Article(id=1195664141676495467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)02-0186-05, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681833600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762998145740, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1705852800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762998145740, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762998145740, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762998145740, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195664138694341616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='101', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762998145030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762998511460, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195665675697045692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195665675701239997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195664141953319533, articleId=1195664141676495467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Literature Case Analysis of Interstitial Lung Disease Induced by Novel Oral Anticoagulants, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To explore the occurrence and characteristics of interstitial lung disease (ILD) induced by novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and provide references for clinical safe drug use. METHODS The case reports of ILD induced by NOACs published in PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP were searched from the establishment of each database to March 2023, and statistical analysis was conducted on relevant information and data. RESULTS A total of 11 male patients from 8 articles were identified and included in the analysis, including 5 cases of apixaban, 5 cases of dabigatran etexilate and 1 case of edoxaban. The age of the patients was 65-91 (79.6±7.1) years old. All patients suffered from dyspnea and were diagnosed with ILD after imaging examination, in which diffuse alveolar hemorrhage was relatively common. ILD was found from 3 days to 4 years after medication. After treatment including drug withdrawal, mechanical ventilation and methylprednisolone pluse therapy, 9 cases had good prognosis and 2 cases died of respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS ILD could be induced by different NOACs. Attention should be paid to dyspnea and other symptoms at the early stage of treatment, and imaging examination should be performed when necessary. Once ILD was suspected to be caused by NOACs, withdraw in time and appropriate measures such as glucocorticoid should be taken.

, correspAuthors=XIE Cheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=HAN Qiang, ZHANG Lei, GONG Yinhua, ZHU Jianguo, XIE Cheng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195664269552435979, articleId=1195664141676495467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=新型口服抗凝药致间质性肺病的文献病例分析, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探讨新型口服抗凝药(novel oral anticoagulants,NOACs)致间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)的发生情况和特点,为临床用药安全提供参考。方法 检索PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方和维普数据库自建库至2023年3月收录的有关NOACs致ILD的病例报道并对相关信息和数据进行整理分析。结果 共纳入8篇文献合计11例患者,均为男性,年龄65~91(79.6±7.1)岁,其中涉及阿哌沙班和达比加群酯各5例,艾多沙班1例。所有患者均伴有呼吸困难且经影像学检查后诊断为ILD,其中以弥漫性肺泡出血相对多见。发生IDL距首次用药最短3 d,最长4年。经停药、机械通气和甲泼尼龙冲击等治疗后9例转归良好,2例最终死于呼吸衰竭。结论 不同NOACs均可致ILD,用药初期应密切关注有无呼吸困难等症状,必要时行影像学检查,一旦怀疑为NOACs所致ILD应及时停药并采取适当的措施如糖皮质激素等治疗。

, correspAuthors=谢诚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*谢诚,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(0512)67780997
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韩强和张蕾为共同第一作者

韩强,男,本科,主管药师 研究方向:医院药学;

张蕾,女,主管药师,本科 研究方向:临床药学。

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张蕾,女,主管药师,本科 研究方向:临床药学。

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J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2016, 25(7):1767-1769., articleTitle=Development of interstitial lung disease after initiation of apixaban anticoagulation therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098035785282211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=23, issue=null, pageStart=10, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=YANAGIHARA T, YAMAMOTO N, KOTETSU Y, journalName=Respir Med Case Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANAGIHARA T, YAMAMOTO N, KOTETSU Y, et al. Interstitial pneumonia caused by dabigatran[J]. Respir Med Case Rep, 2018, 23: 10-12. DOI:10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.10.009, articleTitle=Interstitial pneumonia caused by dabigatran, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098035848196775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=27, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=SHANKAR S, SAXENA A, SAVERIMUTHU A, journalName=Am J Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHANKAR S, SAXENA A, SAVERIMUTHU A, et al. Dabigatran-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage[J]. 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Cardiol J, 2022, 29(2):364-365., articleTitle=A case of apixaban-associated idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098035990803115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=TAKATA E, KITAHARA K, TANAKA N, journalName=Am J Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAKATA E, KITAHARA K, TANAKA N, et al. Development of drug-induced interstitial lung disease after more than 4-years treatment with edoxaban: a case report[J]. 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Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2017, 83(7):1532-1543., articleTitle=Safety profile of the direct oral anticoagulants: an analysis of the WHO database of adverse drug reactions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036137603761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=41, issue=7, pageStart=685, pageEnd=695, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=HELLFRITZSCH M, RASMUSSEN L, HALLAS J, journalName=Drug Saf, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HELLFRITZSCH M, RASMUSSEN L, HALLAS J, et al. Using the symmetry analysis design to screen for adverse effects of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants[J]. Drug Saf, 2018, 41(7):685-695., articleTitle=Using the symmetry analysis design to screen for adverse effects of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036200518323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=1191, pageEnd=1194, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=RASCHI E, FUSAROLI M, DIEMBERGER I, journalName=Drug Saf, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RASCHI E, FUSAROLI M, DIEMBERGER I, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants and interstitial lung disease: emerging clues from pharmacovigilance[J]. Drug Saf, 2020, 43(11):1191-1194., articleTitle=Direct oral anticoagulants and interstitial lung disease: emerging clues from pharmacovigilance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036284404407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=5, issue=11, pageStart=e2243307, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=CHAN Y H, CHAO T F, CHEN S W, journalName=JAMA Netw Open, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHAN Y H, CHAO T F, CHEN S W, et al. Development of interstitial lung disease among patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulants in Taiwan[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(11):e2243307. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43307., articleTitle=Development of interstitial lung disease among patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulants in Taiwan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036347318969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=541, pageEnd=543, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=WANG L, XU L J, QI X, journalName=Beijing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG L, XU L J, QI X. Proceedings of the 13th youth pharmaceutical research exchange meeting of the Chinese pharmaceutical society: drug-induced lung injury[C]. Beijing: Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, 2016: 541-543., articleTitle=Proceedings of the 13th youth pharmaceutical research exchange meeting of the Chinese pharmaceutical society: drug-induced lung injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036401844923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=33, issue=22, pageStart=2821, pageEnd=2830, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=HOHNLOSER SH, HIJAZI Z, THOMAS L, journalName=Eur Heart J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOHNLOSER SH, HIJAZI Z, THOMAS L, et al. Efficacy of apixaban when compared with warfarin in relation to renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial[J]. Eur Heart J, 2012, 33(22):2821-2830., articleTitle=Efficacy of apixaban when compared with warfarin in relation to renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036464759487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=63, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=SCHWAIBLMAIR M, BEHR W, HAECKEL T, journalName=Open Respir Med J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHWAIBLMAIR M, BEHR W, HAECKEL T, et al. Drug induced interstitial lung disease[J]. Open Respir Med J, 2012, 6: 63-74. DOI:10.2174/1874306401206010063., articleTitle=Drug induced interstitial lung disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036544451265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=24, issue=7, pageStart=347, pageEnd=352, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=WANG Y, LI J, PAN Y Y, journalName=Adverse Drug React J(药物不良反应杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, LI J, PAN Y Y, et al. Study on the risk signal mining related to edoxaban based on the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System[J]. Adverse Drug React J(药物不良反应杂志), 2022, 24(7):347-352., articleTitle=Study on the risk signal mining related to edoxaban based on the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036611560131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=95, issue=7, pageStart=1362, pageEnd=1364, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=HASEGAWA M, NASUHARA Y, MAKI N, journalName=Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HASEGAWA M, NASUHARA Y, MAKI N, et al. Cibenzoline succinate induced pneumonitis[J]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi, 2006, 95(7):1362-1364., articleTitle=Cibenzoline succinate induced pneumonitis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036661891780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=225, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=OHARA N, KANEKO M, SATO K, journalName=J Med Case Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OHARA N, KANEKO M, SATO K, et al. Vildagliptin-induced acute lung injury: a case report[J]. J Med Case Rep, 2016, 10(1):225. DOI:10.1186/s13256-016-1006-4., articleTitle=Vildagliptin-induced acute lung injury: a case report, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036733194950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=260, pageEnd=277, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=KUBO K, AZUMA A, KANAZAWA M, journalName=Respir Investig, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KUBO K, AZUMA A, KANAZAWA M, et al. Consensus statement for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced lung injuries[J]. Respir Investig, 2013, 51(4):260-277., articleTitle=Consensus statement for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced lung injuries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036800303815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=60, issue=4, pageStart=2102776, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=SPAGNOLO P, BONNIAUD P, ROSSI G, journalName=Eur Respir J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SPAGNOLO P, BONNIAUD P, ROSSI G, et al. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease[J]. Eur Respir J, 2022, 60(4):2102776. DOI:10.1183/13993003.02776-2021., articleTitle=Drug-induced interstitial lung disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036871606985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=10, pageStart=1123, pageEnd=1127, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=FAN J J, ZHAO L, journalName=Chin J Clin Pharmacol(中国临床药理学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN J J, ZHAO L. Research status on the drug-induced lung injury[J]. Chin J Clin Pharmacol(中国临床药理学杂志), 2022, 38(10):1123-1127., articleTitle=Research status on the drug-induced lung injury, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098036942910155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=10, pageStart=656, pageEnd=658, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=YU N, WANG W, journalName=J Clin Inter Med(临床内科杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU N, WANG W. Progress of therapy in interstitial lung disease[J]. J Clin Inter Med(临床内科杂志), 2022, 39(10):656-658., articleTitle=Progress of therapy in interstitial lung disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098037005824717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=25, issue=14, pageStart=1172, pageEnd=1178, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=PAN T, SUN T Y, journalName=Chin Gen Pract(中国全科医学), refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN T, SUN T Y. Progress of anticancer drug-induced organizing pneumonia[J]. 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纳入
研究
年龄
/岁

新型口服
抗凝药
用法
用量
联合
用药
发生
时间
临床
表现
辅助
检查
诊断 处理 转归 关联
性/分
Yokoi K
2012[7]
78 达比
加群酯
220 mg·d-1 NA 2月 呼吸困难、
咯血
CT示双侧肺泡浸润;组织学检查示支气管肺泡液中有含铁血黄素的巨噬细胞 DAH 输注血浆,机械
通气
35 d后胸片和CT示双肺浸润改善 6
Husari A
2013[8]
85 达比
加群酯
110 mg,bid ASP、ACEI、PPI、
利尿剂、他汀
6月 呼吸困难、
咳痰、贫血
CT示双侧磨玻璃影;支气管镜见大量黑色、黑素样血色分泌物,提示慢性出血 DAH 停药,无创通气 7 d后贫血好转,CT示磨玻璃影明显改善 5
Kono M
2014[9]
74 达比
加群酯
NA NA 6月 呼吸困难、
背部疼痛
HRCT示肺实变、周围磨玻璃、左侧肺中叶斑片状混浊;支气管镜和组织学检查未见明显异常 OP 停药,调整为
华法林
30 d后症状消失,胸片未见明显异常 6
Tomari S
2016[10]
91 阿哌
沙班
5 mg·d-1 ARB、CCB、硝酸
酯类、西苯唑啉
4 d 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,机械通气,甲泼尼龙 第8周死于呼吸衰竭 3
87 阿哌
沙班
5 mg·d-1 ACEI、CCB、维格
列汀、瑞巴派特
3 d 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,甲泼尼龙 7 d后痊愈 4
79 阿哌
沙班
5 mg·d-1 βB、CCB、PPI、利
尿剂
3 d 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,机械通气,甲泼尼龙 痊愈 7
81 阿哌
沙班
10 mg·d-1 ASP、ARB、βB、他
汀、依折麦布
3月 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,机械通气,
甲泼尼龙
3 d后死于呼吸衰竭 6
Yanagihara T
2018[11]
73 达比
加群酯
NA NA 2年 呼吸困难、
干咳
HRCT示非节段性胸膜下实变和磨玻璃影;支气管肺活检示OP NSIP
伴OP
停药,调整为
华法林
2月后症状消失,HRCT示双肺浸润消失 7
Shankar S
2020[12]
86 达比
加群酯
150 mg,bid ASP、ACEI、CCB、
利尿剂
NA 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧浸润 DAH 机械通气,依达
赛珠单抗,血透
8 d后症状好转 6
Yun W S
2022[13]
77 阿哌
沙班
5 mg,bid NA 2月 呼吸困难、
咳嗽
HRCT示双侧磨玻璃样影伴多发薄壁充气囊肿和斑片状实变 IIP 停药,甲泼尼龙 2周后HRCT示缓解,1月后胸片示完全恢复 7
Takata E
2023[14]
65 艾多
沙班
60 mg·d-1 ARB、CCB 4年 呼吸困难 CT示双肺弥漫性、磨砂性、浸润性以及牵拉性扩张 DAD 停药,机械通气,甲泼尼龙,调整为华法林 109 d后出院 9
), ArticleFig(id=1197098034778649225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141676495467, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新型口服抗凝药致间质性肺病的病例资料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入
研究
年龄
/岁

新型口服
抗凝药
用法
用量
联合
用药
发生
时间
临床
表现
辅助
检查
诊断 处理 转归 关联
性/分
Yokoi K
2012[7]
78 达比
加群酯
220 mg·d-1 NA 2月 呼吸困难、
咯血
CT示双侧肺泡浸润;组织学检查示支气管肺泡液中有含铁血黄素的巨噬细胞 DAH 输注血浆,机械
通气
35 d后胸片和CT示双肺浸润改善 6
Husari A
2013[8]
85 达比
加群酯
110 mg,bid ASP、ACEI、PPI、
利尿剂、他汀
6月 呼吸困难、
咳痰、贫血
CT示双侧磨玻璃影;支气管镜见大量黑色、黑素样血色分泌物,提示慢性出血 DAH 停药,无创通气 7 d后贫血好转,CT示磨玻璃影明显改善 5
Kono M
2014[9]
74 达比
加群酯
NA NA 6月 呼吸困难、
背部疼痛
HRCT示肺实变、周围磨玻璃、左侧肺中叶斑片状混浊;支气管镜和组织学检查未见明显异常 OP 停药,调整为
华法林
30 d后症状消失,胸片未见明显异常 6
Tomari S
2016[10]
91 阿哌
沙班
5 mg·d-1 ARB、CCB、硝酸
酯类、西苯唑啉
4 d 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,机械通气,甲泼尼龙 第8周死于呼吸衰竭 3
87 阿哌
沙班
5 mg·d-1 ACEI、CCB、维格
列汀、瑞巴派特
3 d 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,甲泼尼龙 7 d后痊愈 4
79 阿哌
沙班
5 mg·d-1 βB、CCB、PPI、利
尿剂
3 d 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,机械通气,甲泼尼龙 痊愈 7
81 阿哌
沙班
10 mg·d-1 ASP、ARB、βB、他
汀、依折麦布
3月 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧磨玻璃影和肺纤维化 ILD 停药,机械通气,
甲泼尼龙
3 d后死于呼吸衰竭 6
Yanagihara T
2018[11]
73 达比
加群酯
NA NA 2年 呼吸困难、
干咳
HRCT示非节段性胸膜下实变和磨玻璃影;支气管肺活检示OP NSIP
伴OP
停药,调整为
华法林
2月后症状消失,HRCT示双肺浸润消失 7
Shankar S
2020[12]
86 达比
加群酯
150 mg,bid ASP、ACEI、CCB、
利尿剂
NA 呼吸困难 HRCT示双侧浸润 DAH 机械通气,依达
赛珠单抗,血透
8 d后症状好转 6
Yun W S
2022[13]
77 阿哌
沙班
5 mg,bid NA 2月 呼吸困难、
咳嗽
HRCT示双侧磨玻璃样影伴多发薄壁充气囊肿和斑片状实变 IIP 停药,甲泼尼龙 2周后HRCT示缓解,1月后胸片示完全恢复 7
Takata E
2023[14]
65 艾多
沙班
60 mg·d-1 ARB、CCB 4年 呼吸困难 CT示双肺弥漫性、磨砂性、浸润性以及牵拉性扩张 DAD 停药,机械通气,甲泼尼龙,调整为华法林 109 d后出院 9
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新型口服抗凝药致间质性肺病的文献病例分析
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韩强 1 , 张蕾 2 , 龚银华 1 , 朱建国 1 , 谢诚 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(2): 186-190
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(2): 186-190
新型口服抗凝药致间质性肺病的文献病例分析
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韩强1, 张蕾2, 龚银华1, 朱建国1, 谢诚1, *
作者信息
  • 1 苏州大学附属第一医院药学部, 江苏 苏州 215000
  • 2 河南省安阳市人民医院药学部, 河南 安阳 455099
  • 韩强,男,本科,主管药师 研究方向:医院药学;

    张蕾,女,主管药师,本科 研究方向:临床药学。

通讯作者:

*谢诚,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(0512)67780997
Literature Case Analysis of Interstitial Lung Disease Induced by Novel Oral Anticoagulants
HAN Qiang1, ZHANG Lei2, GONG Yinhua1, ZHU Jianguo1, XIE Cheng1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
  • 2 Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Anyang City, Anyang 455099, China
出版时间: 2024-01-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.011
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目的 探讨新型口服抗凝药(novel oral anticoagulants,NOACs)致间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)的发生情况和特点,为临床用药安全提供参考。方法 检索PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方和维普数据库自建库至2023年3月收录的有关NOACs致ILD的病例报道并对相关信息和数据进行整理分析。结果 共纳入8篇文献合计11例患者,均为男性,年龄65~91(79.6±7.1)岁,其中涉及阿哌沙班和达比加群酯各5例,艾多沙班1例。所有患者均伴有呼吸困难且经影像学检查后诊断为ILD,其中以弥漫性肺泡出血相对多见。发生IDL距首次用药最短3 d,最长4年。经停药、机械通气和甲泼尼龙冲击等治疗后9例转归良好,2例最终死于呼吸衰竭。结论 不同NOACs均可致ILD,用药初期应密切关注有无呼吸困难等症状,必要时行影像学检查,一旦怀疑为NOACs所致ILD应及时停药并采取适当的措施如糖皮质激素等治疗。

新型口服抗凝药  /  间质性肺病  /  药品不良反应  /  文献病例分析

OBJECTIVE To explore the occurrence and characteristics of interstitial lung disease (ILD) induced by novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and provide references for clinical safe drug use. METHODS The case reports of ILD induced by NOACs published in PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP were searched from the establishment of each database to March 2023, and statistical analysis was conducted on relevant information and data. RESULTS A total of 11 male patients from 8 articles were identified and included in the analysis, including 5 cases of apixaban, 5 cases of dabigatran etexilate and 1 case of edoxaban. The age of the patients was 65-91 (79.6±7.1) years old. All patients suffered from dyspnea and were diagnosed with ILD after imaging examination, in which diffuse alveolar hemorrhage was relatively common. ILD was found from 3 days to 4 years after medication. After treatment including drug withdrawal, mechanical ventilation and methylprednisolone pluse therapy, 9 cases had good prognosis and 2 cases died of respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS ILD could be induced by different NOACs. Attention should be paid to dyspnea and other symptoms at the early stage of treatment, and imaging examination should be performed when necessary. Once ILD was suspected to be caused by NOACs, withdraw in time and appropriate measures such as glucocorticoid should be taken.

novel oral anticoagulant  /  interstitial lung disease  /  adverse drug reaction  /  literature case analysis
韩强, 张蕾, 龚银华, 朱建国, 谢诚. 新型口服抗凝药致间质性肺病的文献病例分析. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (2) : 186 -190 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.011
HAN Qiang, ZHANG Lei, GONG Yinhua, ZHU Jianguo, XIE Cheng. Literature Case Analysis of Interstitial Lung Disease Induced by Novel Oral Anticoagulants[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (2) : 186 -190 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.011
药物所致间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)是一组不同种类药物引起的弥漫性肺疾病,以肺泡、肺间质和肺小血管的炎症和纤维化为主要表现[1]。有研究显示,诱发ILD的药物有350多种,占ILD的3%~5%[2]。2015年日本厚生省和药品医疗器械管理局宣布将ILD加入阿哌沙班说明书的不良反应项下,因其发现在接受阿哌沙班治疗的日本患者中有ILD和出血(包括血痰)的病例报告[3]。2021年美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)亦将ILD列入了艾多沙班的说明书中[4]。由于ILD的临床表现不典型,鉴别诊断困难,故易延误最佳诊治时期,而当缺乏有效治疗时,ILD多数可发展为弥漫性肺纤维化,导致肺组织结构破坏和弥散功能障碍,逐渐出现呼吸衰竭而死亡[5]。鉴于新型口服抗凝药(novel oral anticoagulants,NOACs)的临床使用日趋广泛,笔者拟通过系统检索国内外数据库收录的有关NOACs致ILD的相关病例并加以分析,探讨其发生情况和特点,为临床用药安全提供参考。
以 “apixaban” “rivaroxaban” “edoxaban” “dabigatran” “factor Xa inhibitor” “factor Xa inhibitors” “direct thrombin inhibitor” “direct thrombin inhibitors” “novel oral anticoagulant” “novel oral anticoagulants” “NOAC” “NOACs” “direct oral anticoagulant” “direct oral anticoagulants” “DOAC”“DOACs” “interstitial lung disease” “ILD” “interstitial pulmonary disease” “diffuse parenchymal lung disease” “DPLD” 等为检索词检索PubMed和Embase数据库, 以 “阿哌沙班” “利伐沙班” “艾多沙班” “达比加群酯” “Xa因子抑制剂” “直接凝血酶抑制剂” “非维生素K拮抗剂类口服抗凝药” “新型口服抗凝药” “间质性肺病” “间质性肺疾病” “弥漫性肺疾病” “弥漫性实质性肺疾病” 等为检索词检索中国知网、 万方和维普期刊数据库。 检索时限均从建库至2023年3月。
①NOACs致ILD的病例报告,包括个案和群案;②病例描述相对完整,至少包括患者的性别、年龄、NOACs的种类、IDL的处理和转归;③中文和英文文献。
①综述及基础研究性文献;②重复发表;③无法获取原文。
详细阅读纳入的病例报告,提取作者的姓名和发表年限以及患者的性别、年龄、临床诊断、NOACs的种类、用法用量、合并用药、ILD的发生时间、影像学表现、临床症状、处置和转归等信息,利用Excel 2020进行统计分析,同时采用Naranjo量表[6]对其关联性进行评估,其中≥9分为肯定,5~8分为很可能,1~4分为可能。
通过去重、阅读题目、摘要和全文后最终筛选出8篇英文文献[7-14],国内尚未见相关报道。
共纳入11例患者,均为男性,年龄65~91(79.6±7.1)岁,其中8例来自日本[7,9-11,14]。5例提及有吸烟史[9-10,14];5例报道了既往有肺相关疾病史,包括肺结核2例[9-10],间质性肺纤维化[8]、ILD[10]和肺气肿[10]各1例。见表1
11例患者的用药指征均为心房颤动,其中阿哌沙班和达比加群酯各5例,艾多沙班1例。8例报道了NOACs的用法用量,有1例超出了说明书中的推荐剂量[10];7例存在合并用药,主要涉及降血压药、抗血小板药和调脂药。见表1
11例患者均行胸部影像学检查,包括3例电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)和8例高分辨率CT(high resolution computed tomography,HRCT),均可见肺部浸润、磨玻璃影、纤维化和实变等其中的一种或多种表现;所有患者发病时均有呼吸困难,其中4例伴咳嗽[11,13]、咳痰[8]或咯血[7]。10例患者报告了IDL的发生时间,最短的2例为服用阿哌沙班3 d后[10],最长的1例为服用艾多沙班4年后[14],其中有8例发生在服用NOACs后的半年内。见表1
9例患者报告了停用NOACs,其他处置措施主要包括机械通气和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗,其中有1例使用了达比加群酯的特异性拮抗剂依达赛珠单抗[12],另有3例调整为华法林继续抗凝治疗[9,11,14]。经上述处理后9例患者转归良好,最短7 d[10],最长109 d[14],另有2例最终死于呼吸衰竭[10]。见表1
经Naranjo量表评估后关联性为肯定的有1例,很可能的有8例,可能的有2例。详见表1
NOACs目前主要用于血栓栓塞性疾病的预防和治疗,根据作用靶点可分为Xa因子抑制剂和直接凝血酶抑制剂,前者包括利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班,后者即达比加群酯。早年的临床试验和真实世界研究显示NOACs最主要的不良反应为出血和非出血性胃肠道症状以及肝功能损害[15-16]。近年来有研究发现,ILD可能与NOACs的使用存在一定的关联性[17-18]。鉴于现阶段对NOACs致ILD的认识仍非常有限,且多为个案报告,因此有必要对其发生情况和特点进行总结和分析。
ILD是药物性肺损伤中最常见的类型,约占药物性肺损伤的70%[19],其中报道最多的是抗肿瘤药物,其次是抗风湿药物、抗菌药物、非甾体类抗炎药、精神科药物和抗心律失常药[2],而大多数药物的剂量、疗程和ILD之间缺乏必然的联系[1]。本研究纳入的11例患者涉及Xa因子抑制剂和直接凝血酶抑制剂分别为6例和5例,其中由Tomari等[10]报道的4例阿哌沙班引起ILD的患者来源于一项单中心观察性研究,提示其发生率约为0.46%,且有1例超出了说明书中的推荐剂量,其血药浓度为390 ng·mL-1,远高于健康受试者服用相同剂量后的血药浓度130 ng·m L - 1 20,提示可能与暴露于过高剂量有关[21]。虽然由艾多沙班引起IDL的个案报道仅检索到1例[14],可能与该药上市时间相对较晚有关,但该病例经关联性评估为肯定,且王钰等[22]基于美国FDA不良事件报告系统数据库进行风险信号挖掘后发现艾多沙班所致呼吸系统、胸及纵隔疾病相关不良事件中ILD报告数有31份,且信号强。此外,Chan等[18]的最新研究显示,Xa因子抑制剂致ILD的发生风险明显高于华法林(0.29% vs 0.17%,P<0.001),而直接凝血酶抑制剂与华法林相比无显著性差异(0.22% vs 0.17%,P=0.09),提示临床应予重视,尤其是Xa因子抑制剂。
关于药物导致ILD的发病机制尚不明确,一方面可能是药物本身对肺脏具有直接毒性,即细胞毒性肺损伤,另一方面也可能是药物引起变态反应导致的间接毒性,即免疫介导性肺损伤,也有可能是上述两种机制共同发挥作用[1]。此外,多种背景因素的相互作用可使发病机制更加复杂,如遗传、年龄、性别、既往的肺部疾病和合并用药等[2]。然而,目前关于NOACs致ILD的发生机制及危险因素尚未见相关报道,但从本研究纳入的病例来看所有患者均为65岁及以上的老年男性,且半数以上的患者既往有吸烟史和/或肺相关疾病史,还有部分患者同时使用了亦会导致ILD的药物[23-24],故考虑上述因素可能会增加NOACs致ILD的风险。
ILD通常为排除性诊断,无论是影像学、血清学或是病理学检查对ILD的诊断均无特异性。ILD根据影像学检查和/或病理检查结果分为多种亚型,同一药物可引起多种亚型病变,而不同药物也可引起同一亚型表现[1]。从本文纳入的病例可见NOACs可致多种亚型的ILD,其中以弥漫性肺泡出血(diffuse alveolar hemorrhage,DAH)相对多见,且有1例患者为非特异性间质性肺炎(nonspecific interstitial pneumonia,NSIP)伴机化性肺炎(organizing pneumonia,OP)。此外,ILD的临床特征也不具有特异性,有的患者可出现咳嗽、呼吸困难、胸痛以及全身症状如发热、乏力等,有些患者双下肺闻及爆裂音,偶尔也闻及哮鸣音或湿性哕音,部分患者肺部可以没有阳性体征[1]。基于此,Skeoch等[2]于2018年总结了一套ILD相对全面的诊断要点:①在临床表现、影像学检查、病理检查上与ILD一致;②药物暴露和症状发生有时间关联;③排除其他可能原因引起的ILD;④停用可疑药物后症状缓解,或者停用药物且使用糖皮质激素后病情好转,再次应用药物后疾病恶化。
有研究显示,大多数药物所致的ILD都在用药后几周或几个月内发生[25-26]。本文纳入的11例患者中有8例发生在6个月内,提示临床对于服用NOACs的患者应在该时间段内加强监测。然而,由于药源性ILD通常具有一定的隐匿性,发病初期往往被忽视从而延误诊疗,但如能及时发现经停药和对症处理后大多数是可逆的或不再进展[1]。目前对于ILD常用而有效的药物是糖皮质激素[27-28],且用药初期常通常采用冲击治疗,待病情稳定后可逐渐减量[29]。此外,对于可能存在体内药物暴露过高的患者亦可使用特异性拮抗剂[12]
本研究的局限性在于:①虽然从本文纳入的11例患者来看提示男性、高龄、既往吸烟史和/或肺部疾病史可能是NOACs诱发ILD的危险因素,但尚需开展相关临床研究加以验证;②本研究对纳入文献的语言进行了限定,可能存在一定的发表偏倚。
综上所述,Xa因子抑制剂和直接凝血酶抑制剂均可致ILD,鉴于其诊断缺乏特异性指标,因此治疗初期应密切关注有无呼吸困难等呼吸系统相关症状,尤其是既往有吸烟史和/或肺相关疾病的老年男性患者,必要时定期行影像学检查,一旦怀疑为NOACs所致ILD应及时停药并采取适当的措施如糖皮质激素等治疗。
  • 国家临床重点专科(临床药学)建设项目[国家卫生健康委属(管)医疗机构临床学科重点项目建设专项资金](国卫办医函〔2018〕292号)
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2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.011
  • 接收时间:2023-04-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-19
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国家临床重点专科(临床药学)建设项目[国家卫生健康委属(管)医疗机构临床学科重点项目建设专项资金](国卫办医函〔2018〕292号)
作者信息
    1 苏州大学附属第一医院药学部, 江苏 苏州 215000
    2 河南省安阳市人民医院药学部, 河南 安阳 455099

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*谢诚,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(0512)67780997
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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