、川芎等传统中药的主要活性成分之一,药理作用广泛,具有抗氧化[1]、抗炎镇痛[2]、保护神经细胞[3],调节血压、抗动脉粥样硬化[4]、保护心肌损伤[5]、治疗阿尔茨海默病[6]、缓解骨质疏松症[7]等多种作用。其在血液系统、心血管系统、神经系统疾病的防治中具有较大潜力,尤其近年来心脑血管病给人类健康带来的风险和威胁日趋严重,当归和川芎等补血活血类中药的开发应用颇受青睐,LIG作为防治心脑血管疾病有效候选化合物的开发潜力巨大。
稳定性是药品质量的关键属性和评价指标,若发生化学成分的变构变质,可导致药效降低,甚至产生毒副作用,影响身体健康和生命安全。LIG结构中含有内酯键和多个不饱和键,极不稳定,极易受温度、氧气、光照等因素的影响容易发生双键断裂、脱氢、环氧化等化学变化,进而影响其原有活性,导致当归、川芎等中药材、饮片及其制剂中LIG含量下降。LIG稳定性差不仅影响制剂质量及其疗效的发挥,而且这些异构化、降解及氧化的产物会产生致敏性,限制了LIG的进一步开发应用[8]。目前,通过借助药物制剂学的手段,如β-环糊精包合、脂质体、纳米乳、加入稳定剂(氮气、氟碳气体)等改善LIG稳定性,但仍存在一些局限性。因此,提高LIG的稳定性是近年来科研工作者亟待解决的问题,也是LIG制剂开发和推广应用的前提条件。笔者总结LIG的天然来源、结构特点及结构改造、降解及转化机制、稳定性影响因素、稳定化方法、生物活性等,为后续提高LIG药物的稳定性提供科学依据。
LIG别名东当归酞内酯,主要来源于伞型科植物东当归[Angelica acutiloba (Sieb. et Zucc.) Kitagaw]、川芎(Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort)、当归[Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels]的挥发油,约占当归挥发油和川芎挥发油的35%和58%,这些植物在欧洲、亚洲和北美洲都有广泛分布[9-10]
挥发油是当归、川芎主要有效组分,挥发油中LIG的含量通常作为评价当归和川芎药材质量的关键指标,不同产区当归、川芎中LIG的含量差别较大,甘肃岷县当归中LIG含量高达1%以上,四川、云南、陕西当归中LIG含量也有0.5%左右,四川都江堰川芎LIG含量约为1%、部分达到2%,比日本欧当归(含LIG约0.1%~0.15%)和韩国川芎(含LIG约0.3%)挥发油中LIG含量均高出很多[11-12]
LIG的化学名为3-丁烯基-4,5-二氢异苯并呋喃酮,化学分子式C12H14O2,相对分子质量190.24,结构式见图1。从结构上看,LIG是一种含有内酯键、不饱和C=C键和共轭双键的内酯类化合物。LIG的内酯键易在碱性条件下水解开环,不饱和双键在遇到高温或光照时易发生异构化或分解,共轭双键受光、氧、酸、热等影响易被氧化[13],进而发生脱氢、氧化、水解、降解等多种异构化反应,这些化学结构特征均是导致LIG不稳定的主要因素。
LIG由于含有活泼的二氢苯,是一种不稳定的化合物,可以通过氧化、异构化、二聚作用等转化为其他苯并呋喃类化合物。LIG结构中包含环外不对称双键,有顺、反2种异构体,当归中主要含有(Z)-ligustilide,川芎中含有(E)-ligustilide[14],由于Z型结构为空间优势构象,比E型结构更稳定,因而Z-LIG在中药材中含量远远高于E-LIG。
在LIG的分子基础上采用结构修饰的方法构建的一种无色针状晶体,称之为环丙藁本(ligusticum cycloprolactam,LIGc),通过引入手性环丙内酰胺的稳定构象提高了LIG的化学稳定性[15]。另有研究以LIG为母核,经过一系列改造和修饰后,得到了LIG衍生物,见图1,其中R1基团为苄基上各个位置取代基,具体为氢、卤素、2-8碳原子烷基、环烷烃基、烷氧基、氰基、羟基、胺基、芳基、杂芳基、异丙基中的一种,当在LIG衍生物内酰胺环上连接的基团为对三氟甲基苄胺时,其抗炎活性优于临床常用抗炎药物吲哚美辛和地塞米松,研究发现,LIG在N-位具有4-取代苄基的化合物倾向于表现出更大的抑制靶活性的效力,且吸电子取代基对抑制活性的影响更为显著,在苄基环的4位被三氟甲基取代的化合物表现出最强的抑制活性[16-17]
LIG容易发生异构化、氧化、环加成、聚合等结构变化,产生一系列降解产物[18-19],LIG结构中不稳定化学键的所在位置是不同降解途径的关键因素,共轭双键和不饱和共价键最容易发生降解反应,因此C3和C8位上的双键在光照条件下发生二聚作用而生成为内-(Z,Z')-(3.8,8.3',H-7)二藁本内酯,LIG结构中的6,7位、3,8位双键不稳定,容易发生氧化而生成6,7-环氧藁本内酯、洋川芎内酯I、3,8-环氧藁本内酯以及(Z)-亚丁基苯酞,同时生成的6,7-环氧藁本内酯也不稳定,会进一步水解转变为洋川芎内酯I和洋川芎内酯H。LIG氧化、水解后的产物进一步异构化后形成的化合物分别是(E)-6,7-反式二羟基藁本内酯和(E)-6,7环氧藁本内酯以及(E)-亚丁基苯酞,见图2。LIG在当归、川芎挥发油中能基本保持稳定,不容易发生在纯品状态下的异构化,这可能是由于挥发油所含异构化产物具有一定的含量,使异构化反应趋向均衡而导致[20]
目前LIG在药物制剂中的稳定性成为新药开发的瓶颈问题,影响LIG稳定性的主要因素包括温度、光照、氧气、溶媒种类、溶媒pH值等。
温度是影响LIG的主要因素,温度越高,LIG的降解越快。Li等[20]发现LIG纯品在室温条件下15 d就降解至41.97%,在4 ℃冰箱冷藏的条件下,15 d后LIG含量可降解至86.67%,而在-15 ℃冰箱中保存90 d,LIG含量基本没变化,可见温度对LIG的含量影响比较大。Tian等[21]研究川芎蒸馏液中LIG在室温、4 ℃、37 ℃条件下的降解特点,分别用紫外分光光度计在271 nm测定第1、15、30、60、90天的吸收度(A),90 d后,室温下A下降了31%,4 ℃下A下降了11%,37 ℃下A下降了60%,结果表明,川芎蒸馏液中LIG在4 ℃条件下稳定性较好。综上,发现LIG对温度十分敏感,环境温度越高,LIG的降解越多,主要原因可能与LIG结构中含有不稳定的CC有关,由此可知,增加LIG稳定性的关键方法是在低温(4 ℃以下)或超低温(-15 ℃)保存,但是保存条件的严格要求势必增加生产和流通成本。
光照和氧气也是LIG降解的主要加速因素,光照时间越长,LIG的降解越多,氧气存在的情况下会加速LIG的氧化变构。Zhu等[22]分别在避光冷藏、室温避光、室温不避光3种条件下考察川芎挥发油中LIG的含量,在避光冷藏条件下,LIG含量变化小,而在室温避光和室温不避光的条件下LIG含量下降明显,由此说明光照可以加速降解过程,因此LIG及其制剂需要冷藏且避光保存,对包装材料的要求更加苛刻,可能会增加生产成本。
Li等[23]考察在常温下空气对LIG稳定性的影响,分别在密闭避光、密闭不避光、不密闭但避光、不密闭不避光的条件下测定LIG的含量,结果表明,密闭避光条件下LIG的异构化速度最慢,30 h后LIG的含量仍有33.45%,与其他条件相比LIG存量最大。由此说明光照和氧气确实会加速LIG的异构化,在低温储存的条件下,避光、密闭保存有助于LIG的稳定,这种稳定化措施长期(30 h以上)也不能保证LIG的含量稳定,探索加入稳定剂或改变LIG的介质环境也许是新的突破口。
不同溶媒对LIG的稳定性具有明确的影响,筛选对LIG降解具有抑制作用的溶媒,对LIG的稳定保存和制剂开发具有重要意义。
Zhou等[24]发现常温下LIG在氯仿中保存25 d,其含量从97.98%降到96.36%;相同条件下在环己烷中LIG含量从97.98%降至91.24%,说明LIG在氯仿、环己烷中能够保持较好的稳定性。Wang等[25]为了筛选出较好的LIG稳定剂,分别把未加稳定剂、加氮气以及加氟碳气体的LIG熔封在安剖瓶中,置于-20 ℃冰箱和-4 ℃冰箱,分别在室温见光,室温避光的环境中观察,加入氟碳气体的LIG在4种环境中都稳定,含量基本没有下降。另有研究发现[26],向LIG标准溶液中分别加2%的氯化亚铁、氯化钾、氧化铝、硫酸镁、氯化钠、硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、氯化锌等常见金属离子,各溶媒中LIG的含量略有下降,48 h后氯化亚铁中LIG的含量为82.7%,说明常见金属离子对LIG具有一定的稳定作用。但是,有机溶剂氯仿、环己烷在LIG溶液体系中不易除去,污染LIG从而影响LIG的使用,金属离子在LIG体系中增加重金属毒性风险,在实际生产应用中不宜推广,因此添加剂的使用并不是增加LIG稳定性的科学合理方法。
溶媒pH值反映环境的酸碱性,LIG结构中含有内酯环,在不同pH环境中容易被 H+或 OH-催化水解,相对而言,环境pH越低,LIG稳定性越好。Tian等[21]发现川芎蒸馏液在pH 5左右时,LIG较稳定,随着保存时间的增加,pH值逐渐下降,因此川芎蒸馏液可能会分解或异构化为酸性物质,当调回川芎蒸馏液pH值时,待测物的吸收度不能回到初始状态,则说明LIG与酸碱发生的降解反应是不可逆的。另有研究发现[27-28],使LIG最稳定的pH值为5.8,如果pH高于8,LIG则会加速水解,其原因是LIG的内酯结构在碱性溶液中更容易发生内酯键断裂,特定的酸或碱会加速LIG的降解。由此推断在LIG原料储存时可以通过调节pH值实现LIG的相对稳定,但是在制剂生产中pH的调剂受到制剂工艺和给药依存性的限制,并不是可行的稳定性方法。
在LIG中加入抗氧化剂例如Na2S2O5、NaHSO3、Vc等也能影响其稳定性,刚添加Na2S2O5和NaHSO3后,LIG含量从700 μg·mL-1分别降至98.99和208.73 μg·mL-1且HPLC图上出现了Z-藁本内酯降解产物的新峰,其结构不明确,表明Na2S2O5和NaHSO3都与Z-藁本内酯反应生成新的化合物;然而当添加0.2% Vc时,24 h后80 ℃下只有12.69%的LIG降解,说明Vc可以有效地保持LIG的稳定性[29]。另有研究[30]为寻找LIG在保存期间的稳定性,分别在室温、光照和未密封的安瓿中保存3个月和-10 ℃条件下在充满氩气的棕色安瓿中密封3个月,结果表明,纯化的LIG应保存在约-10 ℃的充满氩气的棕色安瓿中可以储存更长时间,防止氧化。
综上,为了减少LIG异构化与分解,低温避光保存、调节pH值、加入抗氧剂等均为LIG增加稳定性的有效方法。
LIG的水溶性低、稳定性差等特点使其在开发制剂时存在难度,极大地限制了其在临床上的应用,因此,为提高LIG稳定性问题,研究人员用现代药剂学方法进行了LIG的稳定性提升措施,包括包合技术、乳化技术、纳米技术和脂质体技术。
β-环糊精是由7个葡萄糖分子组成的环状结构化合物,能将一定大小的疏水性客体分子包合形成一种特殊的包合物,因此能与水难溶性化合物形成包合物,增加水中溶解度,同时避免与光、热、水、氧的直接接触,进而提高其稳定性[31]
Lu等[32]使用捏合法制备LIG与羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)包合物,LIG的稳定性得到有效提高。Sun等[33]用正交实验和饱和水溶液法筛选出超临界CO2萃取当归精油-β-环糊精包合物的包合条件,并对其稳定性进行考察,当包合温度为50 ℃时以8倍环糊精的量包合当归挥发油并搅拌2 h,当归挥发油有较高的包合率和油利用率,而且在70 ℃的恒温箱内干燥7 d,该包合物中LIG的含量变化不大,相对稳定,表明采用正交实验筛选包合工艺条件是合理的,包合率较高且LIG热稳定性良好。Yang等[34]用单相法制备川芎油 HP-β-CD 包合物并对包合物的溶解度和稳定性进行考察,发现包合物在60 ℃条件下10 d的稳定性良好,说明HP-β-CD包合物的稳定性有效改善,包合物中LIG平衡常数K为164.42,且溶解度显著提高。由此发现β-环糊精包和技术是实现LIG稳定化的有效方法之一,也是脂溶性LIG增加溶解性的有效方法。
微乳是由水、油、乳化剂和助乳化剂自发形成的一种黏度低、透明或半透明的热力学稳定系统,具有良好的热力学稳定体系,能够较好地解决难溶性药物溶解度问题并增加生物利用度[35-36]。研究发现[27],当归、川芎挥发油微乳分别于室温和40 ℃下保存6个月后,室温条件下LIG含量下降至92.06%,40 ℃下LIG含量下降至89.41%,加速度实验和室温留样测定当归、川芎挥发油微乳的稳定性,发现当归、川芎挥发油微乳中LIG的含量下降缓慢,可以看出当归、川芎挥发油微乳有良好的理化稳定性。
纳米乳是一种平均粒径小于100 nm的外观透明或者半透明的均相分散体系,能够提高脂溶性药物溶解度和稳定性[37]。Ma等[38]将LIG纳米乳放在避光玻璃瓶中,在25 ℃、75%相对湿度下放置3个月,LIG纳米乳制剂相对稳定;与LIG原料相比,研究LIG纳米乳制剂在pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液和0.1 mol·L-1 HCl中的LIG溶出曲线,结果显示在20 min内完全溶出,同时其cpmax和AUC0→24 h显著增加,说明LIG纳米乳制剂的稳定性良好,是值得推广的LIG制剂类型。
自微乳化释药系统是由油相、乳化剂和助乳化剂组成的固态或液态混合体系,载药体系可增加难溶性药物的溶解度,避免首关效应,从而有效改善药物的生物利用度[39]。Zhao等[40]分别在60、25、4、-20 ℃条件下存储,分别测定LIG纯品、当归挥发油和当归自乳化制剂中的LIG含量,在60 ℃条件下,LIG纯品或者在挥发油中均不稳定,在低温条件下LIG在挥发油中相对稳定,LIG纯品只有在-20 ℃条件下稳定且保持时间短,当归自乳化制剂无论在高温还是低温条件下存储,都有较好的稳定性,也是值得推广的LIG制剂类型。
脂质体是一种将药物包封于类脂质层的双分子囊泡,其囊材主要是磷脂,能增加药物的溶解度,改善药物的稳定性、提高生物利用度等特点[41-42]。Li等[43]通过正交实验法和乙醇注入法优选LIG脂质体最佳制备工艺,在制备温度为35 ℃和缓冲液pH 7.5的条件下,卵磷脂的用量是LIG的10倍,同时卵磷脂与胆固醇之比为2∶1,从而得到了LIG脂质体的最佳制备工艺,该工艺具有很好的可行性,LIG脂质体的稳定性较好。Yao等[44]采用薄膜分散法并进行单因素考察筛选最优当归挥发油脂质体制备工艺,添加卵磷脂80 mg、胆固醇40 mg,超声时间60 min后,再加入当归挥发油0.1 mL即得到包封率较高的当归挥发油脂质体。Zheng等[45]使用薄膜分散法制备川芎挥发油脂质体,并结合正交设计优化处方和制备工艺,研究发现最理想的处方为卵磷脂与川芎挥发油用量相等,卵磷脂是胆固醇用量的3倍,缓冲溶液pH为6.8,在该条件下制备的川芎挥发油脂质体处方合理,该工艺可行且包封率较高,是值得放大实验和推广应用的LIG新型制剂。
目前上述稳定化方法并未完全满足LIG在药物、保健食品以及临床等方面的应用,如何有效提高LIG生物利用度仍是亟待解决的问题。
LIG来源于活血化瘀类中药当归和川芎,能通利血脉、改善血行、消散瘀血,在抗炎镇痛、改善高脂血症、血液黏稠、动脉粥样硬化、高血压等方面具有潜在优势,其生物活性非常广泛。
Lin等[46]研究LIG的镇痛和抗炎药效,发现LIG既可以抑制急、慢性炎症,同时还抑制化学刺激引起的小鼠扭体反应及热板致痛反应,但是与哌替啶相比,仍有一定的差距。此外,LIG还能有效缓解实验性非细菌性前列腺炎[47]。Zhu等[48]研究证明了静脉注射LIG可预防脂多糖引起的机械异常性疼痛,其主要作用机制是通过抑制小胶质细胞活化和促炎细胞因子的产生来减轻炎性疼痛,据此,LIG在缓解疼痛和抑制炎症方面具有一定的开发前景。
动脉粥样硬化是一种累及大中动脉的慢性常见病,表现为炎症、氧化应激、血管内皮细胞活化、血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)增殖或迁移等[49]。Wang等[50]研究表明LIG可抑制TNF-α激活核因子κB受体(NF-κB),有效阻止了NF-κB的激活和释放,减少内皮细胞细胞间黏附分子-1和血管细胞黏附分子-1的表达,发挥其动脉血管内皮保护功能。此外,自噬可能成为动脉粥样硬化治疗的潜在靶点,血管平滑肌细胞去分化表现为收缩蛋白减少,金属蛋白酶和细胞外基质蛋白增加,迁移和增殖加速[51],Xie等[52]研究发现,10 μg·mL-1 LIG对AngⅡ诱导的VSMCs抑制迁移的效果最好,且浓度范围呈剂量依赖性,浓度越高其抑制细胞迁移速度越好。
LIG对包括肺、膀胱、卵巢、口腔等在内的多种器官癌细胞群均有不同程度抑制及抗肿瘤作用。LIG在许多癌细胞中主要作为抗增殖剂与凋亡促进剂。Yin等[53]研究证明了LIG可以通过抑制细胞增殖,调节线粒体以及介导NF-κB1途径促进膀胱癌细胞凋亡。研究发现LIG以剂量依赖性方式影响卵巢癌细胞的存活,通过线粒体和其他来源的氧化应激促进细胞凋亡,调节NRF2表观遗传,从而导致癌细胞死亡[54]。Hsu等[55]研究证明了LIG能够抑制通过激活缺氧口腔癌细胞系中的ER应激信号传导诱导c-Myc依赖性细胞凋亡;此外,还发现了LIG能够增加放射治疗后口腔癌细胞中γ-H2AX的表达,并增加DNA损伤的发生,提示其具有作为辐射增敏剂的潜力。LIG诱导了非小细胞肺癌中PTEN的上调,PTEN的上调抑制了AKT的磷酸化,从而诱导肺癌细胞凋亡增加,抑制了糖酵解代谢,其主要机制是通过PTEN/AKT信号通路发挥作用的[56]
LIG已证实对神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病、缺血性脑卒中及其他神经系统疾病等均表现出较好的治疗作用,主要是通过减轻氧化应激损伤、改善线粒体功能,抑制神经细胞凋亡、调节内质网应激及自噬,抑制神经炎症等保护神经[57]。Wu等[58]体内研究表明LIG在减轻脑梗体积、神经损伤和海马神经元损伤方面具有神经保护作用,通过抑制细胞内活性氧以及钙内流从而保护海马神经元免受氧糖剥夺/再灌注诱导的损伤。Wang等[59]研究发现LIG抑制低灌注大鼠皮质区神经元的凋亡和调节MAP-2的表达从而对长期低灌注导致大鼠大脑皮质神经损伤起神经保护作用。有研究[60]表明通过给大鼠注射脂多糖引起神经炎症,预先给予LIG能够显著抑制神经炎症的反应,且量效关系呈现出一定的正相关性。
近年来,有大量研究表明LIG在骨保护作用方面显示出巨大潜力,如骨关节炎、骨质疏松以及股骨头坏死等。Cui等[61]研究LIG对RAW264.7向破骨细胞分化的影响,发现LIG能抑制NF-κB活化因子配体诱导的破骨细胞分化,其机制可能是促进GPER表达,减少RANK,影响下游转录因子NFATc1的表达及骨吸收相关酶的活性,从而抑制破骨细胞分化和骨吸收功能。LIG抑制IL-1β诱导的软骨细胞炎症是通过PI3K/AKT途径减少人骨关节炎软骨细胞中聚集蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原的降解,从而达到软骨细胞的保护作用[62]。Wang等[63]研究表明,LIG通过抑制NF-κB/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)/p38/免疫受体酪氨酸基序等信号通路的激活,进而抑制破骨细胞的形成和活性,这一结果表明,LIG可能成为一种潜在的防治骨吸收异常疾病的药物。
LIG是苯酞类化合物,具有抗炎镇痛、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗癌、神经保护及骨保护作用,具有广泛的临床应用前景。总结发现,氧化、水解和光降解是LIG的主要降解途径,可以通过低温、避光保存、添加适量的Vc、使用共溶剂、调节pH值至合适范围等方法通过改变LIG储存条件抑制其降解,增加LIG的相对稳定性,但是这些改变环境条件的技术方法在短期内用于LIG原料的稳定化,具有一定的价值,并不是LIG制剂稳定和质量保证的理想方法,为此通过现代制剂新技术的应用,在LIG原料可靠的基础上,采用纳米制剂技术、自乳化技术、环糊精包合物技术、脂质体均可以改善LIG制剂的稳定性,还能增加溶解度以及生物利用度,是未来LIG制剂开发和有效高值化利用的主要方向。
相对而言,β-环糊精包合制剂的口服生物利用度偏低,而且载量通常在9%~14%之间,这意味着高药物浓度时,可能需要使用更多的包合物才能达到治疗效果,同时,制备条件会更为复杂,需要精确控制温度、pH值、搅拌速度等因素。从而增加了制剂的复杂性和成本。另外,环糊精本身具有一定的肾毒性,尤其是在长期或大量使用时,可能会对患者的肾脏造成损害,因此限制了其在LIG制剂中的使用。脂质体作为药物载体,虽然具有靶向性、缓释性、长效性、细胞亲和性和组织相容性等优点,但纳米脂质体的制备过程中需要使用一些特殊的辅料和设备,成本都相对较高;另外,脂质体的化学性质不够稳定,制备及贮存困难,药物包裹率不高且易发生渗漏而失去靶向性;此外,脂质体在体外环境下容易受到环境因素的影响,如温度、pH值等,导致LIG泄漏或变质,而且贮存条件苛刻,如低温、避光等,脂质体的放大生产可能面临一些挑战,如设备、工艺等方面的限制,导致生产效率和产品质量波动。LIG纳米乳以及自乳化制剂需要添加大量表面活性剂,表面活性剂用量较大时均有一定毒性,对LIG制剂安全性带来了一定的挑战。
因此,在LIG新型制剂设计和研发方面,还有诸多亟待解决的理论和技术问题。可以尝试在制剂辅料的研发和应用方面加大投入,比如用新型制剂辅料改性乳糖(如无水α-乳糖)、天然或合成的高分子材料(聚合物纳米粒、无机纳米粒等)构建新型LIG药物传递系统,提高LIG制剂的稳定性和有效性。此外,还可以尝试微囊或微球技术、聚合物胶束技术、热熔挤出技术、3D打印技术、LIG衍生物合成技术等提高LIG的生物利用度、增强靶向性、改善溶解性、延长药物作用时间等。然而,新技术的制备成本较高、化学性质不稳定、体外稳定性差等问题也是需要逐步攻克的技术壁垒。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82260772)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金项目(21JR11RA137)
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2024年第59卷第24期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.24.001
  • 接收时间:2024-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-12-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-01
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国家自然科学基金项目(82260772)
甘肃省自然科学基金项目(21JR11RA137)
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    1 甘肃中医药大学药学院, 兰州 730000
    2 陇药产业创新研究院, 兰州 730000
    3 西北中藏药省部共建协同创新中心, 兰州 730000
    4 甘肃省中药药理与毒理学重点实验室, 兰州 730000

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* 吴国泰,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:药理学与临床药学 Tel:(0931)5109816
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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