Article(id=1195814099000017034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)23-2293-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.23.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718035200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763033898352, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1733587200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763033898352, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763033898352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763033898352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195814096831561845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='23', pageStart='2199', pageEnd='2298', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763033897836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763034755097, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2293, endPage=2298, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195814099234898064, articleId=1195814099000017034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research on Immune Rechallenge in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To summarize the research progress and beneficiary population of immune re challenge in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and provide reference for the treatment of NSCLC in clinical practice. METHODS Using keywords such as “non- small cell lung cancer”, “immune checkpoint inhibitor”, “rechallenge”, etc., a combination of topic words and free words was used to search relevant literature from PubMed、Cochrane Library、embase、self-built databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure until February 1, 2024. RESULTS A total of 526 relevant literature were retrieved, with over 40 valid articles. Among them, there are 6 systematic reviews/Meta analyses on NSCLC rechallenge, 5 clinical studies, and most of the rest are retrospective real-world studies. CONCLUSION The effectiveness and controllable irAEs of immune rechallenge therapy for NSCLC were analyzed, and it was preliminarily believed that patients with high programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (TPS ≥ 50%), good performance status (PS) score in the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) in the United States (ECOG-PS≤1) and longer initial immunotherapy time were more likely to benefit from ICIs rechallenge.

, correspAuthors=Yaodong PING, Shikui WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Furui HUANG, Chunlei MIAO, Kun HOU, Benben ZHU, Yaodong PING, Shikui WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195814099532693657, articleId=1195814099000017034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=免疫再挑战在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 总结免疫再挑战在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)治疗方面的研究进展及获益人群,为临床实践中NSCLC的治疗提供参考。方法 以“非小细胞肺癌”“免疫检查点抑制剂”“再挑战”等为关键词,采用主题词和自由词相结合的方法,检索了PubMed、Cochrane Library、embase、中国知网等数据库自建库起至2024年2月1日的相关文献。结果 共检索到相关文献526篇,有效文献40余篇。其中关于NSCLC再挑战的系统性评价/Meta分析6篇,临床研究5篇,其余大多数为回顾性真实世界研究。。结论 分析了NSCLC免疫再挑战治疗的有效性及可控的免疫相关不良反应(immune-related adverse events,irAEs),并初步认为程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)高表达(TPS≥50%)、美国东部协作肿瘤组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)体能状况(performance status,PS)评分较好(PS≤1分)及初始免疫治疗时间较长的患者更有可能从免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)再挑战中获益。

, correspAuthors=平耀东, 武世奎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 平耀东,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:肿瘤临床药学 Tel:(0471)3362423;
武世奎,男,博士,教授 研究方向:多功能纳米载药系统开发 Tel:(0471)6653172
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皇甫睿,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学

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Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2019, 84(4): 873-880., articleTitle=Clinical difference between discontinuation and retreatment with nivolumab after immune-related adverse events in patients with lung cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079183337144819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=6, issue=9, pageStart=1093, pageEnd=1099, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=SANTINI F C, RIZVI H, PLODKOWSKI A J, journalName=Cancer Immunol Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SANTINI F C, RIZVI H, PLODKOWSKI A J, et al. Safety and efficacy of re-treating with immunotherapy after immune-related adverse events in patients with NSCLC[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2018, 6(9): 1093-1099., articleTitle=Safety and efficacy of re-treating with immunotherapy after immune-related adverse events in patients with NSCLC, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079183429419508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=624, pageEnd=630, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=TAKAHARA Y, TANAKA T, ISHIGE Y, journalName=Thorac Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAKAHARA Y, TANAKA T, ISHIGE Y, et al. Efficacy and predictors of rechallenge with immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Thorac Cancer, 2022, 13(4): 624-630., articleTitle=Efficacy and predictors of rechallenge with immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079183492334069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=2, issue=5, pageStart=570, pageEnd=578, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=KOYAUCHI T, INUI N, KARAYAMA M, journalName=SN Compr Clin Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOYAUCHI T, INUI N, KARAYAMA M, et al. Clinical outcomes of anti-programmed death-1 antibody-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. SN Compr Clin Med, 2020, 2(5): 570-578., articleTitle=Clinical outcomes of anti-programmed death-1 antibody-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079183551054326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=140, issue=null, pageStart=99, pageEnd=106, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=LEVRA M G, COTTE F E, CORRE R, journalName=Lung Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEVRA M G, COTTE F E, CORRE R, et al. Immunotherapy rechallenge after nivolumab treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the real-world setting: a national data base analysis[J]. Lung Cancer, 2020, 140: 99-106., articleTitle=Immunotherapy rechallenge after nivolumab treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the real-world setting: a national data base analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079183676883447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=128, issue=null, pageStart=119, pageEnd=128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=DESNOYER A, BROUTIN S, DELAHOUSSE J, journalName=Eur J Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DESNOYER A, BROUTIN S, DELAHOUSSE J, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used in oncology: part 2, immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2020, 128: 119-128., articleTitle=Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used in oncology: part 2, immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079183731409400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=58, issue=7, pageStart=835, pageEnd=857, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=CENTANNI M, MOES D, TROCONIZ I F, journalName=Clin Pharmacokinet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CENTANNI M, MOES D, TROCONIZ I F, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immune checkpoint Inhibitors[J]. Clin Pharmacokinet, 2019, 58(7): 835-857., articleTitle=Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immune checkpoint Inhibitors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079183794323961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=115, issue=null, pageStart=109638, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=YAN T, YU L, SHANG G D, journalName=Int Immunopharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN T, YU L, SHANG G D, et al. Advances in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors[J]. 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研究 临床阶段 地区 初始治疗 停药原因 再挑战治疗 主要结局指标 次要结局指标
NCT04507906 Ⅰb/Ⅱa期 中国 ICI PD 纳武利尤单抗+安罗替尼 ORR DCR、PFS、OS
NCT03977467 Ⅱ期 美国 PD-1抑制剂 PD 阿替利珠单抗+铂类 ORR DCR、irAEs
NCT04670913 Ⅱ期 中国 ICI或ICI+化疗 未提及 卡瑞利珠单抗+阿帕替尼 PFS OS、ORR、DCR、DoR、安全性和毒性
NCT03526887 Ⅱ期 国际多中心 PD-L1 PD 帕博利珠单抗 ORR PFS
jRCT1031190032 Ⅲ期 日本 ICI或ICI+化疗 治疗周期满 PD-1抑制剂 OS PFS、TFS、恢复ICI后的反应率
UMIN 000028561 Ⅱ期 日本 纳武利尤单抗 PD 纳武利尤单抗 ORR PFS、OS、安全性
NCT04725188 Ⅱ期 国际多中心 铂类双药+ PD-L1 PD 维博利单抗+帕博利珠单抗 PFS OS、ORR、DOR
NCT05941897 Ⅱ期 国际多中心 PD-L1+铂类 PD Ceralasertib+度伐利尤单抗 ORR DoR、DCR、PFS、OS、TTR
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179646157240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正在进行的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)免疫再挑战的临床试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究 临床阶段 地区 初始治疗 停药原因 再挑战治疗 主要结局指标 次要结局指标
NCT04507906 Ⅰb/Ⅱa期 中国 ICI PD 纳武利尤单抗+安罗替尼 ORR DCR、PFS、OS
NCT03977467 Ⅱ期 美国 PD-1抑制剂 PD 阿替利珠单抗+铂类 ORR DCR、irAEs
NCT04670913 Ⅱ期 中国 ICI或ICI+化疗 未提及 卡瑞利珠单抗+阿帕替尼 PFS OS、ORR、DCR、DoR、安全性和毒性
NCT03526887 Ⅱ期 国际多中心 PD-L1 PD 帕博利珠单抗 ORR PFS
jRCT1031190032 Ⅲ期 日本 ICI或ICI+化疗 治疗周期满 PD-1抑制剂 OS PFS、TFS、恢复ICI后的反应率
UMIN 000028561 Ⅱ期 日本 纳武利尤单抗 PD 纳武利尤单抗 ORR PFS、OS、安全性
NCT04725188 Ⅱ期 国际多中心 铂类双药+ PD-L1 PD 维博利单抗+帕博利珠单抗 PFS OS、ORR、DOR
NCT05941897 Ⅱ期 国际多中心 PD-L1+铂类 PD Ceralasertib+度伐利尤单抗 ORR DoR、DCR、PFS、OS、TTR
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179771986362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究 初始ICIs 停药
原因
再挑战的ICIs
类型 ORR/% DCR/% 中位PFS 类型 ORR/% DCR/% 中位PFS
Watanabe [14] Anti PD-L1 21.5 57.1 3.7 PD Anti PD-1 7.1 21.4 1.6
Fujita [15] Anti PD-L1 0 33.3 阿替利珠单抗组:2.8
度伐利尤单抗组:6.0
PD Anti PD-1 0 26.7 纳武利尤单抗组:1.9
帕博利珠单抗组:2.8
Fujisaki [16] Anti PD-1 36.8 57.9 11.3 irAEs Anti PD-1 71.4 100.0 15.3
Gobbini [17] Anti PD-L1 49.3 75.7 13.0 PD,irAEs Anti PD-L1 16.0 47.2 4.4
Kitagawa [18] Anti PD-L1 35.3 52.9 9.7 PD,irAEs Anti PD-L1 5.9 58.8 4.0
Furuya [19] Anti PD-1 21.1 63.2 3.4 PD,irAEs Anti PD-L1 2.6 34.2 1.9
Niki [20] Anti PD-1 45.5 63.6 4.9 PD Anti PD-1 27.3 45.5 2.7
Katayama[21] Anti PD-L1 34.3 68.6 4.0 PD Anti PD-L1 2.9 43.0 2.7
Fujita[22] Anti PD-1 58.3 75.0 6.2 PD Anti PD-1 8.3 41.6 3.1
Xu[23] Anti PD-L1±chemotherapy
anti-angiogenesis
35.0 83.0 5.7 irAEs Anti PD-L1±chemotherapy
anti-angiogenesis
22.5 85.0 6.8
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179956535740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NSCLC免疫再挑战的疗效汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究 初始ICIs 停药
原因
再挑战的ICIs
类型 ORR/% DCR/% 中位PFS 类型 ORR/% DCR/% 中位PFS
Watanabe [14] Anti PD-L1 21.5 57.1 3.7 PD Anti PD-1 7.1 21.4 1.6
Fujita [15] Anti PD-L1 0 33.3 阿替利珠单抗组:2.8
度伐利尤单抗组:6.0
PD Anti PD-1 0 26.7 纳武利尤单抗组:1.9
帕博利珠单抗组:2.8
Fujisaki [16] Anti PD-1 36.8 57.9 11.3 irAEs Anti PD-1 71.4 100.0 15.3
Gobbini [17] Anti PD-L1 49.3 75.7 13.0 PD,irAEs Anti PD-L1 16.0 47.2 4.4
Kitagawa [18] Anti PD-L1 35.3 52.9 9.7 PD,irAEs Anti PD-L1 5.9 58.8 4.0
Furuya [19] Anti PD-1 21.1 63.2 3.4 PD,irAEs Anti PD-L1 2.6 34.2 1.9
Niki [20] Anti PD-1 45.5 63.6 4.9 PD Anti PD-1 27.3 45.5 2.7
Katayama[21] Anti PD-L1 34.3 68.6 4.0 PD Anti PD-L1 2.9 43.0 2.7
Fujita[22] Anti PD-1 58.3 75.0 6.2 PD Anti PD-1 8.3 41.6 3.1
Xu[23] Anti PD-L1±chemotherapy
anti-angiogenesis
35.0 83.0 5.7 irAEs Anti PD-L1±chemotherapy
anti-angiogenesis
22.5 85.0 6.8
), ArticleFig(id=1196079180078170558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究 患者总数
/例
发生irAEs的
人数(%)
再挑战
药物
再挑战人数
(%)
≥3级不良反应人数 再挑战期间发生的irAEs ORR
/%
DCR
/%
初始治疗
(%)
再挑战
(%)
总的irAEs
人数(%)
复发的irAEs
人数(%)
因irAEs
死亡数
Mouri[30] 187 49(26.2) 纳武利尤单抗 21(11) 7 (33.3) 1 (4.7) 15(71.4) - - 14.3 85.7
Santini[31] 482 68(14.1) PD-1±CTLA-4 38(56) 13 (34.2) 8 (21.1) 20(52.6) 10(26.3) 2 47.3 81.5
Kitagawa[18] 17 10(58.8) PD-(L)1 17(100) 3 (20.0) 2 (22.2) 9(52.9) 4(23.5) 1 5.9 58.8
Takahara[32] 24 9(37.5) PD-(L)1 24(100) 5 (20.8) 3 (12.5) 4(16.7) 1(4.2) - 8.3 45.8
Niki[20] 11 4(36.4) PD-(L)1 11(100) 0 0 5(45.5) - - 27.3 45.0
Koyauchi[33] 592 79(13.3) PD-(L)1 16(20.3) 30(5.1) 0 5(31.3) - - 50 87.5
), ArticleFig(id=1196079180229165504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814099000017034, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

NSCLC免疫再挑战安全性数据的真实世界研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究 患者总数
/例
发生irAEs的
人数(%)
再挑战
药物
再挑战人数
(%)
≥3级不良反应人数 再挑战期间发生的irAEs ORR
/%
DCR
/%
初始治疗
(%)
再挑战
(%)
总的irAEs
人数(%)
复发的irAEs
人数(%)
因irAEs
死亡数
Mouri[30] 187 49(26.2) 纳武利尤单抗 21(11) 7 (33.3) 1 (4.7) 15(71.4) - - 14.3 85.7
Santini[31] 482 68(14.1) PD-1±CTLA-4 38(56) 13 (34.2) 8 (21.1) 20(52.6) 10(26.3) 2 47.3 81.5
Kitagawa[18] 17 10(58.8) PD-(L)1 17(100) 3 (20.0) 2 (22.2) 9(52.9) 4(23.5) 1 5.9 58.8
Takahara[32] 24 9(37.5) PD-(L)1 24(100) 5 (20.8) 3 (12.5) 4(16.7) 1(4.2) - 8.3 45.8
Niki[20] 11 4(36.4) PD-(L)1 11(100) 0 0 5(45.5) - - 27.3 45.0
Koyauchi[33] 592 79(13.3) PD-(L)1 16(20.3) 30(5.1) 0 5(31.3) - - 50 87.5
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免疫再挑战在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究
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皇甫睿 1, 2 , 苗春蕾 1, 2 , 侯坤 2 , 朱贲贲 2 , 平耀东 2, 3, * , 武世奎 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(23): 2293-2298
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(23): 2293-2298
免疫再挑战在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究
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皇甫睿1, 2, 苗春蕾1, 2, 侯坤2, 朱贲贲2, 平耀东2, 3, *, 武世奎1, *
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古医科大学药学院, 呼和浩特 010110
  • 2 北京大学肿瘤医院内蒙古医院药剂科, 呼和浩特 010050
  • 3 北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所药剂科, 恶性肿瘤发病机制及转化研究教育部重点实验室, 北京 100142
  • 皇甫睿,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学

通讯作者:

* 平耀东,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:肿瘤临床药学 Tel:(0471)3362423;
武世奎,男,博士,教授 研究方向:多功能纳米载药系统开发 Tel:(0471)6653172
Research on Immune Rechallenge in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Furui HUANG1, 2, Chunlei MIAO1, 2, Kun HOU2, Benben ZHU2, Yaodong PING2, 3, *, Shikui WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
  • 2 Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot 010050, China
  • 3 MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
出版时间: 2024-12-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.012
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目的 总结免疫再挑战在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)治疗方面的研究进展及获益人群,为临床实践中NSCLC的治疗提供参考。方法 以“非小细胞肺癌”“免疫检查点抑制剂”“再挑战”等为关键词,采用主题词和自由词相结合的方法,检索了PubMed、Cochrane Library、embase、中国知网等数据库自建库起至2024年2月1日的相关文献。结果 共检索到相关文献526篇,有效文献40余篇。其中关于NSCLC再挑战的系统性评价/Meta分析6篇,临床研究5篇,其余大多数为回顾性真实世界研究。。结论 分析了NSCLC免疫再挑战治疗的有效性及可控的免疫相关不良反应(immune-related adverse events,irAEs),并初步认为程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)高表达(TPS≥50%)、美国东部协作肿瘤组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)体能状况(performance status,PS)评分较好(PS≤1分)及初始免疫治疗时间较长的患者更有可能从免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)再挑战中获益。

非小细胞肺癌  /  免疫治疗  /  再挑战  /  疗效  /  安全性

OBJECTIVE To summarize the research progress and beneficiary population of immune re challenge in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and provide reference for the treatment of NSCLC in clinical practice. METHODS Using keywords such as “non- small cell lung cancer”, “immune checkpoint inhibitor”, “rechallenge”, etc., a combination of topic words and free words was used to search relevant literature from PubMed、Cochrane Library、embase、self-built databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure until February 1, 2024. RESULTS A total of 526 relevant literature were retrieved, with over 40 valid articles. Among them, there are 6 systematic reviews/Meta analyses on NSCLC rechallenge, 5 clinical studies, and most of the rest are retrospective real-world studies. CONCLUSION The effectiveness and controllable irAEs of immune rechallenge therapy for NSCLC were analyzed, and it was preliminarily believed that patients with high programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (TPS ≥ 50%), good performance status (PS) score in the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) in the United States (ECOG-PS≤1) and longer initial immunotherapy time were more likely to benefit from ICIs rechallenge.

non-small cell lung cancer  /  immunotherapy  /  rechallenge  /  therapeutic effect  /  security
皇甫睿, 苗春蕾, 侯坤, 朱贲贲, 平耀东, 武世奎. 免疫再挑战在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2293 -2298 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.012
Furui HUANG, Chunlei MIAO, Kun HOU, Benben ZHU, Yaodong PING, Shikui WU. Research on Immune Rechallenge in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2293 -2298 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.012
肺癌是我国及世界各国发病率和死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤之一。2022年中国所有恶性肿瘤新发病例和死亡病例中,肺癌均排名第1位[1]。按照细胞和病理学特点,肺癌可以分为小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC),其中NSCLC是最常见的,占肺癌的85%以上,5年生存率较低[2]。因此迫切需要有效的治疗方案来应对NSCLC。
近年来,免疫疗法在NSCLC的治疗中取得了很大进展,与传统抗肿瘤治疗相比,免疫治疗可以延长患者的无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)和总生存期(overall survival, OS)[3]。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)是目前临床应用比较广泛的抗肿瘤药物,常用的ICIs作用于细胞毒性T细胞相关抗原-4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, CTLA-4)、程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1)及程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)[4]。尽管ICIs在NSCLC治疗方面取得了很大的进展,但在临床实践中,ICIs也面临着许多的问题和挑战,例如患者可能由于疾病进展(progressive disease, PD)或免疫相关不良反应(immune-related adverse events, irAEs)的发生而不得不停止免疫治疗,接受后续化疗。但也有越来越多的学者认为,在后续治疗有限的情况下重启免疫治疗可能是一种潜在的选择,这种策略称为免疫再挑战,它是指肿瘤患者在初次免疫治疗后疾病出现进展或复发时,经过一段时间的休息,而后再次接受免疫治疗。这种策略的目的是通过再次激活患者的免疫系统,对肿瘤细胞进行攻击,从而控制疾病的进展或复发[5]。近年来,NSCLC再挑战治疗方案在临床上的应用逐渐广泛。基于以上研究现状,本文将总结近年来的临床研究及真实世界研究,概括免疫再挑战治疗在NSCLC患者中的研究进展,总结获益人群,以期为NSCLC免疫再挑战治疗提供临床参考。
国外学者2013年在肺癌领域启动了KEYNOTE-010研究[6],KN010是一项多中心、Ⅱ/Ⅲ期、随机对照临床试验。其中14例肺癌患者接受了帕博利珠单抗再挑战治疗,6例仍能获得部分缓解(partial response, PR),5例达疾病稳定(stable disease,SD),研究截止时11例患者仍然存活,并未发现新的irAEs。本研究表明,在既定疗程(2年)结束后病情进展的患者,再次使用帕博利珠单抗仍能获益。该研究为临床上免疫治疗再挑战提供理论依据。
目前,国内也已经进行了大量的研究来探讨ICIs再挑战的可行性。2022年的第六届海峡肺癌高峰论坛上,国内多家医院的198位专家就NSCLC患者免疫再挑战达成共识:对于ICIs治疗后进展的晚期NSCLC患者而言,选择ICIs进行再挑战是一项非常有前景的治疗策略,且再挑战时采用ICIs联合抗血管生成药物或放疗可能是更好的选择。同时,专家们还讨论了可能影响再挑战疗效的因素,包括既往体能状态评分、PD-L1表达水平和年龄等。此外,使用ICIs进行再挑战也没有增加irAEs的发生率[7]。虽然目前尚未有关于肺癌ICIs再挑战指南的发表,但基于现有研究结果,学者们认为ICIs再挑战治疗NSCLC是值得研究的治疗策略[5]。目前国内外正在进行的NSCLC免疫再挑战的临床试验(表1),可以看出,NSCLC患者停止初始免疫治疗的主要原因是PD。ICIs再挑战策略包括使用单个ICIs、2个ICIs联用或者ICIs联合其他抗肿瘤药物,下列研究目前正在进行阶段,尚未有关于结局的发表。
近年来,还有多位学者进行了系统性评价/Meta分析来总结真实世界中NSCLC患者免疫再挑战的疗效。Xu等[8]纳入了15项回顾性真实世界研究共442例在初始ICIs治疗后接受ICIs再挑战的NSCLC患者,评估了ICIs再挑战的疗效,结果显示:再挑战时的ORR和DCR均低于初始ICIs治疗(13.2% vs 42.4%,P<0.001; 51.1% vs 74.0%,P<0.001)。初始ICIs期满后无疾病进展或出现irAEs后停药的患者接受免疫再挑战的ORR和DCR均高于初始ICIs治疗期间因PD而停药的患者(ORR:46.2% vs 20% vs 11.4%,P=0.003;DCR:84.6% vs 90.0% vs 55.0%,P=0.002)。这与Feng等[9]类似的meta分析研究结果一致:因完成固定疗程后停止治疗的患者比因PD或irAEs而停止治疗的患者拥有较长的中位无进展生存期(median progression-free survival,mPFS)(未达到vs 2.1个月vs 5.2个月)。而Cai等[10]则认为:因irAEs或完成固定疗程后停止治疗的患者比因PD而停止治疗的患者拥有较长的ORR和DCR(ORR:34% vs 8%,DCR:71% vs 39%)。以上3项研究均表明,免疫再挑战的疗效不及初始ICIs治疗,但上述研究都没有对比再挑战与非再挑战治疗的效果。截止到2024年2月1日,目前已经发表了数十项关于NSCLC再挑战的真实世界研究(表2),可以看出,与初始治疗相比,尽管再挑战患者的ORR和DCR有所下降,但仍有近50%的患者可以从再挑战中获益。
再挑战的疗效可能与其所在的肿瘤微环境有一定关系。肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)是由肿瘤细胞、基质细胞(如成纤维细胞和免疫细胞)、血管以及细胞外基质等组成的复杂网络。这一环境对肿瘤的生长、进展及治疗效果起着关键作用。治疗间歇期间,肿瘤微环境可能发生一系列变化,使得肿瘤对再次免疫治疗更加敏感[11]。在初次治疗期间,肿瘤微环境中可能存在大量的免疫抑制细胞,如调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)、髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs)和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs)。这些细胞能够抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应。然而,在治疗间歇,这些免疫抑制细胞的数量和功能可能会发生变化,导致微环境中的免疫抑制减少,从而提高再次免疫治疗的效果;免疫激活细胞如效应T细胞(cytotoxic T cells, CTLs)和自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK)可能会被重新募集到肿瘤微环境中。这些细胞的增加可以增强抗肿瘤免疫反应,使得肿瘤对再次免疫治疗更加敏感。此外,细胞因子(如IL-10、TGF-β等)也可能改变肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制状态;肿瘤微环境中的基质细胞(如成纤维细胞)可以通过分泌细胞因子和生长因子,影响肿瘤的生长和免疫反应,从而促进抗肿瘤免疫反应[12]。还有研究表明,肠道微生物群落对免疫治疗的响应有重要影响。治疗间歇期间,患者的微生物群落可能发生变化,从而影响全身免疫状态和肿瘤微环境的免疫反应[13]。总之,肿瘤微环境的多方面变化可以为免疫再挑战创造有利条件。这些变化可能涉及免疫细胞、细胞因子、肿瘤抗原性、基质细胞和微生物群落等多个方面。通过了解这些机制,可以更好地设计和优化免疫再挑战策略,提高其在临床应用中的效果。
鉴于ICIs 再挑战在特定患者中有较好的疗效,未来有必要进行更大的前瞻性研究来验证目前的结论,此外,还应将 ICIs 再挑战的疗效与未进行ICIs再挑战的患者疗效进行对比,从而更加充分地说明ICIs再挑战优于其他治疗。
目前,免疫再挑战治疗在NSCLC患者中的疗效清晰可见,但免疫再挑战的安全性也是一个重点要考虑的问题。Cai等[24]的系统性评价/Meta分析结果表明,因irAEs而停止ICIs治疗的患者再挑战的所有级别和高级别(≥3级)irAEs的总体风险高于初始ICIs。Cai等[10]也对NSCLC患者 ICIs再挑战的安全性进行了分析,与初始免疫治疗相比,再挑战后irAEs的发生和复发率为41.5%(OR,0.71;95%CI:0.16~0.57;P=0.48)和27.5%(OR,0.71;95%CI:0.08~0.20;P<0.05)。是否再挑战可能取决于患者在既往ICIs期间遇到的irAEs的类型和严重程度[25-27]。Allouchery等[28]收集了法国药物警戒数据库(FPVD)中经历了至少一种≥2级irAEs且导致ICIs停用,后继续使用ICIs再挑战的患者。结果显示,61.1%的患者在再挑战时没有复发≥2级irAEs。约一半的患者初始irAEs≥3级,而再挑战时有三分之一的患者经历了≥3级irAEs,这表明ICIs再挑战可能不会导致更严重的irAEs发生。由于该研究纳入了多种癌种,其中肺癌占41.1%,因此,该结果并不能准确地阐明NSCLC发生不同级别irAEs后再挑战的安全性,但是具有一定参考价值。NSCLC患者免疫再挑战的部分安全性数据,总体来说,再挑战后≥3级不良反应发生率及致死率相对较低。Dolladille等[29]还进行了一项回顾性、横断面、药物警戒队列研究,探讨ICIs再挑战的安全性,这是目前关于再次使用免疫治疗安全性的样本量较大的回顾性研究(表3)。研究结果显示,与非再挑战病例相比再挑战发生更严重的irAEs的比例更高(87.3% vs 85.1%),但致死率更低(10.5% vs 11.7%)。且PD-I/PD-L1抑制剂单药治疗、联合治疗再挑战irAEs发生率高于抗CTLA-4单药治疗(71.2% vs 15.9% vs 12.9%)。总之,约1/3患者在再挑战后会出现与之前同样irAEs,其中结肠炎、肝炎和肺炎的发生率较高。未来应针对NSCLC进行更为具体的研究,进一步准确验证目前的结论。出现irAEs后患者是否能再次挑战免疫治疗,哪些人群是再挑战治疗的获益人群还需要进行大量的前瞻性研究来进一步验证。
免疫再挑战策略能使特定的患者受益,因此如何确定再挑战潜在获益人群的特征是至关重要的。Niki等[20]回顾性收集了进行免疫再挑战的11名NSCLC患者的PD-L1表达水平,结果显示,所有显示PR的患者均具有PD-L1高表达水平(tumor proportion score, TPS≥50%)。Fujita等[22]的12例病例报告也显示了相近的结果:在接受纳武利尤单抗后再次接受帕博利珠单抗,所有达到反应(CR+PR)的NSCLC患者都具有较高(TPS≥80%)的肿瘤PD-L1表达。然而,另一项研究分析了来自六家日本机构的35名接受免疫再挑战治疗的NSCLC患者,发现再挑战的疗效与PD-L1表达水平无关[21]。因此,目前尚不能完全阐明PD-L1表达水平是否可以有效预测NSCLC患者免疫再挑战的结果,但是基于现有的研究证据来看,PD-L1高表达水平(TPS≥50%)可能是患者接受免疫再挑战获得良好预后的分子标志物,但未来还需进一步的研究证明。
Furuya等[19]进行了一项回顾性队列研究来评价阿替利珠单抗单药免疫再挑战治疗晚期NSCLC患者的真实世界疗效和安全性。亚组分析发现,与PS评分为1或2~3相比,PS=0分的患者OS(中位OS:未达到,P<0.000 1)和治疗失败时间(time to treatment failure,TTF)(中位TTF:63 d,P=0.012)更长。Gobbini等[17]分析了144名晚期NSCLC患者的ICIs再挑战结果,发现PS评分为0、1和≥2的患者中位OS分别为NR,1.4年和1.1年。由此可见,对于PS评分较好的(PS≤1分)患者更有可能在免疫再挑战中获益。
接受初始免疫治疗时间的长短也可能是筛选获益人群的特征。Levra等[34]评估了法国国家医院数据库中1 517名局部晚期或转移性NSCLC患者接受ICIs再挑战的疗效。Levra发现与接受ICIs初始治疗<3个月的患者相比,接受初始ICIs治疗≥6个月(HR 0.19;P<0.000 1)和3~6个月(HR 0.56;P<0.000 1)的患者接受免疫再挑战的中位OS增加。因此,初始免疫治疗时间较长的患者更有可能从再挑战中获益。
目前没有确凿的证据提示启动免疫再挑战的时机,但有部分学者已对该问题进行了探讨。Gobbini等[17]认为,2次ICIs治疗之间的间隔对再挑战的PFS没有影响。NiKi等[20]则认为,对再挑战有反应的患者的治疗间隔比没有反应的患者短(1.6个月vs 4.7个月)。在真实世界的临床环境中,初始治疗和ICIs再挑战之间应存在治疗间隔。因为某些ICIs的半衰期较长,尽早进行免疫再挑战,初始治疗中的ICIs仍可能存在于患者的血液循环中,2次治疗持续的药物作用可以使肿瘤细胞处于休眠状态,并且肿瘤进展被免疫机制抑制[35-37]。因此,有研究人员建议应在3个月内重新进行ICIs挑战[5]
当患者重新启动免疫治疗时,初始免疫治疗方案是否可以用于再挑战目前尚未得出确切结论。Hirano等[38]报道了一例既往接受过纳武利尤单抗的NSCLC患者在PD后再次接受纳武利尤单抗治疗,经过四个疗程的复治,他的全身状况有所改善,随访计算机断层扫描显示肿瘤明显消退。在Niki等[20]报道的11例接受免疫治疗再挑战的患者中,所有患者均接受纳武利尤单抗初始治疗,再挑战时10名患者接受了纳武利尤单抗治疗,1名患者接受了帕博利珠单抗治疗,3例(27%)达到PR,2例(18%)处于SD状态。另有一项研究报道了18例既往接受纳武利尤单抗和帕博利珠单抗治疗的患者,再挑战时换用PD-L1抑制剂—阿替利珠单抗,结果显示,18例患者中有11例出现PD,且没有患者达到PR/CR,PFS仅为(2.9±1.8)个月,疾病控制率为38.9%[12]。综上所述,对于选定的患者,再挑战时选择与初始治疗相同或不同的PD-1抑制剂都是有效的,而对于再挑战换用不同类型的PD-L1抑制剂可能效果不佳。但是,目前的大多数研究都是小样本回顾性研究,未进行统计分析,未来应该进行大量的前瞻性研究来进一步验证结论。
ICIs在NSCLC的治疗领域已经受到越来越多的关注,并具有显著的获益。本文总结了ICIs再挑战的疗效,基于目前的临床研究以及真实世界研究可以看出,ICIs再挑战是NSCLC后续治疗的有效选择。确定了ICIs再挑战的显著疗效后,进一步分析再挑战的获益人群,总体而言,ECOG-PS评分较好(PS≤1分)、初始免疫治疗时间较长、初始irAEs等级较低的患者更有可能从再挑战中获益。此外,患者个人身体状况以及炎症指标等因素,也可能是筛选再挑战获益人群的条件。然而,目前多数关于NSCLC的ICIs再挑战的研究多为小样本回顾性研究,具有一定局限性,未来还应该进行大量的前瞻性研究,总结再挑战疗效较好患者的临床特征,并运用新型人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)技术,预测患者获益情况,指导临床医生为NSCLC患者提供更精确的治疗方案。
  • 中关村精准医学基金会医健公益行—药学科研专项(ZGC-YXKY-49)
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2024年第59卷第23期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.012
  • 接收时间:2024-06-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-12-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-11
基金
中关村精准医学基金会医健公益行—药学科研专项(ZGC-YXKY-49)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古医科大学药学院, 呼和浩特 010110
    2 北京大学肿瘤医院内蒙古医院药剂科, 呼和浩特 010050
    3 北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所药剂科, 恶性肿瘤发病机制及转化研究教育部重点实验室, 北京 100142

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* 平耀东,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:肿瘤临床药学 Tel:(0471)3362423;
武世奎,男,博士,教授 研究方向:多功能纳米载药系统开发 Tel:(0471)6653172
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.23.012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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