Article(id=1195362269107368448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195362264082592240, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)08-0839-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.08.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762926173711, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762926173711, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762926173711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762926173711, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195362264082592240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='8', pageStart='777', pageEnd='890', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762926172514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762928092119, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195370315556635165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195362264082592240, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195370315560829470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195362264082592240, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=839, endPage=846, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195362269338055170, articleId=1195362269107368448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Establishment of Colorectal Cancer Organoid Model and Preliminary Exploration of Chemotherapeutic Drug Sensitivity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE This study aims to establish and characterize patient-derived colorectal cancer organoid models and evaluate their potential value in predicting chemotherapy responses through individualized drug sensitivity testing. METHODS Tumor tissues were obtained from surgical specimens of three patients who underwent radical surgery for colorectal cancer. Tumor cells were isolated through mechanical and enzymatic dissociation, and the resulting cell suspension was mixed with Matrigel and seeded into a three-dimensional culture system. The histopathological characteristics of the organoids were validated using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry, and their genetic consistency was confirmed by short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, demonstrating that this model could reflect both intra- and inter-patient tumor heterogeneity. Standard clinical chemotherapy regimens were applied to the organoid models, and drug sensitivity was assessed using the CellTiter-Glo® 3D cell viability assay. RESULTS The cultured colorectal cancer organoids closely resembled their originating tumors in terms of histopathological and genetic characteristics. Drug sensitivity testing indicated that organoids derived from different patients exhibited varied sensitivities to commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. CONCLUSION The colorectal cancer organoid model successfully established in this study closely recapitulates the histological classification and genetic features of the parent tumors and shows potential for application in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing. This model could be used to predict colorectal cancer patients’ responses to chemotherapy, providing valuable reference for personalized medicine.

, correspAuthors=Qingwei ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pan LIU, Jiejing KAI, Qingwei ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195362524934746787, articleId=1195362269107368448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=结直肠癌类器官模型的建立及其化疗药物敏感性初探, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 本研究旨在建立并表征来源于患者的结直肠癌类器官模型,并通过该模型进行化疗药物敏感性检测,以评估其在预测患者化疗反应中的潜在价值。方法 从接受结直肠癌根治术的3例患者手术标本中获取肿瘤组织,通过机械和酶解处理分离肿瘤细胞,将细胞悬液与基质胶混合后接种于三维培养系统中。类器官的组织病理学特征通过苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和免疫组织化学分析进行验证,其遗传一致性则通过短串联重复序列分析确认,证明该模型能够反映患者内及患者间的肿瘤异质性。将临床常用化疗方案应用于类器官模型,通过CellTiter-Glo®3D细胞活力检测分析对化疗药物的敏感性。结果 所培养的结直肠癌类器官在组织病理学和遗传特征上与其来源肿瘤高度一致。药物敏感性试验结果表明,不同患者来源的类器官对常用化疗药物的敏感性存在差异。结论 本研究成功构建的结直肠癌类器官模型能够较好地再现对应来源肿瘤组织的组织学分型与遗传特征,且在体外化疗敏感性试验中具有较好的应用潜力。该模型可用于预测结直肠癌患者对化疗的反应,为个性化医疗提供了重要参考。

, correspAuthors=赵青威, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵青威,女,博士,主任药师,博士生导师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(0571)87236595
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刘盼,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学、药物评价

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刘盼,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学、药物评价

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DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111257., articleTitle=A portrait of intratumoral genomic and transcriptomic heterogeneity at single-cell level in colorectal cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195390887208464877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=109, issue=4, pageStart=884, pageEnd=892, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=NIIDA A, NAGAYAMA S, MIYANO S, journalName=Cancer Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIIDA A, NAGAYAMA S, MIYANO S, et al. Understanding intratumor heterogeneity by combining genome analysis and mathematical modeling[J]. Cancer Sci, 2018, 109(4): 884-892., articleTitle=Understanding intratumor heterogeneity by combining genome analysis and mathematical modeling, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1195390883513282988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195390883521671597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, companyId=1195390883513282988, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195390883530060206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, companyId=1195390883513282988, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325035)]), AuthorCompany(id=1195390883618140591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195390883626529200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, companyId=1195390883618140591, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Clinical Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195390883634917809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, companyId=1195390883618140591, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙江省药物临床研究与评价技术重点实验室, 浙江省中药临床评价与转化研究中医药重点实验室, 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院临床药学部, 杭州 310003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1195390884981289422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Bright-field microscopic morphology of colorectal cancer organoids derived from different patients(CRC-1, CRC-2 and CRC-3), figureFileSmall=F+Egj/uVk0On1R4B0NJ5Qg==, figureFileBig=6yvelCNxqc6TQO5w/etA4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885044203983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同来源结直肠癌类患者(CRC-1、CRC-2、CRC-3)的器官明场显微镜下形态, figureFileSmall=F+Egj/uVk0On1R4B0NJ5Qg==, figureFileBig=6yvelCNxqc6TQO5w/etA4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885128090064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of HE staining features between colorectal cancer tissues and corresponding organoids

The upper row shows HE-stained sections of colorectal cancer organoids (CRC-1, CRC-2, and CRC-3), while the lower row displays the corresponding patient-derived tumor tissue sections.

, figureFileSmall=Zate/DzXh8CUMusgj1laIA==, figureFileBig=axsCzNBlhOKnfe6DEyvr0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885203587537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=CN, label=图2, caption=结直肠癌组织与对应类器官苏木精-伊红(HE)染色特征对比

上排显示结直肠癌类器官(CRC-1、CRC-2 和 CRC-3)的苏木精-伊红(HE)染色切片,下排为对应患者来源的肿瘤组织切片。

, figureFileSmall=Zate/DzXh8CUMusgj1laIA==, figureFileBig=axsCzNBlhOKnfe6DEyvr0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885270696402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Immunohistochemical staining of Cdx2, Ck20, Muc2, and Ki67 protein in colorectal cancer tissues and corresponding organoids

The upper rows show the staining results for tumor tissues (CRC-1_T, CRC-2_T, CRC-3_T), and the lower rows represent the staining of corresponding organoids (CRC-1_O, CRC-2_O, CRC-3_O);CRC-1_O, CRC-2_O, and CRC-3_O correspond to organoids derived from patients 1, 2, and 3, respectively, while CRC-1_T, CRC-2_T, and CRC-3_T correspond to colorectal cancer tissues from patients 1, 2, and 3.

, figureFileSmall=HZwR6OYdHrgbTHppiKwUfQ==, figureFileBig=ljErcMtBgV1oT7Vm+MCYjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885346193875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=CN, label=图3, caption=结直肠癌组织及其对应类器官Cdx2,Ck20,Muc2,Ki67蛋白免疫组织化学染色

上排展示了肿瘤组织(CRC-1_T、CRC-2_T、CRC-3_T)的染色结果,下排为对应类器官(CRC-1_O、CRC-2_O、CRC-3_O)的染色;CRC-1_O、CRC-2_O、CRC-3_O分别对应患者编号1、2、3源性类器官,CRC-1_T、CRC-2_T、CRC-3_T别对应患者编号1、2、3结直肠癌组织。

, figureFileSmall=HZwR6OYdHrgbTHppiKwUfQ==, figureFileBig=ljErcMtBgV1oT7Vm+MCYjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885417497044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=STR test results of colorectal cancer tissues and corresponding organoids, figureFileSmall=UuqEECiTMYlB3kMtumrZwQ==, figureFileBig=dttnHXJt7qKIFx1dOKWkPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885476217301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=CN, label=图4, caption=结直肠癌组织及其对应类器官短串联重复序列(STR)测试结果, figureFileSmall=UuqEECiTMYlB3kMtumrZwQ==, figureFileBig=dttnHXJt7qKIFx1dOKWkPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885534937558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Drug sensitivity results of colorectal cancer organoids. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

FOLFIRI-5-fluorouracil+leucovorin+irinotecan; FOLFOX-5-fluorouracil+leucovorin+oxaliplatin; XELOX-5-fluorouracil+oxaliplatin; sLV5FU-5-fluorouracil+leucovorin.

, figureFileSmall=tYILZXXB+o0s4pFuaLV8kQ==, figureFileBig=0MsyXdQo5meZ3rgms7bSjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885597852119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=CN, label=图5, caption=结直肠癌类器官的药敏结果。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

FOLFIRI-氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙+伊立替康;FOLFOX-氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙+奥沙利铂;XELOX-氟尿嘧啶+奥沙利铂;sLV5FU-氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙。

, figureFileSmall=tYILZXXB+o0s4pFuaLV8kQ==, figureFileBig=0MsyXdQo5meZ3rgms7bSjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195390885656572376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Clinical information of colorectal cancer patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Patient ID Age/year Gender Pathological type Tumor stage Tumor differentiation Tumor budding grade
CRC-1 31 Male Ulcerative adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon pT3N1aMx Moderately differentiated G2 intermediate grade
CRC-2 68 Male Ulcerative adenocarcinoma of the rectum pT2N1aMx Moderately differentiated G1 low grade
CRC-3 51 Male Elevated adenocarcinoma of the colon pT4bN0Mx Moderately differentiated G1 low grade
), ArticleFig(id=1195390885719486937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195362269107368448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结直肠癌患者临床信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Patient ID Age/year Gender Pathological type Tumor stage Tumor differentiation Tumor budding grade
CRC-1 31 Male Ulcerative adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon pT3N1aMx Moderately differentiated G2 intermediate grade
CRC-2 68 Male Ulcerative adenocarcinoma of the rectum pT2N1aMx Moderately differentiated G1 low grade
CRC-3 51 Male Elevated adenocarcinoma of the colon pT4bN0Mx Moderately differentiated G1 low grade
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结直肠癌类器官模型的建立及其化疗药物敏感性初探
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刘盼 1 , 开洁静 2 , 赵青威 1, 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(8): 839-846
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(8): 839-846
结直肠癌类器官模型的建立及其化疗药物敏感性初探
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刘盼1, 开洁静2, 赵青威1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325035
  • 2 浙江省药物临床研究与评价技术重点实验室, 浙江省中药临床评价与转化研究中医药重点实验室, 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院临床药学部, 杭州 310003
  • 刘盼,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:临床药学、药物评价

通讯作者:

*赵青威,女,博士,主任药师,博士生导师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(0571)87236595
Establishment of Colorectal Cancer Organoid Model and Preliminary Exploration of Chemotherapeutic Drug Sensitivity
Pan LIU1, Jiejing KAI2, Qingwei ZHAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
  • 2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Clinical Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.008
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目的 本研究旨在建立并表征来源于患者的结直肠癌类器官模型,并通过该模型进行化疗药物敏感性检测,以评估其在预测患者化疗反应中的潜在价值。方法 从接受结直肠癌根治术的3例患者手术标本中获取肿瘤组织,通过机械和酶解处理分离肿瘤细胞,将细胞悬液与基质胶混合后接种于三维培养系统中。类器官的组织病理学特征通过苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和免疫组织化学分析进行验证,其遗传一致性则通过短串联重复序列分析确认,证明该模型能够反映患者内及患者间的肿瘤异质性。将临床常用化疗方案应用于类器官模型,通过CellTiter-Glo®3D细胞活力检测分析对化疗药物的敏感性。结果 所培养的结直肠癌类器官在组织病理学和遗传特征上与其来源肿瘤高度一致。药物敏感性试验结果表明,不同患者来源的类器官对常用化疗药物的敏感性存在差异。结论 本研究成功构建的结直肠癌类器官模型能够较好地再现对应来源肿瘤组织的组织学分型与遗传特征,且在体外化疗敏感性试验中具有较好的应用潜力。该模型可用于预测结直肠癌患者对化疗的反应,为个性化医疗提供了重要参考。

结直肠癌  /  类器官  /  组织学鉴定  /  药物测试  /  个性化治疗

OBJECTIVE This study aims to establish and characterize patient-derived colorectal cancer organoid models and evaluate their potential value in predicting chemotherapy responses through individualized drug sensitivity testing. METHODS Tumor tissues were obtained from surgical specimens of three patients who underwent radical surgery for colorectal cancer. Tumor cells were isolated through mechanical and enzymatic dissociation, and the resulting cell suspension was mixed with Matrigel and seeded into a three-dimensional culture system. The histopathological characteristics of the organoids were validated using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry, and their genetic consistency was confirmed by short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, demonstrating that this model could reflect both intra- and inter-patient tumor heterogeneity. Standard clinical chemotherapy regimens were applied to the organoid models, and drug sensitivity was assessed using the CellTiter-Glo® 3D cell viability assay. RESULTS The cultured colorectal cancer organoids closely resembled their originating tumors in terms of histopathological and genetic characteristics. Drug sensitivity testing indicated that organoids derived from different patients exhibited varied sensitivities to commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. CONCLUSION The colorectal cancer organoid model successfully established in this study closely recapitulates the histological classification and genetic features of the parent tumors and shows potential for application in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing. This model could be used to predict colorectal cancer patients’ responses to chemotherapy, providing valuable reference for personalized medicine.

colorectal cancer  /  organoids  /  histological identification  /  drug testing  /  personalized treatment
刘盼, 开洁静, 赵青威. 结直肠癌类器官模型的建立及其化疗药物敏感性初探. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (8) : 839 -846 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.008
Pan LIU, Jiejing KAI, Qingwei ZHAO. Establishment of Colorectal Cancer Organoid Model and Preliminary Exploration of Chemotherapeutic Drug Sensitivity[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (8) : 839 -846 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.008
根据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)2024年发布的最新数据,癌症目前是全球主要的死亡原因之一。2022年,全球新发癌症病例接近2 000万例,其中结直肠癌的发病率位居第三,死亡率位居第二[1]。结直肠癌在早期筛查和及时治疗后,其生存率可以显著提高。目前,结直肠癌的主要治疗方式是手术,辅以放疗和化疗。然而,随着化疗的进行,患者可能会出现不同程度的耐药性。此外,肿瘤异质性是大多数癌症的一个共同特征,这可能使结直肠癌患者的最佳治疗选择变得复杂[2]。因此,通过基础研究和进一步的临床转化研究来提高结直肠癌患者的生存率迫在眉睫。临床前肿瘤模型的构建在结直肠癌研究中具有重要意义。目前,这些模型包括细胞模型、患者来源的异种移植模型以及各种动物模型等[3]
肿瘤细胞系(primary cancer cell line,PDC)依然是当前肿瘤研究中使用较为广泛的一种模型。其优势在于获取和构建相对容易,成本较低,且实验周期较短。然而,细胞系在体外培养过程中,主要依赖于培养基提供的营养物质来维持生长和应对肿瘤治疗药物。这种营养供给方式与体内肿瘤的微环境存在显著差异,导致该模型在模拟人体肿瘤对药物的敏感性方面存在局限性[4]
相比之下,人源性肿瘤异种移植模型(patient-derived xenograft,PDX)通过将患者来源的肿瘤组织直接移植到免疫缺陷小鼠体内,以更好地保留肿瘤的异质性。这种模型避免了肿瘤在长期体外培养中发生的异质性丧失,因而在一定程度上更接近于患者体内的肿瘤特征。然而,由于小鼠的肿瘤细胞基质成分与人类存在显著差异,肿瘤在小鼠体内可能发生适应性进化,形成与人类肿瘤不同的特征[5]
自2009年首次成功在体外构建小肠类器官以来[6],类器官培养技术不断发展,已逐渐应用于肠道疾病研究。类器官是一种在体外培养的三维细胞团,可以来源于胚胎干细胞、多能干细胞或成体组织来源的干细胞。能够在体外模拟人体组织或肿瘤的生理结构和功能,并保留来源组织的特征[7-8]
结直肠癌类器官作为一种个性化的肿瘤模型,能够更为准确地模拟结直肠癌患者的疾病发生、发展和转移过程,预测患者对药物治疗的反应。结直肠癌类器官在临床前药物筛选和个性化治疗方案的反应预测方面显示出了巨大的应用潜力。本研究旨在建立来源于不同患者的结直肠癌类器官模型,开展针对化疗药物的筛选实验,为结直肠癌的基础研究与临床个性化治疗提供一种新型且具有生理相关性的实验模型。
本研究于2022年8月~2023年4月收集浙江大学医学院附属第一医院3例结直肠癌患者新鲜的肿瘤样本,其中1例为乙状结肠肿瘤,1例为直肠癌,1例为直乙交界处肿瘤。本研究已获得浙江大学医学院附属第一医院伦理委员会的批准(浙大一院伦审2023研第0558号-快)。
青霉素链霉素抗生素(货号:P1400,北京索莱宝公司);磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate-buffered saline,PBS,货号:BL302A,北京兰杰柯科技有限公司);基质胶(货号:3524,美国Corning公司);结直肠癌类器官培养试剂盒(货号:K102)、结直肠癌类器官药敏试剂盒(货号:22102101)、红细胞裂解液(货号:22070601)、化疗药物氟尿嘧啶(货号:AODEFA)、伊立替康(货号:APDEFC)、奥沙利铂(货号:AQDDNA)、亚叶酸钙(货号:DMDDGA)(广州创芯国际生物科技有限公司);二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO,货号:CR10944,浙江森瑞生物科技有限公司);细胞增殖相关蛋白Ki67抗体(货号:9129S,美国Cell Signaling Technology公司);黏蛋白2(mucin 2,Muc2)抗体(货号:1009676-12)、尾型同源框转录因子2(caudal-type homeobox transcription factor 2,Cdx2)抗体(货号:1000616-11)、细胞角蛋白 20(Cytokeratin 20,Ck20)抗体(货号:1016277-7)(美国Abcam公司);胰蛋白酶样酶(Trypsin-like enzyme express,货号:12605-010,美国Gbico Life Technologies公司)。
二氧化碳培养箱(型号:3111,美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司);倒置显微镜(型号:CKX53,日本奥林巴斯公司);多功能酶标仪(型号:Varioskan LUX全波长,美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)。
选取新鲜的组织样本或穿刺样本,将样本置于50 mL离心管中,用含有1×质量浓度青链双抗的PBS缓冲液清洗5~8次,去除非上皮组织、脂肪、坏死以及纤维化组织,尽量富集肿瘤细胞。用无菌手术剪将组织剪至1~2 mm3,加入3 mL组织消化液于37 ℃摇床中振荡消化,30 min在显微镜下观察一次,待组织消化为松散绒毛状结构时加入3倍消化液体积的PBS终止消化,离心去上清。加入5 mL的PBS重悬沉淀,使用100 μm细胞筛网过滤收集滤液,将滤液1 500 r·min-1,离心3 min,弃上清收获细胞沉淀。若观察到有明显的红细胞可加入2 mL的红细胞裂解液,室温静置2~5 min后,加入4 mL的PBS终止裂解,1 500 r·min-1,离心3 min,弃上清得到细胞沉淀。用预冷的结直肠癌类器官培养基重悬细胞沉淀,基质胶与细胞悬液按照1∶1的比例充分混合,按每滴约50 μL的体积接种于24孔板中,将接种后的24孔板放入CO2培养箱内37 ℃静置30 min,待其充分凝固。24孔板每孔加入500 μL的培养基,置于37 ℃,5%的CO2浓度条件下培养。每隔2~3 d更换1次培养液,一般10~14 d可对类器官进行传代。
将培养成功的结直肠癌类器官进行消化,向培养皿中加入凝胶消化液,将胶滴吹散,37 ℃消化2~5 min,每间隔2 min吹打类器官并在显微镜下观察,待观察到类器官消化成均一的含3~5个细胞的细胞团时,加入1.5倍凝胶消化液体积的PBS终止消化,然后1 200 r·min-1,3 min离心,弃上清后,用PBS重悬,再1 200 r·min-1,3 min离心,弃去上清,用200 μL结直肠癌类器官培养基重悬,细胞悬液与基质胶按1∶1的比例进行充分稀释混匀后,以10 μL每孔接种到384孔板中。完成后放置于培养箱30 min后,每孔加入54 μL结直肠癌类器官培养基。
苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin,HE)染色:将新鲜获取的结直肠癌组织及成功培养的类器官样本分别收集后,置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定2 h。固定后,样本经离心处理,弃去上清液后加入PBS保存。按常规脱水程序进行样本脱水处理,随后进行石蜡包埋并切片。石蜡切片经二甲苯脱蜡,逐级酒精水化后,使用苏木素染液染色细胞核,伊红染液染色细胞质,随后进行脱水和透明化处理。最终,切片以中性树脂封片,待干燥后使用倒置显微镜观察并记录图像。
免疫组织化学染色(immunohistochemistry,IHC):石蜡切片经脱蜡、水化后,使用3%过氧化氢处理以阻断内源性过氧化物酶活性,并通过高温高压抗原修复步骤进行抗原暴露,随后使用正常血清进行封闭。将抗体Ki67(1∶800稀释)、Muc2和Cdx2(各1∶4 000稀释)、Ck20(1∶400稀释)加入切片,于4 ℃下孵育过夜。次日,切片经PBS缓冲液冲洗3次后,按照浓缩型DAB显色试剂盒的说明进行染色,并使用苏木素进行复染。最后,切片经中性树脂封片,干燥后使用倒置显微镜进行图像拍摄与记录。
从结直肠癌患者的肿瘤组织中提取DNA,作为原始组织的STR样本,并从相应的体外培养类器官中提取DNA,作为类器官的STR样本。实验采用SiFaSTR23 plex试剂盒扩增21个STR位点以及性别鉴定的Amelogenin位点,使用ABI Prism 3130 XL基因分析仪对样品进行分析。数据处理采用GeneMapperID v3.2软件(Applied Biosystems)。在每次实验中均进行适当的阳性和阴性对照,以确保结果的准确性和可靠性。
本研究从接受外科手术的3例结直肠癌患者(表1)的手术标本获取部分新鲜肿瘤组织,用含有1×质量浓度青链双抗的PBS缓冲液清洗,去除非上皮组织,剪切,加入组织消化酶进行消化,最后与基质胶按比例混合进行种板,成功培养结直肠癌类器官。基质胶提供了类似于体内环境的三维结构,使得细胞能够在更加接近自然状态的环境中生长和分化,形成了结直肠癌类器官(图1)。此结直肠癌类器官可以持续生长并且传代扩增。
类器官通常被定义为由组织来源的成体干细胞或癌细胞通过自组织生长形成的三维上皮细胞团簇[8]。在本研究中,结直肠癌类器官成功展示了典型的腺体结构,其形态与原发肿瘤高度相似(图1)。通过光学显微镜的观察,不同患者来源的类器官展现出多样的形态特征。例如,患者02来源的类器官(CRC-2_Organoid)呈现为规则的球状或不规则的囊状结构,内部有明显的腔体,反映了腺体结构的典型特征。相较之下,患者03来源的类器官(CRC-3_Organoid)表现出细胞密集排列的实性结构,形态更接近原发肿瘤的紧密排列模式,表明类器官能够有效模拟肿瘤的致密组织特性。此外,患者01来源的类器官显示了囊性结构与实性结构的混合特征,形成了更为复杂的形态结构,这反映了该患者肿瘤的异质性。
为进一步验证类器官与其来源肿瘤组织的相似性,本研究将培养的结直肠癌类器官脱水并包埋,制成石蜡切片后进行HE染色,并与对应来源的肿瘤组织切片进行对比(图2)。HE染色结果显示,类器官的组织学特征与其来源的原发肿瘤组织高度相似,表现出一致的细胞排列、核形态以及细胞质结构。这些结果表明,所培养的类器官在形态和组织学上都能有效反映其来源肿瘤的原始特征,进一步支持了类器官作为结直肠癌体外模型的可靠性和代表性。
为进一步验证源自结直肠癌的类器官是否能够有效地概括对应来源肿瘤的组织学特征,本研究通过IHC染色,评估类器官与来源组织在病理学特征上的一致性。
Cdx2是肠道来源肿瘤的可靠标志物,常用于鉴别结直肠上皮细胞的分化状态。在本研究中,3位患者的肿瘤组织及其来源的结直肠癌类器官均表现出Cdx2的强阳性表达(图3),这表明这些类器官在体外培养过程中保留了结直肠癌上皮细胞的分化特性,与其对应来源肿瘤组织一致。Ck20是一种细胞角蛋白,特异性表达于结直肠上皮细胞及相关癌细胞中,是结直肠癌诊断中的关键标志物。IHC结果显示,3位患者肿瘤组织中的Ck20均呈现出强阳性表达,其来源的类器官中Ck20的表达情况与组织保持高度一致,进一步支持了类器官能够忠实反映其对应来源肿瘤组织的上皮特性。此外,Muc2是肠道杯状细胞分泌的黏蛋白,通常用于鉴别黏液型和非黏液型结直肠癌。IHC分析结果表明,3位患者肿瘤组织中 Muc2的表达均为阴性,提示其肿瘤均为非黏液型结直肠癌。与此一致,所有患者来源的类器官中 Muc2的表达也均为阴性,进一步验证了类器官在黏液分泌表型上的一致性。Ki67是广泛应用于评估细胞增殖活性的标志物,其表达水平能够反映肿瘤的增殖状态。在本研究中,3位患者的肿瘤组织及其来源类器官中的Ki67表达情况完全一致,均呈现出中等程度的阳性表达(图3),这表明类器官的细胞增殖活性与其对应来源肿瘤组织相符。
综上所述,根据Cdx2、Ck20、Muc2和Ki67的免疫组织化学结果,结直肠癌类器官在组织病理学特征上与其对应来源肿瘤组织高度一致。这表明类器官不仅能在体外保留原发肿瘤的分化特性与增殖活性,还能够作为结直肠癌研究中可靠的体外模型,为进一步的个体化治疗研究提供了坚实基础。
为进一步评估培养的结直肠癌类器官与其来源组织的遗传学一致性,本研究使用STR分析技术,对类器官及其来源组织进行了基因鉴定。分析结果表明,所培养的结直肠癌类器官及其来源组织样本均来自同一来源个体,具有极高的匹配概率。似然比(likelihood ratio,LR)的计算基于STR位点的基因型匹配结果。对于每个STR位点,计算其在目标群体中的基因型出现概率,并将所有位点的出现概率相乘,得到样本的总体匹配概率见公式1:
LR=$\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{同}\mathrm{一}\mathrm{来}\mathrm{源}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{不}\mathrm{同}\mathrm{来}\mathrm{源}}}$
P同一来源表示类器官与来源组织样本在所有STR位点均匹配的概率,而P不同来源表示类器官与随机个体在相同位点均匹配的概率。
在本研究中,基于这些位点的计算得出了CRC-1_Organoid及其来源组织样本CRC-1_Tissue的LR为2.179 1×1030,表明该类器官与来源组织在基因型上的匹配度极高,具有极大的遗传学一致性。此外,这些样品的基因型未与 ExPASy STR 数据库中的任何已知基因型匹配。这些结果表明,实验中使用的细胞模型具有良好的基因纯度和可追溯性。对类器官样本CRC-2_Organoid及其来源组织样本CRC-2_Tissue进行了STR分析(图4),此次分析覆盖了21个STR位点以及性别鉴定位点Amelogenin。结果显示,类器官样本与其来源组织在大多数STR位点上呈现出完全一致的基因型匹配,尤其是在D3S1358D5S818TPOX等位点上,两者的基因型完全相同。尽管在个别位点(如D7S820D18S51)存在轻微的差异,这些差异并未显著影响样本的总体基因型一致性。通过对数据进行统计分析,计算出的LR为3.466 7×1029,这一极高的值进一步证明了CRC-2_Organoid和CRC-2_Tissue样本来自同一位个体的结论。
此外,针对另一组样本CRC-3_Organoid与其来源组织CRC-3_Tissue的STR分析,结果同样显示出高度一致性。本研究在这组样本中使用了相同的21个STR位点和性别鉴定位点,分析结果表明,CRC-3_O与CRC-3_T在所有检测的位点上基因型完全一致,包括D3S1358D5S818TPOX等位点,表明两者在遗传学上具有高度相似性。进一步计算的LR为3.480 4×1027,支持了两者均来源于同一位个体的结论。这种高度一致的STR结果排除了样本间交叉污染的可能性,确保了类器官与来源组织之间的遗传学一致性。
为评估结直肠癌类器官(patient-derived organoids, PDOs)在预测个体化化疗反应中的应用潜力,本研究选取3例来源于结直肠癌患者的PDOs,并在其早期传代阶段(第1~2代)开展体外药物敏感性筛选实验。设计中选用4种临床常用化疗方案,分别为FOLFIRI(氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙+伊立替康)、FOLFOX(氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙+奥沙利铂)、XELOX(氟尿嘧啶+奥沙利铂)及sLV5FU(氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙)。各方案中药物按临床推荐比例(1∶1或1∶1∶1)混合后制备联合用药处理液,作为药敏实验中的组合治疗方案使用。
为增强体外筛选体系的临床相关性,药物处理浓度以组合方案中主要药物在治疗窗内的最大血药浓度(cmax)为基准进行归一化设定。将cmax定义为归一化浓度1,最高处理浓度设为4×cmax,其余以4倍递减方式设定共6个浓度梯度,分别为4、1、0.25、0.062 5、0.015 625和0.003 906 25(均为×cmax)。PDOs经药物处理96 h后,采用CellTiter-Glo®3D细胞活力检测试剂盒测定相对细胞存活率,并绘制剂量-反应曲线评估药物响应。
实验结果显示,不同PDOs在各化疗方案处理下均表现出不同程度的细胞活力抑制反应(图5)。进一步通过拟合剂量-反应曲线,分析各类器官对不同方案的响应差异。图5柱状图展示了每种化疗方案在不同PDOs中观测到的最大抑制率,反映了各方案在所测试浓度范围内所能达到的最强抑制效应。需指出,该最大抑制率为各治疗条件下所有血药浓度中观察到的最强效应汇总,并不均对应于最高处理浓度。图5显示,患者01对4种用药方案都表现出了很高的敏感性,其最大抑制率均>90%。患者02对FOLFOX、XELOX、sLV5FU方案表现出了耐受,对FOLFIRI方案表现出了良好的敏感性。患者03同样在4种方案中表现出对FOLFIRI方案反应最佳,对FOLFOX、XELOX方案反应一般,但稍优于患者02的反应敏感性。且患者02、03均表现出对sLV5FU方案的耐受性。
结直肠癌的全球发病率和死亡率持续上升[1]。尽管目前的标准化疗方案在部分患者中表现出一定疗效,但仍有相当一部分结直肠癌患者对这些常规治疗反应不佳,导致有效的治疗选择极为有限。这些患者往往面临化疗耐药性的问题,无法从现有的治疗手段中获益。更为复杂的是,结直肠癌患者之间的治疗反应存在显著差异,这不仅反映在不同患者之间的肿瘤异质性,也包括同一患者体内肿瘤细胞群之间的异质性[9-11]。这种肿瘤间和肿瘤内的高度异质性提示个体化治疗策略的重要性。
尽管传统化疗药物和基于基因突变的靶向治疗在某些情况下取得了积极的疗效,突变分析也在选择治疗策略中具有一定的重要性,但单靠突变分析不足以预测所有患者的治疗反应。具有相似突变特征的患者可能表现出截然不同的药物反应,这进一步突显了根据患者个体特征制定个性化治疗方案的必要性[12]。基于人源肿瘤的类器官技术为克服以往癌症模型的局限性,提供了一个具有转化潜力的模型系统[13]。然而,个性化模型平台的关键挑战之一在于,类器官模型能否保持原始肿瘤的病理和遗传特征,并对相应的治疗手段表现出与患者原肿瘤一致的敏感性。研究表明,类器官在结构上与原位肿瘤具有高度相似性,能够更好地保留其组织病理学特征,包括肿瘤的分子分型及增殖标记物的表达等。这些特性使类器官成为研究肿瘤异质性及药物反应的理想模型[14-16]
研究中构建的结直肠癌类器官模型成功保留了其来源肿瘤的组织学特征,还可以快速进行高通量筛药得出药敏结果,预测患者对新的治疗方案的反应,包括化疗与靶向药物的联合应用,可以真正实现肿瘤的个体化治疗[14-16]
在本项研究中,所构建的结直肠癌类器官模型成功地保留了其原始肿瘤的组织学特性,并在药物筛选过程中展现了对多种药物组合的敏感性,为预测患者对临床常规化疗方案的反应提供了新的研究工具。基于这些类器官模型,所筛选出的联合用药方案为个体化治疗的实施提供了有力的实验基础。在研究结果中观察到,不同患者对同一药物治疗方案的反应存在差异,例如,患者02和患者03均显示出对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)药物的耐受性,而患者01则对5-Fu表现出较高的敏感性。不同治疗方案对同一患者的效果各异,例如,患者02对FOLFOX、XELOX、sLV5FU方案显示出耐受性,而对FOLFIRI方案则表现出较高的敏感性。这是由于结直肠癌肿瘤的高度异质性特征,即不同患者之间的肿瘤存在显著差异,且即便在同一患者体内,肿瘤内部亦表现出高度的异质性[17-19]。肿瘤的异质性导致了不同患者表现出了对同一治疗方案反应的显著差异,同时,在同一患者体内,肿瘤内部的异质性亦导致了治疗敏感与耐药细胞的共存,而耐药细胞的存在则可能引起治疗后肿瘤的残留、转移及复发[20]。因此,在治疗结直肠癌的过程中,选取高敏感性的化疗方案显得尤为重要。本研究构建了一种基于患者来源的结直肠癌类器官的预测模型,该模型能够精确预测结直肠癌患者的预后情况,从而为结直肠癌的精准治疗提供支持。尽管如此,本研究仍存在一些不足和局限性。首先,由于类器官建库成本高昂,研究资金受到限制,本研究所使用的结直肠癌类器官生物样本库仅包含3例类器官,样本数量相对较少。未来的研究应当致力于增加样本量,以进一步提升模型的准确性和可靠性。
总之,本研究成功开发了基于类器官的药物筛选平台,证明了类器官模型在指导结直肠癌患者个体化治疗中的潜在应用价值。该平台有望在未来临床实践中被广泛应用,为难治性结直肠癌患者提供个性化的治疗选择。
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2025年第60卷第8期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.08.008
  • 接收时间:2024-10-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-29
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作者信息
    1 温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325035
    2 浙江省药物临床研究与评价技术重点实验室, 浙江省中药临床评价与转化研究中医药重点实验室, 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院临床药学部, 杭州 310003

通讯作者:

*赵青威,女,博士,主任药师,博士生导师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(0571)87236595
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2025.08.008
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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