Article(id=1195814098035327101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)23-2272-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.23.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763033898122, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1733587200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763033898122, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763033898122, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763033898122, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195814096831561845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='23', pageStart='2199', pageEnd='2298', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763033897836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763034755097, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2272, endPage=2277, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195814098257625215, articleId=1195814098035327101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Development of Limit Standard of Pesticide Residues in Honeysuckle Based on Conversion of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Honeysuckle in GB 2763-2021, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in honeysuckle and the development of limit standards in accordance with the requirements of GB 2763-2021 Food Safety Standards for Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS According to “the Principle of Conversion of Limit Standards of Traditional Chinese Medicine in <GB 2763-2021 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food>”, using a risk assessment model that is in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, the maximum residual limit value of the pesticide to be transformed from honeysuckle was evaluated. Using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent and direct extraction as the pre-treatment method. LC-MS/MS methods were used to screen three commonly used pesticides in 57 batches of honeysuckle. RESULTS Combined with the relevant requirements of GB 2763-2021 and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the maximum residue limit regulations for three pesticides in honeysuckle were proposed to be formulated through sample determination,namely imidacloprid (1 mg·kg-1), avermectin benzoate (0.1 mg·kg-1),and imidacloprid (15 mg·kg-1). CONCLUSION This study screened three commonly used pesticides in 57 batches of honeysuckle and establishes a method and limit standard for the determination of conversion pesticide residues in combination with GB 2763-2021, which has guiding and important significance for further research on the standardization, quality standards, and market circulation supervision of pesticide use during the planting process.

, correspAuthors=Shuhong WANG, Chang SU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xueting LIU, Haofeng LÜ, Lina ZENG, Xiaojuan DU, Yifen YE, Ziyu GUO, Yaoxuan XIE, Shuhong WANG, Chang SU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195814098576392322, articleId=1195814098035327101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于GB 2763-2021金银花农药最大残留限量制定中药金银花农药限量标准的探索研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 结合《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》和《中国药典》2020年版农药限度及检测方法,拟制定金银花中部分常用农药的检测方法及限量标准。方法 按照课题组提出的中药品种限量标准转化原则,采用符合中药特点的风险评估模式对GB 2763-2021中金银花拟转化农药的最大残留限量值进行评估。采用乙腈为提取溶剂直接提取的前处理方法,液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法对金银花中拟转化的 3 种农药进行测定。结果 通过样品测定,结合GB 2763-2021及《中国药典》2020年版相关要求,拟制定金银花中 3 种农药的最大残留限量规定为:吡虫啉(1 mg·kg-1)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(0.1 mg·kg-1)、啶虫脒(15 mg·kg-1)。。结论 本研究对 57 批金银花中 3 种常用农药进行了检测,建立了测定方法及限量标准,对其种植过程中农药规范使用、质量标准进一步研究、市场流通监管,均具有指导作用和重要意义。

, correspAuthors=王淑红, 苏畅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王淑红,女,硕士,主任中药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及安全性、有效性评价与中药智能化及数字化研究 Tel:(0755)26031929;
苏畅,男,博士,主任中药师 研究方向:中药DNA分子鉴定与质量控制方法研究 Tel:(0755)26031742
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刘雪婷与吕浩锋为共同第一作者

刘雪婷,女,主管中药师 研究方向:中药质量控制与评价;

吕浩锋,男,主管中药师 研究方向:中药质量控制与评价。

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Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form (中国实验方剂学杂志), 2016(10):50-54., articleTitle=Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in lonicerae Japonicae Flos by different pretreatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079182062076384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=343, issue=null, pageStart=128490, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=XU Z L, LI L X Y, XU Y, journalName=Food Chem(食品化学), refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Z L, LI L X Y, XU Y, et al. Pesticide multi-residues in dendrobium officinale kimura et Migo: method validation, residue levels and dietary exposure risk assessment[J]. Food Chem(食品化学), 2021, 343:128490., articleTitle=Pesticide multi-residues in dendrobium officinale kimura et Migo: method validation, residue levels and dietary exposure risk assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1196079182137573858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=32, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=SHEN Q, HE H G, journalName=World Pesticide(世界农药), refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHEN Q, HE H G. Research progress on the sublethal effect of emamectin benzoate on pests[J]. 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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015, 22(1):1-4., articleTitle=World wide integrated assessment on systemic pesticides: global collapse of the entomofauna: exploring the role of systemic insecticides, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1196079180170445247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, awardId=2023SKLDRS0103, language=CN, fundingSource=药品监管科学全国重点实验室第一批课题(2023SKLDRS0103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1196079180258525633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, awardId=RS2024Z006-110, language=CN, fundingSource=国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1196079180342411714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, awardId=2024Z01, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1196079174009012554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196079174013206859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, companyId=1196079174009012554, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1196079174021595468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, companyId=1196079174009012554, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=深圳市药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量研究与评价重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518057)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1196079178991845805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

MRL standards of pesticides and summary of pesticide registration situatuion in Honeysuckle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides MRL of honeysuckle(fresh) MRL of honeysuckle(dry) Registration status HQc
1 Abamectin 1 1 Yes 1.232 9
2 Imidacloprid 1 1 Yes 0.020 5
3 Acetamiprid 5 15 Yes 0.264 2
4 Emamectin benzoate 0.05 0.1 Yes 0.246 6
5 Bifenthrin 7 15 Yes 1.849 3
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179050566062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

金银花中最大农药残留限量标准及金银花农药汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides MRL of honeysuckle(fresh) MRL of honeysuckle(dry) Registration status HQc
1 Abamectin 1 1 Yes 1.232 9
2 Imidacloprid 1 1 Yes 0.020 5
3 Acetamiprid 5 15 Yes 0.264 2
4 Emamectin benzoate 0.05 0.1 Yes 0.246 6
5 Bifenthrin 7 15 Yes 1.849 3
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179113480625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Standard curve concentration of three pesticide substrates in honeysuckle. ng·mL-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides ρ(STD1) ρ(STD 2) ρ(STD 3) ρ(STD 4) ρ(STD 5) ρ(STD 6) ρ(STD 7)
1 Imidacloprid 1 2 4 10 20 40 100
2 Emamectin benzoate 1 2 4 10 20 40 100
3 Acetamiprid 1 2 4 10 20 40 100
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179180589490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金银花中3种农药基质标准曲线质量浓度。ng·mL-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides ρ(STD1) ρ(STD 2) ρ(STD 3) ρ(STD 4) ρ(STD 5) ρ(STD 6) ρ(STD 7)
1 Imidacloprid 1 2 4 10 20 40 100
2 Emamectin benzoate 1 2 4 10 20 40 100
3 Acetamiprid 1 2 4 10 20 40 100
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179264475571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

LC-MS/MS mobile phase gradient elusion conditions of pesticide substrates in honeysuckle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0~1 70 30
1~12 70→0 30→100
12~14 0 100
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179323195828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

金银花中农药液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法检测流动相梯度洗脱条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0~1 70 30
1~12 70→0 30→100
12~14 0 100
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179402887604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Retention time, monitoring ion pairs, collision energy(CE) and limit of quantitation(LOQ)of 3 pesticides in honeysuckle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides tR/min m/z(Quantitative ion pair) CE/V m/z(Qualitative ion pair) CE/V LOQ/mg·kg-1
1 Imidacloprid 2.985 256.00>209.1 15 256.00>175.1 20 0.000 3
2 Emamectin benzoate 12.535 886.6>157.8 30 886.6>302.1 25 0.000 2
3 Acetamiprid 4.059 223.5>126.0 17 223.5>90.0 30 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179461607861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

金银花中3种农药的保留时间、检测离子对及碰撞电压

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides tR/min m/z(Quantitative ion pair) CE/V m/z(Qualitative ion pair) CE/V LOQ/mg·kg-1
1 Imidacloprid 2.985 256.00>209.1 15 256.00>175.1 20 0.000 3
2 Emamectin benzoate 12.535 886.6>157.8 30 886.6>302.1 25 0.000 2
3 Acetamiprid 4.059 223.5>126.0 17 223.5>90.0 30 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179591631287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Linear equation, recovery and repeatability of 3 pesticides in honeysuckle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides Linear
equation
r2 Low concentration
level/%
Medium concentration
level/%
High concentration
level/%
Recovery RSD Recovery RSD Recovery RSD
1 Imidacloprid y=40 448.1x+28 968.7 0.998 8 107.8 1.2 100.9 1.4 111.5 0.9
2 Emamectin benzoate y=18 672x-3 105.44 0.999 4 107.7 0.9 115.5 0.8 112.4 0.7
3 Acetamiprid y=47 918x+2 916.35 0.999 5 103.8 1.4 100.6 1.3 93.3 0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179671323065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

金银花中 3 种农药线性方程、回收率及重复性测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides Linear
equation
r2 Low concentration
level/%
Medium concentration
level/%
High concentration
level/%
Recovery RSD Recovery RSD Recovery RSD
1 Imidacloprid y=40 448.1x+28 968.7 0.998 8 107.8 1.2 100.9 1.4 111.5 0.9
2 Emamectin benzoate y=18 672x-3 105.44 0.999 4 107.7 0.9 115.5 0.8 112.4 0.7
3 Acetamiprid y=47 918x+2 916.35 0.999 5 103.8 1.4 100.6 1.3 93.3 0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179885232571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Determination results of three pesticides in 57 batches of honeysuckle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides MRL/ mg·kg-1 Range of residual amount/ mg·kg-1 Detected rate/% Over limits rate/%
1 Imidacloprid 1 0.04-1.14 96.5 3.5
2 Emamectin benzoate 0.1 0.04-0.12 64.9 7.0
3 Acetamiprid 15 0.65-0.95 5.3 0
), ArticleFig(id=1196079179990090173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814098035327101, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

57批次金银花样品中3种农药测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticides MRL/ mg·kg-1 Range of residual amount/ mg·kg-1 Detected rate/% Over limits rate/%
1 Imidacloprid 1 0.04-1.14 96.5 3.5
2 Emamectin benzoate 0.1 0.04-0.12 64.9 7.0
3 Acetamiprid 15 0.65-0.95 5.3 0
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基于GB 2763-2021金银花农药最大残留限量制定中药金银花农药限量标准的探索研究
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刘雪婷 , 吕浩锋 , 曾利娜 , 杜晓娟 , 叶奕芬 , 郭子瑜 , 谢耀轩 , 王淑红 * , 苏畅 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(23): 2272-2277
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(23): 2272-2277
基于GB 2763-2021金银花农药最大残留限量制定中药金银花农药限量标准的探索研究
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刘雪婷, 吕浩锋, 曾利娜, 杜晓娟, 叶奕芬, 郭子瑜, 谢耀轩, 王淑红*, 苏畅*
作者信息
  • 深圳市药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量研究与评价重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518057
  • 刘雪婷,女,主管中药师 研究方向:中药质量控制与评价;

    吕浩锋,男,主管中药师 研究方向:中药质量控制与评价。

通讯作者:

* 王淑红,女,硕士,主任中药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及安全性、有效性评价与中药智能化及数字化研究 Tel:(0755)26031929;
苏畅,男,博士,主任中药师 研究方向:中药DNA分子鉴定与质量控制方法研究 Tel:(0755)26031742
Development of Limit Standard of Pesticide Residues in Honeysuckle Based on Conversion of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Honeysuckle in GB 2763-2021
Xueting LIU, Haofeng LÜ, Lina ZENG, Xiaojuan DU, Yifen YE, Ziyu GUO, Yaoxuan XIE, Shuhong WANG*, Chang SU*
Affiliations
  • NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China
出版时间: 2024-12-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.009
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目的 结合《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》和《中国药典》2020年版农药限度及检测方法,拟制定金银花中部分常用农药的检测方法及限量标准。方法 按照课题组提出的中药品种限量标准转化原则,采用符合中药特点的风险评估模式对GB 2763-2021中金银花拟转化农药的最大残留限量值进行评估。采用乙腈为提取溶剂直接提取的前处理方法,液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法对金银花中拟转化的 3 种农药进行测定。结果 通过样品测定,结合GB 2763-2021及《中国药典》2020年版相关要求,拟制定金银花中 3 种农药的最大残留限量规定为:吡虫啉(1 mg·kg-1)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(0.1 mg·kg-1)、啶虫脒(15 mg·kg-1)。。结论 本研究对 57 批金银花中 3 种常用农药进行了检测,建立了测定方法及限量标准,对其种植过程中农药规范使用、质量标准进一步研究、市场流通监管,均具有指导作用和重要意义。

金银花  /  农药  /  GB 2763-2021  /  限量标准

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in honeysuckle and the development of limit standards in accordance with the requirements of GB 2763-2021 Food Safety Standards for Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS According to “the Principle of Conversion of Limit Standards of Traditional Chinese Medicine in <GB 2763-2021 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food>”, using a risk assessment model that is in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, the maximum residual limit value of the pesticide to be transformed from honeysuckle was evaluated. Using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent and direct extraction as the pre-treatment method. LC-MS/MS methods were used to screen three commonly used pesticides in 57 batches of honeysuckle. RESULTS Combined with the relevant requirements of GB 2763-2021 and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the maximum residue limit regulations for three pesticides in honeysuckle were proposed to be formulated through sample determination,namely imidacloprid (1 mg·kg-1), avermectin benzoate (0.1 mg·kg-1),and imidacloprid (15 mg·kg-1). CONCLUSION This study screened three commonly used pesticides in 57 batches of honeysuckle and establishes a method and limit standard for the determination of conversion pesticide residues in combination with GB 2763-2021, which has guiding and important significance for further research on the standardization, quality standards, and market circulation supervision of pesticide use during the planting process.

honeysuckle  /  pesticide  /  GB 2763-2021  /  limit standard
刘雪婷, 吕浩锋, 曾利娜, 杜晓娟, 叶奕芬, 郭子瑜, 谢耀轩, 王淑红, 苏畅. 基于GB 2763-2021金银花农药最大残留限量制定中药金银花农药限量标准的探索研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2272 -2277 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.009
Xueting LIU, Haofeng LÜ, Lina ZENG, Xiaojuan DU, Yifen YE, Ziyu GUO, Yaoxuan XIE, Shuhong WANG, Chang SU. Development of Limit Standard of Pesticide Residues in Honeysuckle Based on Conversion of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Honeysuckle in GB 2763-2021[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2272 -2277 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.009
中药是我国的瑰宝,除可治病防病外,有的中药还可以当作烹饪佳肴里增香增味的调料,或是滋补汤里的汤料;我国亦是中药产业大国,中药材资源丰富,如山东是我国中药大省,中药种植种类近2 000种,道地药材金银花产量居全国产量第一[1]。金银花为忍冬科植物忍冬(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)的干燥花蕾或带初开的花,是药食两用品种,夏初花开放前采收、干燥[2],具有清热解毒,疏散风热的作用。金银花在生长过程中易遭受病虫害的侵袭,目前主要的防治技术为化学农药,据文献报道[3]金银花普遍存在可检出农药残留及部分农药残留超标的现状。
农药的广泛使用可以提高农作物的产量但同时存在着对生物和环境的威胁,如栖息在树木上的鸟类等动物不可避免地会触碰或吸入农药,对它们的生命与繁衍造成威胁;而农药残留物不仅会附着在被喷洒的植物表面,还会溶入土壤、溪流等,危害环境的平衡[4]。早期研究报道检测指标仅针对有机氯农药,已难以满足当今农药残留检测的需要。近几年的报道中,虽然检测指标数量有大幅度提升,但缺乏系统性研究,如针对农业农村部的禁用农药检测指标不全面,且缺乏关于种植中使用的农药调研;虽然国内已初步开展中药材的农药风险评估,但诸多中药材品种的农药残留及风险评估研究不足,有的甚至尚属空白,且存在检测农药没有针对性、测定的禁用农药的种类不全等现象。
Gou等[5]在7种有代表性的川产道地药材及饮片的881批样品检测中发现,每种药材均有20种以上农药检出,一些为针对种植病虫害使用的农药,一些可能为间作或轮作中使用的农药。整体结果表明,7种药材种植中农药的使用及污染情况较为普遍。常用农药中多菌灵、毒死蜱、菊酯类等检出率较高,与我国使用农药习惯总体一致,滥用农药现象严重。
《中国药典》2020年版中收录了用液质联用技术对中药农药残留进行检测的方法。但查阅文献发现,在国内此技术在农残方面的新研究比较少;在国际上,目前尚没有针对金银花药材的农药残留限量标准[6]。2021年,我国农业农村部更新了食品安全国家标准《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》,其中明确了金银花中常用农药的最大残留量[7]。按照农业农村部发布的《食品中农药最大残留限量制定指南》的相关要求[7]及标准流程,制定中药中常用农药最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL)值需要通过种植、采样、分析及实验室认证等多个环节,是一个漫长而复杂的过程,故本课题组提出了“《GB 2763食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》中药品种限量标准转化原则” [8]。本研究以金银花为研究对象,通过确定金银花中常用农药指标,建立液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法、风险评估以及多批次样品筛查等步骤,初步拟定金银花中常用农药测定方法及限量标准,为金银花种植过程中农药规范使用、质量标准提高研究、市场流通监管,均具有指导作用和重要意义。
根据GB 2763-2021 附录 A 分类,金银花属于药用植物。同时作为药食同源品种,药材金银花是指干燥花蕾或带初开的花,夏初花开放前采收,干燥。
对GB 2763-2021及 GB 2763.1-2022 中金银花中农药MRLs进行梳理可知,金银花农药残留限量标准共涉及5个农药指标,8个 MRL 值,见表1
表1中可看出,同大部分干、鲜药用植物相同,金银花(干)中的限量值大于或等于金银花(鲜),这可能与金银花干燥后,失水导致其农药残留量增加相关。金银花8个农药指标里,所有指标均明确在金银花项下登记。最终根据前期拟定的标准转化原则,对金银花(干)的限量值进行转化,拟转化的农药指标共有 5个。
《中国药典》2020 年版四部“9302 中药有害残留物限量制定指导原则”中明确指出“在拟定一个有害残留物的限量标准时,为满足风险控制的需要,可以将我国食品安全国家标准、国际食品法典或国外药典标准、其他具有权威性的国际标准相关残留限量转化为我国药品标准” [9]。基于本课题组前期建立的中药中农药残留风险评估方法对金银花中拟转化的 5 个农药限量标准的慢性风险进行评价[10],风险评价按公式1~2计算。
EXPc= E F × E d × I × M R L A T × b w×PF
HQc=EXPc×100/ADI
公式1中:EXPc为慢性膳食暴露量(mg ·kg-1bw·d-1);EF为服用频率;Ed为一生的暴露年限;AT为平均寿命天数=365天×70年;I为平均日消费量(kg·d-1);MRL为金银花中该农药的最大残留限量值(mg·kg-1);bw为平均体质量(kg),以60 kg计。式中EF、Ed 根据前期调研分别为每年90天、20年;I值根据《中国药典》2020年版规定金银花平均日消费量为10.5 g;PF为安全系数,基于风险最大化考虑,本研究将PF值设定为 1。
公式2中HQc为慢性风险商,即慢性膳食暴露量与健康指导值的比值,再乘以一定安全系数以评价其风险;ADI 为每日允许摄入量,参考GB 2763-2021标准中农药相关数值;100为安全因子。
通过以上公式计算金银花中5种农药MRL值的HQc,所得结果见表1。结果发现:金银花中3种农药的慢性风险商均低于0.754 8,而阿维菌素、联苯菊酯的慢性风险商分别达到1.23、1.85。当HQc≤1时,表示慢性膳食暴露风险可以接受,HQc越小,风险越小;反之,当HQc>1时,表示有不可接受的慢性风险,HQc越大,风险越大。故阿维菌素、联苯菊酯两个农药指标暂不予以转化。
Acquity TQ-XS超高效液相色谱-串联三重串联四极杆质谱仪(沃特世公司);AH-50全自动均质器(Raykol公司);L530离心机(Cence湘仪公司);SYNS0R000纯水系统(Millipore公司)。
乙腈、甲醇(色谱纯);甲酸、甲酸铵(质谱纯);氯化钠(分析纯);水为超纯水;吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、啶虫脒3种农药对照溶液(天津阿尔塔卡科技有限公司)。
精密吸取吡虫啉等3种农药对照溶液各1 mL,置于25 mL量瓶中,加乙腈稀释至刻度;再精密吸取1 mL,置于20 mL量瓶中,加乙腈制成混合对照品储备溶液(200 ng·mL-1),密封,于-20 ℃避光储存。取不含待测指标的金银花样品5 g,同供试品溶液制备方法处理成空白基质溶液。取空白基质溶液 0.8 mL,精密加入混合对照品储备溶液5、10、20、50、100、200、500 μL后用乙腈稀释定容至1 mL,作为基质混合对照溶液,3 种农药的基质混合对照溶液质量浓度见表2
取金银花粉末(过三号筛)5 g,精密称定,加氯化钠1 g,立即摇散,再加入乙腈 50 mL,匀浆处理 2 min(转速不低于12 000 r·min-1),离心(4 000 r·min-1),分取上清液,沉淀再加乙腈50 mL,匀浆处理1 min,离心,合并两次提取的上清液,用乙腈定容至100 mL,摇匀。
①吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐:精密量取上述溶液8 mL,置10 mL量瓶中,用乙腈稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得。②啶虫脒:精密量取上述溶液1 mL,置20 mL量瓶中,用乙腈稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得。
色谱条件:十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶柱Aglient SB-C18(2.1 mm×10 cm, 1.8 μm);以0.1%甲酸溶液(含 5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵)为流动相 A,以甲醇-0.1%甲酸溶液(含 5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵)(95∶5)为流动相 B,进行梯度洗脱;流速为0.3 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃。进样量:2 μL,见表3
质谱条件:三重四级杆串联质谱仪;电喷雾(ESI)离子源,Desolvation Gas Flow: 1 000 L·Hr-1; Cone Gas Flow:50 L·Hr-1;Desolvation Temperature:500 ℃;Capillary:1 kV;正离子扫描模式;监测模式为多反应监测(MRM),各化合物保留时间、监测离子对、碰撞电压(CE)见表4
测定法:分别精密吸取对照品溶液和供试品溶液各 1 mL,精密加入水 0.3 mL, 混匀,滤过,取续滤液,分别精密吸取上述两种溶液各2 μL,注入液相色谱-串联质谱仪,测定。
3种农药在 1~100 ng·mL-1内具有良好的线性关系(r2>0.995,见表5),以10 倍信噪比(S/N)表示方法的定量限,各指标定量限在0.000 2~0.007 mg·kg-1(表4),满足农药残留分析要求。
在金银花空白样品中分别添加低、中、高(相当于各指标浓度:0.25、0.5、2.50 MRL)3个浓度水平的加标回收率试验,每个浓度3份平行实验,低、 中、高浓度每个平行重复测定3次,各个化合物的加标回收率和相对标准偏差结果见表5
金银花中含有挥发油、黄酮、有机酸等成分,另有少量色素等[11]。本试验考察了纯乙腈提取、加水浸润后乙腈提取两种提取方式。乙腈是农药残留分析中常用的提取溶剂,适用于从基质中提取多种极性农药,一些非极性杂质如叶绿素等不能与农药一起被提取[12]。根据3个浓度水平的加标回收试验考察各批次间的一致性,纯乙腈提取结果见表5中的精密度数据,相对标准偏差(RSD)值均小于1.4%;加水浸润后乙腈提取结果,特别是低浓度的加标回收率RSD分别为2.5%、1.9%、2.2%。结果表明,上述两种提取方式,对3种拟转化农药成分的提取效果基本相同,但加乙腈匀浆提取对各批次金银花的提取效果一致性较好,故选择乙腈作为样品提取溶剂。
提取后的金银花样品溶液需净化,以降低基质效应并减少对仪器的污染。2016 年Wang等[13]建立了以乙腈为提取溶剂进行超声提取,石墨炭黑固相萃取柱净化,对花类、果实类中药材中禁限用农药的前处理方法,该方法线性良好、回收率大多在 70%~120% 之间。对金银花农残检测时常用的净化方法,包括 QuEChers 法、HLB 固相萃取柱和 NH2 固相萃取柱净化等[14-16]。根据前期研究,不同批次的金银花在进行农残测定时基质效应存在差异,采用基质匹配法进行检测时,样品与空白的基质效应差异会对测定结果造成影响。结合金银花的 MRL 值并比较分散型净化材料、HLB固相萃取柱和NH2 固相萃取柱净化等不同方式,同时比较直接提取再稀释的提取方式,结果发现用HLB固相萃取柱净化和直接提取再稀释的样品基质影响一致。最终选择了直接提取再进行稀释的前处理方法。
按照已拟定的标准转化原则,需结合不少于 50 批次的中药品种市场监测数据,对拟转化标准的科学性和适用性进行市场风险评价。本研究从山东、河南、河北等地收集了 57 批次样品,所收样品来源包括了生产企业、药材市场和线上经营企业等。57批次金银花转化农药检出结果见表6
表6结果可得出:吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐检出率达到 60%以上,按拟定限量进行判定,吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐超标率分别为3.5%、7.0%。
甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐作为目前能够替代 5 种高毒农药的生物杀虫剂,具有触杀、胃毒作用,对螨类、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目活性极高,且对人畜安全,可与大部分农药混用,因此广泛用于防治多种农作物上的害虫[17]。吡虫啉和啶虫脒属于新烟碱类杀虫剂,其主要作用于昆虫中枢神经系统的烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs),阻断昆虫中枢神经系统的正常传导,导致昆虫麻痹死亡[18]。吡虫啉和啶虫脒单剂和复配剂的产品数量很多,且使用广泛。
随着人们食品安全和环境保护意识的提高,《中国药典》2020年版对禁用农药监管的加强,高效、低残留、低毒、对环境友好的农药将会得到愈来愈广泛的应用[17]。部分中低毒性农药如吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐等检出率有所上升,分析可能与高毒剧毒农药逐步退出市场有关,中低毒性农药可能成为了目前中药种植过程中使用最为广泛的品种。为了全面地评估常用农药的应用风险,亟须制定现阶段常用农药的限量标准,规范中药材种植过程中的农药使用,这对评估其施用后的用药质量和安全十分重要。
为了保证中药产业的健康发展和经济效益,不宜制定过于严苛的中药中农药MRL标准制度。根据已拟定的转化原则,作出标准是否适宜转化的主要依据为:检测结果没有超标或超标率小于等于 10%,将GB 2763-2021标准转化为国家药品标准;超标率大于 10%的,暂不予转化,应继续加强监测,积累数据,并需向国家药监局及主要地政府提出产品风险预警。
本研究对57批金银花中的 3 种拟转化农药进行检测,均有检出情况,但超标率均小于等于 10%。根据转化原则,最终将GB 2763-2021金银花中3个农药残留限量标准转化为金银花中药材标准指标,分别为:吡虫啉(1 mg·kg-1)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(0.1 mg·kg-1)、啶虫脒(15 mg·kg-1)。
  • 药品监管科学全国重点实验室第一批课题(2023SKLDRS0103)
  • 国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110)
  • 2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01)
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2024年第59卷第23期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.009
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-12-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
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药品监管科学全国重点实验室第一批课题(2023SKLDRS0103)
国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110)
2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01)
作者信息
    深圳市药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量研究与评价重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518057

通讯作者:

* 王淑红,女,硕士,主任中药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及安全性、有效性评价与中药智能化及数字化研究 Tel:(0755)26031929;
苏畅,男,博士,主任中药师 研究方向:中药DNA分子鉴定与质量控制方法研究 Tel:(0755)26031742
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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