Article(id=1195009886850368108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)09-0933-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.09.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732636800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762842159235, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762842159235, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762842159235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762842159235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195009883369091469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='9', pageStart='893', pageEnd='1004', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762842158405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762846632399, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195028649066893312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195028649071087617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=933, endPage=940, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195009887068471921, articleId=1195009886850368108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Combined Immunotherapy for Microsatellite Stable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract. In China, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, with approximately 44% having developed liver and lung metastases, presenting significant challenges for clinical treatment. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) have shown significant efficacy in patients with deficient mismatch repair or microsatellite instability-high(dMMR/MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC), yet they have shown limited effectiveness in patients with proficient mismatch repair or microsatellite stable(pMMR/MSS) mCRC. Further exploration into the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, the mechanism of immunotherapy resistance and other combined immunotherapy is anticipated to facilitate the transformation of “cold tumors” into “hot tumors”. This article is intended to review the research progress on the immune escape mechanism and the immunotherapy combination treatment for MSS mCRC.

, correspAuthors=Zhenxin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wendong JIA, Ni YIN, Xihao FU, Zhenxin WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195009887387239033, articleId=1195009886850368108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=微卫星稳定型转移性结直肠癌免疫联合治疗的研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,我国大多数患者在首次确诊时已处于中晚期阶段,其中约44%的患者出现了肝、肺等远处转移,给临床治疗带来挑战。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)在错配修复缺陷或高度微卫星不稳定型(dMMR/MSI-H)转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)患者中取得显著进展,但在错配修复完整或微卫星稳定型(pMMR/MSS)mCRC中疗效有限。深入探索异质性肿瘤微环境、免疫治疗耐药机制和其他免疫联合疗法,有望实现“冷肿瘤”向“热肿瘤”的转变。本文旨在对MSS mCRC免疫逃逸机制以及免疫联合治疗的研究进展进行综述。

, correspAuthors=王振欣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王振欣,男,副教授 研究方向:肿瘤学 Tel:(0512)67972909
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贾文冬,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤学

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贾文冬,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤学

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Gritstone bio announces positive preliminary progression-free survival and long-term circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA) data from Phase 2 portion of ongoing phase 2/3 study of its personalized Cancer Vaccine, GRANITE, in Front-line Metastatic Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer(MSS-CRC)[EB/OL]. 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微卫星稳定型转移性结直肠癌免疫联合治疗的研究进展
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贾文冬 , 印妮 , 付玺澔 , 王振欣 *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025,60(9): 933-940
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025, 60(9): 933-940
微卫星稳定型转移性结直肠癌免疫联合治疗的研究进展
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贾文冬, 印妮, 付玺澔, 王振欣*
作者信息
  • 苏州大学附属第一医院肿瘤科, 江苏 苏州 215000
  • 贾文冬,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤学

通讯作者:

*王振欣,男,副教授 研究方向:肿瘤学 Tel:(0512)67972909
Research Progress on Combined Immunotherapy for Microsatellite Stable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Wendong JIA, Ni YIN, Xihao FU, Zhenxin WANG*
Affiliations
  • Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.005
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结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,我国大多数患者在首次确诊时已处于中晚期阶段,其中约44%的患者出现了肝、肺等远处转移,给临床治疗带来挑战。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)在错配修复缺陷或高度微卫星不稳定型(dMMR/MSI-H)转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)患者中取得显著进展,但在错配修复完整或微卫星稳定型(pMMR/MSS)mCRC中疗效有限。深入探索异质性肿瘤微环境、免疫治疗耐药机制和其他免疫联合疗法,有望实现“冷肿瘤”向“热肿瘤”的转变。本文旨在对MSS mCRC免疫逃逸机制以及免疫联合治疗的研究进展进行综述。

转移性结直肠癌  /  免疫治疗  /  免疫检查点抑制剂  /  微卫星稳定

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract. In China, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, with approximately 44% having developed liver and lung metastases, presenting significant challenges for clinical treatment. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) have shown significant efficacy in patients with deficient mismatch repair or microsatellite instability-high(dMMR/MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC), yet they have shown limited effectiveness in patients with proficient mismatch repair or microsatellite stable(pMMR/MSS) mCRC. Further exploration into the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, the mechanism of immunotherapy resistance and other combined immunotherapy is anticipated to facilitate the transformation of “cold tumors” into “hot tumors”. This article is intended to review the research progress on the immune escape mechanism and the immunotherapy combination treatment for MSS mCRC.

metastatic colorectal cancer  /  immunotherapy  /  immune checkpoint inhibitor  /  microsatellite stability
贾文冬, 印妮, 付玺澔, 王振欣. 微卫星稳定型转移性结直肠癌免疫联合治疗的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (9) : 933 -940 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.005
Wendong JIA, Ni YIN, Xihao FU, Zhenxin WANG. Research Progress on Combined Immunotherapy for Microsatellite Stable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (9) : 933 -940 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.005
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是目前全球常见的恶性肿瘤之一,根据国际癌症研究署发布的数据显示,2022年全球结直肠癌新发病例数达192.61万,仅次于肺癌、乳腺癌位居第三,死亡病例数约90.39万,仅次于肺癌排名第二[1]。值得注意的是,近年来早发性结直肠癌(early-onset colorectal cancer,EOCRC)(发病年龄低于50岁)的发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势,与晚发性结直肠癌(late-onset colorectal cancer,LOCRC)(发病年龄超过50岁)相比,EOCRC患者在就诊时分期更晚,Ⅲ~Ⅳ期比例高[2-3]。基于KEYNOTE-177研究结果,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)和中国国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)先后批准帕博利珠单抗单药一线治疗错配修复缺陷或高度微卫星不稳定型(deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high,dMMR/MSI-H)的不可切除或转移性结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC)[4],这类患者在接受免疫治疗后获得了持久而显著的抗肿瘤效果。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)对于dMMR/MSI-H晚期CRC患者的显著疗效源于肿瘤高突变负荷(tumor mutational burden,TMB)介导新抗原的产生增加和免疫细胞的大量浸润,从而引发肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中的免疫监视[5-8]。但dMMR/MSI-H型晚期CRC患者仅占5%,对于占比更高的错配修复正常或微卫星稳定型(proficient mismatch repair /microsatellite stability,pMMR/MSS)的晚期CRC患者来说,单药免疫治疗的应答率低,具有“冷肿瘤”特征。KEYNOTE-016研究数据显示,dMMR型mCRC患者的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)可达40%,但pMMR型mCRC患者无法从单药免疫治疗中获益,ORR为0%[7]。当前相关研究多采用免疫联合治疗手段提高MSS mCRC免疫治疗疗效,但最终有效性和安全性不完全统一。本文初步探讨了冷肿瘤免疫逃逸机制,并对MSS mCRC免疫联合治疗策略的最新进展进行梳理。
T细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答是一系列动态的、联系紧密的过程,涉及细胞的活化、归巢以及浸润至肿瘤床等阶段,任何环节出现异常均可造成肿瘤细胞逃脱T细胞的攻击,导致免疫逃逸,构成“冷”肿瘤。根据TME中细胞毒性免疫细胞的空间分布,可将肿瘤分为3种基本的免疫表型:免疫炎症型、免疫排斥型和免疫沙漠型[9]。其中,免疫排斥型肿瘤与免疫沙漠型肿瘤称为“冷”肿瘤,其细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T cell,CTL)浸润量低或仅局限于肿瘤组织边缘,具有肿瘤免疫原性低,细胞外基质沉积、免疫抑制细胞及相关细胞因子富集等特征[10]。深入了解“冷”肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制有助于早期更好地识别免疫治疗应答者,并进一步为“冷”肿瘤转化为“热”肿瘤提供理论依据,从而使无应答者从免疫治疗中获益。
肿瘤对ICIs无应答的最直接原因是肿瘤抗原缺失而导致T细胞识别不足。肿瘤抗原按照特异性分类主要可以分为肿瘤相关性抗原(tumor-associated antigen,TAA)和肿瘤特异性抗原(tumor-specific antigen,TSA)。TAA在肿瘤细胞和正常细胞组织中均可表达,通常在细胞癌变时含量显著升高。TSA是肿瘤基因组中体细胞突变产生的新抗原,仅被肿瘤细胞表达而不存在于正常的组织中,与TAA相比具有高度的免疫原性和肿瘤特异性,是个体化治疗的理想靶点。TMB是衡量肿瘤基因组中体细胞突变丰度的生物标志物,可间接反映肿瘤细胞产生新抗原的能力和程度。KEYNOTE-158研究[11]显示,高TMB组(TMB≥10 mut·Mb-1)和低TMB组(TMB<10 mut·Mb-1)患者经帕博利珠单抗治疗后ORR分别为29%和6%,24个月的无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)率分别为22%和7%。因此,对于无标准治疗的晚期肿瘤患者,TMB-H提供了免疫治疗获益的可能。
抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC),尤其是树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC),能够识别、加工和呈递肿瘤抗原,在启动和调节获得性免疫反应中发挥着关键作用。DC经历成熟,通过淋巴管迁移到引流淋巴结,加工并将人白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)Ⅰ类分子上的肿瘤抗原呈递给CD8+T细胞,从而启动适应性免疫反应。然而,肿瘤可以通过多种机制隐藏“危险信号”来逃避DC的识别,如“不要吃我”信号CD74的上调,结直肠癌中A20炎性分子的表达,乳腺癌中B7-H4和某些肿瘤STC1的糖基化[12]。除此之外,肿瘤还可以通过抑制DC向肿瘤募集,耗竭新抗原,下调或突变HLA-Ⅰ表达,改变HLA-Ⅰ肽库来减少其表面的抗原呈递[13]
T细胞的活化不仅需要T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)与HLA-抗原肽复合物介导的第一信号,还需要共刺激分子提供的第二信号。目前发现的共刺激信号分子有B7/CD28、CD40/CD40L、4-1BBL/4-1BB、OX40L/OX40等[14],其中最重要的是APC表面的B7家族蛋白,B7-1(CD80)和B7-2(CD86)是两种主要类型,它们通过与CD28或细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4,CTLA-4)相互作用来提供T细胞活化或抑制的信号,从而共同调控机体的免疫稳态平衡。总之,双信号系统的失调可能是肿瘤细胞逃避免疫系统监视的重要原因。
激活的效应T细胞必须通过血液循环到达肿瘤床才能发挥抗癌活性。趋化因子是负责免疫细胞运输和淋巴组织发育的细胞因子亚家族,它们能与T细胞表面的趋化因子受体结合,调节免疫细胞的激活、募集、表型和功能[15]。然而在肿瘤发生过程中,趋化因子配体的分泌和受体的表达经常会发生改变,异常的趋化因子谱会募集具有抑制性表型的免疫细胞来促进免疫逃逸,如肿瘤相关中性粒细胞(TAN)、髓源性抑制细胞(MDSC)、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)和调节性T(Treg)细胞[16]。此外,趋化因子的缺乏会导致T细胞局限于肿瘤边缘而无法向中心浸润,从而导致“冷肿瘤”的形成。
T细胞在肿瘤床的充分浸润不仅依赖于趋化因子的正确表达,还受到肿瘤脉管系统的调控。最新研究发现肿瘤相关高内皮静脉(tumor-associated high endothelial venule,TA-HEV)是介导淋巴细胞进入肿瘤的主要场所,提高TA-HEV内皮细胞的密度和成熟度能促进效应T细胞浸润,改善免疫疗效[17]。然而,肿瘤细胞往往通过下调血管中黏附分子和增加抑制性分子的表达来阻碍效应T细胞运输到TME中。此外,肿瘤血管功能障碍会导致血液灌注和氧合不足,进一步导致缺氧、酸中毒和坏死等情况,并激活缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF),在多种信号通路的调控下诱导免疫耐受[18]
化疗的免疫刺激作用表现在以下几个方面:①增强肿瘤细胞的抗原性或佐剂性。化疗药物可以通过诱导免疫原性细胞死亡来释放DAMPs,增加HLA-Ⅰ类分子的表达和肿瘤新抗原的释放。②直接作用于免疫细胞。选择性耗竭免疫抑制性细胞(Treg、MDSC和M2-TAMs)和活化免疫效应细胞(M1-TAM、DC和CTL)。③影响全身的生理功能:新出现的证据表明常规化疗可以通过改变肠道微生物群和神经内分泌回路来促进抗癌免疫反应[19]
一项Ib期KEYNOTE-651研究[20]评估了帕博利珠单抗联合一线mFOLFOX7(队列B)或二线FOLFIRI(队列D)治疗pMMR/MSS晚期mCRC的疗效与安全性,结果显示,两组队列的安全性可控,中位随访时间分别为30.2和33.5个月,ORR分别为61%和25%。Metimmox研究[21]则探讨以奥沙利铂为基础的节拍式化疗(FLOX)联合纳武利尤单抗对比FLOX在MSS mCRC患者一线治疗中的疗效,共入组76例患者,结果发现两组的mPFS均为9.2个月,开始免疫治疗时C反应蛋白<5.0 mg·L-1的患者(n=17)mPFS为15.8个月,免疫联合治疗组中1/6的病例(均为KRAS/BRAF突变)获得完全缓解(complete resopnse,CR)。以上研究结果表明,与既往一线或二线标准化疗联合靶向治疗相比,免疫治疗联合化疗并未看到有显著的优势,在靶向治疗已是前线标准治疗的大背景下,未来可能会进一步探索化疗、靶向治疗和免疫治疗相结合的三联疗法,或以免疫治疗为基础的其他联合治疗方案,同时进一步筛选ICIs疗效预测标志物,以改善MSS mCRC患者的预后。
抗血管生成药物通过诱导肿瘤血管正常化,改善功能性缺血、缺氧和血管通透性,促进功能性免疫细胞的活化、增殖和浸润,同时减少免疫抑制性细胞(Treg,M2-TAM和MDSC)的聚集和抑制因子(VEGF、Ang2、IL-10和TGF-β)的释放,从而逆转肿瘤免疫荒漠化,增强免疫治疗的疗效[22]
联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI):多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂瑞戈非尼是三线治疗mCRC的主要药物之一,早在2019年日本REGONIVO研究[23]中,瑞戈非尼与纳武利尤单抗联合用于mCRC二线及以上治疗的ORR可达36%,其中MSS/pMMR型患者的ORR为33.3%,mPFS达到7.9个月,1年PFS率为41.8%,1年OS率为68.0%,目前Ⅲ期临床研究正在进行中。自REGONIVO研究初战告捷以来,国内外学者掀起了瑞戈非尼等小分子多靶点TKI联合免疫治疗用于mCRC后线治疗的热潮,包括北美REGNIVO研究(瑞戈非尼联合纳武利尤单抗)[24]、REGOMUNE研究(瑞戈非尼联合阿维鲁单抗)[25]、中国人群的REGOTORI研究(瑞戈非尼联合特瑞普利单抗)[26]、NCT03903705研究(呋喹替尼联合信迪利单抗)[27]以及LEAP-017研究(仑伐替尼联合帕博利珠单抗)[28]等。尽管后续研究未能完全复现先前的结果,但近期多项研究中TKI联合免疫治疗均显示出较好的疗效和安全性。2023年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)会议上汇报了一项Ⅱ期研究结果[29],该研究纳入103例非MSI-H mCRC患者入组接受信迪利单抗联合瑞戈非尼治疗。结果显示,mOS为13个月,ORR为21.4%,DCR为63.1%,总体安全性可控。同年发表的一项临床Ⅰ期研究[30]采用了瑞戈非尼、纳武利尤单抗和伊匹木单抗的联合方案(RIN方案),该研究结果显示,RIN方案对MSS经治型mCRC患者的ORR达27.6%,mOS为20个月;对基线无肝转移患者,ORR则进一步升至36.4%,mOS>22个月。此外,在CAMILLA CRC队列Ⅱ期研究[31]中,卡博替尼联合度伐利尤单抗在既往接受过治疗的MSS mCRC患者中也表现出显著的抗肿瘤活性和可控的毒性,DCR达86.2%,此项临床研究结果还促成了后续Ⅲ期STELLAR-303实验的启动。
联合血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)抑制剂:关于ICIs联合VEGF抑制剂如贝伐珠单抗在MSS mCRC中的疗效,目前也有相关研究报道,但无论是BACCI研究(卡培他滨和贝伐珠单抗联合阿替利珠单抗)[32]、MODUL队列研究(5-FU和贝伐珠单抗联合阿替利珠单抗)[33],还是AtezoTRIBE研究(FOLFOXIRI和贝伐珠单抗联合阿替利珠单抗)[34],研究结果的PFS和OS并无明显改善。最近的一项Ⅱ/Ⅲ期随机研究ASTRUM-015[35]比较了斯鲁利单抗联合HLX40(贝伐珠单抗类似物)和XELOX化疗(A组)与安慰剂联合贝伐珠单抗和XELOX化疗(B组)一线治疗不可切除mCRC的疗效和安全性。研究入组114例患者,结果显示A组的mPFS(17.2个月 vs 10.7个月,HR=0.60)显著优于B组,且在关键亚组包括MSS、KRAS突变型和肝转移患者中,A组均显示出良好的OS改善趋势,提示斯鲁利单抗组一旦应答获益,这类患者的后续生存时间将持续较长。随着ASTRUM-015 Ⅲ期临床试验的开展,斯鲁利单抗有望填补mCRC一线免疫治疗的临床空白。此外,对于标准治疗失败的pMMR/MSS mCRC患者,CAPability-01研究[36]显示,信迪利单抗、西达本胺(组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂)联合或不联合贝伐珠单抗的18周PFS率分别为64.0% 和21.3%;三药组的mPFS长达 7.3个月,近5倍于两药组的1.5个月;OS结果尚不成熟。基于此,2024年中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)结直肠癌诊疗指南以注释形式鼓励pMMR/MSS mCRC患者参加相关的临床研究。
ICIs和抗EGFR单抗之间具有协同效应。抗EGFR单抗具有抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,ADCC)免疫调节作用,且能上调HLA的表达,增加抗原提呈,诱导适应性免疫反应。另外,抗EGFR单抗还会增加PD-L1和LAG-3等免疫检查点的表达,从而为患者耐药提供免疫治疗的机会。
西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗都是FDA批准用于治疗KRAS野生型mCRC的EGFR抗体。一线治疗方面,AVETUX研究[37]和AVETRIC研究[38]分别探索了阿维鲁单抗+西妥昔单抗+FOLFOX和阿维鲁单抗+西妥昔单抗+FOLFOXIRI的疗效,结果显示ORR分别为79.5%和82%,DCR均在90%以上,早期缩瘤率(early tumor shrinkage,ETS)分别为79.5%和74%,提示靶免方案的联合可能为患者创造再次手术的机会。此外,抗EGFR单抗再挑战策略在三线及后线治疗方面也备受关注,其原理是:在基于抗EGFR单抗的一线治疗疾病进展后,中断其治疗可导致RAS突变肿瘤细胞的耐药性克隆逐渐衰退,从而恢复对抗EGFR单抗的敏感性[39]。CAVE研究[40]显示西妥昔单抗联合免疫再挑战治疗RAS/BRAF野生型mCRC患者的mOS达到17.3个月,优于标准三线治疗。另一项AVETUXIRI研究[41]旨在探讨阿维鲁单抗联合西妥昔单抗和伊立替康在难治性MSS mCRC中的疗效和安全性,结果显示RAS野生型和突变型ORR分别为30%和0%,DCR分别为60%和61.5%,后进一步行转化分析研究,提示免疫评分、ctDNA变化可预测难治性MSS mCRC免疫+靶向+化疗的治疗获益和肿瘤缓解。因此,预先精确地筛选目标人群,将大大提高三线接受抗EGFR单抗再挑战治疗患者的临床获益。
RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK信号通路即丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路,是一组信号转导激酶,在细胞增殖、存活和分化中起着关键作用,其异常激活通常与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。
KRAS G12C和BRAF V600E突变在晚期结直肠癌中的价值已经被充分证实,它们与疾病的不良预后相关,是临床治疗中的难点。放眼全球,目前仅有3款KRAS G12C抑制剂Sotorasib、Adagrasib和氟泽雷塞获批,用于KRAS G12C突变晚期非小细胞肺癌的后线治疗。而在非小细胞肺癌治疗领域之外,Ⅰ期临床研究[42]表明氟泽雷塞治疗KRAS G12C突变的mCRC也显示出持久的疗效,ORR为45.8%,DCR为89.6%,整体安全性良好,成为国内首个纳入CRC突破性疗法认定的KRAS G12C抑制剂。此外,临床前研究证明KRAS G12C抑制剂Sotorasib能与ICIs发挥协同作用,增加肿瘤内CD8+T淋巴细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞的浸润,促进“冷”肿瘤转化为“热”肿瘤[43]。总之,KRAS G12C抑制剂为这些患者带来了新的治疗选择,为进一步探索其临床获益,相关联合治疗方案正在积极开展中。
基于SWOG S1406 [44]和BEACON [45]等研究,BRAF抑制剂联合抗EGFR抗体已在BRAF V600E突变的患者中显示出积极疗效。在2023年ESMO会议上报道的一项单臂II期研究(NCT05019534)[46],探讨了维莫非尼、西妥昔单抗联合卡瑞利珠单抗(VCC方案)治疗BRAF V600E突变/MSS mCRC的耐受性和安全性,尽管该研究只是早期剂量爬坡的探索性研究,但在12例患者中已经观察到40%的ORR,mOS超过10个月,提示双靶联合免疫治疗在这类人群中可能是潜在有效的方案。
鉴于免疫联合靶向治疗可为部分亚组患者带来生存获益,未来还需要从基础研究和转化研究深入探索不同药物的联合作用机制,开展大规模临床研究,同时进一步积极探索优势人群的筛选,以提高更多患者的生存获益。
双免疗法是指针对两种不同作用机制或靶点的免疫疗法的组合。目前临床上ICIs主要靶向CTLA-4/B7和PD-1/PD-L1途径,它们在肿瘤免疫应答的不同阶段发挥作用:CTLA-4抗体发挥作用是在T细胞与APC接触后的启动期,而PD-1/PD-L1抗体在效应期阻断对T细胞的活性抑制[47],因此两者联合可以协同增强免疫治疗的效果。
2019年,ASCO报道的CCTG CO.26研究[48-49]评估了PD-L1抑制剂度伐利尤单抗(D)和CTLA-4抑制剂曲美木单抗(T)联合应用对比最佳支持治疗(best supportive care,BSC)是否能提高晚期难治性mCRC患者的生存期。该研究共纳入180例患者(92%为pMMR/MSS),结果显示,D联合T组较BSC组mOS延长了2个月(6.6个月 vs 4.1个月,P=0.07),但PFS和ORR未改善,ORR仅1%。后续探索性分析表明,血清TMB、精氨酸可能是ICIs潜在的疗效预测性生物标志物,血清中TMB≥28 mut·Mb-1以及精氨酸高表达的患者更有可能从双免治疗中获益。C-800研究[50]也是双免在MSS mCRC后线治疗的尝试,该研究联合使用巴替利单抗(BAL,PD-1单抗)和博替尼单抗(BOT,CTLA-4单抗),结果显示,在接受评估的59名患者中,ORR为22%,DCR高达73%,12个月OS率为61%,在无活动性肝转移的患者中疗效更优。BAL和BOT双免联合显示出良好的缩瘤和生存获益,可在MSS mCRC中进一步探索。此外,一些早期研究报道了其他免疫联合药物,如LAG-3抗体MK4280联合帕博利珠单抗[51],TGF-β1型受体抑制剂Vactosertib联合帕博利珠单抗[52],但大多处于Ⅰ期研究阶段,仍需持续关注。
目前可实现的精准放疗不仅能使肿瘤局部产生“原位疫苗”效应,还能通过“远隔效应”实现全身性的肿瘤控制。放疗引发复杂的免疫反应机制可分为两点:①增强肿瘤抗原的释放和呈递。放疗可以诱导肿瘤免疫原性细胞死亡,释放肿瘤抗原和免疫激活信号,促进DCs的成熟并增强其抗原呈递,从而引发T细胞特异性免疫应答[53]。②重塑肿瘤微环境。低剂量放射疗法(low-dose radiotherapy,LDRT)可以诱导肿瘤血管正常化和巨噬细胞向M1极化,并产生相关趋化因子募集效应T细胞[54]。另外,有研究报道放疗后肿瘤细胞表面的PD-L1表达会显著增加[55]。在临床前模型中,LDRT联合ICIs已被证实可以同时激活多种固有免疫和适应性免疫通路,逆转肿瘤免疫荒漠化[56]
一项单臂、非随机、Ⅱ期临床试验(NCT03104439)[57]探索了放疗联合免疫治疗对于MSS mCRC和胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC)的疗效,结果显示,40例mCRC患者的DCR为25%,mOS为7.1个月,其中27例接受放疗的患者DCR为37%,mOS为10. 9个月。然而有近1/3的患者在放疗前因疾病进展或毒性不可耐受从研究中退出,为此研究人员将放疗从C2D1调整至C1D1开始,并在2023年ASCO大会上汇报了相应的初步结果(NCT04361162)[58]:共有30例pMMR/MSS mCRC患者入组,DCR为33%,mOS为10.6个月,16例患者出现了≥3级的治疗相关严重不良事件。该研究提示放疗联合免疫治疗可以提高MSS mCRC患者的疗效,其安全性和有效性还需更大样本的前瞻性临床试验来进一步证实。此外,最近的一项研究表明,肝转移可能会损害全身免疫治疗的疗效,而肝脏定向放疗可以消除免疫抑制的巨噬细胞,减少肝转移灶的“虹吸效应”,改善肝脏T细胞的存活率[59]。因此,在未来的研究设计中,对放疗和免疫治疗的组合顺序、治疗剂量以及放疗靶点的选择等方面仍需进一步地探索。
溶瘤病毒是一类能选择性地感染并杀死肿瘤细胞而不损伤正常细胞的天然或重组病毒。除了选择性肿瘤溶解之外,它们还可以激活先天性和适应性免疫反应,导致TME的改变。OV可以诱导多种形式的免疫原性细胞死亡,介导TAA、PAMP、DAMP和细胞因子的释放,促进APC摄取和交叉呈递抗原,从而激活肿瘤特异性T细胞应答[60]。OV也可以诱导肿瘤基质的降解,破坏T细胞浸润的物理屏障。此外,OV还可以诱导强效的促炎细胞因子消除肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAF)、TAM和MDSC的免疫抑制作用,有效地逆转免疫抑制性微环境,与免疫检查点抑制剂实现协同增效[61]
当前,多项试验正在研究溶瘤病毒作为单药治疗或与ICIs联合使用的可能性。临床前研究表明[62],重组溶瘤腺病毒联合PD-1抗体在小鼠结肠癌模型中可以促进肿瘤凋亡并抑制其增殖,还能招募淋巴细胞来重塑抗肿瘤免疫微环境,进而增强免疫治疗的疗效。目前正在进行的一项关于溶瘤病毒药物PexaVec与度伐利尤单抗联合和不联合曲美木单抗治疗难治性MSS mCRC的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究[63],初步分析耐受性良好,显示出潜在的临床活性,但长期疗效尚未见报道。另外其他研究如TBio-6517联合帕博利珠单抗、Pexa Vec联合度伐利尤单抗等大多在Ⅰ期研究阶段,从目前报道的结果难以出现重大进展,仍需持续关注。
肠道微生物群能释放多种代谢产物、蛋白质和大分子来与宿主的结肠上皮细胞和免疫细胞相互作用,从而调控CRC的发生发展。此外,一些临床证据也强调了肠道微生物群参与调节机体对抗肿瘤治疗的耐受性和反应性[64]
我国一项Ⅱ期临床试验(RENMIN-215)[65]旨在探讨肠道微生物群移植(Fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)联合替雷利珠单抗和呋喹替尼在难治性MSS mCRC的疗效和安全性,共20名患者入组,结果显示,mPFS为9.6个月,mOS为13.7个月,DCR为95%。后续探索性分析发现,治疗应答者粪便中双歧杆菌丰度较低,毛螺菌丰度较高,同时外周血T细胞受体上有更多相似的CDR3簇群。这些探索性的实验结果预示肠道菌群和免疫微环境可能是影响免疫治疗疗效的两个因素,生物标志物的检测有助于筛选该联合治疗模式的潜在获益者,未来需要在更大的样本量中验证该联合策略的安全性和有效性。
肿瘤疫苗通常是含有TSAs或TAAs的肿瘤细胞碎片或片段。肿瘤抗原进入患者体内后可激活自身免疫,增强和维持特异性免疫反应,提高对特定肿瘤的抵抗,是一种主动免疫治疗方法[66]。近年来,肿瘤疫苗逐渐从最初的预防性目的发展到如今的治疗性目的。治疗性肿瘤疫苗包括肿瘤细胞疫苗、树突状细胞疫苗、多肽疫苗和核酸疫苗等多种类型,其中,mRNA疫苗因其安全、高效、低成本的优势成为当前研究的热点,在新型冠状病毒大流行期间发挥了重要作用。
临床前研究表明,mRNA疫苗可使耐药肿瘤对PD-1抑制剂再敏感,有望成为ICIs强有力的辅助,实现针对患者的精准治疗和个体化治疗[67]。Moderna公司的mRNA-4157 [68]和BioNTech公司的BNT122(RO7198457)[69]是两种个性化mRNA疫苗,它们在I期试验中与ICIs联合给药时能有效诱导并增强针对肿瘤新抗原的特异性T细胞反应,显示出良好的安全性和耐受性,目前相关II期临床试验正在开展中。另外,在一项2/3期研究[70]中,Gritstone bio生产的个性化mRNA疫苗GRANITE针对MSS mCRC展现出积极的疗效,结果显示,在标准治疗方案中加入GRANITE后患者的PFS获益趋势较早(HR=0.82,95% CI:0.34~1.67),疾病进展或死亡风险降低了18%,在高危人群中更是降低了48%。以上结果表明,肿瘤疫苗为CRC治疗提供了新的方法,未来在鉴别新抗原、探索联合疗法、开发有效抗原递呈载体以及优化疫苗给药途径等方面仍需继续探索,以取得更多的突破和进展。
MSS mCRC作为对单药ICIs不敏感的“冷肿瘤”,其免疫治疗之路虽启程艰难,进展缓慢,但目前一些小样本研究初步探索了各种免疫联合治疗策略,具有潜在的应用前景。本文介绍了免疫治疗联合化疗、靶向治疗、放疗、溶瘤病毒、细菌疗法、肿瘤疫苗以及双免疗法的研究进展,其中部分早期临床试验已显示出初步的疗效,为患者带来了益处,未来仍需开展大样本随机对照研究进一步验证联合治疗的有效性。
然而,联合疗法也伴随着一些挑战,如多药联合后毒性风险的叠加,联合治疗后的获得性耐药以及医疗保健系统的经济负担加重等问题。一项荟萃分析数据显示[71-72],不同联合疗法的毒性谱有所不同,与双免疗法以及免疫联合靶向治疗相比,免疫联合化疗和更高的不良事件发生率相关,但与治疗相关的死亡率并未增加。因此,如何优化联合治疗方案的组合、联合用药的剂量、用药顺序等仍值得进一步探索,对于免疫治疗不良反应的预防、监测、管理和治疗需要特别关注。此外,晚期结直肠癌获得性耐药的机制相对复杂,可能与肿瘤细胞的异质性以及微环境的变化等有关。不同联合治疗方案的成功和失败提示,筛选免疫治疗的优势人群和寻找疗效预测性生物标志物对实现患者长期的生存获益具有非常重要的临床意义。
总而言之,随着对肿瘤发生发展和免疫耐受等机制的深入了解,癌症治疗模式经历了从“寻找和破坏”到“靶向和控制”的转变。基于基因突变的癌症精准治疗的靶向治疗和基于TME和肿瘤异质性的个体化免疫治疗,为“冷肿瘤”的研究提供了多种治疗方法。免疫联合治疗在MSS CRC中的前景是光明的。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82473566)
  • 江苏省社会发展面上项目资助(BE2022728)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目资助(SJCX24_1822)
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2025年第60卷第9期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-27
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(82473566)
江苏省社会发展面上项目资助(BE2022728)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目资助(SJCX24_1822)
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    苏州大学附属第一医院肿瘤科, 江苏 苏州 215000

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*王振欣,男,副教授 研究方向:肿瘤学 Tel:(0512)67972909
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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