Article(id=1195814097607508088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)23-2258-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.23.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705593600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763033898021, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1733587200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763033898021, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763033898021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763033898021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195814096831561845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='23', pageStart='2199', pageEnd='2298', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763033897836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763034755097, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2258, endPage=2265, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195814097850777723, articleId=1195814097607508088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Study and Evaluation of Mupirocin Ointment in Vitro Release, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To establish an evaluation method for the release of mupirocin ointment in vitro, according to the quality research of ointment preparations at home and abroad and the technical guidelines for generic drugs. METHODS The diffusion cell method was adopted, the release membrane was polyethersulfone membrane, the receiving medium was sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.4, the rotation speed was 600 r·min-1, and the sample size was 300 mg. The concentration of mupirocin in the receiving solution at different time points was determined by HPLC method, and the cumulative release and release rate were calculated. The particle size morphology and particle size distribution of mupirocin ointment from different manufacturers were determined by particle size analyzer. The viscosity of preparations from different manufacturers was determined by rheometer. RESULTS The determination method for the release of mupirocin ointment in vitro was established, and the precision, durability and discrimination of this method were good, and the consistency evaluation was made for preparations from different manufacturers. There were great differences in particle size distribution and viscosity between different manufacturers. CONCLUSION The differences in particle size distribution between different manufacturers reflect the differences in preparation production process, and the differences in viscosity reflect the differences in preparation prescription, both of them can affect the release rate of mupirocin ointment in vitro.

, correspAuthors=Xiaomeng CHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lihua LU, Yizhuo CHANG, Lixin WANG, Xiaomeng CHONG, Hui XU, Baoming NING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195814302214046304, articleId=1195814097607508088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=莫匹罗星软膏体外释放研究及评价, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 根据国内外软膏类制剂质量研究及仿制药技术指导原则,建立莫匹罗星软膏体外释放评价方法。方法 采用扩散池法,释放膜为聚醚砜膜,接收介质为pH 7.4的磷酸二氢钠缓冲液,转速为600 r·min-1,上样量为300 mg;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定不同时间点接收液中莫匹罗星的浓度,计算累积释放量及释放速率。采用粒度粒型仪对不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏粒子形态及粒度分布进行测定。采用流变仪对不同厂家制剂黏度进行测定。结果 建立了莫匹罗星软膏体外释放测定方法,此方法精密度、耐用性及区分力均较好,并对不同厂家制剂做了一致性评价。不同厂家制剂之间粒度分布及黏度存在较大不同。结论 不同厂家制剂之间粒度分布存在差异反映出制剂生产工艺的不同,黏度的差异反映出制剂处方的不同,二者可共同影响莫匹罗星软膏体外释放速率。

, correspAuthors=崇小萌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 崇小萌,女,主任药师 研究方向:抗生素药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851538
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路丽华与常卓为共同第一作者

路丽华,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与质量控制;

常祎卓,女,主管药师 研究方向:抗感染药物质量研究。

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路丽华,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与质量控制;

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常祎卓,女,主管药师 研究方向:抗感染药物质量研究。

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常祎卓,女,主管药师 研究方向:抗感染药物质量研究。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PES膜-不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏单位面积释放量平均值与时间平方根的关系。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=lfGW04Xpz0BQPm3Op+g5Kg==, figureFileBig=UyDEna2+0EuEsredus2eow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392318337693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship between mean release per unit area and the square root of time of PTFE films. n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=ndXmdF4gJnZXdPZspUnlgQ==, figureFileBig=tHGokRF2tdXhNjNtRct6yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392423195294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PTFE膜-不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏单位面积释放量平均值与时间平方根的关系。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=ndXmdF4gJnZXdPZspUnlgQ==, figureFileBig=tHGokRF2tdXhNjNtRct6yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392507081375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=MCE membrane-The relationship between the mean release per unit area of different manufacturers' mupirocin ointment and the square root of time. n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=qqi5MPE1i0Bp4JWdtRFwdQ==, figureFileBig=LIoMRYgZLR0dtJc+CvR8mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392628716192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MCE膜-不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏单位面积释放量平均值与时间平方根的关系。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=qqi5MPE1i0Bp4JWdtRFwdQ==, figureFileBig=LIoMRYgZLR0dtJc+CvR8mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392683242145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The relationship between the average release per unit area of PES films from different manufacturers and time.n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=8Q87jlnN87ZhpP5sk6d0xg==, figureFileBig=7NrKJHp6q2olYFlZO8HOQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392741962402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同厂家PES膜单位面积莫匹罗星释放量平均值与时间的关系。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=8Q87jlnN87ZhpP5sk6d0xg==, figureFileBig=7NrKJHp6q2olYFlZO8HOQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392842625699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The relationship between the average release amount per unit area of the mupirocin innovator preparation agent with different sample loading amount and time. n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=UqR8UygXomTbxMvkmHuF5g==, figureFileBig=aLTlImkdCwevCACoxjPCUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392913928868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同上样量莫匹罗星原研制剂单位面积释放量平均值与时间的关系。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=UqR8UygXomTbxMvkmHuF5g==, figureFileBig=aLTlImkdCwevCACoxjPCUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079392972649125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Release curves of mupirocin ointment from different manufacturers in vitro. n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=HLc5j3vlInShQ4pustKVAg==, figureFileBig=GzRIhhNBEM0dpFHjuNfbow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079393027175078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏体外释放曲线。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$, figureFileSmall=HLc5j3vlInShQ4pustKVAg==, figureFileBig=GzRIhhNBEM0dpFHjuNfbow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1196079393098478247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Characteristic values of particle size distribution of mupirocin ointment from different manufacturers. μm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers D 43 P 10 P 50 P 90
Innovator drug 85.33 10.75 16.40 44.00
1 47.53 10.30 12.03 17.32
2 91.32 12.21 29.31 47.18
3 71.36 10.37 12.79 22.69
4 40.66 10.62 15.82 34.68
5 40.01 10.51 13.57 22.99
6 36.99 10.32 13.15 29.63
7 37.91 10.45 12.99 20.18
8 37.63 10.37 12.52 19.27
), ArticleFig(id=1196079393295610536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏制剂粒度分布特征值。μm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers D 43 P 10 P 50 P 90
Innovator drug 85.33 10.75 16.40 44.00
1 47.53 10.30 12.03 17.32
2 91.32 12.21 29.31 47.18
3 71.36 10.37 12.79 22.69
4 40.66 10.62 15.82 34.68
5 40.01 10.51 13.57 22.99
6 36.99 10.32 13.15 29.63
7 37.91 10.45 12.99 20.18
8 37.63 10.37 12.52 19.27
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394360963753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Viscosity values of mupirocin ointment from different manufacturers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers Viscosity
/mPa·s
b Manufacturers Viscosity
/mPa·s
b
Innovator drug 2.83×106 158.77 4 1.00×106 44.13
2 5.64×106 323.92 5 8.52×105 28.60
3 3.10×106 246.22 7 9.43×105 37.45
1 2.02×106 140.61 8 9.36×105 39.56
6 1.37×106 96.37
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394457432746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏黏度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers Viscosity
/mPa·s
b Manufacturers Viscosity
/mPa·s
b
Innovator drug 2.83×106 158.77 4 1.00×106 44.13
2 5.64×106 323.92 5 8.52×105 28.60
3 3.10×106 246.22 7 9.43×105 37.45
1 2.02×106 140.61 8 9.36×105 39.56
6 1.37×106 96.37
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394558096043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Stability results of mupirocin in 32 ℃ water bath

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/h Area
2 2 663.28
6 2 636.33
8 2 661.98
10 2 636.93
24 2 664.01
RSD 0.55%
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394671342252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

莫匹罗星32 ℃水浴稳定性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/h Area
2 2 663.28
6 2 636.33
8 2 661.98
10 2 636.93
24 2 664.01
RSD 0.55%
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394759422637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Adsorption test results of different types of microporous membranes from different manufacturers for mupirocin.n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers Agela Pall Merk
Materials MCE PTFE MCE PES PTFE
Recovery rate/% 100±0.02 100±0.01 100±0.37 100±0.01 100±0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394830725806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同厂家不同种类微孔滤膜对莫匹罗星吸附测试结果。n=3,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers Agela Pall Merk
Materials MCE PTFE MCE PES PTFE
Recovery rate/% 100±0.02 100±0.01 100±0.37 100±0.01 100±0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394906223279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

In vitro release of PES membranes from different manufacturers of mupirocin ointment.n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers
t/min
Innovator drug 1 2 3
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 26.09 0.27 25.75 0.80 30.23 0.76 27.76 1.35
20 38.30 0.43 43.33 1.17 48.68 1.12 44.77 2.01
30 49.84 0.70 63.43 1.52 66.38 0.89 62.83 2.58
40 62.43 0.55 79.76 1.67 79.07 1.04 79.61 2.91
50 77.34 1.11 86.44 1.39 87.85 1.03 93.69 2.79
60 90.86 1.09 88.19 1.13 89.96 0.66 100.36 1.65
90 98.84 1.04 92.19 0.36 90.89 0.20 103.54 0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1196079394981720752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏PES膜体外释放情况。n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers
t/min
Innovator drug 1 2 3
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 26.09 0.27 25.75 0.80 30.23 0.76 27.76 1.35
20 38.30 0.43 43.33 1.17 48.68 1.12 44.77 2.01
30 49.84 0.70 63.43 1.52 66.38 0.89 62.83 2.58
40 62.43 0.55 79.76 1.67 79.07 1.04 79.61 2.91
50 77.34 1.11 86.44 1.39 87.85 1.03 93.69 2.79
60 90.86 1.09 88.19 1.13 89.96 0.66 100.36 1.65
90 98.84 1.04 92.19 0.36 90.89 0.20 103.54 0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395057218225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Release of PTFE films from different manufacturers in vitro of mupirocin ointment.n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers
t/min
Innovator drug 1 2 3
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 18.92 0.83 34.63 1.22 26.17 0.46 44.66 1.77
20 32.47 1.39 52.21 1.49 44.59 0.69 67.06 2.05
30 49.64 2.37 69.26 1.86 66.34 1.05 84.57 1.56
40 68.78 2.73 80.87 2.22 78.67 1.02 91.86 0.83
50 87.50 2.15 86.59 1.46 80.93 0.66 93.93 0.62
60 91.39 0.16 88.32 1.04 81.55 0.50 94.33 0.58
90 92.11 0.04 88.99 0.99 81.81 0.45 94.49 0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395132715698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏PTFE膜体外释放情况。n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers
t/min
Innovator drug 1 2 3
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 18.92 0.83 34.63 1.22 26.17 0.46 44.66 1.77
20 32.47 1.39 52.21 1.49 44.59 0.69 67.06 2.05
30 49.64 2.37 69.26 1.86 66.34 1.05 84.57 1.56
40 68.78 2.73 80.87 2.22 78.67 1.02 91.86 0.83
50 87.50 2.15 86.59 1.46 80.93 0.66 93.93 0.62
60 91.39 0.16 88.32 1.04 81.55 0.50 94.33 0.58
90 92.11 0.04 88.99 0.99 81.81 0.45 94.49 0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395275322035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

In vitro release of MCE membrane from different manufacturers. n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers
t/min
Innovator drug 1 2 3
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
15 8.10 0.74 9.08 0.46 9.25 1.62 8.29 2.41
30 14.52 1.36 15.15 0.80 16.51 2.81 14.52 4.23
60 35.22 3.43 34.79 1.80 25.30 4.16 22.24 6.71
90 60.44 6.15 62.42 3.28 36.55 5.21 31.56 10.69
120 79.53 4.80 82.76 0.91 62.84 7.01 58.64 9.97
180 92.25 0.56 85.02 0.70 77.17 7.23 75.80 7.82
240 92.79 0.50 85.48 0.68 83.75 5.82 94.58 5.30
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395342430900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏MCE膜体外释放情况。n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers
t/min
Innovator drug 1 2 3
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
15 8.10 0.74 9.08 0.46 9.25 1.62 8.29 2.41
30 14.52 1.36 15.15 0.80 16.51 2.81 14.52 4.23
60 35.22 3.43 34.79 1.80 25.30 4.16 22.24 6.71
90 60.44 6.15 62.42 3.28 36.55 5.21 31.56 10.69
120 79.53 4.80 82.76 0.91 62.84 7.01 58.64 9.97
180 92.25 0.56 85.02 0.70 77.17 7.23 75.80 7.82
240 92.79 0.50 85.48 0.68 83.75 5.82 94.58 5.30
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395413734069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

In vitro release results of PES membrane from different manufacturers of the innovator preparation agent of mupirocin ointment.n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t
/min
Merk Pall Agela
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 25.75 0.80 30.77 0.64 18.86 0.64
20 43.33 1.17 48.31 1.87 28.89 0.93
30 63.43 1.52 66.18 2.58 40.78 1.30
40 79.76 1.67 80.06 1.78 54.77 1.68
50 86.44 1.39 89.02 1.25 70.81 1.43
60 88.19 1.13 90.95 1.18 83.54 1.15
90 92.19 0.36 91.66 1.17 90.24 0.62
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395510203062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

原研莫匹罗星软膏不同厂家PES膜体外释放结果。n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t
/min
Merk Pall Agela
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 25.75 0.80 30.77 0.64 18.86 0.64
20 43.33 1.17 48.31 1.87 28.89 0.93
30 63.43 1.52 66.18 2.58 40.78 1.30
40 79.76 1.67 80.06 1.78 54.77 1.68
50 86.44 1.39 89.02 1.25 70.81 1.43
60 88.19 1.13 90.95 1.18 83.54 1.15
90 92.19 0.36 91.66 1.17 90.24 0.62
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395581506231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

In vitro release results of mupirocin ointment with different sample sizes. n=6,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t
/min
200 mg 300 mg 400 mg
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 27.78 0.40 25.75 0.80 18.02 0.58
20 44.70 0.62 43.33 1.17 29.65 0.91
30 61.17 0.84 63.43 1.52 43.40 1.32
40 74.26 0.86 79.76 1.67 58.21 1.67
50 78.88 1.11 86.44 1.39 71.59 1.95
60 79.82 1.18 88.19 1.13 79.58 1.77
90 80.52 1.16 92.19 0.36 84.86 1.66
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395648615096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同上样量莫匹罗星软膏体外释放结果。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t
/min
200 mg 300 mg 400 mg
Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD Cumulative release rate/% SD
10 27.78 0.40 25.75 0.80 18.02 0.58
20 44.70 0.62 43.33 1.17 29.65 0.91
30 61.17 0.84 63.43 1.52 43.40 1.32
40 74.26 0.86 79.76 1.67 58.21 1.67
50 78.88 1.11 86.44 1.39 71.59 1.95
60 79.82 1.18 88.19 1.13 79.58 1.77
90 80.52 1.16 92.19 0.36 84.86 1.66
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395724112569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Linear results of in vitro release of mupirocin ointment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. r2
1 0.995 1
2 0.987 8
3 0.986 6
4 0.993 2
5 0.989 1
6 0.983 5
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395812192954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

莫匹罗星软膏体外释放线性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. r2
1 0.995 1
2 0.987 8
3 0.986 6
4 0.993 2
5 0.989 1
6 0.983 5
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395879301819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=

Results of in vitro release recovery rate of mupirocin ointment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Diffusion cell Residual rate/% Release rate/% Recovery rate/%
1 6.95 90.27 97.22
2 7.38 88.44 95.83
3 4.61 93.53 98.14
4 6.86 93.5 100.36
5 7.65 95.7 100.35
6 4.31 95.72 100.03
), ArticleFig(id=1196079395958993596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

莫匹罗星软膏体外释放回收率结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Diffusion cell Residual rate/% Release rate/% Recovery rate/%
1 6.95 90.27 97.22
2 7.38 88.44 95.83
3 4.61 93.53 98.14
4 6.86 93.5 100.36
5 7.65 95.7 100.35
6 4.31 95.72 100.03
), ArticleFig(id=1196079396030296765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.12, caption=

Durability results of in vitro release of mupirocin ointment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Temperature/℃ Loading amount/mg pH Rotational speed/r·min-1
650 31 32 33 270 300 330 7.3 7.4 7.5 550 600
Slope 528.5 593.5 516.7 507.4 593.5 631.1 555.2 593.5 577.6 569.9 593.5 576.3
RSD/% 7.6 11.0 3.3 2.1
), ArticleFig(id=1196079396143542974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

莫匹罗星软膏体外释放耐用性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Temperature/℃ Loading amount/mg pH Rotational speed/r·min-1
650 31 32 33 270 300 330 7.3 7.4 7.5 550 600
Slope 528.5 593.5 516.7 507.4 593.5 631.1 555.2 593.5 577.6 569.9 593.5 576.3
RSD/% 7.6 11.0 3.3 2.1
), ArticleFig(id=1196079396206457535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.13, caption=

In vitro release rate and percentage of mupirocin ointment from different manufacturers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers Cumulative release
percentage/%
Release rate
/μg·cm2·min-1
1 103.5 579.9
2 102.9 605.6
Innovator drug 97.7 593.5
3 92.2 518.6
4 91.7 540.8
5 90.9 512.5
6 87.4 497.4
7 86.9 491.3
8 85.2 476.5
), ArticleFig(id=1196079396269372096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏体外释放速率及累积释放百分率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers Cumulative release
percentage/%
Release rate
/μg·cm2·min-1
1 103.5 579.9
2 102.9 605.6
Innovator drug 97.7 593.5
3 92.2 518.6
4 91.7 540.8
5 90.9 512.5
6 87.4 497.4
7 86.9 491.3
8 85.2 476.5
), ArticleFig(id=1196079396340675265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195814097607508088, language=EN, label=Tab.14, caption=

90% confidence interval of the ratio of the median in vitro release rate between the preparation from different manufacturers and the innovator preparation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Manufacturers Lower bound of confidence
interval/%
Upper limit of confidence
interval/%
1 83.25 96.01
2 97.52 114.55
3 91.76 103.70
4 80.40 99.07
5 84.10 93.72
6 81.60 90.53
7 70.78 80.67
8 71.20 83.39
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不同厂家制剂与原研制剂中位体外释放速率比值的90%置信区间

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Manufacturers Lower bound of confidence
interval/%
Upper limit of confidence
interval/%
1 83.25 96.01
2 97.52 114.55
3 91.76 103.70
4 80.40 99.07
5 84.10 93.72
6 81.60 90.53
7 70.78 80.67
8 71.20 83.39
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莫匹罗星软膏体外释放研究及评价
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路丽华 1, 2 , 常祎卓 2 , 王立新 2 , 崇小萌 2, * , 许卉 1 , 宁保明 2
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(23): 2258-2265
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(23): 2258-2265
莫匹罗星软膏体外释放研究及评价
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路丽华1, 2, 常祎卓2, 王立新2, 崇小萌2, *, 许卉1, 宁保明2
作者信息
  • 1 烟台大学,山东 烟台 264003
  • 2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 路丽华,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与质量控制;

    常祎卓,女,主管药师 研究方向:抗感染药物质量研究。

通讯作者:

* 崇小萌,女,主任药师 研究方向:抗生素药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851538
Study and Evaluation of Mupirocin Ointment in Vitro Release
Lihua LU1, 2, Yizhuo CHANG2, Lixin WANG2, Xiaomeng CHONG2, *, Hui XU1, Baoming NING2
Affiliations
  • 1 Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China
  • 2 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2024-12-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.007
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目的 根据国内外软膏类制剂质量研究及仿制药技术指导原则,建立莫匹罗星软膏体外释放评价方法。方法 采用扩散池法,释放膜为聚醚砜膜,接收介质为pH 7.4的磷酸二氢钠缓冲液,转速为600 r·min-1,上样量为300 mg;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定不同时间点接收液中莫匹罗星的浓度,计算累积释放量及释放速率。采用粒度粒型仪对不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏粒子形态及粒度分布进行测定。采用流变仪对不同厂家制剂黏度进行测定。结果 建立了莫匹罗星软膏体外释放测定方法,此方法精密度、耐用性及区分力均较好,并对不同厂家制剂做了一致性评价。不同厂家制剂之间粒度分布及黏度存在较大不同。结论 不同厂家制剂之间粒度分布存在差异反映出制剂生产工艺的不同,黏度的差异反映出制剂处方的不同,二者可共同影响莫匹罗星软膏体外释放速率。

莫匹罗星软膏  /  扩散池  /  体外释放  /  粒度分布

OBJECTIVE To establish an evaluation method for the release of mupirocin ointment in vitro, according to the quality research of ointment preparations at home and abroad and the technical guidelines for generic drugs. METHODS The diffusion cell method was adopted, the release membrane was polyethersulfone membrane, the receiving medium was sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.4, the rotation speed was 600 r·min-1, and the sample size was 300 mg. The concentration of mupirocin in the receiving solution at different time points was determined by HPLC method, and the cumulative release and release rate were calculated. The particle size morphology and particle size distribution of mupirocin ointment from different manufacturers were determined by particle size analyzer. The viscosity of preparations from different manufacturers was determined by rheometer. RESULTS The determination method for the release of mupirocin ointment in vitro was established, and the precision, durability and discrimination of this method were good, and the consistency evaluation was made for preparations from different manufacturers. There were great differences in particle size distribution and viscosity between different manufacturers. CONCLUSION The differences in particle size distribution between different manufacturers reflect the differences in preparation production process, and the differences in viscosity reflect the differences in preparation prescription, both of them can affect the release rate of mupirocin ointment in vitro.

mupirocin ointment  /  diffusion cell  /  in vitro release  /  particle size distribution
路丽华, 常祎卓, 王立新, 崇小萌, 许卉, 宁保明. 莫匹罗星软膏体外释放研究及评价. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2258 -2265 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.007
Lihua LU, Yizhuo CHANG, Lixin WANG, Xiaomeng CHONG, Hui XU, Baoming NING. Study and Evaluation of Mupirocin Ointment in Vitro Release[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2258 -2265 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.007
莫匹罗星,又名假单胞酸A,是荧光假单胞菌的天然发酵产物[1]。进入体内后迅速被体内脏器水解,血清半衰期通常低于30 min[2],故莫匹罗星仅为局部外用抗生素[3],主成分为2%莫匹罗星,辅料为不同相对分子质量的聚乙二醇[4-7]。莫匹罗星软膏主要用于革兰阳性菌引起的感染,如脓疱疮、疖、毛囊炎等原发性感染以及湿疹、皮炎、溃疡、外伤等皮肤病的继发感染[7-11]。目前,国内以莫匹罗星为主成分的制剂有软膏、乳膏2种剂型,9个上市制剂中,1个原研、8个仿制药产品。
对于局部起效的外用半固体制剂,国内外相关机构均推荐采用体外评价方法预测药物的体内生物药剂学行为[12-14],其中体外释放是最关键的体外研究项目之一。1997年,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)发布了关于半固体制剂体外释放实验和体内生物等效性要求的指导原则(SUPAC-SS)[15],该指导原则首次提出半固体制剂批准后放大或变更时,在满足一定条件的情况下,可以用体外释放实验代替临床研究。2013年,美国药典增加通则1724-半固体制剂性能试验[16],此通则提供半固体制剂体外试验的一般信息,包括体外释放实验的作用、理论基础、实验仪器,以及评价方法等。体外释放可用于建立体外生物学特性与理化性质之间的相关性,评估透皮给药的起效速率,在一定程度上反映生产工艺以及制剂处方的差异,既可用于药品研发阶段的生产工艺研究、处方筛选以及评价生产变更对药品有效性的影响[15],又可降低药物研发成本。不同于口服给药制剂的溶出度考察装置,经皮给药制剂体外释放通常采用扩散池、流通池及浸没池等溶出装置[17]进行研究,其中应用最为广泛的溶出装置为扩散池,扩散池法作为经皮给药制剂最为常用的体外释放、渗透研究的方法,不仅已广泛应用于软膏剂、乳膏剂、凝胶剂等外用半固体制剂及透皮贴剂的处方筛选、工艺变更以及批间一致性的考察中,而且在脂质体、纳米颗粒等新型制剂的工艺优化研究中也发挥着重要的作用[18-22]
莫匹罗星软膏作为局部起效的外用制剂,体外释放与其有效性密切相关。目前,国内未见莫匹罗星软膏体外释放评价的相关研究报道,本研究采用“Franz扩散池”法,建立了莫匹罗星软膏体外释放测定方法,对不同来源制剂体外行为进行评价,并采用粒度粒形仪对不同厂家制剂粒度分布进行了研究,采用流变仪对莫匹罗星软膏进行了黏度测定,对生产工艺、处方与体外质量的相关性进行了探索。
Agilent 1200 infinity series型高效液相色谱仪(OpenLab工作站)(安捷伦科技有限公司);Sartorius MSA 225型电子天平(德国赛多利斯集团);Milli-Q Reference 超纯水系统(默克公司);LOGAN SYSTEM 918-12型干加热全自动透皮扩散取样系统(上海Logan仪器设备有限公司);R-3000型粒度粒形仪静态图像分析仪(米普科技公司);安东帕302 e流变仪(安东帕公司)。
莫匹罗星对照品(97.3%,批号130568-200501,中国食品药品检定研究院);莫匹罗星原研制剂;8个不同仿制药厂家莫匹罗星软膏;混合纤维素酯微孔滤膜(MCE,上海市医药化验所,批号:0000161608)、聚醚砜微孔滤膜(批号:0000203902)、聚四氟乙烯微孔滤膜(批号:0000198119)(Merk公司);PES微孔滤膜(PALL公司,批号:C220089);PES微孔滤膜(Agela公司,批号:8628P0904);盐酸 (36%-38%,批号20220318,北京益利精细化学品有限公司);无水磷酸二氢钠、磷酸二氢钾、氢氧化钠、四氢呋喃、乙腈为分析纯。
取莫匹罗星软膏适量,涂抹于玻璃片上,使用载玻片将软膏均匀且无褶皱地铺展在玻璃片上,对制剂主成分粒径进行测量。置于自动变倍远心镜头下进行拍照。设置镜头拍摄照片边长50 mm,步长3 mm,频闪宽度10,增益0,亮度100,全局阈值130,共拍出256张照片,排除边缘及模糊照片,排除大于180 μm的粒子,生成综合报告。以等效面积直径为筛选标准。
通过测定剪切应力及黏度随剪切速率变化的情况来判断流体的类型。可用于评估制剂的稳定性及快速涂抹过程中的延展性[23]
称取莫匹罗星对照品适量,精密称定,加溶剂溶解并制成每1 mL含莫匹罗星约0.1 mg的溶液。在32 ℃水浴条件下,在2 、6 、8、10、24 h时间点取样,取20 μL注入液相色谱仪。记录色谱图。
取莫匹罗星对照品适量置于烧杯中,加入10 mL pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液,于32 ℃水浴中,振荡使其溶解,继续加入对照品直至其不再溶解为止。在0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4 h时取样,过滤,精密量取续滤液20 μL注入液相色谱仪,记录色谱图。
取对照品50 mg,加pH 7.4缓冲液溶解并定容至100 mL,置于32 ℃水浴中,预先将膜浸泡在介质中预饱和30 min,用滤纸除去表面水分,然后将不同厂家的膜放入烧杯中,每个烧杯里加入莫匹罗星溶液9 mL,每个厂家平行测定3次。另取一个烧杯加入莫匹罗星溶液9 mL,不放膜,作为空白溶液。6 h后取样,滤过,取续滤液20 μL注入高效液相色谱仪。
将膜裁成合适大小,用新制介质预饱和30 min后取出,用滤纸除去表面水分,将硅胶垫圈置于膜上,沿垫圈内径旋转上样,用刮刀缓缓刮去表面多余样品,尽量排除气泡。将膜固定在“Franz扩散池”的上下两室之间,直接接触药品的一面朝上,开始释放实验,在每个取样时间点取出全部接收液并注入新的接收介质。精密量取20 μL接收液注入液相色谱仪,记录色谱图。以单位面积释放量平均值与时间平方根的关系作图,溶出曲线的斜率即为莫匹罗星软膏体外释放速率。
采用粒度粒形仪,运用可变焦显微成像技术结合静态图像分析法,直接测量莫匹罗星软膏主成分粒子大小和形态,用以比较不同厂家产品粒度分布及粒子形态差异。
不同厂家制剂生产工艺主要包括两种,不同之处主要在于主药与基质熔融顺序不同,不同厂家软膏剂粒子分布见图1,不同厂家软膏粒度分布特征值见表1。由图1可知,不同厂家软膏剂粒子形态及分布差异较大,原研、厂家1、2、5的粒子分布均匀;原研、厂家2产品粒径大;厂家3、4、7、8的产品粒径较小;而厂家3、4、8产品粒子分布不均匀。粒度分布的均匀程度体现了厂家间制剂工艺水平的差异,在一定程度上反映了生产工艺中原辅料混合工艺的合理性,进而可能会导致制剂间体外释放效果存在差异。
不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏辅料均为聚乙二醇(PEG),包括PEG400+PEG3350、或PEG400+PEG4000。采用Herschel-Bulkley方程对剪切应力随剪切速率的变化曲线进行拟合,可得到零剪切速率时样品的黏度值。各厂家产品黏度值见表2,由表2可知,各厂家黏度值存在差异,且厂家5、7及8产品的黏度值与原研产品相差较大。
莫匹罗星稳定性结果见表3,由表3可知,莫匹罗星在32 ℃水浴条件下,24 h内较为稳定。选择与生理条件最为接近的pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液,测定莫匹罗星在其中的溶解度是否满足漏槽条件。结果显示,莫匹罗星在pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液中饱和溶解度为11.91 mg·mL-1。实验中采用的扩散池体积为12 mL,故莫匹罗星软膏上样量在2.3 g以下,pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液均可满足体外扩散实验所需的漏槽条件。
不同厂家不同种类的微孔滤膜对莫匹罗星的吸附测定结果见表4,由表4中回收率结果可知,各类型滤膜对莫匹罗星均无吸附作用。
先后考察了Merk公司3种不同材质的膜,分别是PES膜、MCE膜、PTFE膜,测定4个厂家莫匹罗星软膏体外释放情况。实验结果见图2~4表5~7。结果表明,MCE膜在到达释放平台之前各扩散池之间的相对标准偏差(RSD)较大,不同厂家制剂区分度不大,且释放平台期不一致,实验周期较长。PTFE和PES膜释放RSD均较小,且释放较稳定,但是PTFE膜释放较快,不同厂家之间区分度不大,且累积释放率不如PES膜,所以初步选择PES膜作为莫匹罗星软膏释放实验的释放膜。
先后考察了原研制剂使用3个不同厂家(Merk、PALL和Agela)PES膜的体外释放情况,结果见表8图5所示。结果表明,Agela厂家累计释放量比其他2个厂家小。PALL厂家膜释放太快,影响区分度,最终选择Merk厂家PES膜作为莫匹罗星软膏释放实验的释放膜。
分别考察了200、300以及400 mg原研制剂体外释放情况,结果见表9图6。结果表明,上样量为200 mg时,莫匹罗星释放过快,达到释放平台时间较短,对于不同厂家之间的释放度区分不大,上样量为300与400 mg相比,释放曲线更平缓且累积释放率高于400 mg,所以最终将上样量定为300 mg。
综上所述,最终确定体外释放条件为:释放介质:磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.4)(按照《中国药典》2020年版四部通则8004<缓冲液>中配制方法配制,用磷酸调节pH值至(7.4±0.05);转速:600 r·min-1;扩散池体积:12 mL;释放膜:Merck厂家PES膜;温度:(32±0.5) ℃;取样时间点:10、20、30、40、50、60、90 min。
据阿昔洛韦乳膏指导原则草案规定,以6个扩散池单位面积释放的药物量平均值(μg·cm2)对时间平方根作图,其线性方程r2值最小值应≥0.90。按照“3.5”项下条件取原研制剂进行实验,实验结果见表10,由表10可知,6个扩散池的线性方程r2均大于0.9,说明在此时间范围内扩散池体外释放方法线性关系良好。
同一天内6个扩散池体外释放速率RSD为2.42%,3 d内同一扩散池体外速率RSD为2.81%,此结果说明日内日间精密度均良好。
实验完成后考察6个扩散池上释放膜、定量环以及密封盖上残留的原研制剂残留量,计算残留量和释放量总和与上样量的比例作为回收率,实验结果见表11,由表11可知,回收率在95%~105%范围内,符合实验要求。
分别考察原研制剂在温度变化(32±1)℃、上样量变化(±10%)、接收液pH变化(7.4±0.1)、搅拌速度变化(500、600、700 r·min-1)时的体外释放情况。以单位面积累积释放量(μg·cm2)对时间平方根作图,计算斜率平均值和RSD。实验结果见表12。结果表明RSD<15%,符合方法学要求,耐用性良好。
采用所建立的扩散池法对不同厂家软膏进行体外释放进行测定,结果见图7,由图7可知,各厂家释放速率均较快,在60 min左右大部分厂家制剂释放均能达到85%以上,释放曲线达到平台,释放速率及累积释放百分率见表13
国家药品监督管理局药审中心(CDE)[24]以及FDA[15]相关文件建议,受试制剂的中位体外释放速率与参比制剂的中位体外释放速率比值的90%置信区间在75%~133.33%限度范围内时,认为受试制剂与参比制剂具有一致性。采用Higuchi方程对各厂家软膏体外释放前1 h数据进行拟合分析,计算90%置信区间,用以评价各厂家莫匹罗星软膏体外释放与原研产品的一致性。不同厂家软膏90%置信区间见表14,由表14可知,厂家7和8产品的体外释放与原研产品体外释放不一致,不符合一致性评价。90%置信区间数值较低,说明此两个厂家产品体外释放速率较低。
在本研究中,采用粒度粒形仪对不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏粒子大小分布以及粒子形态进行了测定,结果表明不同厂家制剂粒子大小及分布存在较大差异,这可能与制剂生产工艺中原辅料混合均匀程度相关,粒子分布的均匀性可以在一定程度上反映制剂生产工艺的优劣。采用流变仪对不同厂家产品进行了黏度测定,结果表明不同厂家制剂黏度存在较大差异,这可能与不同处方的辅料成分及配比不同相关。采用“Franz扩散池”建立了莫匹罗星软膏体外释放方法,此方法精密度、准确性、耐用性均较好,可以用于不同厂家莫匹罗星软膏体外释放一致性评价及处方优化。一致性评价结果显示,不同厂家制剂体外释放存在差异,结合粒度和黏度测定结果可知,莫匹罗星软膏体外释放速率与其粒子分布、黏度有一定的相关性,不同厂家产品处方工艺的差异造成粒度及黏度的差异,进而影响制剂的体外释放速率。
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2024年第59卷第23期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.007
  • 接收时间:2024-01-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-12-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-19
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    1 烟台大学,山东 烟台 264003
    2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629

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* 崇小萌,女,主任药师 研究方向:抗生素药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851538
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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