Article(id=1195009885516575134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)09-0974-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.09.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762842158917, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762842158917, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762842158917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762842158917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195009883369091469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='9', pageStart='893', pageEnd='1004', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762842158405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762846632399, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195028649066893312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195028649071087617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195009883369091469, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=974, endPage=984, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195009885776621984, articleId=1195009885516575134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preparation and Stability of Lutein Microcapsules, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To prepare lutein microcapsules using yeast cells as the wall material and lutein as the core material by the freeze-drying method. METHODS One-way tests and response surface method optimization were employed to explore the effects of different temperatures, times and core ratios on the embedding rate of the microcapsules, thereby determining the optimal preparation process. Additionally, the microchemistry of the microcapsules, storage stability, and in vitro simulated digestion were analyzed to evaluate the impacts on the antioxidant activity of the microcapsules, in vitro digestive release behavior, and the digestive effect under a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS The results indicated that the optimal preparation process involved a temperature of 40 ℃, a time of 1.5 h, and a core material ratio of 1∶3(g∶g). Under these optimized conditions, the embedding rate of lutein microcapsules reached 81.77%. Scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that the microcapsule particles were intact, with a smooth surface, dense structure and an excellent embedding effect. Compared with the control group, microencapsulation treatment could significantly enhance the physiological activity and storage stability of lutein. Under light conditions, it increased by 29.40%, showing good light resistance. Under acidic conditions, it increased by 14.70%-48.07%, and under neutral or weak alkaline conditions, it increased by 45.33%-58.44%, which improved the pH stability of lutein and enabled it to better resist the destruction of intestinal fluid. Investigations of the storage environment of lutein microcapsules revealed that the activity of lutein microcapsules increased by 7.06% under light-avoidance conditions. Lutein microcapsules stored under neutral or weak alkaline conditions had the best effect. They could be stored at room temperature for 28 d, during which the antioxidant activity decreased by 23.74%. Reducing the temperature could increase the antioxidant activity and significantly extend the shelf life. In the simulated gastrointestinal digestion test, the yellow-green fluorescence signal under the fluorescence microscope was first enhanced and then weakened, indicating that lutein was digested and utilized in the gastrointestinal tract. The microcapsules had favorable release properties, and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and release rate during 2 h gastrointestinal digestion, which could effectively reduce the loss of lutein and improve its bioavailability. CONCLUSION This paper broadens new perspectives for the application of yeast cells and also provides a new reference basis for the development of the lutein industry.

, correspAuthors=Dongmei LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiuping LI, Jin XU, Huayan LI, Dongmei LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195010366095733554, articleId=1195009885516575134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=叶黄素微胶囊的制备及稳定性研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 以酵母细胞为壁材,以叶黄素为芯材,使用冷冻干燥法制备叶黄素微胶囊。方法 通过单因素试验和响应面法优化探究不同温度、时间、材芯比对微胶囊包埋率的影响以确定最佳的制备工艺;并分析微胶囊的微观形貌、贮藏稳定性以及体外模拟消化对微胶囊抗氧化活性、体外消化释放行为以及荧光显微镜下的消化效果。结果 最佳制备工艺为包埋温度40 ℃、包埋时间1.5 h和材芯比为1∶3(g∶g),在此优化条件下叶黄素微胶囊的包埋率为81.77%;扫描电镜结果显示微胶囊颗粒完整、表面光滑、结构致密,具有良好的包埋效果。与对照组比较,微胶囊化处理能显著提高叶黄素的生理活性和贮藏稳定性,光照条件下提高29.40%,具有良好的抗光照能力;酸性条件下提高14.70%~48.07%,中性或弱碱条件下提高45.33%~58.44%,提高叶黄素的 pH 稳定性,可以较好抵抗肠液的破坏。叶黄素微胶囊贮藏环境研究结果表明,避光条件贮存叶黄素微胶囊活性提高7.06%;叶黄素微胶囊在中性或弱碱条件下储存效果最佳;在室温贮藏 28 d,抗氧化活性降低23.74%,温度降低抗氧化活性提高,可明显延长货架期。在模拟胃肠消化试验中,荧光显微镜下的黄绿色荧光信号先增强后减弱,表明叶黄素在胃肠道中被消化利用;微胶囊具有良好的释放性能,在胃肠消化2 h具有最高的抗氧化活性和释放率,能够有效减少叶黄素的损失,提高叶黄素生物利用度。结论 本研究为酵母细胞的应用拓宽了新的思路,也为叶黄素的行业发展提供了新的参考依据。

, correspAuthors=卢冬梅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卢冬梅,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:微生物学 Tel:(0759)3183277
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李秋萍,女,学士 研究方向:生物技术

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Fermented by lactic acid bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195061649997566953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=LIANG K. Extraction, journalName=purification, component analysis and microcapsule preparation of polyphenols from millet bran, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG K. Extraction, purification, component analysis and microcapsule preparation of polyphenols from millet bran[D]. Taiyuan: Shanxi Agricultural University, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195061650060481514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=19, pageStart=1752, pageEnd=1758, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=GUO H H, XIE Q L, HONG Z, journalName=Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO H H, XIE Q L, HONG Z, et al. Preparation and in vitro drug release of diclofenac sodium microcapsules[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2023, 58(19):1752-1758., articleTitle=Preparation and in vitro drug release of diclofenac sodium microcapsules, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1195061646394659769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, awardId=2021A05225, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省科技专项资金(“大专项+任务清单”)竞争性分配项目资助(2021A05225), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1195061640136758137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195061640145146746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, companyId=1195061640136758137, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195061640153535355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, companyId=1195061640136758137, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=岭南师范学院生命科学与技术学院, 广东 湛江 524048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1195061643928408987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of temperature on the embedding rate of lutein microcapsules. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=7Qcpm30nADE19WXMkyckeQ==, figureFileBig=QYHqu1xUP6Jxg9Wq125m0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644012295068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图1, caption=温度对叶黄素微胶囊包埋率的影响。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=7Qcpm30nADE19WXMkyckeQ==, figureFileBig=QYHqu1xUP6Jxg9Wq125m0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644121346973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of time on the embedding rate of lutein microcapsules. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=VwWxLYC45SqJsMe1hlthxw==, figureFileBig=dDRoIzx/pDNXS/E4Agyy3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644184261534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图2, caption=时间对叶黄素微胶囊包埋率的影响。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=VwWxLYC45SqJsMe1hlthxw==, figureFileBig=dDRoIzx/pDNXS/E4Agyy3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644251370399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of core material ratio on the embedding rate of lutein microcapsules. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=D8NAf7DyvCuXmdER97kCnQ==, figureFileBig=Zwmf2Xpjvvm70lq1tZkfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644318479264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图3, caption=材芯比对叶黄素微胶囊包埋率的影响。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=D8NAf7DyvCuXmdER97kCnQ==, figureFileBig=Zwmf2Xpjvvm70lq1tZkfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644389782433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of interaction factors on the embedding rate of lutein microcapsules, figureFileSmall=xyIFRmEvXEXWNHmhf7r06g==, figureFileBig=opkF2Bo+MybSKyh+Zoo4Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644528194466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各交互因素对叶黄素微胶囊包埋率的影响, figureFileSmall=xyIFRmEvXEXWNHmhf7r06g==, figureFileBig=opkF2Bo+MybSKyh+Zoo4Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644595303331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Microscopic morphology of brewing yeast cells and lutein microcapsules

A and B are commercially arailable yeasts magnified 1 500 and 10 000 times respectively; C and D are lutein microcapsules magnified 1 500 and 10 000 times respectively.

, figureFileSmall=RENZbv0KaLToqVtCUQiv+g==, figureFileBig=C1s9kSds1kVOczZTkc8S6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644674995108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图5, caption=酿酒酵母细胞和叶黄素微胶囊的微观形貌

A、B分别为放大1 500倍和10 000倍的市售酵母;C、D分别为放大1 500倍和10 000倍的叶黄素微胶囊。

, figureFileSmall=RENZbv0KaLToqVtCUQiv+g==, figureFileBig=C1s9kSds1kVOczZTkc8S6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644733715365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Retention rate of lutein microcapsules at different times. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=Jrxop8YCMWJkA0jVUimkaw==, figureFileBig=KiSo8T/mWVDq513MimXU2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644809212838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同时间的叶黄素微胶囊保留率。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=Jrxop8YCMWJkA0jVUimkaw==, figureFileBig=KiSo8T/mWVDq513MimXU2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644872127399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Antioxidant activity of lutein microcapsules at different light. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=iGPjC7vfJIpHWES+C8Ga3w==, figureFileBig=9/v2jn1lIMyko9Dga+pGGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061644943430568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同光照的微胶囊抗氧化活性。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=iGPjC7vfJIpHWES+C8Ga3w==, figureFileBig=9/v2jn1lIMyko9Dga+pGGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645002150825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Degradation rate of lutein microcapsules with different pH values. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=LxOArb3h0Udntb5QviYCGQ==, figureFileBig=90Jk8Exsl2HIDqbpiwmgIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645069259690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同pH条件的叶黄素微胶囊保留率。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=LxOArb3h0Udntb5QviYCGQ==, figureFileBig=90Jk8Exsl2HIDqbpiwmgIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645136368555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Antioxidant activity of lutein microcapsules at different temperatures. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

WD1-normal temperature group; WD2-4 ℃ group; WD3--20 ℃ group.

, figureFileSmall=plL/R3fq6EPdpS0ENogf6g==, figureFileBig=UH4a4EKzQAz1jvc0ZSIDgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645237031852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同温度的叶黄素微胶囊抗氧化活性。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

WD1-常温组;WD2-冷藏4 ℃组;WD3-冷冻-20 ℃组。

, figureFileSmall=plL/R3fq6EPdpS0ENogf6g==, figureFileBig=UH4a4EKzQAz1jvc0ZSIDgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645346083757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The scavenging rate of DPPH free radical and ABTS+ free radical by lutein microcapsules in simulated gastroenteric fluid. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

0-1 hour-simulate gastric digestion; 1-3 hours-simulate intestinal digestion.

, figureFileSmall=JIkGJ9/Aelc4j8jfQ+7XDQ==, figureFileBig=tONRun2ytNNqjnhHewE5yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645446747054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图10, caption=模拟体外胃肠液DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率评估叶黄素微胶囊抗氧化活性。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

0~1 h-模拟胃部消化;1~3 h-模拟肠道消化。

, figureFileSmall=JIkGJ9/Aelc4j8jfQ+7XDQ==, figureFileBig=tONRun2ytNNqjnhHewE5yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645509661615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The release of lutein microcapsules simulated in vitro gastric digestion and intestinal digestion. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

0-1 hour-simulate gastric digestion; 1-3 hours-simulate intestinal digestion.

, figureFileSmall=u6bco/Gy/tgy80/Ohp3mPg==, figureFileBig=lc9KniN2Y8gadl/vdFnkJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645580964784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图11, caption=模拟体外胃肠消化对叶黄素微胶囊的释放影响情况。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

0~1 h-模拟胃部消化;1~3 h-模拟肠道消化。

, figureFileSmall=u6bco/Gy/tgy80/Ohp3mPg==, figureFileBig=lc9KniN2Y8gadl/vdFnkJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645648073649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Fluorescence microscopy of the gastrointestinal tract at 1-3 h after lutein should signal conditions, figureFileSmall=ROi40GVMEXm1upV7Q8UJYw==, figureFileBig=1UXqsAeSo9r8DcK9PHHGhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645710988210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=图12, caption=荧光显微镜下胃肠道1~3h下叶黄素荧光信号情况, figureFileSmall=ROi40GVMEXm1upV7Q8UJYw==, figureFileBig=1UXqsAeSo9r8DcK9PHHGhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195061645782291379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Influence factors and level parameters in Box-Behnken response surface test design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Level Temperature of
embedding(A)/℃
Time of embedding
(B)/h
Core material
ratio(C)/g∶g
-1 35 1 1∶2
0 40 1.5 1∶3
1 45 2 1∶4
), ArticleFig(id=1195061645849400244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面实验设计中各影响因素与水平参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Level Temperature of
embedding(A)/℃
Time of embedding
(B)/h
Core material
ratio(C)/g∶g
-1 35 1 1∶2
0 40 1.5 1∶3
1 45 2 1∶4
), ArticleFig(id=1195061645992006581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Box-Behnken response surface experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. A(Temperature/℃) B(Time/h) C(Core material ratio/g∶g) Y(Embedding rate/%)
1 -1 1 0 54.97
2 1 0 -1 38.85
3 1 -1 0 48.81
4 0 0 0 69.80
5 0 0 0 72.40
6 -1 0 1 39.07
7 0 0 0 69.15
8 0 1 -1 51.19
9 0 -1 1 70.02
10 -1 -1 0 52.92
11 0 0 0 70.88
12 0 0 0 74.13
13 1 0 1 71.96
14 0 1 1 68.93
15 0 -1 -1 43.18
16 -1 0 -1 65.04
17 1 1 0 39.07
), ArticleFig(id=1195061646092669878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195009885516575134, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面实验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. A(Temperature/℃) B(Time/h) C(Core material ratio/g∶g) Y(Embedding rate/%)
1 -1 1 0 54.97
2 1 0 -1 38.85
3 1 -1 0 48.81
4 0 0 0 69.80
5 0 0 0 72.40
6 -1 0 1 39.07
7 0 0 0 69.15
8 0 1 -1 51.19
9 0 -1 1 70.02
10 -1 -1 0 52.92
11 0 0 0 70.88
12 0 0 0 74.13
13 1 0 1 71.96
14 0 1 1 68.93
15 0 -1 -1 43.18
16 -1 0 -1 65.04
17 1 1 0 39.07
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Variance analysis of Box-Behnken response surface experiment

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Source of variance Sum of squares Degrees of freedom Mean square F P Significance
Regression model 2 986.96 9 287.44 41.00 <0.000 1 2)
A(Temperature) 231.99 1 231.99 33.09 0.000 7 2)
B(Time) 1.69 1 1.69 0.24 0.638 2
C(Core material ratio) 854.50 1 854.50 121.89 <0.000 1 2)
AB 40.77 1 40.77 5.82 0.046 7 1)
AC 210.11 1 210.11 29.97 0.000 9 2)
BC 15.17 1 15.17 2.16 0.184 7
A2 407.13 1 407.13 58.08 0.000 1 2)
B2 744.04 1 744.04 106.14 <0.000 1 2)
C2 3.44 1 3.44 0.49 0.506 5
Residual 49.07 7 7.01
Lack of fit 36.74 3 12.25 3.97 0.108 0
Pure error 12.33 4 3.08
Total error 2636.03 16
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Box-Behnken响应面实验的方差分析

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Source of variance Sum of squares Degrees of freedom Mean square F P Significance
Regression model 2 986.96 9 287.44 41.00 <0.000 1 2)
A(Temperature) 231.99 1 231.99 33.09 0.000 7 2)
B(Time) 1.69 1 1.69 0.24 0.638 2
C(Core material ratio) 854.50 1 854.50 121.89 <0.000 1 2)
AB 40.77 1 40.77 5.82 0.046 7 1)
AC 210.11 1 210.11 29.97 0.000 9 2)
BC 15.17 1 15.17 2.16 0.184 7
A2 407.13 1 407.13 58.08 0.000 1 2)
B2 744.04 1 744.04 106.14 <0.000 1 2)
C2 3.44 1 3.44 0.49 0.506 5
Residual 49.07 7 7.01
Lack of fit 36.74 3 12.25 3.97 0.108 0
Pure error 12.33 4 3.08
Total error 2636.03 16
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叶黄素微胶囊的制备及稳定性研究
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李秋萍 , 许锦 , 李华燕 , 卢冬梅 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(9): 974-984
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(9): 974-984
叶黄素微胶囊的制备及稳定性研究
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李秋萍, 许锦, 李华燕, 卢冬梅*
作者信息
  • 岭南师范学院生命科学与技术学院, 广东 湛江 524048
  • 李秋萍,女,学士 研究方向:生物技术

通讯作者:

*卢冬梅,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:微生物学 Tel:(0759)3183277
Preparation and Stability of Lutein Microcapsules
Qiuping LI, Jin XU, Huayan LI, Dongmei LU*
Affiliations
  • School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.010
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目的 以酵母细胞为壁材,以叶黄素为芯材,使用冷冻干燥法制备叶黄素微胶囊。方法 通过单因素试验和响应面法优化探究不同温度、时间、材芯比对微胶囊包埋率的影响以确定最佳的制备工艺;并分析微胶囊的微观形貌、贮藏稳定性以及体外模拟消化对微胶囊抗氧化活性、体外消化释放行为以及荧光显微镜下的消化效果。结果 最佳制备工艺为包埋温度40 ℃、包埋时间1.5 h和材芯比为1∶3(g∶g),在此优化条件下叶黄素微胶囊的包埋率为81.77%;扫描电镜结果显示微胶囊颗粒完整、表面光滑、结构致密,具有良好的包埋效果。与对照组比较,微胶囊化处理能显著提高叶黄素的生理活性和贮藏稳定性,光照条件下提高29.40%,具有良好的抗光照能力;酸性条件下提高14.70%~48.07%,中性或弱碱条件下提高45.33%~58.44%,提高叶黄素的 pH 稳定性,可以较好抵抗肠液的破坏。叶黄素微胶囊贮藏环境研究结果表明,避光条件贮存叶黄素微胶囊活性提高7.06%;叶黄素微胶囊在中性或弱碱条件下储存效果最佳;在室温贮藏 28 d,抗氧化活性降低23.74%,温度降低抗氧化活性提高,可明显延长货架期。在模拟胃肠消化试验中,荧光显微镜下的黄绿色荧光信号先增强后减弱,表明叶黄素在胃肠道中被消化利用;微胶囊具有良好的释放性能,在胃肠消化2 h具有最高的抗氧化活性和释放率,能够有效减少叶黄素的损失,提高叶黄素生物利用度。结论 本研究为酵母细胞的应用拓宽了新的思路,也为叶黄素的行业发展提供了新的参考依据。

叶黄素微胶囊  /  包埋率  /  稳定性  /  响应面  /  体外消化

OBJECTIVE To prepare lutein microcapsules using yeast cells as the wall material and lutein as the core material by the freeze-drying method. METHODS One-way tests and response surface method optimization were employed to explore the effects of different temperatures, times and core ratios on the embedding rate of the microcapsules, thereby determining the optimal preparation process. Additionally, the microchemistry of the microcapsules, storage stability, and in vitro simulated digestion were analyzed to evaluate the impacts on the antioxidant activity of the microcapsules, in vitro digestive release behavior, and the digestive effect under a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS The results indicated that the optimal preparation process involved a temperature of 40 ℃, a time of 1.5 h, and a core material ratio of 1∶3(g∶g). Under these optimized conditions, the embedding rate of lutein microcapsules reached 81.77%. Scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that the microcapsule particles were intact, with a smooth surface, dense structure and an excellent embedding effect. Compared with the control group, microencapsulation treatment could significantly enhance the physiological activity and storage stability of lutein. Under light conditions, it increased by 29.40%, showing good light resistance. Under acidic conditions, it increased by 14.70%-48.07%, and under neutral or weak alkaline conditions, it increased by 45.33%-58.44%, which improved the pH stability of lutein and enabled it to better resist the destruction of intestinal fluid. Investigations of the storage environment of lutein microcapsules revealed that the activity of lutein microcapsules increased by 7.06% under light-avoidance conditions. Lutein microcapsules stored under neutral or weak alkaline conditions had the best effect. They could be stored at room temperature for 28 d, during which the antioxidant activity decreased by 23.74%. Reducing the temperature could increase the antioxidant activity and significantly extend the shelf life. In the simulated gastrointestinal digestion test, the yellow-green fluorescence signal under the fluorescence microscope was first enhanced and then weakened, indicating that lutein was digested and utilized in the gastrointestinal tract. The microcapsules had favorable release properties, and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and release rate during 2 h gastrointestinal digestion, which could effectively reduce the loss of lutein and improve its bioavailability. CONCLUSION This paper broadens new perspectives for the application of yeast cells and also provides a new reference basis for the development of the lutein industry.

lutein microcapsule  /  embedding rate  /  stability  /  response surface method  /  in vitro digestion
李秋萍, 许锦, 李华燕, 卢冬梅. 叶黄素微胶囊的制备及稳定性研究. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (9) : 974 -984 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.010
Qiuping LI, Jin XU, Huayan LI, Dongmei LU. Preparation and Stability of Lutein Microcapsules[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (9) : 974 -984 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.010
叶黄素属于3,3-二羟基-ɑ-胡萝卜素,广泛存在于蔬菜、花卉、水果与某些藻类生物中,其中万寿菊所含的叶黄素占其所含类胡萝卜素中的70%~79%[1]。叶黄素具有很高的营养价值和多种生理活性功能,不仅可以预防黄斑色变,减少紫外线-可见光引起的损伤[2],还可预防心脑血管疾病、促进大脑发育等,且叶黄素还是一种天然的食品着色剂和营养强化剂。但叶黄素化学稳定性差,导致保质期较短,还具有水溶性差和生物利用度低的缺点,从而在应用领域受限[3]。而微胶囊能有效稳定叶黄素、延长叶黄素保质期,因此微胶囊化功能性叶黄素得到越来越广泛的研究[3]。随着科技发展,制备微胶囊的技术也多种多样,包括喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥等,这些技术的有效应用也进一步扩大了叶黄素微胶囊的应用市场。
目前国内外对于叶黄素微胶囊的研究主要集中于壁材的选择和稳定性的研究。壁材是决定微胶囊性能的主要因素之一,通常由高分子材料或具有良好成膜性能的无机材料组成。Lu等[4]采用酪蛋白和乙酰化绿豆淀粉微胶囊化叶黄素;Cai等[5]以α-环糊精为壁材对叶黄素酯进行包合,溶解度提高为叶黄素酯原料的6倍以上;Zhao等[6]制备了卵磷脂叶黄素微胶囊和酪蛋白叶黄素微胶囊,结果表明酪蛋白叶黄素微胶囊具有更好的稳定性;Wang等[7]利用烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠为壁材制备叶黄素微胶囊,有效提高叶黄素的水溶性;Ding等[8]以菊粉和变性淀粉为复合包埋材料制备叶黄素微胶囊,稳定性也得到了显著性提高。以上各种微胶囊体系可以改善叶黄素的稳定性,提高其在人体内的生物利用率,但也存在着一些不足之处,包括微胶囊体系的安全性(制备工艺中引入化学试剂具有一定的低毒性),还有一些包埋技术成本高和化学降解速率等问题[9]
除此之外,不同运载体系对叶黄素的吸收代谢作用需要进一步了解,目前这部分研究多见于脂质体、纳米颗粒运载体系,而各种微胶囊体系中消化吸收机制研究较少。如Hou等[10]构建叶黄素纳米颗粒,有效提高了叶黄素的抗氧化活性。Jiao等[11]研究多聚赖氨酸对叶黄素纳米脂质体胃肠释放性能,提高了叶黄素的释放率,Wu等[12]通过胃蛋白酶用SPI水解物包封叶黄素可以显著提高叶黄素在光照和模拟消化环境下的稳定性。
酵母细胞作为一种新型的包埋材料,可以通过自身吸附性能来完成包埋,且具有来源广泛、成本较低[13]、无化学试剂污染、生物相容性好、易生物降解、易于获取、微胶囊产品大小均一等众多优点[14]。关于酵母细胞作为壁材的包埋相关研究中,包埋对象主要为多酚类、油脂类[15]、黄酮类[16]、多糖类[17]、维生素D[18]等。目前国内外有关酵母细胞作为壁材包埋叶黄素的研究报道极少。针对现有技术的不足,本研究旨在以市售酵母作为包埋剂制备叶黄素微胶囊,通过单因素试验和响应面试验对其包埋工艺进行优化,探究包埋后微胶囊的微观形貌、贮藏稳定性及其在模拟体外消化的影响。探究应用酵母细胞为壁材包埋叶黄素的可行性,以期制备一种新型高效的微胶囊材料,进一步扩大叶黄素递送体系的种类,为叶黄素在酵母壁材类包载技术的应用提供一定的研究依据。
高活性干酵母(湖北安琪酵母股份有限公司);万寿菊干花(安徽亳州);叶黄素对照品(纯度>99%)、胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、猪胆盐(上海源叶生物科技有限公司);1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼(上海麦克林生物科技有限公司);2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(上海阿拉丁生物科技有限公司)。
Thz-100型恒温摇床(上海叶拓科技有限公司);SN-RE-1100型旋转蒸发仪(上海尚仪仪器设备有限公司);MSD1125型光学显微镜(迈时迪科技有限公司);IX7荧光倒置显微镜(日本OLYMPUS公司);JSM7610F扫描电镜(日本JEOL公司);安捷伦8453型紫外分光光度计(安捷伦科技有限公司);HH-12468型数显恒温水浴锅(上海叶拓科技有限公司);101型电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(瑞莱铂上海科技智能有限公司);高速万能粉碎机(永康红太阳机电有限公司);LC-LX型差速离心机(力振科技有限公司);HFLG-10A型真空冷冻干燥机(上海贺帆仪器有限公司);SHA-B型高速振荡均质器(湖南力辰仪器科技有限公司)。
参照文献[19]方法制备酵母细胞冻干粉,真空条件为-20 ℃预冻12 h,进行真空干燥(冷阱温度-45 ℃,真空度10~20 Pa)。参照Liu等[20]方法,精密称取1 g已经灭活的干酵母,按配比加入叶黄素溶液,在一定的温度下,恒温水浴振荡一定时间。离心水洗3次,冷冻干燥,得叶黄素的酵母微胶囊产品。
标准曲线的绘制:参考文献[21]采用紫外-可见分光光度计法测定叶黄素的质量浓度。精密称定叶黄素对照品,配制不同质量浓度的标准溶液,无水乙醇溶液做空白对照。在446 nm处测定其吸光度值,得到叶黄素质量浓度标准曲线:y=29.589x-0.004 5,相关系数r2=0.998 8。
包埋率的测定:参照Chen等[21]的方法测定叶黄素微胶囊的包埋率。将25 mg叶黄素微胶囊粉末用去离子水溶解,得到叶黄素微胶囊溶液。在446 nm波长处测定上清液吸光度,分别代表未包埋叶黄素质量浓度和微胶囊中总叶黄素质量浓度。叶黄素微胶囊包埋率按公式1计算。
包埋率%=1-(ρ1/ρ2)×100%
其中,ρ1为未包埋叶黄素质量浓度,ρ2为微胶囊中总的叶黄素质量浓度。
单因素实验:以微胶囊包埋率为评价指标,包埋温度(A)(30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65 ℃);包埋时间(B)(1、1.5、2、2.5、3 h);材芯比(C)(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4、2∶1,g∶g)为影响因素进行单因素实验。
响应面实验设计:在单因素试验的基础上,利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件Box-Behnken优化微胶囊包埋的最佳条件,设计3因素,即包埋温度(A)、 包埋时间(B)、材芯比(C)三水平(-1、0、1)多组实验。并对实验结果进行方差分析和P值显著性检验,预测最优包埋条件,响应面实验因素与水平见表1
参照文献[22]方法,采用扫描电子显微镜对叶黄素微胶囊的微观形貌进行观察。叶黄素微胶囊冻干粉观察前需要用碳导电双面胶固定,对其进行镀金处理,并以酵母菌冻干粉为对照。
参考文献[21]采用紫外分光光度计测定待测样品吸光度,按公式2计算保留率[23]
保留率(%)=A/A0×100%
式中:A为第N天时叶黄素微胶囊吸光度值;A0为第0天时叶黄素微胶囊吸光度值。
抗氧化活性的测定:参照Meng等[24]的方法测定。将 0.2 mmol·L-1的 DPPH溶液2.0 mL与叶黄素微胶囊样液2.0 mL混合,以乙醇为对照组,以DPPH溶液为空白组,室温放置反应30 min后测定517 nm波长处的吸光度。DPPH自由基清除率按公式3计算:
DPPH自由基清除率(%)=[1-(Aj-Ai)/Ao]×100%
式中:Aj 为DPPH溶液与叶黄素微胶囊样液反应后517 nm波长处的吸光度;Ai为叶黄素微胶囊样液与乙醇反应后517 nm波长处的吸光度;Ao为DPPH溶液在517 nm波长处的吸光度。
ABTS阳离子(ABTS+)自由基清除率测定:参照Rao等[25]方法进行测定。取样品液0.6 mL,加入5.4 mLABTS+稀释液,在室温避光反应10 min,于734 nm波长处测定吸光度。按公式4计算ABTS+自由基清除率:
ABTS+自由基清除率(%)=[(Ao-A)/Ao]×100%
式中:Ao为乙醇样品的吸光度;A为待测样品的吸光度。
光照稳定性:设置叶黄素(CK组)和叶黄素微胶囊(LM组)分别为对照组和实验组,测定室温光照环境下叶黄素含量的变化。然后将实验组1(GZ组)置于室外进行光照,实验组2(BG组)置于室内。每7 d取样,测定28 d,以保留率和抗氧化活性为指标来考察叶黄素微胶囊的光照稳定性[26]
温度稳定性:将叶黄素微胶囊分别在25 ℃(WD1组),4 ℃(WD2组),-20 ℃(WD3组)条件下放置,每7 d取样,测定28 d,以抗氧化活性为指标来考察叶黄素微胶囊的温度稳定性[26]
pH值稳定性:分别将叶黄素对照品以及微胶囊与不同pH(2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9)的缓冲溶液混合30 min,过滤离心,以保留率为指标来考察叶黄素微胶囊的pH值稳定性[23]
参照Wang等[27-29]方法测定体外消化模拟实验。构建胃和肠两个阶段的体外模拟消化。模拟胃消化:取0.9%的生理盐水400 mL与5 mL胃消化液混匀,用1 mol·L-1 HCl调至pH 2.0,加入3 g叶黄素微胶囊粉末样品,于恒温摇床(37 ℃、100 r·min-1)反应1 h。模拟肠消化阶段:将50 mL肠液加入消化结束的胃消化液中,混匀,用1 mol·L-1碳酸氢钠溶液调节至pH 7.0,于恒温摇床(37 ℃、100 r·min-1)反应2 h。
叶黄素微胶囊释放率的测定:胃、肠消化过程中,每隔1 h取样1次,终止样品反应后测定叶黄素微胶囊的吸光度值,叶黄素微胶囊释放率的计算公式见公式5:
释放率(%)=At/A0×100%
A0:叶黄素微胶囊总含量吸光度值;At:叶黄素微胶囊在t时间时测定的吸光度值。
抗氧化活性的测定:胃、肠消化过程中,每隔1 h取样一次,终止样品反应后,参照“1.3.5”项下测定DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率。
消化液中叶黄素微胶囊微观结构的观察:分别取50 μL不同消化阶段的消化液置于载玻片上,在倒置荧光显微镜下观察的叶黄素微囊发出的荧光,选择合适的视野拍照[30]
所有实验均设置3 个平行组,结果用“平均值±标准偏差”表示。绘图采用Excel软件,响应面法利用Design-Expert 10.0软件处理数据作图,采用SPSS 26软件对数据进行方差分析,P<0.05为差异显著。
图1可知,包埋温度不同,叶黄素微胶囊的包埋率也不同。在30~40 ℃,随着包埋温度升高,包埋率呈现明显上升趋势,但当温度超过45 ℃,叶黄素包埋率出现了迅速下降的趋势。前者可能是由于温度升高,分子运动加快,促进叶黄素的细胞内扩散,导致叶黄素包埋率的增加;后者是随着温度持续升高,使酵母细胞膜通透性增大,导致叶黄素的溶出,包埋率也会随之降低[31]。因此,选择40 ℃为叶黄素微胶囊制备的最佳温度。
图2可知,在一定范围内叶黄素微胶囊的包埋率随着时间的增加而升高,在1.5 h时包埋率达到最高,为73.05%。当包埋时间继续增加时,包埋率反而下降,这是由于包埋时间延长,叶黄素从壁材中溢出。因此1.5 h时为最佳包埋效果。
对功能因子的有效封装是评价食品传递体系的首要标准,随着材芯比的增加,叶黄素微胶囊的包埋率也逐渐增加,当材芯质量比为1∶3时叶黄素包埋率达到最大值74.78%,之后出现下降趋势(图3)。当材芯比较低时,壁材不能很好地对叶黄素包封,产生较少的微胶囊颗粒,胶囊破裂导致叶黄素溢出;当材芯比高于质量比为1∶3时,由于体系黏度系数过高,阻碍了叶黄素在壁材间的流动且产生微胶囊相互粘连的现象,故而叶黄素包埋效果变差[32]
根据单因素结果实验,选取对叶黄素微胶囊包埋率有显著影响的因素:A(温度)、B(时间)、C(材芯比)为自变量,将Y(包埋率)作为指标的响应值,从而展开三因素三水平的正交实验。
运用Design-Expert 10.0程序设计实验,实验组合和结果见表2,响应面项式回归方程为:Y=72.09-5.39A-0.46B+10.34C-3.19AB+7.25AC-1.95BC-9.83A2-13.29B2-0.90C2
回归方程分析见表3,该回归模型极显著(P=0.000 1<0.01),失拟项不显著(P=0.108 0>0.05),决定系数(r2)=0.981 4,校正系数( ${R}_{Adj}^{2}$)=0.957 5,说明预测值与实际值的拟合程度较高,能够较好地描述试验结果,因此模型建立有效。就各因素而言,对叶黄素微胶囊包埋率的影响大小顺序为材芯比>温度>时间,且一次项(A、C)、二次项(A2、C2)交互项(AC)均对结果表现为极显著(P<0.001);交互项AB对结果为显著影响(P<0.05)。
两因素响应曲面的弧度越大,说明两者之间的交互作用对响应值的影响越大。由图4可知,温度与时间、材芯比与时间、材芯比与温度中材芯比与时间的交互作用响应图较陡峭,说明两者间的交互作用对包埋率影响更大;且随着比例的增加,包埋率呈现先增大后减小的趋势[33]
由回归模型得出叶黄素微胶囊制备的最佳工艺以及实际操作,调整最佳工艺条件为:温度40.5℃、时间1.5 h和材芯质量比为1∶3。叶黄素包埋率理论值为81.82%,在上述工艺条件下,3次平行验证实验得出叶黄素包埋率实际值为81.77%,与理论预测值相差0.05%,说明优化得到的最佳工艺可实施性强,结果可靠[34]
本研究通过冷冻干燥法制备叶黄素微胶囊,该方法在超低温和真空条件下能够有效解决叶黄素的易降解不稳定等问题,故叶黄素微胶囊的包埋率达到81.77%,优于同样方法制备的高分子材料微胶囊,如Feng[35]制备的花色苷微胶囊包埋率为60%,Li[36]制备的山茱萸黄酮微胶囊包埋率为64.17%,Zhang[37]制备的茶树精油微胶囊包埋率为76.17%。
采用扫描电子显微镜观察市售酵母细胞和叶黄素微胶囊微观形貌,结果见图5。经过包埋的叶黄素微胶囊呈典型的球状结构,而市售酵母细胞呈现干瘪状态,10 000倍下可见其表面多褶皱、不饱满。而叶黄素微胶囊颗粒很完整,未发现裂缝和孔洞现象[38]。叶黄素微胶囊结构紧凑,能够有效减少外界因素(如水分进入内部),从而有效降低水分活度,对内部有效物质具有较好的保护屏障作用[39-41]。本研究采用冷冻干燥法制备的叶黄素微胶囊,微观形态优于喷雾干燥法制备的微胶囊[32],喷雾干燥颗粒表面容易出现凹陷和褶皱。Sun[42]报道了喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥的比较,发现冷冻干燥较喷雾干燥能产生更高质量的粉末,但实际应用时微胶囊效率并不只是微胶囊制备方法决定的,需要综合考虑多种因素。
作为一种类胡萝卜的脂溶性物质,叶黄素容易受到强光的影响,引起性质改变和有效成分的分解。因此,为了探讨光照对叶黄素微胶囊稳定性的影响,试验测定了室温下不避光环境下叶黄素微胶囊的保留率。从图6中可以看出,光照条件下的叶黄素微胶囊的保留率均高于叶黄素。在贮存的前7 d,天然叶黄素以及叶黄素微胶囊中叶黄素的含量均发生不同程度明显降低,但CK组和LM组差异不大(保留率相差4.13%)。而在光照条件贮藏28 d后,LM组的保留率达到77.11%,明显高于CK组(保留率相差29.40%),这说明叶黄素微胶囊在一定程度上可以保护叶黄素,且降低光照对叶黄素的影响。经过微胶囊包埋之后提高其稳定性,有效扩大了在食品中的应用。Wang等[7]高温油溶乳化均质法制备的叶黄素微胶囊在24 d后的保留率为78.45%,与本实验的研究结果类似。
DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率均是评价抗氧化能力的重要指标,抗氧化能力与自由基清除率呈正相关关系[43]。光照条件下(GZ组)和避光条件下(BG组),存储28 d内叶黄素微胶囊抗氧化活性的变化见图7,从图7中可以看出,避光储存条件能提高叶黄素微胶囊的稳定性。随着天数的增加,叶黄素微胶囊的抗氧化能力呈现不同的稳定能力,DPPH自由基稳定性先增强后降低,存储到7 d时BG组自由基清除率比GZ组高出4.73%;ABTS+自由基稳定性先降低后增强,存储到28 d时BG组自由基清除率比GZ组高出7.06%。在光照条件下,DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率趋势迅速下降,这可能是因为光照加速了叶黄素的分解与氧化。Yu等[44]的研究结果与本文类似,在避光条件下山楂多酚微胶囊的保留率较高。因此,避光条件有利于叶黄素微胶囊的贮存(提高7.06%),但微胶囊化处理更利于显著提高叶黄素的稳定性(提高29.40%)。
叶黄素及其微胶囊在不同pH值下的稳定性见图8,当pH在2~9,相同pH值时,微胶囊(LM组)比单一叶黄素(CK组)更能耐受pH的影响,且两者差异明显。pH为7时,LM组和CK组的保留率达到最大值,77.19%和23.97%,LM组较CK组提高了53.22%。随pH从中性到酸或碱的过程中保留率都渐渐下降,导致稳定性下降。pH为8和9时,LM组较CK组提高了45.33%和45.83%;pH为2、3、4、5和6时,LM组较CK组提高了14.70%、37.35%、44.26%、48.07%和58.44%。与Chen[45]制备的多酚微胶囊在 pH≤3 的条件下储存的研究结果不同,叶黄素微胶囊在中性或弱碱条件下储存效果最佳,酸度越大稳定性越低,且由酵母细胞制备的叶黄素微胶囊能提高叶黄素的 pH 稳定性[44]
微胶囊中叶黄素的保留率较高,这可能是因为叶黄素被包埋在壁材之中,壁材在一定程度上减弱了pH对叶黄素的影响,因而本研究所选用的壁材能够有效降低叶黄素在不同pH环境中被破坏的程度。此外,两者随着溶液pH增加而出现叶黄素保留率上升后趋于平稳的现象[44],这表明叶黄素在中性或弱碱条件下更稳定。
为保证叶黄素微胶囊在食品货架期内仍保持生物活性,评价贮藏期间环境因素的影响是有必要的,故本文主要探讨低温长时间贮藏环境对叶黄素微胶囊稳定性的影响。
图9所示,叶黄素微胶囊在不同温度下,随着贮藏时间的延长稳定性逐渐下降,且不同温度下呈现不同的下降趋势。叶黄素微胶囊粉末在低温下放置,DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率,常温(WD1组)7 d分别降低7.20%和7.82%,28 d分别降低22.01%和23.74%;冷藏4 ℃(WD2组)7 d 分别降低4.12%和6.85%,28 d分别降低12.01%和9.98%;冷冻-20 ℃(WD3组)7 d分别降低0.29%和5.31%,28 d分别降低7.32%和7.12%。与WD1组相比,叶黄素微胶囊粉末WD3组DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率,7 d分别提高7.75%和2.04%,28 d分别提高16.07%和16.41%。文献[45]报道多酚微胶囊常温放置5 h活性降低5%左右,番茄红素微胶囊贮藏温度为25 ℃时,7 d活性降低15%左右[21],而本文制备的叶黄素微胶囊7 d降低7.82%,可明显延长货架期。以上说明酵母细胞制备的微胶囊能够有效保护叶黄素,提高其稳定性,叶黄素微胶囊可在低温下贮藏28 d。
图10可知,叶黄素微胶囊随消化时间的延长,在胃肠内对自由基的清除能力呈现出不一样的效果。在0~1 h的模拟胃部消化中,微胶囊对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的能力整体呈现急速上升的趋势,这可能是由于叶黄素经过壁材的包埋,叶黄素作为芯材被保护,叶黄素还未被完全释放。在1~3 h的模拟肠道消化中,叶黄素微胶囊对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除能力整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势。且在2 h 自由基清除率均达到最大,DPPH自由基清除率达到89.77%,说明肠液中叶黄素含量升高,导致微胶囊抗氧化活性显著增加;ABTS+自由基清除率达到84.36%,在肠道环境下微胶囊自由基活性提高,可能是由于物质从胃消化阶段转为肠消化阶段,环境pH的改变而改变叶黄素的稳定性。但随着消化过程的进行,在2~3 h叶黄素微胶囊的抗氧化活性均出现降低,但仍保持60%以上的抗氧化活性。这也许是由于,pH由酸性提升到中性,一些化合物因敏感提供而引起的结构重组,或者与食物结合形成新的复合物,从而导致抗氧化能力降低[46-48]。表明酵母细胞微囊化叶黄素可有效降低叶黄素的在胃肠环境下的氧化问题。
为了解决叶黄素水溶性和理化稳定性较差、吸收率和生物利用度较低等缺点[9]。由图11 可见,在经胃消化0~1 h中,酵母微胶囊化的叶黄素在模拟胃液中释放速率很快,转入肠液消化1~3 h中,微胶囊在2 h时叶黄素释放率达到最高,这与酵母细胞的结构有着密切的关系,因为酵母细胞的细胞壁主要成分是甘露糖蛋白等容易被酸、碱破坏的物质,所以酵母细胞微胶囊进入微环境和小肠环境中后会快速释放内容物[48]。在转入肠液消化1~3 h中,微胶囊在2 h时叶黄素释放率达到100%,这是因为经肠道消化后,叶黄素在碱性条件下发生结构异化生成无色物质[24]。在肠道消化2~3 h后释放率下降,可能是由于所释放的叶黄素未能及时在体内反应从而被肠液中的蛋白酶所破坏[25]。由此可见,与肠溶微胶囊不同[49],叶黄素的迅速释放能有效防止其在体内释放过程中发生变化,提高人体对活性物质的利用率。
荧光显微镜观察是指通过发生特定波长来使有机物质产生荧光反应,从而观察物质的形态及分散情况。模拟胃肠中叶黄素微胶囊荧光现象见图12。根据扫描结果可以看到,在模拟胃消化过程中,在微胶囊颗粒中呈现一定的荧光反应(1 h),说明叶黄素被成功包埋进壁材中,且释放率较低。在体外肠模拟过程中, 2 h图可知,此刻绿色荧光分布较均匀,信号图像清晰,证明叶黄素含量提高,在肠道释放率迅速增加。3 h图中可见发出微弱信号凝团,是因为残留的含有少量叶黄素的酵母细胞破碎与模拟肠液中胰蛋白酶、猪胆盐发生反应导致[28]。综合分析,整体上体外胃肠模拟的荧光趋势是先绿色荧光信号增强、图像清晰、分布均匀后变成减弱、模糊、混团,表明酵母细胞微囊化叶黄素能快速释放,减少损失。
本实验以叶黄素为芯材,酵母细胞为包埋剂,探索了一种新型高效的微胶囊制备方法。首先通过单因素和三因素三水平响应面试验,结合回归模型以及根据实际生产工艺得出叶黄素微胶囊制备的最佳制备工艺,其次采用SEM对叶黄素微胶囊进行表征,最后对微胶囊的稳定性、体外消化释放行为、消化前后抗氧化活性以及消化液中微观结构进行了分析。结果表明,制备微胶囊最佳工艺条件为温度40.5 ℃、时间1.5 h、材芯质量比1∶3,叶黄素包埋率实际值为81.77%(P<0.05);进行扫描电镜观察到的叶黄素微胶囊颗粒完整、饱满、表面光滑,说明其包埋效果良好,结构完整;在pH=6,室温避光条件下贮藏28 d后,仍保持较高的保留率和抗氧化活性,抗氧化活性达90%以上,说明微胶囊化手段可以有效延缓叶黄素的氧化变质;微胶囊可以提高叶黄素的生物利用率,在胃肠消化阶段壁材对芯材起到很好的保护作用,使其在消化2 h后具有最大的释放率以及自由基清除能力,DPPH自由基清除率达89.77%,ABTS+自由基清除率达84.36%;在荧光显微镜下,消化3 h过程中叶黄素绿色荧光信号先增强后均匀分布最后减弱,说明叶黄素微胶囊化可以延长在胃肠的消化时间。综上,使用酵母细胞作为壁材制备叶黄素微胶囊是具有确切的工艺可行性,并有望用于今后的研究和工业化生产中。
  • 广东省科技专项资金(“大专项+任务清单”)竞争性分配项目资助(2021A05225)
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.09.010
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
基金
广东省科技专项资金(“大专项+任务清单”)竞争性分配项目资助(2021A05225)
作者信息
    岭南师范学院生命科学与技术学院, 广东 湛江 524048

通讯作者:

*卢冬梅,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:微生物学 Tel:(0759)3183277
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2025.09.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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