Article(id=1195362269514215939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195362264082592240, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)08-0856-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.08.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762926173808, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762926173808, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762926173808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762926173808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195362264082592240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='8', pageStart='777', pageEnd='890', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762926172514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762928092119, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195370315556635165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195362264082592240, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195370315560829470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195362264082592240, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=856, endPage=865, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195362269702959620, articleId=1195362269514215939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Chitosan/Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Loading Luteolin Nanoparticles for Wound Healing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To prepare chitosan (CS)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel (GelCA@LUT) loaded with luteolin (LUT) nanoparticles (NPs@LUT) as a wound dressing and evaluate its physicochemical properties, as well as its safety. METHODS NPs@LUT were prepared by an emulsion-solvent evaporation method, and hydrogels (GelCA) with different contents of cross-linking agents (genipin) and different CS/SA quality ratios were prepared. Then, the wound dressing (GelCA@LUT) was obtained by coating NPs@LUT on the surface of GelCA. The properties of the hydrogel were evaluated by measuring water vapor transmission rate, water content, water retention, swelling properties, porosity, and rheological properties. The structure and morphology of the hydrogel were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The release profiles of LUT from NPs@LUT and GelCA@LUT was examined in different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide/PBS buffer; hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity were tested by hemolytic and cytotoxicity assays, respectively. RESULTS The characterization results showed that the average particle size of NPs@LUT was (234.3±4.7) nm, the drug loading rate was (9.54±0.10)%, and the encapsulation efficiency was (85.35±0.95)%. GelCA with a mass ratio of CS to SA at 1∶2 and a cross-linking agent dosage of 1.0 mg was successfully constructed. Both NPs@LUT and GelCA@LUT could release LUT stably, and GelCA@LUT had good biocompatibility. CONCLUSION GelCA@LUT can accelerate wound regeneration by substantially improving the wound microenvironment.

, correspAuthors=Yao LIU, Tongbao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingjing WANG, Rui NI, Ziwei LI, Qiuying WU, Shiqi CHENG, Yao LIU, Tongbao LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195362690068689880, articleId=1195362269514215939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=负载木犀草素纳米粒的壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶伤口敷料研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 制备负载黄酮类药物木犀草素(LUT)纳米粒(NPs@LUT)的壳聚糖(CS)/海藻酸钠(SA)水凝胶(GelCA@LUT)伤口敷料,探讨其理化性质,并评价其安全性。方法 采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备NPs@LUT,然后制备不同交联剂京尼平(genipin)用量和不同CS/SA质量比的水凝胶(GelCA)。将NPs@LUT涂布于GelCA表面,得到负载药物纳米粒的水凝胶伤口敷料(GelCA@LUT)。通过水蒸气透过率、含水性、保水性、溶胀性能、孔隙率、流变学性能对水凝胶的性能进行评价;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱检测(FTIR)、透射(TEM)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对水凝胶的结构和形貌进行表征;通过在不同浓度的过氧化氢/PBS缓冲液中对NPs@LUT及GelCA@LUT中的LUT释放进行考察;通过溶血实验和细胞毒实验分别考察其血液相容性和细胞相容性。结果 NPs@LUT平均粒径为(234.3±4.7)nm,载药率为(9.54±0.10)%,包封率为(85.35±0.95)%;成功构建了CS与SA质量比1∶2、交联剂用量1.0 mg的GelCA;NPs@LUT和GelCA@LUT均可以稳定地释放木犀草素。GelCA@LUT具有良好的生物相容性。结论 GelCA@LUT可在大幅改善创面微环境的条件下,加速创面再生。

, correspAuthors=刘耀, 刘同宝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘同宝,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:真菌性脑膜炎发展机制 Tel:(023)68250350
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王晶晶,女,硕士 研究方向:新型纳米制剂研制

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王晶晶,女,硕士 研究方向:新型纳米制剂研制

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王晶晶,女,硕士 研究方向:新型纳米制剂研制

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391052325634601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GelCA的溶胀率。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=2TPZE2NF/6wRhw6V2IdDhg==, figureFileBig=ceBMXi0hUHyztgu5scSWBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391052396937770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of GelCA, figureFileSmall=XfWfwAB54m2SMnQZJzzxew==, figureFileBig=D2YLJT+r52Gu6GRwd2FKHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391052476629547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=CN, label=图6, caption=GelCA的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR), figureFileSmall=XfWfwAB54m2SMnQZJzzxew==, figureFileBig=D2YLJT+r52Gu6GRwd2FKHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391052543738412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Rheological properties of GelCA, figureFileSmall=Fndyy70GUyFWbnq8LozWXw==, figureFileBig=TPqHNFuDZyjsdjcZe8sSyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391052615041581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=CN, label=图7, caption=GelCA的流变学性质, figureFileSmall=Fndyy70GUyFWbnq8LozWXw==, figureFileBig=TPqHNFuDZyjsdjcZe8sSyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391052677956142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of NPs@LUT, figureFileSmall=oyqjEVsz3+yEj9irZ071tw==, figureFileBig=7iixT5URj0RZqTSccdOKUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391052736676399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=CN, label=图8, 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figureFileSmall=6UcJ2fCeGL02po3HKSanjw==, figureFileBig=UD/pbp3Lgq9jrCdwR2rvZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391053017694771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=CN, label=图10, caption=NPs@LUT及木犀草素纳米粒的壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶(GelCA@LUT)的体外释放曲线。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=6UcJ2fCeGL02po3HKSanjw==, figureFileBig=UD/pbp3Lgq9jrCdwR2rvZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391053080609332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Hemocompatibility of GelCA@LUT. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=KmiHWjpxxK6Ko/Y/JqLaPQ==, figureFileBig=ynqUzuBECwoQb71POIz70Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391053156106805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=CN, label=图11, caption=GelCA@LUT的血液相容性。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=KmiHWjpxxK6Ko/Y/JqLaPQ==, figureFileBig=ynqUzuBECwoQb71POIz70Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195391053227409974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269514215939, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Cytotoxicity of GelCA@LUT against L929. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-24 h; B-48 h; C-72 h。

A-24 h; B-48 h; C-72 h.

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Single-factor investigation conditions of GelCA

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Chitosan(CS)/mL Sodium alginate(SA)/mL Genipin/mg
1 1 0.5
1 1 1.0
1 1 1.5
1 2 1.0
2 1 1.0
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壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶(GelCA)单因素考察条件

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Chitosan(CS)/mL Sodium alginate(SA)/mL Genipin/mg
1 1 0.5
1 1 1.0
1 1 1.5
1 2 1.0
2 1 1.0
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Characterization of NPs@LUT. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

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Dosage/% Particle size/nm PDI DL/% EE/%
10.0 215.1±2.3 0.187±0.014 7.08±0.16 88.24±1.86
12.5 234.3±4.7 0.210±0.013 9.54±0.10 85.35±0.95
15.0 263.9±2.5 0.197±0.010 11.76±0.36 90.39±3.22
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木犀草素纳米粒(NPs@LUT)的表征结果。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

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Dosage/% Particle size/nm PDI DL/% EE/%
10.0 215.1±2.3 0.187±0.014 7.08±0.16 88.24±1.86
12.5 234.3±4.7 0.210±0.013 9.54±0.10 85.35±0.95
15.0 263.9±2.5 0.197±0.010 11.76±0.36 90.39±3.22
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负载木犀草素纳米粒的壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶伤口敷料研究
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王晶晶 1, 2 , 倪睿 2 , 李紫薇 2 , 吴秋莹 3 , 程诗奇 1 , 刘耀 2, * , 刘同宝 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(8): 856-865
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(8): 856-865
负载木犀草素纳米粒的壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶伤口敷料研究
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王晶晶1, 2, 倪睿2, 李紫薇2, 吴秋莹3, 程诗奇1, 刘耀2, *, 刘同宝1, *
作者信息
  • 1 西南大学医学研究院, 重庆 400715
  • 2 陆军军医大学陆军特色医学中心(大坪医院)药剂科, 重庆 400042
  • 3 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院药学部, 重庆 400014
  • 王晶晶,女,硕士 研究方向:新型纳米制剂研制

通讯作者:

*刘同宝,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:真菌性脑膜炎发展机制 Tel:(023)68250350
Chitosan/Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Loading Luteolin Nanoparticles for Wound Healing
Jingjing WANG1, 2, Rui NI2, Ziwei LI2, Qiuying WU3, Shiqi CHENG1, Yao LIU2, *, Tongbao LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2 Department of Pharmacy, Army Specialty Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
  • 3 Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.010
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目的 制备负载黄酮类药物木犀草素(LUT)纳米粒(NPs@LUT)的壳聚糖(CS)/海藻酸钠(SA)水凝胶(GelCA@LUT)伤口敷料,探讨其理化性质,并评价其安全性。方法 采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备NPs@LUT,然后制备不同交联剂京尼平(genipin)用量和不同CS/SA质量比的水凝胶(GelCA)。将NPs@LUT涂布于GelCA表面,得到负载药物纳米粒的水凝胶伤口敷料(GelCA@LUT)。通过水蒸气透过率、含水性、保水性、溶胀性能、孔隙率、流变学性能对水凝胶的性能进行评价;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱检测(FTIR)、透射(TEM)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对水凝胶的结构和形貌进行表征;通过在不同浓度的过氧化氢/PBS缓冲液中对NPs@LUT及GelCA@LUT中的LUT释放进行考察;通过溶血实验和细胞毒实验分别考察其血液相容性和细胞相容性。结果 NPs@LUT平均粒径为(234.3±4.7)nm,载药率为(9.54±0.10)%,包封率为(85.35±0.95)%;成功构建了CS与SA质量比1∶2、交联剂用量1.0 mg的GelCA;NPs@LUT和GelCA@LUT均可以稳定地释放木犀草素。GelCA@LUT具有良好的生物相容性。结论 GelCA@LUT可在大幅改善创面微环境的条件下,加速创面再生。

木犀草素  /  纳米粒  /  壳聚糖  /  海藻酸钠  /  水凝胶  /  创面愈合

OBJECTIVE To prepare chitosan (CS)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel (GelCA@LUT) loaded with luteolin (LUT) nanoparticles (NPs@LUT) as a wound dressing and evaluate its physicochemical properties, as well as its safety. METHODS NPs@LUT were prepared by an emulsion-solvent evaporation method, and hydrogels (GelCA) with different contents of cross-linking agents (genipin) and different CS/SA quality ratios were prepared. Then, the wound dressing (GelCA@LUT) was obtained by coating NPs@LUT on the surface of GelCA. The properties of the hydrogel were evaluated by measuring water vapor transmission rate, water content, water retention, swelling properties, porosity, and rheological properties. The structure and morphology of the hydrogel were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The release profiles of LUT from NPs@LUT and GelCA@LUT was examined in different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide/PBS buffer; hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity were tested by hemolytic and cytotoxicity assays, respectively. RESULTS The characterization results showed that the average particle size of NPs@LUT was (234.3±4.7) nm, the drug loading rate was (9.54±0.10)%, and the encapsulation efficiency was (85.35±0.95)%. GelCA with a mass ratio of CS to SA at 1∶2 and a cross-linking agent dosage of 1.0 mg was successfully constructed. Both NPs@LUT and GelCA@LUT could release LUT stably, and GelCA@LUT had good biocompatibility. CONCLUSION GelCA@LUT can accelerate wound regeneration by substantially improving the wound microenvironment.

luteolin  /  nanoperticle  /  chitosan  /  sodium alginate  /  hydrogel  /  wound healing
王晶晶, 倪睿, 李紫薇, 吴秋莹, 程诗奇, 刘耀, 刘同宝. 负载木犀草素纳米粒的壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶伤口敷料研究. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (8) : 856 -865 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.010
Jingjing WANG, Rui NI, Ziwei LI, Qiuying WU, Shiqi CHENG, Yao LIU, Tongbao LIU. Chitosan/Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Loading Luteolin Nanoparticles for Wound Healing[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (8) : 856 -865 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.010
根据研究报告显示,全球伤口护理产品市场达百亿美元以上[1-2]。伤口愈合是一个复杂且高度调控的损伤组织修复过程,涉及止血、炎症、增生、上皮、成熟和疤痕组织重塑等过程[2]。近年来,感染、炎症、氧化应激等一系列反应是临床创面愈合过程中出现的常见问题,在慢性伤口中,内源性或外源性因素会干扰炎症调节,不利于愈合过程[3-4]。目前,伤口敷料主要分为干性和湿性,且湿性伤口敷料加快伤口愈合速度更为显著[5]。水凝胶可通过物化交联、静电相互作用等形成三维网络结构,具有良好的物化性质,且安全性良好,广泛应用于组织工程、生物医学等领域[3-5]。现有的伤口敷料主要由纱布和海绵等组成,存在吸收渗液能力差、透气性差、致敏性强、需辅助材料加以固定等不足,需设计一种多功能无菌敷料,满足创面救治需要。
木犀草素(3',4',5,7-四羟基黄酮,luteolin,LUT)是一类广泛存在于金银花、紫苏等多种植物中的黄色针状结晶样黄酮类化合物,分子式为C15H10O6,相对分子质量为286.23,熔点为330 ℃,可溶于乙醇、乙醚等有机溶剂,微溶于水,具弱酸性,可溶于碱性溶液中,稳定性较好[6]。LUT具有抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化的作用,可抑制炎症介质的产生,保护细胞免受氧化应激的损伤,降低炎症反应。然而,LUT的低溶解度和生物利用度极大影响了其应用范围[3,7-8]。聚环硫丙烷[poly (propylene sulfide),PPS]具有极强的疏水性,可在活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的响应下被氧化为亲水嵌段。因此,聚环硫丙烷-聚乙二醇[poly (propylene sulfide)-poly (ethylene glycol),PPS-PEG]两亲性嵌段共聚物可作为ROS响应的纳米载体用于药物递送[9-10]。通过组装ROS响应型木犀草素纳米粒(lu-loaded nanoparticles,NPs@LUT)可应对炎症微环境高ROS的特点。壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)是一种天然阳离子多糖,具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,黏附性良好,可促进伤口愈合。CS可提供多种交联位点,通过添加交联剂等方式形成稳定性及机械强度良好的多孔凝胶结构[11-12]。海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)是从褐藻中提取的一种天然聚合物,具有良好的溶解性、吸湿性、透氧性和生物相容性,可介导炎症介质释放,加快伤口愈合。SA可与多价阳离子(如钙离子)发生反应,形成凝胶,且成胶条件温和[13]
本研究以PPS-PEG嵌段共聚物作为药物载体,制备木犀草素纳米粒(NPs@LUT),并将CS和SA分别作为聚阳离子、聚阴离子组分,以京尼平(genipin)为交联剂,制备木犀草素-壳聚糖/海藻酸钠水凝胶(luteolin-chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogel,GelCA@LUT)。通过改变交联剂用量及材料质量比等因素探讨了复合水凝胶 GelCA@LUT的各项性能,并对其体外生物安全性进行评价。本研究旨在为黄酮类药物释放体系提供新的策略,并为黄酮类药物水凝胶促进创面愈合提供良好的理论基础和实验依据。
Q500型超声波破碎仪(美国Qsonica公司);ZS90型激光粒度仪(英国Malvern公司);IRAffinity-1S傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(日本岛津公司);RE2000A型旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣);110-4 PRO型冷冻干燥机(丹麦Labogene CoolSafe公司);UHPLC1290型超高压液相色谱仪(美国Agilent公司);CKX41型显微镜(日本Olympus公司);WGLL-230BE型电热鼓风干燥箱(天津泰斯特);S-3400N Ⅱ型扫描电镜(德国Zeiss公司);TECNAI 10型透射电镜(美国FEI公司);DHR-1型流变仪(美国TA公司);SYNERGY H1型多功能酶标仪(中国香港Gene Company Limited)。
LUT(美国TargetMol公司);CS、SA、京尼平、聚山梨酯-80、聚乙烯醇、无水氯化钙(阿拉丁公司);三氯甲烷、乙醇(万盛川东化工有限公司);PPS-PEG(西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司);二甲基亚砜(成都科隆化学品有限公司);色谱甲醇(美国Honeywell公司);DMEM培养基(美国Gibco公司);胎牛血清、青霉素-链霉素双抗溶液(上海达特希尔生物科技有限公司);胰酶细胞消化液(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司);磷酸盐缓冲剂(PBS,北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限公司);活细胞/死细胞双染试剂盒(上海贝博生物科技有限公司);CCK-8 试剂盒(美国MedChem Express公司)。
精密称取1.67、2.14、2.65 mg LUT和15 mg PPS-PEG置于1 mL乙醇-三氯甲烷溶液中,超声至完全溶解,得到10.0%、12.5%、15.0%理论投药量的有机相。称取1.5 g聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)置于300 mL双蒸水中,80 ℃恒温水浴溶解,得到质量分数0.5%的PVA水溶液,取6 mL作水相。将含LUT的有机相快速注射入6 mL 0.5% PVA水溶液中,超声乳化10 min。旋蒸10 min除去有机相,5 000 r·min-1离心5 min,即得NPs@LUT。
通过考察不同理论投药量的LUT对纳米粒粒径(partical size)、多分散指数(polydispersion index,PDI)、载药率(drug loading efficiency,DL)和包封率(encapsulation efficiency,EE)的影响。使用激光粒度仪测定粒径及PDI。将制备好的NPs@LUT溶于二甲基亚砜中,使用高效液相色谱仪进行药物定量,通过公式1、2计算包封率及载药率。
包封率(%)=m实际载药量/m理论投药量×100%
载药率(%)=m实际载药量/(m理论投药量+mPPS-PEG)×100%
通过单因素实验考察不同交联剂含量及不同材料比例对水凝胶的影响,水凝胶处方参数见表1。系列相同材料比例、不同交联剂含量GelCA的制备:称取1 g CS溶于50 mL体积分数2%乙酸水溶液中,搅拌至完全溶解,制得质量分数2%的CS溶液;称取1 g SA溶于50 mL双蒸水中,搅拌至完全溶解,制得质量分数2%的SA溶液。精密称取15 mg京尼平置于3 mL乙醇中,将CS溶液与SA溶液以1∶1比例各吸取1 mL,分别加入0.5、1.0、1.5 mg京尼平后搅拌混匀。37 ℃避光孵育24 h,即得系列相同材料比例、不同交联剂含量的GelCA。将CS溶液与SA溶液以1∶2、2∶1比例混合,分别加入1.0 mg的京尼平溶液后搅拌混匀。37 ℃避光孵育24 h,即得系列相同交联剂含量、不同材料比例的GelCA。将“2.1”项下所得纳米粒置于冷冻干燥机中冻干24 h,加入适量双蒸水后超声重分散。取200 μL 重分散纳米粒溶液均匀涂布在制备好的GelCA表面,静置2 h后形成纳米粒薄膜,即得GelCA@LUT。
将制备好的GelCA称初始质量me后置于鼓风干燥箱中,37 ℃烘干至恒重,称终质量md。通过公式3计算含水率:
含水率(%)=(me-md)/me×100%
将制备好的GelCA称初始质量m1后置于室温。分别在2、4、6、8、12、24 h称质量m2,通过公式4计算保水率:
保水率(%)=(m2/m1)×100%
取离心管加入适量无水氯化钙,将GelCA置于管口并使用胶带固定。称初始质量me并放入含饱和硝酸钾溶液的保干器中。24 h后取出,称终质量ma。测量离心管半径r,通过公式5计算水蒸气透过率(g·m-2·d-1):
水蒸气透过率(%)=(me/ma)/πr2
参考Nazarov等[14]的方法,将制备好的GelCA置于鼓风干燥箱中,37 ℃烘干至恒重。将烘干的GelCA置于一定体积(V1)的正己烷中,并将加入GelCA后溶剂体积的增加记录为V2。封闭条件下孵育15 min后取出湿润样品,测定溶剂的剩余体积V3。通过公式6计算孔隙率:
孔隙率(%)=(V1-V3)/(V2-V3) ×100%
将制备好的GelCA置于鼓风干燥箱中,37 ℃烘干至恒重,称质量md后加入15 mL PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)中,37 ℃、100 r·min-1震荡。分别在2、4、6、8、12、24 h称质量mc,通过公式7计算溶胀率:
溶胀率(%)=(md-mc)/mc×100%
采用FTIR对CS、SA及冻干后的GelCA进行扫描。将制备好的GelCA置于冷冻干燥机中冻干24 h后取出,与KBr以1∶49比例混合后充分研磨。使用压片机将研磨后的粉末压成透明薄片,在分辨率4 600~4 000 cm-1采集样品的吸收光谱。
采用流变仪考察水凝胶的流变学性能。将制备好的GelCA置于40 mm的流变仪平板上,在37 ℃、10%形变量、频率1~20 Hz条件下进行扫描,探究GelCA储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G″)与剪切频率(f)之间的关系。
采用透射电子显微镜观察纳米粒的形态。将制备好的NPs@LUT用超纯水稀释100倍,取适量溶液滴在铜网上,放置一定时间后使用透射电镜观察纳米粒形态。
将制备好的GelCA和GelCA@LUT置于冷冻干燥机中,冻干24 h后取出并切开,真空喷金处理后,在扫描电镜下观察样品表面及横切面形态,评估二者的孔隙直径。
使用分别含0、1、5 mmol·L-1 H2O2的质量分数1%聚山梨酯80-PBS溶液(pH 7.4)作为释放介质,评估NPs@LUT的ROS响应性释放行为。将“2.1”项下所得纳米粒取2.5 mL加入透析袋中系紧,放入15 mL含0、1、5 mmol·L-1 H2O2的质量分数1%聚山梨酯80-PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)中,37 ℃、100 r·min-1震荡分散。随后,在0、2、4、6、8、10、24 h分别取出1 mL溶液,并补充1 mL新鲜PBS。收集的溶液样品通过HPLC进行定量。
使用含1 mmol·L-1 H2O2的质量分数1% 聚山梨酯80-PBS溶液(pH 7.4)作为释放介质,评估GelCA@LUT的ROS响应性释放行为。将“2.4”项所得GelCA@LUT放入含1 mmol·L-1 H2O2的10 mL质量分数1%聚山梨酯80-PBS溶液(pH 7.4)的透析袋内,并置于10 mL相同PBS溶液中,37 ℃、100 r·min-1震荡分散。同理,在0、2、4、6、8、10、24、36、48、72 h分别取出1 mL溶液,并补充1 mL新鲜PBS。收集的溶液样品通过HPLC进行定量。
浸提液的制备:通过HPLC对制备好的NPs@LUT中所含药物进行定量,并制备成NPs@LUT/PBS溶液,使其所含药物终浓度为12.5 μmol·L-1。将制备好的GelCA和GelCA@LUT称质量后放入无菌PBS中,配置成100 mg·mL-1母液。37 ℃浸提72 h,取母液稀释至10 mg·mL-1,即得浸提液。
通过暴露溶血实验检测实验组试剂血液相容性,评估其体外急性溶血性质。使用EDTA-K2抗凝管采集家兔新鲜血液,2 000 r·min-1离心10 min,吸去上清液,加入生理盐水清洗红细胞,重复3次。所得红细胞沉淀使用生理盐水配置成体积分数2%的红细胞悬液备用。将红细胞悬液与浸提液以1∶1比例各加入1 mL,其中,阴性对照以1 mL生理盐水代替浸提液,阳性对照以1% TritonX-100生理盐水溶液代替浸提液。37 ℃孵育1、2 h,2 000 r·min-1离心5 min,取上清液,使用酶标仪测定545 nm处光密度(OD)值。通过公式8计算溶血率:
溶血率(%)=(OD实验组-OD阴性)/(OD阳性-OD阴性)×100%
参照“2.6.1”项中方法,制备GelCA和GelCA@LUT的培养基浸提液。采用CCK-8检测实验组24、48、72 h后的细胞活力。将传代2~3代对数期的小鼠成纤维细胞(L929)收集后计数,以每孔2×105个细胞的密度接种于96孔板内,37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。以正常培养的细胞作为对照组,不含细胞的培养基孔作为空白孔。吸去原培养基,分别加入12.5 μmol·L-1 NPs@LUT、10 mg·mL-1GelCA和GelCA@LUT浸提液培养基各200 μL,分别于 24、48、72 h加入CCK-8细胞增殖毒性试剂盒进行检测,使用酶标仪检测450 nm处的OD值。通过公式9计算细胞存活率:
细胞存活率(%)=(OD实验组-OD阴性)/(OD对照-OD空白)×100%
采用活死细胞双荧光染色试剂盒检测加入水凝胶浸提液72 h后的细胞生长状态。将传代2~3代对数期的L929收集后计数,以每孔2×106个细胞的密度接种于24孔板内,37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。吸去原培养基,加入200 μL 12.5 μmol·L-1 NPs@LUT、10 mg·mL-1GelCA和GelCA@LUT浸提液培养基,72 h后用PBS缓冲液清洗2次,洗去培养基中血清。每孔加入200 μL配置好的活/死细胞荧光染液,37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2避光孵育30 min,使用PBS缓冲液清洗2次后重新加入200 μL润湿细胞。将孔板置于倒置荧光显微镜下,活细胞呈现绿色,死细胞呈现红色。观察细胞状态并拍照。
本实验采用单乳化溶剂挥发法制备NPs@LUT,考察其粒径、多分散指数、载药率和包封率,结果见表2。通过确定尺寸、粒径,初步了解NPs@LUT的物理特性。NPs@LUT的平均粒径随理论投药量的增加而增大,从215.1 nm增加至263.9 nm;不同投药量的纳米粒均具有良好的包封率(>85%)。作为无机骨架包封运载药物的纳米粒,在创面愈合应用中,其粒径不宜过大。因此,综合表征结果,选择12.5%理论投药量的NPs@LUT用于后续实验。
本实验通过单因素考察不同交联剂用量和不同材料质量比对GelCA的理化性质影响。CS与SA之间的氢键和静电相互作用可导致二者产生交联反应,且它们与京尼平的羟基(OH)基团相互作用,使得醛和胺基团之间形成共价键。同时,CS的氨基(NH2)与京尼平发生亲核反应,形成共价键[15-16]。GelCA可在极其温和的条件下形成凝胶,制备条件快速简单,避免药物及蛋白质和酶等活性物质的失活。
含水率与水凝胶的材料和交联程度等因素密切相关,可影响水凝胶的机械性能和摩擦学性能,改变药物释放效果[17]。不仅如此,在接触到皮肤伤口时,含水量作为水凝胶的特性之一,与创面的湿润程度息息相关。GelCA含水率结果见图1。GelCA含水率均达到90%以上,且CS与SA质量比为1∶2的水凝胶含水率最佳,达到(96.53±0.23)%,具有出色的水吸附能力。
良好的保水性能可维持凝胶形态,使伤口处于湿性环境,与维持细胞增殖和组织再生密切相关[18],更利于创面愈合。由于存在交联网络,水凝胶可保有大量的水分,其吸收量与交联度密切相关。GelCA保水率结果见图2。当CS与SA质量比为1∶1时,随着交联剂用量的增加,交联网络逐渐密集,但GelCA保水能力无明显差别,24 h均减小至9%以下。当所用材料质量增大时,含水总量增加。交联剂用量均为1.0 mg时,在24 h内,CS和SA质量比1∶2 的GelCA保水性能优于1∶1和2∶1,提示SA相较CA有更好的保水能力。结合“3.2.1”项结果可知,GelCA具有良好的含水率和保水率,可为创面提供所需的湿润环境,有助于创面愈合。
合适的水蒸气透过率可使伤口局部保持适度的湿润,营造有利于伤口愈合的微酸低氧、自溶清创、生长因子释放环境等,利于肉芽生长和皮肤细胞分裂,促进伤口愈合[19]。正常皮肤的水蒸气透过率为204 g·m-2·d-1,受伤皮肤则更高[20]。创面敷料应及时控制水分的蒸发量,使伤口保持理想的湿度。GelCA水蒸气透过率结果见图3。交联剂用量由0.5 mg增加至1.5 mg时,GelCA水蒸气透过率呈下降趋势,从(244.71±7.20)%降低至(217.07±8.48)%,这是由于水凝胶交联程度增强,分子网络愈发致密,气体不易透过。交联剂用量相同时,CS和 SA质量比为1∶2的GelCA具有最大水蒸气透过率(664.30±28.48)%。水蒸气透过性能过大易造成伤口水分的大量蒸发,过小易导致伤口局部积液,而GelCA水蒸气透过率适中,可提供伤口所需氧气。
水凝胶的孔隙结构形态、大小、数量及分布是多孔材料的特性之一,影响其水蒸气透过率、含水率、机械强度和溶胀等各方面性能。GelCA孔隙率结果见图4。孔隙率与水凝胶的交联程度呈负相关,0.5和1.5 mg京尼平的GelCA孔隙率分别为(66.56±3.60)%和(41.67±2.86)%,而1∶2质量比的孔隙率最低(32.30±2.72)%。孔隙过多易导致氧气及水蒸气交换速度过快,伤口过于干燥,不利于创面愈合,应选择孔隙率适度的水凝胶敷料覆盖伤口。
水凝胶可在水中迅速溶胀,保有大量的水而不溶解。具有良好溶胀能力的水凝胶可维持溶胀状态,吸收伤口渗出液,降低感染风险[21]。溶胀率结果见图5,GelCA的溶胀率范围为701.16%~1 204.56%,随交联程度增加而降低。随后,出现了一定程度的负溶胀,这归因于亲水链段随着水溶液的不断增加而饱和,网络结构出现松散,暴露出疏水链段[22]。最终,亲水链段与疏水段达到一定平衡。根据实验结果,GelCA溶胀能力随交联程度的增强而减弱,而溶胀率过小则不利于伤口渗出液的吸收。综合上述实验结果,选择CS和SA质量比为1∶2的GelCA用于后续实验。
红外光谱在分子结构和物质化学组成的研究中应用广泛,可通过FTIR观察基团或键,确定分子的化学结构,并对混合物及化合物进行定量分析。GelCA的FTIR结果见图6。对于CS,3 309 cm-1附近的宽峰是由氢键(O-H)和氨键(N-H)的伸缩振动吸收峰重叠而成,2 878 cm-1是由烷烃(C-H)键伸缩振动造成,1 655 cm-1附近的吸收峰是羰基(C=O)基团的伸缩振动吸收峰,在1 595 cm-1处有N-H(酰胺Ⅱ)的弯曲振动峰,1 078 cm-1附近的宽峰是碳骨架(C-C)伸缩振动吸收峰[23]。SA的FTIR谱图中,1 616和1 418 cm-1分别为酯基(-COO-)的对称和不对称伸缩振动。
通过比较CS、SA以及GelCA的谱图,在水凝胶中,3 309 cm-1的谱带明显减弱。这是由于它们与京尼平的OH基团相互作用,导致醛和胺基团之间形成共价键[15]。该峰的明显减弱也可能包括CS与SA之间的氢键和静电相互作用导致。同样,CS在1 655和1 595 cm-1的吸收峰在交联水凝胶中变为以1 616 cm-1为中心的宽峰,可归因于CS的伯胺(NH2)与交联剂发生亲核反应,形成共价键。在水凝胶中,1 420 cm-1的特征峰与京尼平加入后产生的杂环胺的环拉伸振动有关[16]。除此之外,GelCA含有CS、SA各自的其他特征峰。由于CS与SA有显著的静电接触和氢键作用,加之与交联剂之前的共价结合,使得GelCA的力学性能得到改善。
弹性模量(G')与损耗模量(G″)是水凝胶发生形变时的评价指标,根据高分子的黏弹性特征,分别反映了其弹性与黏性。因此,可通过测定G'与G″判断水凝胶的具体形态及软硬程度等特性。GelCA流变学结果见图7。通过流变仪来考察G'G″随剪切频率(f)的变化规律,测定水凝胶的流变学性能。GelCA的G'>G″,表明凝胶制备成功,质量比1∶2的GelCA储能模量达到310 Pa。结果表明,成功制备了GelCA,且成形性、黏弹性良好,软硬程度适中,不会对伤口造成损伤。
通过TEM观察NPs@LUT的形貌、粒径和尺寸,结果见图8。NPs@LUT为近圆形颗粒,分散性、成形性均较好,粒径与粒径仪测定结果相同。
对于皮肤组织工程,孔径范围在20~125 μm之间的基质是必不可少的[24]。对CS和SA质量比为1∶2的GelCA及GelCA@LUT进行扫描电镜分析,微观形貌见图9。GelCA及GelCA@LUT水凝胶内部结构相似,均为疏松密集的多孔结构,具有良好的机械性能和稳定性,可吸收伤口渗出液和分泌物,减少细菌感染风险,促进创面愈合。
NPs@LUT和GelCA@LUT的释放曲线见图10。NPs@LUT具有显著的ROS响应型释放行为,与0 mmol·L-1H2O2的对照组对比,NPs@LUT在1、5 mmol·L-1H2O2条件下释放行为明显加快,含H2O2的两组NPs@LUT在24 h时药物均完全释放,且两者没有显著性区别;而对照组释放率则为(91.18±0.69)%。由纳米粒释放结果可知,在含H2O2条件下纳米粒药物释放行为加快;而在相关研究中,H2O2浓度与细胞氧化应激损伤程度呈正相关,且最终细胞氧化应激损伤模型所用H2O2浓度为800 μmol·L-1[25]。因此,综合实验结果,选择1 mmol·L-1 H2O2用于后续GelCA@LUT的药物释放行为考察。然而,GelCA@LUT的释放速率降低,24 h时仅为(45.46±6.63)%,36 h后,药物释放十分缓慢,且趋于稳定。这表明水凝胶起到缓释的作用。药物释放缓慢的原因可能是涂布在GelCA表面的纳米粒因水凝胶吸水溶胀后逐渐渗透到其孔隙中,使得水凝胶阻碍了纳米粒中药物释放所致。
当红细胞被免疫系统靶向时,易发生免疫介导的溶血。一些小分子、生物制剂等也能裂解红细胞。暴露血液样本于实验组浸提液中,观察红细胞的溶解情况,评估制剂体外急性溶血性质,结果见图11。暴露溶血实验结果表明,与阳性对照组相比,实验组溶血率显著降低,红细胞无明显溶解,NPs@LUT、GelCA和GelCA@LUT各组1、2 h的溶血率均在5%以内,具有良好的血液相容性。
CCK-8法测定加入GelCA、GelCA@LUT浸提液及NPs@LUT后24、48、72 h的L929细胞活力结果见图12。与对照组相比,当NPs@LUT浓度为12.5 μmol·L-1、GelCA和GelCA@LUT为10 mg·mL-1时,实验组L929细胞存活率在24、48和72 h与对照组均无统计学差异,表明其在使用范围内安全低毒。
72 h细胞活/死染色检测结果见图13。其中,绿色荧光表示活细胞,红色荧光表示死细胞。视野中可观察到NPs@LUT、GelCA和GelCA@LUT组的活细胞与死细胞数与对照组并无显著差异。由于共培养72 h导致细胞营养缺失,故均出现少量死细胞。实验结果表明,GelCA@LUT细胞相容性良好。
皮肤作为人体的第一道免疫防线,是人体最大的器官。当皮肤受损时,创面易受细菌、病毒或其他微生物侵入而发生发红、肿胀、渗液、发痒、疼痛等症状,导致伤口愈合缓慢。抗菌、抗炎敷料及时覆盖创面对保护伤口、防止感染意义重大。本研究制备了炎症微环境响应型NPs@LUT,可提高药物溶解度、稳定性以及伤口部位的药物浓度,实现精准给药与药物的持续性释放;采用化学交联法,以京尼平作为交联剂,制备了壳聚糖/海藻酸钠交联的水凝胶(GelCA)。随后,将NPs@LUT涂布于GelCA载体表面,形成抗炎促愈合一体化药物水凝胶敷料GelCA@LUT。GelCA@LUT具有良好的含水率、孔隙率、水蒸气透过率、保水性能和溶胀性能,将药物涂布在表面形成药膜,可实现炎症微环境高ROS水平的响应和抗氧化药物持续性释放,同时发挥抗菌抗炎效能。GelCA@LUT在交联剂为1.0 mg、CS与SA质量比为1∶2时的综合性能较好,生物相容性实验表明其安全性良好。
目前,已有上市的伤口敷料,如Promograns®,是一种新型海绵状胶原基质敷料,最近已在美国和欧洲市场推出,用于治疗渗出性糖尿病和溃疡伤口。与本研究的水凝胶敷料相比,前者主要依靠其组成材料胶原蛋白和氧化再生纤维素发挥作用,通过添加外源性基质增强创面修复;而本研究的水凝胶敷料不仅凝胶具有促修复作用,添加的NPs@LUT也具有改善创面微环境,加速创面再生的功能。因此,本研究制备的GelCA@LUT伤口敷料可望在大幅改善创面微环境的条件下,结合载体材料的生物学功能,加速创面再生。然而,GelCA@LUT对感染创面动物模型的治疗效果有待进一步验证。本研究可为黄酮类药物水凝胶促进创面愈合提供良好的理论基础和实验依据,为创面愈合提供新的策略。
  • 重庆市科卫联合医学中医药科研项目资助(2023ZDXM032)
  • 重庆市临床建设重点专项资助
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2025年第60卷第8期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.010
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
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重庆市科卫联合医学中医药科研项目资助(2023ZDXM032)
重庆市临床建设重点专项资助
作者信息
    1 西南大学医学研究院, 重庆 400715
    2 陆军军医大学陆军特色医学中心(大坪医院)药剂科, 重庆 400042
    3 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院药学部, 重庆 400014

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*刘同宝,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:真菌性脑膜炎发展机制 Tel:(023)68250350
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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