Article(id=1195009887248826998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)09-0923-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.09.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762842159330, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762842159330, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762842159330, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762842159330, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195009883369091469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='9', pageStart='893', pageEnd='1004', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762842158405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762846632399, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195028649066893312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195028649071087617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=923, endPage=932, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195009887466930813, articleId=1195009887248826998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress and Thinking of Mineral Chinese Medicine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mineral Chinese medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine.Due to resources,sources,history and other reasons,compared with the research of plant and animal medicine,the research of mineral Chinese medicine has been slow for a long time.Based on ancient materia medica,modern monographs,Chinese pharmacopoeia and domestic and foreign literature,the definition,classification,varieties,quality control,processing and analysis methods of mineral Chinese medicine were reviewed,and the main problems, research and development suggestion are put forward.The purpose is to provide reference for the sustainable utilization of mineral Chinese medicine resources,the in-depth study of mineral Chinese medicine and the promotion of the development of mineral Chinese medicine in our country.

, correspAuthors=Yongqiang LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lin LIN, Guangzhen LIU, Xiaoying REN, Li ZHANG, Lejun TAN, Fengrui YU, Guixue MEI, Yongqiang LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195010189880443803, articleId=1195009887248826998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=矿物类中药的研究进展和思考, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

矿物药是我国传统中药的重要组成部分。由于资源、来源、历史等多方面的原因,相较于植物药和动物药研究,长期以来矿物药研究进展缓慢。综合古代本草、近现代专著、历版中国药典以及国内外文献,从矿物药的定义、分类、品种、质量控制、炮制、分析方法等方面进行综述,并对存在的主要问题及其研究与发展提出建议。旨在为我国矿物药资源的可持续利用,矿物药的深入研究,以及推动我国矿物药的发展提供参考。

, correspAuthors=林永强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林永强,男,博士,主任药师,博士生导师 研究方向:中药质量 Tel:(0531)81216503
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林林,女,硕士,主任药师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药质量

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林林,女,硕士,主任药师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药质量

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林林,女,硕士,主任药师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药质量

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矿物药 来源 性状 鉴别 检查 含量测定
朱砂 为硫化物类矿物辰砂族辰砂,主含硫化汞(HgS) 铁、二价汞 含硫化汞(HgS)不得少于96.0%
红粉 为红氧化汞(HgO) 亚汞化合物、氯化物 含氧化汞(HgO)不得少于99.0%
轻粉 为氯化亚汞(Hg2Cl2) 升汞、汞珠、炽灼残渣 含氯化亚汞(Hg2Cl2)不得少于99.0%
石膏 为硫酸盐类矿物石膏族石膏,主含含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O) 重金属、砷盐 含含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O)不得少于95.0%。
煅石膏 为石膏的炮制品 - 重金属 含硫酸钙(CaSO4)不得少于92.0%[1g硫酸钙(CaSO4)相当于含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O) 1.26 g]
紫石英 为氟化物类矿物萤石族萤石,主含氟化钙(CaF2) - 含氟化钠(CaF2)不得少于85.0%
钟乳石 为碳酸盐类矿物方解石族方解石,主含碳酸钙(CaCO3) - 含碳酸钙(CaCO3)不得少于95.0%
花蕊石 为变质岩类岩石蛇纹大理岩,主含碳酸钙(CaCO3) - 含碳酸钙(CaCO3)不得少于40.0%
滑石 为硅酸盐类矿物滑石族滑石,主含含水硅酸镁[Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2] - -
滑石粉 为滑石经精选净制、粉碎、干燥制成 酸碱度、水中可溶物、酸中可溶物、铁盐、炽灼失重、重金属、砷盐 含硅酸镁[Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2]不得少于88.0%
青礞石 为变质岩类黑云母片岩或绿泥石化云母碳酸盐片岩 - - -
金礞石 为变质岩类蛭石片岩或水黑云母片岩 - -
赤石脂 为硅酸盐类矿物多水高岭石族多水高岭石,主含四水硅酸铝〔Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8·4H2O〕 - - -
芒硝 为硫酸盐类矿物芒硝族芒硝,经加工精制而成的结晶体。主含含水硫酸钠(Na2SO4·10H2O) 铁盐与锌盐、镁盐、氯化物、干燥失重、重金属、砷盐、酸碱度 按干燥品计算,含硫酸钠(Na2SO4)不得少于99.0%
玄明粉 为芒硝经风化干燥制得。主含硫酸钠(Na2SO4) 铁盐与锌盐、镁盐、氯化物,重金属,砷盐,酸碱度 按干燥品计算,含硫酸钠(Na2SO4)不得少于99.0%
大青盐 为卤化物类石盐族湖盐结晶体,主含氯化钠(NaCl) - 含氯化钠(NaCl)不得少于97.0%
自然铜 为硫化物类矿物黄铁矿族黄铁矿,主含二硫化铁(FeS2) - 含铁(Fe)应为40.0%~55.0%
磁石 为氧化物类矿物尖晶石族磁铁矿,主含四氧化三铁(Fe3O4) - 含铁(Fe)不得少于50.0%
皂矾 为硫酸盐类矿物水绿矾族水绿矾的矿石。主含含水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O) 铁盐 含含水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O)不得少于85.0%
禹余粮 为氢氧化物类矿物褐铁矿,主含碱式氧化铁〔FeO(OH)〕 - -
赭石 为氧化物类矿物刚玉族赤铁矿,主含三氧化二铁(Fe2O3) - 含铁(Fe)不得少于45.0%
雄黄 为硫化物类矿物雄黄族雄黄,主含二硫化二砷(AS2S2) 三价砷和五价砷 含砷量以二硫化二砷(As2S2)计,不得少于90.0%
炉甘石 为碳酸盐类矿物方解石族菱锌矿,主含碳酸锌(ZnCO3) - 按干燥品计算,含氧化锌(ZnO)不得少于40.0%
硫黄 为自然元素类矿物硫族自然硫,采挖后,加热熔化,除去杂质;或用含硫矿物经加工制得 - 含硫(S)不得少于98.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1195061473434148873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009887248826998, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

《中国药典》2020年版收载矿物药标准情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物药 来源 性状 鉴别 检查 含量测定
朱砂 为硫化物类矿物辰砂族辰砂,主含硫化汞(HgS) 铁、二价汞 含硫化汞(HgS)不得少于96.0%
红粉 为红氧化汞(HgO) 亚汞化合物、氯化物 含氧化汞(HgO)不得少于99.0%
轻粉 为氯化亚汞(Hg2Cl2) 升汞、汞珠、炽灼残渣 含氯化亚汞(Hg2Cl2)不得少于99.0%
石膏 为硫酸盐类矿物石膏族石膏,主含含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O) 重金属、砷盐 含含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O)不得少于95.0%。
煅石膏 为石膏的炮制品 - 重金属 含硫酸钙(CaSO4)不得少于92.0%[1g硫酸钙(CaSO4)相当于含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O) 1.26 g]
紫石英 为氟化物类矿物萤石族萤石,主含氟化钙(CaF2) - 含氟化钠(CaF2)不得少于85.0%
钟乳石 为碳酸盐类矿物方解石族方解石,主含碳酸钙(CaCO3) - 含碳酸钙(CaCO3)不得少于95.0%
花蕊石 为变质岩类岩石蛇纹大理岩,主含碳酸钙(CaCO3) - 含碳酸钙(CaCO3)不得少于40.0%
滑石 为硅酸盐类矿物滑石族滑石,主含含水硅酸镁[Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2] - -
滑石粉 为滑石经精选净制、粉碎、干燥制成 酸碱度、水中可溶物、酸中可溶物、铁盐、炽灼失重、重金属、砷盐 含硅酸镁[Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2]不得少于88.0%
青礞石 为变质岩类黑云母片岩或绿泥石化云母碳酸盐片岩 - - -
金礞石 为变质岩类蛭石片岩或水黑云母片岩 - -
赤石脂 为硅酸盐类矿物多水高岭石族多水高岭石,主含四水硅酸铝〔Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8·4H2O〕 - - -
芒硝 为硫酸盐类矿物芒硝族芒硝,经加工精制而成的结晶体。主含含水硫酸钠(Na2SO4·10H2O) 铁盐与锌盐、镁盐、氯化物、干燥失重、重金属、砷盐、酸碱度 按干燥品计算,含硫酸钠(Na2SO4)不得少于99.0%
玄明粉 为芒硝经风化干燥制得。主含硫酸钠(Na2SO4) 铁盐与锌盐、镁盐、氯化物,重金属,砷盐,酸碱度 按干燥品计算,含硫酸钠(Na2SO4)不得少于99.0%
大青盐 为卤化物类石盐族湖盐结晶体,主含氯化钠(NaCl) - 含氯化钠(NaCl)不得少于97.0%
自然铜 为硫化物类矿物黄铁矿族黄铁矿,主含二硫化铁(FeS2) - 含铁(Fe)应为40.0%~55.0%
磁石 为氧化物类矿物尖晶石族磁铁矿,主含四氧化三铁(Fe3O4) - 含铁(Fe)不得少于50.0%
皂矾 为硫酸盐类矿物水绿矾族水绿矾的矿石。主含含水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O) 铁盐 含含水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O)不得少于85.0%
禹余粮 为氢氧化物类矿物褐铁矿,主含碱式氧化铁〔FeO(OH)〕 - -
赭石 为氧化物类矿物刚玉族赤铁矿,主含三氧化二铁(Fe2O3) - 含铁(Fe)不得少于45.0%
雄黄 为硫化物类矿物雄黄族雄黄,主含二硫化二砷(AS2S2) 三价砷和五价砷 含砷量以二硫化二砷(As2S2)计,不得少于90.0%
炉甘石 为碳酸盐类矿物方解石族菱锌矿,主含碳酸锌(ZnCO3) - 按干燥品计算,含氧化锌(ZnO)不得少于40.0%
硫黄 为自然元素类矿物硫族自然硫,采挖后,加热熔化,除去杂质;或用含硫矿物经加工制得 - 含硫(S)不得少于98.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1195061473526423562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009887248826998, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有毒矿物 品种数 设置含量测定项品种数
红粉 3 0
朱砂 71 17
轻粉 2 0
雄黄 38 1
硫黄 1 0
枯矾 10 1
硇砂 4 0
硝石 7 0
), ArticleFig(id=1195061473635475467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009887248826998, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

《中国药典》2020年版收载的含有毒性矿物药的中成药

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有毒矿物 品种数 设置含量测定项品种数
红粉 3 0
朱砂 71 17
轻粉 2 0
雄黄 38 1
硫黄 1 0
枯矾 10 1
硇砂 4 0
硝石 7 0
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矿物类中药的研究进展和思考
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林林 1 , 刘广桢 1 , 任小英 2 , 张利 3 , 谭乐俊 1 , 于凤蕊 1 , 梅桂雪 1 , 林永强 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025,60(9): 923-932
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025, 60(9): 923-932
矿物类中药的研究进展和思考
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林林1, 刘广桢1, 任小英2, 张利3, 谭乐俊1, 于凤蕊1, 梅桂雪1, 林永强1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东省食品药品检验研究院, 山东省中药标准创新与质量评价工程实验室, 济南 250101
  • 2 天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617
  • 3 山东中医药大学药物研究院, 济南 250355
  • 林林,女,硕士,主任药师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药质量

通讯作者:

*林永强,男,博士,主任药师,博士生导师 研究方向:中药质量 Tel:(0531)81216503
Research Progress and Thinking of Mineral Chinese Medicine
Lin LIN1, Guangzhen LIU1, Xiaoying REN2, Li ZHANG3, Lejun TAN1, Fengrui YU1, Guixue MEI1, Yongqiang LIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Standard Innovation and Quality Evaluation of TCM, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China
  • 2 School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
  • 3 Institude of Pharmaceutical Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.004
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矿物药是我国传统中药的重要组成部分。由于资源、来源、历史等多方面的原因,相较于植物药和动物药研究,长期以来矿物药研究进展缓慢。综合古代本草、近现代专著、历版中国药典以及国内外文献,从矿物药的定义、分类、品种、质量控制、炮制、分析方法等方面进行综述,并对存在的主要问题及其研究与发展提出建议。旨在为我国矿物药资源的可持续利用,矿物药的深入研究,以及推动我国矿物药的发展提供参考。

矿物药  /  质量控制  /  分析技术  /  发展建议

Mineral Chinese medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine.Due to resources,sources,history and other reasons,compared with the research of plant and animal medicine,the research of mineral Chinese medicine has been slow for a long time.Based on ancient materia medica,modern monographs,Chinese pharmacopoeia and domestic and foreign literature,the definition,classification,varieties,quality control,processing and analysis methods of mineral Chinese medicine were reviewed,and the main problems, research and development suggestion are put forward.The purpose is to provide reference for the sustainable utilization of mineral Chinese medicine resources,the in-depth study of mineral Chinese medicine and the promotion of the development of mineral Chinese medicine in our country.

mineral Chinese medicine  /  quality control  /  analytical technique  /  development suggestion
林林, 刘广桢, 任小英, 张利, 谭乐俊, 于凤蕊, 梅桂雪, 林永强. 矿物类中药的研究进展和思考. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (9) : 923 -932 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.004
Lin LIN, Guangzhen LIU, Xiaoying REN, Li ZHANG, Lejun TAN, Fengrui YU, Guixue MEI, Yongqiang LIN. Research Progress and Thinking of Mineral Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (9) : 923 -932 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.004
矿物药在我国使用历史悠久,公元前475年前《山海经》即有矿物药的记载,是将矿物作为药用的最早记载。在我国传统中医药的应用历史中,矿物药是各族人民在生存过程中观察和积累的实践医疗经验总结,是古人留下的宝贵财富,极具特色。目前,矿物药的治疗范围涉及内、外、妇、儿、五官各科,临床疗效显著,是我国传统中医药体系不可缺少的重要组成部分。
但相对于植物药和动物药,矿物药由于来源复杂,并且多数有伴生矿物,再加上同名异物等基原混乱问题,矿物药的研究发展缓慢,仍处于不断发展探索的阶段。深入了解矿物药的研究现状、存在的问题,以及未来的发展趋势,对矿物药以及我国中医药事业的发展具有重要意义。本实验综合古代本草,近现代地质学和药学专著,历版中国药典和地方中药材、饮片标准,以及国内外文献,从矿物药的定义、分类、品种、质量控制、炮制、分析方法等方面进行综述,并对存在的主要问题及其研究与发展提出建议。旨在为我国矿物药资源的可持续利用,矿物药的深入研究,以及推动我国矿物药的发展提供参考。
在传统医药学中,矿物药是指以矿物组分为主的药材,包括大量无机矿物和少数自然产出的有机矿物或有机岩(如琥珀、地沥青)以及人工制品。目前较为规范和认可度较高的矿物药定义是指以原矿物(朱砂、炉甘石、自然铜等)、矿物原料的加工品(轻粉、芒硝等)以及动物或动物骨骼的化石(龙骨、龙齿等)入药的一类中药[1-2]。但实际中,矿物药尚包括具有医疗价值的岩石(含矿石)、土壤等,且树脂或植物化石、矿泉等矿物药尚不包含于该定义之中,如琥珀、松化石、温泉、矿泉等。Wang等[3]提出矿物药是矿物类中药材的简称,包括天然矿物、生物类化石、矿物加工品及矿物的化学制品。
Liu等[8]在长期对矿物药研究的经验基础上,结合现代文献及矿物药的实际应用情况[4-10],提出目前较为全面的矿物药概念[11]:矿物药是指在中医药理论指导下,源于药用矿物资源或以其为主要原料加工获得的人工制品或化学制品,以及由其他植物或动物组织经加工提炼形成的以无机物为主要组成的药用原料等用于防治疾病的物质。矿物药尚可包括可用于医疗目的的、自然形成的含矿物质的水资源(如矿泉、温泉、海水等),以及人类在生产活动中产生的副产物(如铁落、升药底、伏龙肝等)。以药用矿物资源为主要原料的人工制品或化学制品是指对其经过浓缩、精制、煅制、炼制等加工处理而成的药用物质,如食盐、芒硝、咸秋石、红粉等。
矿物药的分类是矿物药理论研究的一项重要内容,自古至今分类方法各不相同。《神农本草经》[12]按功效将中药进行分类,分为上、中、下3品,矿物药也被分为3品,并被列为各品之首。《本草经集注》[13]将矿物药单列为“玉石部”。《本草纲目》[14]将矿物药主要记述在水部、土部、金石部中,其中金石部又分为“金、玉、石、卤”4类。现代的分类依据包括矿物来源、岩石学和中医药学等,主要分类方法包括以下几种[11]
矿物学上通常根据所含主要成分的阴离子进行分类,《中国药典》2020年版和《中药鉴定学》收载矿物药来源均按此进行分类。药用矿物资源大致可以分为9类:自然元素类、硫化物类、卤化物类、氧化物和氢氧化物类、碳酸盐类、硫酸盐类、硼酸盐类、硅酸盐类、其他有机物类。
通常认为矿物药中阳离子对药效作用更加重要,故《中华本草》《中药大辞典》等均按阳离子对矿物药进行分类,大致可以分为含钠化合物、钾化合物、铵化合物、镁化合物、钙化合物、铝化合物、硅化合物、锰化合物、铁化合物、铜化合物、锌化合物、砷化合物、汞化合物、铅化合物、自然元素和其他共16类。
根据中医临床应用,可以将矿物药分为清热、泻下、利水、止血、活血化瘀、化痰止咳平喘、安神、平肝熄风、补虚、收涩、涌吐、解毒杀虫、燥湿止痒、拔毒化腐生肌等类。
另外,还可以按矿物、岩石、化石等类型进行分类,分为原生矿物类、原生无机岩石类、原生可燃性有机岩类、古生物化石类、水类、土类、其他类;按金属、非金属进行分类,分为天然金属矿物类、天然非金属矿物类、岩石类、古生物化石类、其他类等;按给药途径,分为内服和外用2类;根据来源于天然或人工制品情况分为仅来源于天然的矿物药、仅来源于人工制品(含副产物)或化学制品的矿物药和来源于天然或人工制品及间接得到的矿物药等[11]
对不同时期具有代表性的古代本草[12-19]:《五十二病方》《神农本草经》《本草经集注》《新修本草》《本草拾遗》《本草衍义》《本草纲目》和《本草纲目拾遗》进行统计,涉及矿物药约367种。对新中国成立以来出版的矿物药专著[20-29]进行统计,涉及矿物药约241种。对现代主要药学著作[30-32]收载的矿物药品种进行统计,《全国中草药汇编》46种、《中药大辞典》106种、《中华本草》(第二卷)112种,共计123种。
从1953年版至2020年版,历版《中国药典》[33-43]累计收载矿物药品种39种,其中1953年版仅收载3种,1963年版达到30种,1977年版最高达到33种,自1985年版开始趋于平稳,维持在21~25种,近3版品种数及品种均无变化,均为25种。全部品种包括:大青盐、云母石、石灰华、石膏、龙齿、龙骨、白矾(明矾)、白陶土、玄明粉、玄精石、芒硝、朱砂、伏龙肝、自然铜、阳起石、红粉、赤石脂、花蕊石、皂矾(绿矾)、青礞石、金礞石、炉甘石、轻粉、钟乳石、禹粮土、禹余粮(禹粮石)、胆矾、浮石、硇砂(白硇砂)、硫黄、琥珀、雄黄、紫石英、滑石、滑石粉、煅石膏、碱花、磁石、赭石。其中白陶土仅在1953年版收载;伏龙肝仅在1963年版收载;云母石、石灰华、龙齿、禹粮土、浮石、碱花仅在1977年版收载;琥珀在1963年版和1977年版收载。
作为药典的补充,《卫生部药品标准》中药材第一册[44]收载了矿物药灵砂、密陀僧、南寒水石、北寒水石、阳起石、阴起石、浮石、金精石、石燕、石蟹、无名异和云母石12种。藏药分册[45]正文部分收载矿物药石灰华、大青盐、光明盐、紫硇砂、碱花、火硝、硼砂和松石8种,附录收载品种中含矿物药11种;维吾尔药分册[46]收载矿物药青金石、白石脂、龙骨和红宝石4种。中药成方制剂各册附录收载有白石脂、胭脂粉、银朱、皂矾、升底药、伏龙肝、针砂、秋石、银硝和软滑石10种矿物药。
矿物药在民族传统医药中是不可缺少的一部分。当前有据可考的资料,我国约有20个少数民族使用矿物药,主要分布于西南地区。藏族使用种类最多,涉及140种,占全部少数民族矿物药使用的86%;蒙古族50种,维吾尔族40种,朝鲜族23种,彝族18种,傣族15种,侗族12种,土家族11种,其他少数民族矿物药使用较少[47-48]。虽然民族药中矿物药品种较多,但是多数品种仅为文献记载,在部分民族地区民间流通使用,尚无正式的标准,未被国家和地方标准正式收载。综合同名异物、异名同物情况,目前国家药品标准收载的矿物药品种仅70余种,各省级地方标准收载矿物药品种100余种[48]
矿物药多收载于上世纪药材标准中,近年编撰的现行标准中,包含的矿物药种类逐渐减少,部分地方标准甚至无矿物药。现行《中国药典》2020年版共收载了25个矿物药品种的标准,可以认为是目前最为权威、质量控制最为全面的法定矿物药标准,标准具体情况见表1
现行的矿物药标准虽然按基原、性状、鉴别、检查和含量测定等项目进行了较为全面的质量控制,但是矿物药的检查一般都是针对其中含有的金属元素的检查,比如铁、铜、镁、重金属等;含量测定一般是针对其含有的化学成分进行测定。矿物药本身的成分基本就是矿物质盐类成分,其本身的性质限制了难以像植物药一样进行全方位、多方向的研究,标准项目的专属性、可控性、针对性、创新性均较差。主要在以下几个方面存在问题:
由于历史和使用地域的问题,矿物药的同名异物和同物异名现象比较严重。地方标准中经常存在同名不同基原的情况,如《湖南省中药材标准》(2009年版)《山东省中药材标准》(2012年版)和《北京市中药材标准》(1998年版)的“铜绿”非同一种矿物药;鹅管石在《贵州省中药材、民族药材质量标准》(2003年版)中为腔肠动物枇杷珊瑚科动物丛生盔形、粗糙盔形等珊瑚的石灰质骨骼,而山东、广西、四川、北京等药材标准中收载的鹅管石为碳酸盐类矿物方解石的细管状集合体[48]
另外,矿物药的采收方法一般为:全年均可采收,挖出后除去杂质。药用矿物存在特殊的共生、伴生现象,一种矿物的出现往往伴随着其他矿物的存在,如矿物药自然铜与辰砂、雄黄与雌黄、锡石与毒砂、紫石英与方解石的空间共生关系。采收一种矿物药时,可能携带其他有害或者无用矿物,现行标准中的处理方法不够科学完善[48]。而且,矿物药的来源描述较为简单,如红粉仅描述为红氧化汞(HgO);轻粉描述为氯化亚汞(Hg2Cl2),并未进行具体描述。传统的矿物药均来自天然矿物,如不规定来源,可能存在以化学合成品代替使用的可能,使临床使用的安全性不能得到保障。
历代本草对矿物药的鉴定多依赖于外观性状,包括形状、色泽、表面特征、质地、断面、硬度、气味、透明度、质感、解理、比重及有无磁性等,主观性较强,需要研究人员具有丰富的经验,否则不容易判定;若是混入外观相似的药材,则需要借助更精确的方法来进行检测。
现行标准对于矿物药的鉴别十分简单,多采用理化反应进行。如龙骨、方解石、理石、南寒水石、青礞石、钟乳石等的鉴别,均以“滴入稀盐酸产生气泡”为依据,而矿石中只要伴生碳酸钙成分,均有此反应。部分标准中甚至以“滴入稀盐酸,不冒气泡”为鉴别依据,自然铜、禹余粮、无名异、朱砂、明矾等不含碳酸钙成分的品种,均可以满足该要求。理化鉴别无法对矿物药品种进行有效的鉴别和区分,专属性较差。
药用矿物属于地质学中的岩矿范畴,鉴别方法也应结合岩矿鉴定体系,而目前的矿物药标准均未对原生矿物药进行针对性的岩矿性状描述,同时缺乏偏光显微镜鉴定这一重要鉴定方法,理想的鉴别方法应综合偏光显微镜鉴别和化学鉴别等方法。
由于矿物药中大多含有容易反应的阳离子和阴离子,因此《中国药典》2020年版一部中矿物药的含量测定方法基本均为滴定法。滴定法利用的是标准溶液与被测物质的反应来计算被测组分的含量,该方法操作简便,容易上手,但是弊端也很明显,比如终点颜色判断、体积读数时都容易存在误差,而且滴定液的加入量、加入时间、反应时间,以及指示剂的加入量和反应时间,甚至摇瓶等因素都可能会影响到滴定结果的准确性,从而导致测定结果不准确,导致临床用药的风险性增加,尤其对于朱砂等毒性药材。
以石膏为例,《中国药典》2020年版一部中收载的含量测定方法为:取本品细粉约0.2 g,精密称定,置锥形瓶中,加稀盐酸10 mL,加热使溶解,加水100 mL与甲基红指示液1滴,滴加氢氧化钾试液至溶液显浅黄色,再继续多加5 mL,加钙黄绿素指示剂少量,用乙二胺四醋酸二钠滴定液(0.05 mol·L-1)滴定,至溶液的黄绿色荧光消失,并显橙色。每1 mL乙二胺四乙酸二钠滴定液(0.05 mol·L-1)相当于8.608 mg的含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O)。本品含含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O)不得少于95.0%。
实际操作过程中发现,该方法存在以下问题:①滴加氢氧化钾试液至溶液显浅黄色。该操作终点判断为颜色反应,不同人员操作可能存在较大偏差。②补加氢氧化钾试液5 mL后的反应时间。补加氢氧化钾试液后立即进行滴定和等待5 min后进行滴定,测定结果有较大差异,时间越长结果越低。③加钙黄绿素指示剂少量。少量的概念比较模糊,曾在10~200 mg内以不同的加入量进行试验,在其他条件完全相同的情况下,测定结果有偏差。而很多矿物药品种均采用类似的方法进行试验。而且,伴生矿中可能存在的含有相同阳离子的成分也会对测定结果产生影响。
大多数矿物药具有结构致密、质地坚硬、不易粉碎的特点,而且有效成分难溶出,重金属含量普遍高于其他中药[49],需要通过适宜的炮制加工,才可以应用到中医临床中。矿物药炮制的主要目的改变晶型或者分子结构,增加溶解度,有利于有效成分的溶出,从而提高临床疗效;还可以有效减少或除去有害元素、降低矿物药的毒副作用;以及改变化学组成适应临床需要。实际操作中针对不同情况采用相应的炮制手段,并与制剂、服用方法等临床实践结合。
Zhang等[50]梳理整理《雷公炮炙论》中收载的矿物药炮制方法,将其中涉及的净制、粉碎、水飞研磨、煅、焙、煅淬、煮法、复制等多种方法归纳为净制法、煮法、干热法、水飞法和复制法5大类[50-54]:
净制法(净选加工):即精选加工,是药材在切制、炮炙或调配、制剂前,选取规定的药用部位,除去非药用部位、杂质及霉变品、虫蛀品、灰屑等,使其达到药用净度标准的方法。净选水洗是矿物药炮制的一种常用方式。
水飞法:是将某些不溶于水的矿物药,利用粗细粉末在水中悬浮性的不同,将不溶于水的矿物、贝壳类药物经反复研磨,从而分离制备极细腻粉末的方法。通过水飞法炮制矿物药,可达到制备药物细粉、去除杂质和减毒、防止药粉飞扬等炮制目的。例如矿物药雄黄(主要成分为As2S2,还含有剧毒成分As2O3),对其进行有氧加热等炮制工艺时,As2S2会被氧化为As2O3,导致毒性增强。而利用As2S2与As2O3的水溶性差异,进行多次水飞,则可以有效去除毒性成分As2O3,降低毒性。
干热法:包括锻法与焙法。煅法是指将药物直接置于无烟炉火中或适当的耐火容器内煅烧的一种方法;有些药物煅红后,还要趁热投入规定的液体辅料中淬之,称“煅淬”法。焙法指用微火加热烧烤,现代炮制中已基本不再使用。矿物经高温煅烧后可去除结晶水,变得质地酥脆、纯净,从而易于粉碎以及有效成分的溶出;还可以起到改变、缓和药性以及引药归经等作用。例如,白矾、石膏、硼砂等锻制后失去结晶水,具有收敛黏膜,吸收分泌物的作用。炉甘石锻制后由碳酸锌转化为氧化锌,氧化锌具有杀菌、收敛的作用。寒水石煅后可缓其大寒之性。火煅醋淬赭石可引药入肝。另外,煅醋的矿物药可以产生少量乙酸盐,如自然铜、代赭石、磁石等锻制后都含有乙酸盐,乙酸盐为电解质,可以增加其在汤药中的溶解度。
煮法:将净选过的药物加辅料或不加辅料放入锅中(固体辅料需先捣碎或切制),加入适量清水同煮的炮制方法,以达到消除或减低毒副作用和清洁药物的目的。在矿物药的炮制中,适用于不溶于水的大多数矿物药。如朱砂主含硫化汞(HgS),性微寒、味甘,有镇惊、清心安神、解毒之功。把具有清热解毒作用的植物药与朱砂同煮,不仅可以除去朱砂中的部分有毒成分和杂质成分,使临床用药更加安全,还能增强朱砂的清心解毒之功。
复制法:将净选后的药物加入一种或数种辅料,按规定操作程序,反复炮制的方法。药物经过复制法炮制后,可达到减毒、改变药性、增强疗效和矫臭矫味的目的。《雷公炮炙论》中多种矿物药的炮制,涉及多种炮制方法联用,朱砂、自然铜采用煮法+煅法,代赭石采用水飞法+煮法+煅法,钟乳石、雄黄、磁石采用煮法+水飞法。由于复制法耗时过长,不符合现代社会的发展需求,目前使用较少。
目前矿物药的炮制研究主要集中在炮制工艺及炮制品质量标准研究方面,很多研究都采用正交实验优选出最佳炮制工艺,对“红透”“火力”等传统术语也进行了一定的客观表述,但是炮制机理依然不明确,对药效成分的认识仍然不足,需要借助矿物学、药理学和分子生物学的研究方法,运用现代分析技术加强对矿物药的元素形态与生物活性和毒性的研究,以深入阐明矿物药的炮制机理。
随着科技的进步和医疗水平的提高,对矿物类中药的研究逐渐深入和广泛,涉及其物理性质、结构、化学成分等多个方面。现代分析技术被广泛用于矿物药的研究,为矿物药的鉴定、标准化研究提供依据,同时也为矿物药的作用机理和中毒原因的分析提供基础资料。
显微镜技术是观察和鉴定待测物最基础的方法,包括偏光显微镜法、扫描电子显微镜法、透射电子显微镜法。在矿物药的鉴定中,由于大部分矿物药的来源都是具有晶型结构的天然矿物,一般选用偏光显微镜进行试验。偏光显微镜主要是利用透射光观察晶体的折射率和对称性,以实现初步的矿物药鉴定。Song等[55]通过偏光显微镜对不同地区的石膏进行了显微晶体结构观察,发现石膏的主要晶体形态为长柱形和纤维形,并且呈现出地域相关性。Qin等[56]在对著名伤寒药乌石散的可疑品进行成分分析与鉴定工作时,运用到了偏光显微镜。Wu等[57]对于不同产地的麦饭石进行了偏光显微特征分析,发现麦饭石的偏光显微特征主要呈现为斜长石、钾长石和石英。近年来,也有研究者用扫描电子显微镜和扫描透射电镜进行矿物药的相关研究。扫描电子显微镜和扫描透射电镜比偏光显微镜放大倍数更大、分辨率更高,能够更容易进行不同矿物药的区分。Sanchez等[58]利用偏光显微镜法、透射电子显微镜法和扫描电子显微镜法三种方法对滑石样品进行精确的形态学、光学、成分和数据结构测量,用来表征滑石样品的特征。Wijenayake等[59]采用扫描电子显微镜法,对云母样品和细菌进行了分析,确定了细菌-矿物的相互作用、微生物的形态变化和云母的表面特征。Zhang等[60]通过扫描电子显微镜法对自然铜、蛇含石、代赭石、磁石四种矿物药进行观察,发现自然铜是立方体状,蛇含石是结核状的集合体,代赭石呈粒状,磁石呈块状。还通过扫描电镜对白石脂进行了研究,发现了其网状纤维结构,并且主要成分为O、Si、Al[61]。Gan等[62]使用扫描电镜研究发现海南高岭土是伪六方颗粒,结构为层状结构;云南高岭土的结构为管状结构,管腔光滑且边缘清晰;沸石是立方体颗粒,并且沸石的表面积比两种高岭土的表面积大,但孔径又比两种高岭土的孔径小很多。扫描电镜和透射电镜相比,扫描电镜适应于更大尺寸的样品,制备试样所需的时间更短,且不对试样造成损害,而透射电镜最大的弊端就是会对试样造成破坏。因此,在矿物药的表征分析中,扫描电镜应用得相对较多。
热分析法是指在程序控制温度的条件下,观察并记录随温度升高所测物质的物理性质的变化,如晶型变化、熔融、蒸发等。热分析法主要有差示热分析、热重量法、导数热重量法、差示扫描量热法、热机械分析和动态热机械分析。目前用于矿物药研究的较多是热重分析法和差示扫描量热法。Zhang等[61]通过热重分析法对市售白石脂的物理性质进行检测,发现其主要成分高岭石和伊利石具有明显的吸热作用。Gan等[62]采用热重分析和差热分析,发现海南高岭土和云南高岭土的热重分析和差热分析曲线十分相似,两者主要在400~600 ℃区间发生了质量的损失,证实了海南高岭土和云南高岭土的热稳定性。Gong等[63]运用热重分析法,对北宋吕氏家族墓中发现的古代矿物药进行识别鉴定,对其物理性质进行了表征。Jelic等[64]采用了热重分析法和差热分析法发现了叶蜡石的分解包括脱水和脱羟基两个阶段。沈紧治等人利用差示扫描量热法对瓦楞子、海螵蛸、牡蛎、石决明、珍珠母、珍珠六种海洋矿物药进行研究,发现其差示扫描量热图谱具有明显的差别。牡蛎是方解石型碳酸钙的晶型,在所测量的温度范围内没有明显的特征峰;海螵蛸、珍珠母、珍珠和石决明均具有文石型碳酸钙的晶型;瓦楞子被检测到具有一个放热特征峰,石决明被检测到有4个特征峰,海螵蛸被检测到有3个特征峰,珍珠和珍珠母均被检测到有2个特征峰,但珍珠和珍珠母在370 ℃附近的热焓值差异较大,六种药物可以实现快速区分鉴定[65]
原子光谱法包括原子吸收光谱法、原子发射光谱法、原子荧光光谱法三种方法。Wu等[66]对大鼠服用雄黄、朱砂、安宫牛黄丸后的尿液、血液进行分析,采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法对大鼠服药消化后血液和尿液中的砷、汞含量进行了测定,结果显示安宫牛黄丸显著降低了血液中砷的吸收量,增加了尿液中砷的排泄量;但却增加了血液中汞的吸收量,降低了尿液中汞的排泄量,安宫牛黄丸在临床剂量未发现明显毒性,但长期服用依然存在中毒风险。Qin等[56]运用原子荧光光度法对乌石散疑似品进行了元素的分析和确定。Jamali等[67]利用原子吸收光谱法对滑石粉的元素组成进行了分析,发现了滑石粉中Ca的最大浓度。Wijenayake等[68]采用AAS对黑云母类矿物药的总阳离子和水溶性阳离子的浓度进行了测定。
红外光谱是分子能选择性吸收某些波长的红外线,而引起分子中能级的跃迁,检测红外线被吸收的情况得到物质的红外吸收光谱。不同的矿物药产生的红外图谱有所差别,可通过各个官能团的特征快速推算出矿物药可能的品种,或者可根据已建立的指纹图谱进行比较,初步识别鉴定该矿物药。常用的有傅里叶变换红外指纹图谱和近红外光谱法,为了使结果更准确,一般与各种算法相结合。Jamali等[67]采用IR对市售白石脂进行了质量评价,发现主要矿物组成是高岭石。Zhu等[69]采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法建立了禹余粮的红外特征图谱,可对其进行质量控制。Wu等[70]采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法建立了芒硝红外指纹图谱,可以简单、快速且准确地对芒硝进行质量控制。Ouhaddouch等[71]对含膨润土(矿物药蒙脱石的主要来源)的相关样品进行了分析,证明了傅里叶转换红外光谱法是表征矿物来源的好方法。So等[72]采用漫反射傅里叶转换红外光谱法对白云石、方解石等碳酸盐矿物进行了表征与分析,发现漫反射傅里叶转换红外光谱法对白云石、方解石可以进行识别和量化。Zhang等[73]采用基于MIV和BP-ANN算法的近红外光谱法对炉甘石进行研究,发现BP-ANN算法对炉甘石中的氧化锌含量的分析有较高的准确性和较强的预测能力,并建立了矿物药炉甘石中氧化锌含量的快速定量模型。
在近年来的矿物药研究中,拉曼光谱法被广泛应用。它的基本原理是用单色光照射透明样品,当光子和样品分子发生非弹性碰撞时,散射光能量和入射光能量大小不同,光的频率和方向都有所改变,从而产生拉曼光谱。Han等[74]建立了一种结合主成分分析(PCA)和支持向量机算法(SVM)的拉曼光谱法视觉分类模型,可快速识别硫酸盐和碳酸盐类的矿物。Ming等[75]研究建立了基于SVM的拉曼光谱法,快速鉴定硼砂、石膏、石英、方解石、玄明粉、芒硝、白矾、硇砂和黄鱼耳石9种易混淆矿物药。Peng等[76]利用二水硫酸钙与硝酸钠的拉曼光谱特征比值的良好线性关系,建立了拉曼光谱法快速检验石膏中二水硫酸钙含量的方法。Ge等[77]采用拉曼光谱法,建立了鹅管石、花蕊石、炉甘石、白矾、石膏、玄明粉6种易混淆矿物药的快速区分检测方法。
在早期的矿物药检测中最常用的方法就是X射线衍射法,后来还衍生出X射线荧光分析法和X射线粉末衍射技术。X射线衍射法的主要原理是通过X射线在分子或晶体的微观结构中发生衍射,同时也会被分子或者晶胞吸收一部分,通过接收经过分子之后的X射线,可以得到清晰的图谱,根据图谱特征对矿物药进行鉴定和检测。Qin等[56]运用X射线衍射法和X射线荧光法,对湖北襄阳南朝墓群出土的乌石散疑似品进行了分析。Wu等[57]利用X射线衍射技术对不同产地的麦饭石的物相组成和相对含量展开研究,发现长石类物相的相对总质量分数在61.9%~82.4%;石英的相对质量分数在12.6%~33.6%,并建立了麦饭石的X射线衍射指纹图谱,为麦饭石的鉴定和质量控制提供了参考。Wijenayake等[59]采用X射线衍射技术对四种云母的抗菌活性和矿物学性质进行研究,发现所有样品的主要晶相都是未改变的黑云母、云母和氧化铁。Zhang等[60]采用X射线衍射法对市售白石脂进行分析评价,发现山西、陕西、河南三个不同产地的白石脂中的主要矿物成分都是高岭石,其次是伊利石和石英。Zhu等[69]通过X射线衍射法对禹余粮化学成分进行了分析,表明Fe2O3和SiO2是禹余粮的主要物相,并且伴有碳酸钙和磷酸盐在内的其他矿物。Song等[78]在探究锻制对炉甘石中锌、铅元素的赋存状态及分布特征的影响时,采用X射线衍射法对锌、铅的赋存形态、主要载体矿物进行了分析。Duggal等[79]通过X射线荧光法和粉末X射线衍射法对来自三家制造商的15种阿育吠陀的元素定量及其化学测定,发现不同制造商的产品差异很大,尤其是铅、汞和砷的成分差异。Yan等[80]采用X射线衍射法对雄黄进行分析,且结果可用于雄黄的质量控制。
电子探针分析是用聚焦的高速电子来激发出试样表面组成元素的特征X射线,对微区成分进行定性或定量分析的一种材料物理试验,又称电子探针X射线显微分析。电子探针分析的原理是:以动能为10~30 keV的细聚焦电子束轰击试样表面,击出表面组成元素的原子内层电子,使原子电离,此时外层电子迅速填补空位而释放能量,从而产生特征X射线。Song等[55]使用EPMA的方法对石膏进行研究,显示石膏样品中的石膏为主要矿物,硬石膏为次要矿物,这两者之间是一种共生关系。微区图像中的硬石膏没有固定的晶型,石膏和硬石膏的接触面呈不规则曲线,以此预测样品中包含的硬石膏不是原生的硬石膏,而是石膏矿物在后期转化而来。Song等[78]在对炉甘石炮制前后的锌、铅的赋存形态和分布特征进行研究时,采用EPMA技术对炉甘石生品和锻制炉甘石的元素进行了区域宽扫描,并对其微区分析进行了定性和定量分析。Wang等基于电子探针技术对矿物药青礞石进行质量评价,确定元素在青礞石中的分布,结果显示浙江地区比其他地区的云母矿物含量高,并且检测出的有害元素比其他地区的少;湖南、江苏和浙江地区的有效元素镁更易于渗出;青礞石中钙元素丰富的角闪石是其发挥药效的关键成分;影响青礞石质量的矿物是含汞和铜的石英[81]
LIBS为光谱分析领域一种崭新的分析手段。它的基本原理是通过高能量激光光源使高强度激光光斑(等离子体)在分析材料表面形成,使样品激发发光,之后利用谱系统和检测系统来分析这些光。这种技术对材料中的绝大部分无机元素均十分敏感,同时可以对低原子数元素进行分析,使用其他技术分析这些元素非常困难。Wu等[82]采用LIBS对来自我国42个地区的126个原矿石绿松石样品进行定量检测,并使用自行开发的软件对绿松石进行了评估,误差小于10%。Kim等[83]通过手持式激光诱导击穿光谱设备对方解石结构的天然碳酸盐标准品进行了分析,结果表明,LIBS的发射线的光谱信息与Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn的浓度高度相关,并且这些元素在碳酸盐的光谱比和矿物含量存在线性相关的关。Aldakheel等[84]采用LIBS对阿育吠陀进行快速定性和定量分析,结果显示药物中富含Ca、S、K等元素,Al、Pb、As和Hg等有毒元素含量都超过了标准允许限制值。Liu等[85]使用LIBS评估了安宫牛黄丸中朱砂和雄黄的混合情况以及混合终点,通过激光诱导击穿光谱的相对信号强度变化率和移动窗口标准偏差进行衡量,其结果与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析结果一致。
太赫兹技术是一种新型的技术,运用于各个领域。太赫兹波是介于红外线和微波之间的电磁波,其频率范围为0.1~10 THz。太赫兹波能够对物质进行无损的检测,通过吸收谱、穿透谱、反射谱等方式来探测物质,并把得到的信号转化成数字信号进行后续处理和分析,以达到对物质进行检测和识别的目的。Sakai等[86]利用太赫兹吸收和反射指数光谱对碳酸盐矿物进行识别和量化测定,发现太赫兹技术能够探测晶格声子模式,灵敏地测定方解石、白云石和霰石,包括其多晶型物。Yang等[87]采用太赫兹时域光谱技术对绿泥石云母碳酸片岩的孔隙度和煅烧产物进行检测,对其药效进行评价。
除了上述技术以外,近年来联用技术得到了广泛的应用和发展,包括电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)、高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)、离子交换高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法(HPLC-HG-AFS)、电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)以及微量元素-同位素示踪技术、X射线粉晶衍射-电子探针技术等。如Zhuo等[88]通过微量元素-同位素示踪技术对来自贵州省的两个地方12种朱砂样品的微量元素含量和硫同位素组成进行测定,评价该方法用于中药产地识别的可行性。
矿物药种类繁多,资源丰富,有着广阔的前景,但是目前矿物药研究处于边缘状态,发展缓慢,科研与创新速度落后[89],主要原因有:涉及学科复杂,人才培养脱节,需要既懂中医药学专业知识又懂地质学专业知识的人员相结合;应用研究难度大,发展缓慢;中西医研发评价体系差异;国家投入与支持不够;药用矿产的开发利用产业化水平低等[90]。综合整理国内外文献,提出以下思考和建议。
自古以来,矿物药便在镇定安神、清热解毒、消肿化痰、祛痰利肺、止血止带、消菌杀虫等方面显示出显著的治疗效果。在新型冠状病毒感染的防治中,矿物药生石膏发挥了巨大作用,各省市公布的56首治疗新型冠状病毒感染处方中,生石膏的使用频次多达19次,占比约为33.93%[91-92],可见矿物药在中药领域不可或缺的重要作用。但是,作为我国中药资源的三大来源之一,矿物药种类远少于植物药。《中国药典》2020年版仅收载矿物药品种25个,针对药典成方制剂中涉及、药材与饮片部分尚未收载的矿物药品种,应加强基础研究,成熟后尽快列入药典,以更地好控制成方制剂的质量。
另外,矿物药在我国民族药中使用广泛。以蒙藏医药为代表的民族药是我国医药体系的重要组成部分,矿物药在蒙藏药中占相当的比例,珍宝类藏药的组方中离不开矿物药,普通组方中矿物药也占50%左右,作用非常重要。常用品种包括玛瑙、松石、渣驯、孔雀石、碱花、石灰华、万年灰、吉多果化石、泉华、喀什粉、地蜡、余粮土及金、银、铜等炮制的灰药等。民族矿物药的炮制和使用极具民族特色,应加强系统研究,促进其传承与发展[11,93-94]
《中国药典》2020年版一部收录的25种矿物药中包含5种毒性药,分别是红粉(大毒)和朱砂、轻粉、硫黄、雄黄(有毒)。此外,药材及饮片部分未收载、中成药部分涉及的9种药味中枯矾、硇砂、硝石的毒性也比较大。药典收载的5种毒性矿物药均对含量规定了最低限度,红粉对亚汞化合物、朱砂对二价汞、轻粉对升汞和汞珠、雄黄对三价砷和五价砷等有毒成分进行了检查控制,硫磺无相关控制项目(表1)。
对《中国药典》2020年版一部含有上述毒性药味的中成药进行统计(表2),仅部分品种设置了含量测定项,规定了含量上下限,但均未对毒性成分进行相关控制。考虑到临床用药的安全性,建议含有毒性矿物药的中成药均应该设置含量测定项,并对毒性成分进行限量检查控制。另外,部分中成药中毒性矿物药的使用量与药材与饮片部分的规定不一致,有的甚至超出数倍。例如牛黄静脑片中雄黄的每日服用量为672 mg,而药典规定雄黄入丸散用,每日服用量为0.05~0.1 g,差距较大。对于有毒中药,用法用量是保证临床用药安全的基础,特殊使用情况应详细标注,避免临床风险。
矿物药多来自天然,由于自身存在的资源的不可再生性和质量差异性,因此矿物药的质量标准化成为制约其发展的重要问题。多年来,国家也在逐步加大对于矿物药质量控制的研究力度。《中国药典》2020年版一部对多种矿物药的标准进行了完善:修订了白矾、石膏的来源、白矾的铵盐检查、雄黄的砷盐检查;新增加了枯矾、金礞石、青礞石、雄黄和自然铜饮片的性状描述,芒硝的酸碱度、氯化物检查,石膏中二水硫酸钙鉴别,玄明粉的酸碱度、氯化物检查,朱砂的二价汞检查,雄黄粉的鉴别、检查、含量测定,朱砂的铁粉、二价汞检查,自然铜的鉴别、含量测定项,并对朱砂的炮制工艺进行了修订。
《中国药典》2020年版一部收载的25种矿物药均有性状和鉴别项,其中11种有检查项、20种有含量测定项,项目设置较为全面,基原不清、主成分不明确、毒性成分未控制等问题得到了一定的关注和解决[92],但是在项目的专属性和可控性方面仍存在较大的问题。成方制剂部分涉及的34种矿物药中9种在药材与饮片部分未见收载,分别是北寒水石、南寒水石、龙骨、龙齿、青金石、硼砂、白石脂、枯矾、硇砂。这些品种或收录在老版本的药典、部颁药材标准中,或收录在地方药材和饮片标准中,质量控制水平均较低,无法对其质量进行有效控制。建议充分利用现代检测技术和方法,如偏光显微技术、X-射线衍射技术、热分析、电感耦合等离子体-质谱等,建立专属、可控、有效的质量控制方法[95-96]。尤其应该针对矿物药的特殊性质,建立基于合规性的快速现场检测方法。
矿物药资源是地球在亿万年的漫长地质年代演化中,经过长期的物理或化学变化而形成,蕴藏量有限,很难在短暂自然条件下形成新的资源,属于不可再生资源,会随着人类的开采而不断减少,甚至完全消失。目前,我国中药不可再生资源的保护体系尚不完善,在低成本、高收入的驱使下,矿物药资源长期处于高强度的开发状态,可持续供应能力面临威胁,如朱砂的药用需求与储量已面临严重冲突。
根据国家“绿色经济”发展理念及对矿产资源开发等相关政策法规要求,矿物药资源的利用和发展面临资源有限和开采受限的双重困难,应结合国家总体经济发展要求及《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》《矿山生态环境保护与污染防治技术政策》《古生物化石保护条例实施办法》等相关政策法规,制定长期利用规划,规范管理,从全局、长远利益出发合理开发、使用矿物药资源,并积极开展矿物药新资源(或替代品)研究[11]
相比植物药,矿物药的研究和发展一直相对迟缓,国内研究多集中理化性质、晶型结构,以及质量情况等,对于矿物药化学成分、元素形态、药理毒理机制、药效物质及作用机理研究还比较薄弱,借助数据挖掘等平台的深入开展对矿物药成分、代谢的研究可能是未来矿物药领域的主要发展方向。今后可以综合借鉴地质学、矿物学、分子生物学、药效学以及毒理学等学科的研究方法和手段,对矿物药进行深入研究,推动我国矿物药的发展。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目资助(2023YFC3504102)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(重大科技创新工程)项目资助(2021CXGC010511)
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2025年第60卷第9期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.004
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
基金
国家重点研发计划项目资助(2023YFC3504102)
山东省重点研发计划(重大科技创新工程)项目资助(2021CXGC010511)
作者信息
    1 山东省食品药品检验研究院, 山东省中药标准创新与质量评价工程实验室, 济南 250101
    2 天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617
    3 山东中医药大学药物研究院, 济南 250355

通讯作者:

*林永强,男,博士,主任药师,博士生导师 研究方向:中药质量 Tel:(0531)81216503
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2025.09.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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