Article(id=1195000465038487880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195000462479966923, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)07-0710-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.07.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723996800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762839912900, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762839912900, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762839912899, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762839912899, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195000462479966923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='665', pageEnd='776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762839912289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762840003355, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195000844501365697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195000462479966923, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195000844501365698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195000462479966923, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=710, endPage=717, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195000465298534729, articleId=1195000465038487880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Hydrolysis Research of Pheretima guillemi (Michaelsen)-Derived Anticoagulant Proteins DPf3 in vivo and in vitro and Spatial Structure Prediction of Its Active Protein, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To investigate the fibrinolytic activity and protein profile change of Pheretima guillemi (Michaelsen)-derived anticoagulant proteins DPf3 after digestion in gastrointestinal tract in vitro and in vivo, and to predict the spatial structure of its active protein, DPf3 ID NO.2, by homology modeling. METHODS The in vitro digestive effects of pepsin (and trypsin) on DPf3 were investigated under simulated gastric empty state (pH 2) and semi-empty state (pH 5), and the in vivo digestion effects were evaluated via Kunming mice orally administrated DPf3. The activity and protein profile of DPf3 after hydrolysis in vivo and in vitro were analyzed by fibrin plate method combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); I-TASSER combined with SAVES v5.0 were used to homology modeling and evaluate the structure of DPf3 ID NO.2, the active protein of DPf3, and to predict its secondary and tertiary structure. RESULTS After enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro, the fibrinolytic activity of DPf3 was lost under pH 2 incubation, and the fibrinolytic activity of DPf3 incubated with heat inactivated pepsin at pH 5 was slightly higher than that of DPf3 incubated with activated pepsin. After enzymolysis in vivo, only the fibrinolytic activity of gastric perfusion fluid was significantly different from that of control group. The protein profile showed that the stable presence of DPf3 ID NO.2 might be an important reason for the fibrinolytic activity of DPf3. Spatial structure prediction showed that DPf3 ID NO.2 was a typical chymotrypsin-like serine protease, revealing its catalytic center, zymogenic center, important amino acid residues and S1 active pocket. CONCLUSION The combination of in vivo and in vitro hydrolysis provide a basis for the protein expression profile and activity changes of antithrombotic protein DPf3 after oral administration. Homologous modeling is feasible for the structural prediction of active peptides in macromolecular proteins of the traditional Chinese animal medicine.

, correspAuthors=Jinfa TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yali WU, Wei WANG, Bing HAN, Weixia LI, Xiaoyan WANG, Mingliang ZHANG, Hui ZHANG, Liuqing YANG, Jinfa TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195000655627662009, articleId=1195000465038487880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3的体内外水解研究及其活性蛋白空间结构预测, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3经胃肠道消化后活性及成分变化,并结合同源建模预测其活性蛋白DPf3 ID NO.2的空间结构。方法 体外模拟胃排空状态(pH 2)及半排空状态(pH 5)下胃蛋白酶(及胰蛋白酶)对DPf3的消化作用,昆明小鼠经灌胃给药DPf3考察体内酶解对其消化作用;纤维蛋白平板法联合十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析DPf3经体内外水解后活性及成分变化;I-TASSER联合SAVES v5.0同源建模并评价DPf3的活性蛋白成分DPf3 ID NO.2,并预测其二级和三级结构。结果 DPf3经体外酶解后,在pH 2孵育条件下丧失纤溶活性,在pH 5条件下,DPf3经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育后,纤溶活性较未经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育物稍高;经体内酶解后,与对照组相比,仅胃部灌流液的纤溶活性具显著性差异;蛋白质谱图结果显示DPf3 ID NO.2的稳定存在或为DPf3具纤溶活性的重要原因;空间结构预测表明DPf3 ID NO.2属于典型的凝乳胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶,揭示其催化中心、酶原中心、重要的氨基酸残基及S1活性口袋。结论 通过体内外水解为威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3口服后蛋白表达谱及活性变化提供依据,同源建模可用于中药动物药大分子蛋白质中活性多肽的结构预测。

, correspAuthors=唐进法, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*唐进法,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量评价及合理用药 Tel:(0371)66233612
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吴娅丽,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:中药新剂型与新技术、中药合理用药

, authorsList=吴娅丽, 王炜, 韩冰, 李伟霞, 王晓艳, 张明亮, 张辉, 杨柳青, 唐进法)}, authors=[Author(id=1195054710416740734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1195054710509015425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, authorId=1195054710416740734, language=EN, stringName=Yali WU, firstName=Yali, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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吴娅丽,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:中药新剂型与新技术、中药合理用药

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吴娅丽,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:中药新剂型与新技术、中药合理用药

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Biochim Biophys Acta, 2001, 1526: 286-292., articleTitle=Some features of intestinal absorption of intact fibrinolytic enzyme III-1 from Lumbricus rubellus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195054717077295595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=48, issue=7, pageStart=816, pageEnd=821, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=YU Q, LI P, YANG Q, journalName=Pharm Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Q, LI P, YANG Q. Improving the absorption of earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes with mucosal enhancers[J]. 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articleId=1195000465038487880, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The fibrinolytic activity of DPf3 after hydrolysis in vitro (A) and in vivo (B). Mean±SEM

With the diameter of the fibrinolytic ring (d) as index, with lumbrokinase (Lum, U·mL-1) and DPf3 (0.2 mg·mL-1) as positive control in order. 1)P<0.05, vs corresponding control group.

, figureFileSmall=aZa7uQzRlonXqLllnuWW0A==, figureFileBig=/2IUVMNCXLEB4IBMnM3lBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054713650549184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=CN, label=图1, caption=威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3经体外(A)及体内(B)水解后的纤溶活性变化。Mean±SEM

以纤溶环直径(d)为指标,分别以蚓激酶(lumbrokinase, Lum, 12 000 U·mL-1)和DPf3 (0.2 mg·mL-1)为阳性对照。与对应对照组比, 1)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=aZa7uQzRlonXqLllnuWW0A==, figureFileBig=/2IUVMNCXLEB4IBMnM3lBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054713809932737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The SDS-PAGE profile of DPf3 after hydrolysis in vitro and in vivo

A-the protein pattern of DPf3 after hydrolysis in vitro; B-the protein pattern of DPf3 in mice stomach after hydrolysis in vivo; M-marker; L1-5-control group; L6-10-DPf3-gavaged group; D-DPf3; P-pepsin; T-trypsin; The location of DPf3 ID NO.2 was indicated by arrow and red frame line.

, figureFileSmall=lbB/ynsslodLPWshlSxKlg==, figureFileBig=BmdnzhB7J+VR3WBLaL/Mng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054713889624514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DPf3经体外及体内水解后的十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)图

A-DPf3经体外水解后的蛋白表达谱;B-DPf3经体内水解后的蛋白表达谱(胃部灌流液);M-内参;L1~5-空白对照组,L6~10-给药组;D-DPf3;P-胃蛋白酶;T-胰蛋白酶;DPf3 ID NO.2所处位置如箭头及红色框线所示。

, figureFileSmall=lbB/ynsslodLPWshlSxKlg==, figureFileBig=BmdnzhB7J+VR3WBLaL/Mng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054713960927683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sequence alignment of DPf3 ID NO.2 and EFEa

The consistent sequences are marked in red, the secondary structures are shown above the sequence number, catalytic and zymogen triads are marked with black and red triangles below the amino acid sequence, respectively, while other important residues are marked with black circles below.

, figureFileSmall=S8ZKRtXFyTwCAcoMG4/7QQ==, figureFileBig=qtcorN19/tBR27jOxWZ+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054714032230852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DPf3 ID NO.2与地龙纤溶蛋白组分A(EFEa)的序列比对

标红的为一致性序列,二级结构展示于序列编号上方,催化中心和酶原中心分别在底部标记黑色和红色三角形,其他重要的氨基酸残基在底部标记圆形。

, figureFileSmall=S8ZKRtXFyTwCAcoMG4/7QQ==, figureFileBig=qtcorN19/tBR27jOxWZ+Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054714107728325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ribbon representation of tertiary structure of EFEa (A) and DPf3 ID NO.2 (B)

The red, blue and orange color of ball-and-stick model showed catalytic triad residues, zymogen triad residues and S1 pocket in order.

, figureFileSmall=zP5bGdNg75H7gxZdNf37cw==, figureFileBig=4g3qitZlziFL+zCunTjrKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054714174837190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=CN, label=图4, caption=EFEa (A)和DPf3 ID NO.2 (B)的三级结构的带状展示

红色、蓝色、橙色球棍模型分别展示催化三联体、酶原三联体、S1活性口袋。

, figureFileSmall=zP5bGdNg75H7gxZdNf37cw==, figureFileBig=4g3qitZlziFL+zCunTjrKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054714246140359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Evaluation results of DPf3 ID NO.2 protein predictive structure by SAVES v5.0

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein
name
Evaluation results
Verify 3D ERRAT(Over quality factor A) Prove Z-score PROCHECK WHATCHECK
DPf3 ID NO.2 98.34% 87.500 0.459 95.9% Pass
), ArticleFig(id=1195054714304860616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000465038487880, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DPf3 ID NO.2的蛋白质预测结构的SAVES v5.0评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein
name
Evaluation results
Verify 3D ERRAT(Over quality factor A) Prove Z-score PROCHECK WHATCHECK
DPf3 ID NO.2 98.34% 87.500 0.459 95.9% Pass
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威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3的体内外水解研究及其活性蛋白空间结构预测
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吴娅丽 1, 2 , 王炜 3 , 韩冰 1, 4 , 李伟霞 1, 2, 4 , 王晓艳 1, 2, 4 , 张明亮 1, 2 , 张辉 1, 2 , 杨柳青 1, 2 , 唐进法 1, 2, 4, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(7): 710-717
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(7): 710-717
威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3的体内外水解研究及其活性蛋白空间结构预测
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吴娅丽1, 2, 王炜3, 韩冰1, 4, 李伟霞1, 2, 4, 王晓艳1, 2, 4, 张明亮1, 2, 张辉1, 2, 杨柳青1, 2, 唐进法1, 2, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 河南中医药大学第一附属医院药学部, 郑州 450003
  • 2 河南省中药临床应用、评价与转化工程研究中心, 河南省中药安全评价与风险防控工程研究中心, 河南省中药临床药学中医药重点实验室, 郑州 450003
  • 3 河南中医药大学第一附属医院感染控制科, 郑州 450003
  • 4 河南中医药大学药学院, 郑州 450046
  • 吴娅丽,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:中药新剂型与新技术、中药合理用药

通讯作者:

*唐进法,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量评价及合理用药 Tel:(0371)66233612
Hydrolysis Research of Pheretima guillemi (Michaelsen)-Derived Anticoagulant Proteins DPf3 in vivo and in vitro and Spatial Structure Prediction of Its Active Protein
Yali WU1, 2, Wei WANG3, Bing HAN1, 4, Weixia LI1, 2, 4, Xiaoyan WANG1, 2, 4, Mingliang ZHANG1, 2, Hui ZHANG1, 2, Liuqing YANG1, 2, Jinfa TANG1, 2, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China
  • 2 Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Pharmacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Clinical Application, Evaluation and Transformation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Safety Evaluation and Risk Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China
  • 3 Department of Hospital Infection Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China
  • 4 School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.006
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目的 探究威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3经胃肠道消化后活性及成分变化,并结合同源建模预测其活性蛋白DPf3 ID NO.2的空间结构。方法 体外模拟胃排空状态(pH 2)及半排空状态(pH 5)下胃蛋白酶(及胰蛋白酶)对DPf3的消化作用,昆明小鼠经灌胃给药DPf3考察体内酶解对其消化作用;纤维蛋白平板法联合十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析DPf3经体内外水解后活性及成分变化;I-TASSER联合SAVES v5.0同源建模并评价DPf3的活性蛋白成分DPf3 ID NO.2,并预测其二级和三级结构。结果 DPf3经体外酶解后,在pH 2孵育条件下丧失纤溶活性,在pH 5条件下,DPf3经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育后,纤溶活性较未经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育物稍高;经体内酶解后,与对照组相比,仅胃部灌流液的纤溶活性具显著性差异;蛋白质谱图结果显示DPf3 ID NO.2的稳定存在或为DPf3具纤溶活性的重要原因;空间结构预测表明DPf3 ID NO.2属于典型的凝乳胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶,揭示其催化中心、酶原中心、重要的氨基酸残基及S1活性口袋。结论 通过体内外水解为威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3口服后蛋白表达谱及活性变化提供依据,同源建模可用于中药动物药大分子蛋白质中活性多肽的结构预测。

威廉环毛蚓  /  抗血栓蛋白  /  体内外酶解  /  同源建模  /  结构预测

OBJECTIVE To investigate the fibrinolytic activity and protein profile change of Pheretima guillemi (Michaelsen)-derived anticoagulant proteins DPf3 after digestion in gastrointestinal tract in vitro and in vivo, and to predict the spatial structure of its active protein, DPf3 ID NO.2, by homology modeling. METHODS The in vitro digestive effects of pepsin (and trypsin) on DPf3 were investigated under simulated gastric empty state (pH 2) and semi-empty state (pH 5), and the in vivo digestion effects were evaluated via Kunming mice orally administrated DPf3. The activity and protein profile of DPf3 after hydrolysis in vivo and in vitro were analyzed by fibrin plate method combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); I-TASSER combined with SAVES v5.0 were used to homology modeling and evaluate the structure of DPf3 ID NO.2, the active protein of DPf3, and to predict its secondary and tertiary structure. RESULTS After enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro, the fibrinolytic activity of DPf3 was lost under pH 2 incubation, and the fibrinolytic activity of DPf3 incubated with heat inactivated pepsin at pH 5 was slightly higher than that of DPf3 incubated with activated pepsin. After enzymolysis in vivo, only the fibrinolytic activity of gastric perfusion fluid was significantly different from that of control group. The protein profile showed that the stable presence of DPf3 ID NO.2 might be an important reason for the fibrinolytic activity of DPf3. Spatial structure prediction showed that DPf3 ID NO.2 was a typical chymotrypsin-like serine protease, revealing its catalytic center, zymogenic center, important amino acid residues and S1 active pocket. CONCLUSION The combination of in vivo and in vitro hydrolysis provide a basis for the protein expression profile and activity changes of antithrombotic protein DPf3 after oral administration. Homologous modeling is feasible for the structural prediction of active peptides in macromolecular proteins of the traditional Chinese animal medicine.

Pheretima guillemi (Michaelsen)  /  antithrombotic protein  /  in vitro and in vivo digestion  /  homology modeling  /  structure prediction
吴娅丽, 王炜, 韩冰, 李伟霞, 王晓艳, 张明亮, 张辉, 杨柳青, 唐进法. 威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3的体内外水解研究及其活性蛋白空间结构预测. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (7) : 710 -717 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.006
Yali WU, Wei WANG, Bing HAN, Weixia LI, Xiaoyan WANG, Mingliang ZHANG, Hui ZHANG, Liuqing YANG, Jinfa TANG. Hydrolysis Research of Pheretima guillemi (Michaelsen)-Derived Anticoagulant Proteins DPf3 in vivo and in vitro and Spatial Structure Prediction of Its Active Protein[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (7) : 710 -717 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.006
中药动物药地龙为临床常用的抗凝血、溶栓类药物[1],《中国药典》2020年版一部所收录的含地龙的成方制剂中,大部分的功效都与活血通络有关(约90.1%)[2]。《中国药典》共包含四大药用地龙品种:钜蚓科动物参环毛蚓[Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier)]、通俗环毛蚓(Pheretima vulgaris Chen)、威廉环毛蚓[Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen)]或栉盲环毛蚓(Pheretima pectinifera Michaelsen),前一种习称“广地龙”,后3种习称“沪地龙”[2];据文献[3]研究,“沪地龙”的抗血栓活性强于“广地龙”,其中威廉环毛蚓为临床常用的“沪地龙”来源物种之一。通过查阅国内外有关地龙的抗血栓活性成分可知,绝大多数学者[1]认为其主要为蛋白质类,课题组前期通过分离纯化初步定位威廉环毛蚓的抗血栓活性成分DPf3,通过多组学模式推测DPf3 ID NO.2为其中的主要活性成分,并揭示其蛋白质序列[4-5]
大多数的大分子蛋白质不能或很少经胃肠道吸收[6],且由于胃酸的pH值较低以及胃部蛋白水解酶的影响,致使口服蛋白类药物在胃部稳定性较差[7]。但中药地龙的给药方式多为口服给药,且以威廉环毛蚓的总提物为药效成分的上市药物——龙心素胶囊[8],其给药方式为口服给药,临床能够有效治疗周围血管疾病及脑血栓[4]。在胃部半排空状态下,人体胃部pH值高达4~5.5,2 h左右可降至pH 2[9-11],胃蛋白酶活性与pH值密切相关,其活性在pH 2时最佳,在pH ≥ 5时可忽略不计[12],课题组前期研究亦发现pH值对威廉环毛蚓总提物的抗凝血活性具较大影响[4],但其抗血栓蛋白DPf3经体内外水解后的成分及活性变化仍未可知。
此外,诸多因素限制了传统的植物化学分离方法在动物源蛋白多肽分离纯化中的应用,严重阻碍了中药动物药的研究与开发[13],且大分子蛋白的晶体结构获得困难,无法通过三维晶体结构研究催化机理及活性位点,从而限制了动物源蛋白多肽的进一步改进和应用[14]。同源建模是根据模板蛋白预测目标蛋白的三维结构,对于尚未或无法获得实验晶体结构的蛋白质,同源建模无疑是一种重要而有效的辅助手段[15]。包括同源建模在内的计算机模拟方法已广泛用于构象表位的预测、结构特征的研究、新分子与靶点亲和力的研究等多方面[16-17],但极少用于中药动物药大分子成分的研究。
本研究以威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3为研究对象,通过体内外水解的方式,探究DPf3经体内外水解后的蛋白表达谱及活性变化,并通过同源建模预测其活性蛋白DPf3 ID NO.2的空间结构,以期为动物类中药的物质基础研究提供新思路。
威廉环毛蚓提取物(云南永安制药有限公司);威廉环毛蚓抗血栓活性蛋白DPf3为实验室自制成分[5],淡黄色絮状粉末,-20 ℃冰箱保存;胃蛋白酶(货号:V900497,美国Vetec公司);胰蛋白酶(货号:T1426,美国Sigma-Aldrich公司);蛋白酶抑制剂胃抑素A(货号:GC11974,10 mmol·L-1,美国GlpBio technology公司);纤维蛋白原(牛血)(批号:140626-202213)、凝血酶(牛血)(批号:140605-202228)、蚓激酶(批号:140650-201804)(中国食品药品检定研究院);丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride,PMSF,货号:P0100,100 mmol·L-1)、十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、凝胶制备试剂盒(货号:P1200)、5×蛋白上样缓冲液(含二硫苏糖醇)(货号:P1040)、预染彩虹蛋白marker(货号:PR1920)(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);其他试剂均为分析纯。
分析天平(型号:XS105DU,瑞士梅特勒-托利多集团);恒温孵育摇床(型号:ES-60C,杭州米欧仪器有限公司);全自动凝胶成像系统(型号:Bio-OI 100,广州光仪生物科技有限公司);全自动雪花制冰机(型号:IMS-30,常熟市雪科电器有限公司);恒温金属浴(型号:MB-102,杭州博日科技有限公司)。
参考Salelles等[12]及Tu等[18]的实验方法确定实验条件如下:称取威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3,以Milli-Q水为溶剂配制质量浓度为3 mg·mL-1的样品,分为4组(n=3):取DPf3溶液,调节pH为2,经胃蛋白酶水解(酶和底物的加入质量比为1∶80),37 ℃震荡(150 r·min-1)水解1 h后立即取出置于冰上,加入胃抑素A(终物质的量浓度为1 μmol·L-1)终止水解,加入少量NaOH (0.5 mol·L-1)调节pH至中性(pH 7),离心(4 ℃, 9 150 r·min-1, 10 min)后取上清置于-80 ℃待用(组Ⅰ);取组Ⅰ中调至中性的胃蛋白酶水解产物,加入胰蛋白酶(酶和底物的加入质量比为1∶80)震荡水解2 h后加入PMSF (体积分数1%)终止水解,离心后取上清待用(组Ⅱ);取DPf3溶液,调节pH为5,后续操作同组Ⅰ所述(组Ⅲ);取组Ⅲ水解产物,后续操作同组Ⅱ所述(组Ⅳ)。另取胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶于100 ℃加热10 min制备热灭活胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶[12],组Ⅰ~Ⅳ相应的对照组采用热灭活胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶进行,分别命名为组Ⅰ'~Ⅳ'。
选取昆明小鼠为实验动物进行DPf3的体内水解情况研究[19],昆明小鼠(4周龄,雄性,SPF级)由北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司提供[许可证号:SYXK (京)-2020-0004],饲养于河南中医药大学第一附属医院实验动物中心,均自由饮食、饮水,保持12 h昼夜变化,饲养温度、湿度均符合动物饲养要求。本实验获得河南中医药大学第一附属医院实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(批准文号:FDW2023011,批准日期:2023年4月25日)。
鉴于课题组前期研究结果建议含地龙制剂在饱腹状态下服用[20],实验前对小鼠饮食饮水不加以干预。参考Tu等[19]的实验方法确定条件如下:称取DPf3,以生理盐水为溶剂配制浓度为10 mg·mL-1的样品,取适应性饲养一周后的小鼠(n=5),500 μL DPf3灌胃给药,对照组灌胃500 μL生理盐水,1 h后,麻醉并处死小鼠,分离胃及小肠立即置于冰上,将小肠均分为等长的3部分(命名为上段、中段、下段),分别取200 μL预冷生理盐水灌注4部分组织的内容物,胃部灌流液中加入2 μL胃抑素A,肠部灌流液中加入2 μL PMSF,并分别调至中性,灌流液离心(4 ℃, 6 470 r·min-1, 20 min)后收集上清,并用预冷生理盐水将各组样品终体积调整一致,置于-80 ℃待用。
SDS-PAGE分析:采用SDS-PAGE分析DPf3经体内外水解后的蛋白表达谱变化。取“2.1”“2.2”项下所得水解产物,经质量分数10% SDS-PAGE分析,考马斯亮蓝染色、脱色液脱至背景无色,Bio-OI 100全自动凝胶成像系统读取图像。
纤维蛋白平板法分析:采用纤维蛋白平板法考察DPf3经体内外水解后的纤维蛋白溶解活性变化。根据课题组前期研究[5],确定纤维蛋白平板法条件如下:将8 mL纤维蛋白原(2 mg·mL-1)与10 mL琼脂糖(5 mg·mL-1)迅速混合后加入平板[预先加入0.5 mL凝血酶(40 mg·mL-1)]中静置1 h,待形成均匀乳白色即制备好纤维蛋白平板,加入样品孵育后,若样品周围形成透明圆环,即示样品具纤溶活性。取“2.1”“2.2”项下所得各水解产物10 μL加入平板中,体内、体外水解产物活性测定分别以DPf3 (0.2 mg·mL-1)和蚓激酶(lumbrokinase, Lum, 12 000 U·mL-1)为阳性对照,放入湿盒内,37 ℃孵育18 h后测定纤溶环的直径。
以课题组前期从头测序所获取的DPf3 ID NO.2的氨基酸序列信息[5]作为同源建模的基础,采用I-TASSER(https://seq2fun.RDVdcmb.RDVmed.RDVumich.RDVedu//I-TASSER/)预测蛋白质的三维结构[21-22],依据置信度C值(C-score)和TM-score筛选具有良好质量的模型,并采用SAVES v5. RDV0 (https://servicesn.RDVmbi.RDVucla.RDVedu/SAVES/)对预测所得模型进行评价[23]
课题组前期研究结果表明,经美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)蚯蚓数据库对比鉴定,DPf3 ID NO.2酶切肽段与粉正蚓、赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)中的蚓激酶类成分具一定相似性[5];通过DNAMAN 8软件将P. guillelmi中的活性成分DPf3 ID NO.2与E. fetida中的地龙纤溶蛋白组分A (earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme component A, EFEa)[24]的氨基酸序列进行比对研究,结果示二者具有一定序列一致性,故参考EFEa的二级及三级结构(PDB Entry: 1M9U)对DPf3 ID NO.2进行结构预测。
数据以平均值±标准误(Mean±SEM)表示。采用GraphPad Prism 8.3.0软件进行统计学分析,组间比较采用t检验,P<0.05表示差异具有显著性。
通过纤维蛋白平板法评价DPf3经体内、外水解后对纤维蛋白的直接水解作用。由体外水解结果(图1A)可知,DPf3在pH 2孵育条件下丧失纤溶活性(组Ⅰ),在pH 5条件下,DPf3仅经胃蛋白酶水解后产物的活性最强(组Ⅲ),DPf3经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育后,纤溶活性较未经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育物稍高(组Ⅲ'),但无显著性差异;课题组前期实验显示胰蛋白酶亦可导致纤溶环产生,组Ⅰ样本经胰蛋白酶孵育后又出现纤溶环或与此有关(组Ⅱ),经灭活胰蛋白酶孵育后无纤溶环产生(组Ⅱ');组Ⅲ样本经胰蛋白酶水解后,所得产物的活性减弱或与DPf3与胰蛋白酶序列具一定相似度(38.52%),故加入的PMSF不仅抑制了胰蛋白酶的活性,也抑制了DPf3的部分活性有关(组Ⅳ及组Ⅳ')。
由体内水解结果(图1B)可知,小鼠灌服DPf3 1 h后,与生理盐水对照组相比,仅胃部灌流液的纤溶活性具显著性差异,小肠各部位灌流液的纤溶活性虽较生理盐水组有所提高,但并无显著性差异。胃内容物排空至十二指肠的速率与药物吸收密切相关,机体的胃排空时间与食物种类密切相关,平均时间在45~98 min [11]。实验结果表明给药1 h后,各小鼠不同部位灌流液的纤溶活性各异,纤溶活性最佳部位亦不同,或与不同小鼠的消化能力有所差异,进一步影响DPf3的吸收有关。
采用SDS-PAGE法研究DPf3经体内、外水解后,各水解产物的蛋白表达谱,结果见图2。由结果可以看出,各水解产物的蛋白表达谱具差异性,在pH 2的条件下,DPf3大部分成分被水解,见图2B(L1-2),或为其丧失纤溶活性的主要原因,在pH 5的条件下,虽有胃蛋白酶存在,但该条件下其活性可忽略不计[12],且DPf3抗血栓主要活性成分DPf3 ID NO.2仍稳定存在(如箭头及红色框线所示位置);DPf3经体内胃肠道后均有不同程度的水解,但经胃部水解后,仍可观测到DPf3 ID NO.2的存在,或为DPf3在以上条件下仍具纤溶活性的重要原因。
采用I-TASSER对DPf3 ID NO.2的二级结构进行预测,其α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲分别占7.88%、35.27%和56.85%;继而对DPf3 ID NO.2进行同源建模,仅得到1个预测模型,其C-score和TM-score分别为1.44和(0.90±0.06),模拟结果的聚集性说明该模型预测质量较好。采用SAVES v5.0对预测所得蛋白质模型进行评价(表1),由结果可知模型可用于后续结构预测。
通过DPf3 ID NO.2与EFEa氨基酸序列比对,可见二者具有较大的序列相似性(图3),参考EFEa的二级结构预测DPf3 ID NO.2的催化中心、酶原中心及重要的氨基酸残基。
继而参考EFEa的三级结构[24](PDB Entry: 1M9U)对DPf3 ID NO.2的三级结构进行预测,结构见图4。可见DPf3 ID NO.2属于典型的凝乳胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶(chymotrypsin-like serine protease),具2个六链桶状子域,由3个trans-domain straps连接,活性位点域和催化残基存在于六链桶状子域结合处,活性位点域垂直插入其中。DPf3 ID NO.2具两个额外的β折叠:Thr5-Ala7 (β+1)和Ala218-Leu220 (β+2)、两个α螺旋残基:Thr155-Val163和Tyr233-Asn241,通过Val1和Asp190形成氧负离子洞、形成内部盐桥;由Ser17、His27和Asp190形成酶原三联体,由His44、Asp93和Ser191形成催化三联体;含有8个Cys残基,形成4个二硫键;S1活性口袋被残留His57 (东北部)、Pro224-Val226 (中西部)、Thr208-Cys219 (从北下到南上)和Gly185-Ser191 (从南下到东上)包围,底部被Tyr228封闭;在S1活性口袋的北面,loop Glu82-Ile94虽然具有不寻常的斜倚构象,但将Tyr90呈现于S2亚位点;在Tyr90侧链的西部,两个插入残基Gly164C和Gly164D通过Thr154-Asn173片段呈现在活性位点表面,与Ser89B、Tyr90和Trp210一起构成了一个相对宽敞的S4亚位点。
动物药在我国应用历史悠久,临床应用广泛、功效独特且疗效显著[25-26],大部分动物药中含量较高的成分为蛋白质、多肽类化合物,蛋白多肽类药物在预防和治疗疾病中具有用药剂量小、疗效好、不良反应少等突出优点[13],但由于其成分复杂性和结构复杂性,阻碍了动物药药效物质基础的研究[27]
地龙为我国广泛分布的药用动物,具有通络的传统功效[27],其抗血栓活性成分主要为蛋白质类[1],给药方式多为口服给药,但研究表明口服蛋白类药物在胃部并不稳定[7],蛋白进入胃肠道后经胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶等消化酶降解为大量多肽类成分[28],胃部的消化状态是蛋白质类成分消化和吸收的重要因素,胃蛋白酶负责水解高达5%~15%的肽键,蛋白质的酶解亦由胃蛋白酶作用引发[12];但鉴于蛋白质类成分一级、二级、三级结构的多样性,胃酸化过程中胃蛋白酶水解所产生的确切贡献有待商榷 [9]。机体餐后的胃部平均pH下降较为缓慢,从pH 6左右降至pH 2约需2 h,半排空状态下胃部酸碱度为pH 5.5左右[29]。本研究分别考察威廉环毛蚓抗血栓活性成分DPf3在体外模拟胃排空状态(pH 2)及半排空状态(pH 5)下的纤溶活性变化,发现DPf3在pH 2孵育条件下丧失纤溶活性,在pH 5条件下,DPf3经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育后,纤溶活性较未经热灭活胃蛋白酶孵育物稍高。故推测胃蛋白酶对DPf3的直接纤维蛋白水解活性影响较小,pH值对DPf3的活性产生直接影响作用。
传统研究多采用体外酶解的方式识别功能性多肽成分,但蛋白质的体外模拟消化方式无法与体内消化完全等同,因此,研究蛋白质的体内消化具重要意义[19]。由于DPf3在pH 2条件下丧失纤溶活性,本研究考察DPf3在胃部非排空状态下小鼠胃及小肠内的纤溶活性,结果表明与对照组相比,小鼠灌服DPf3 1 h后仅胃部灌流液的纤溶活性具显著性差异,可能由于在饱食状态下,药物吸收、转运速率较慢,口服药物1 h内大部分药效成分未经胃肠道释放至小肠各段[19]
采用SDS-PAGE法考察DPf3经体内、外水解后的蛋白质谱图变化,进而研究其蛋白质成分变化,由丧失纤溶活性及保留纤溶活性的各组样品的蛋白表达谱比对可知,DPf3的活性蛋白成分DPf3 ID NO.2的稳定存在或为DPf3具纤溶活性的重要原因,与课题组前期预测[20]相符。且已有研究[30-31]表明地龙纤溶蛋白(earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme, EFE)可以对抗胃肠道酶和细胞酶的降解,能以完整形式通过小肠上皮并吸收入血,在血液循环中表现出生物活性。
蛋白质及多肽类成分的生物化学特征对于其活性和生物利用度极为重要[19],其分子量与跨膜运输途径密切相关、多肽的序列会影响生物利用度、电荷与细胞膜穿透性有关、其疏水性亦会影响多肽的吸收和生物活性[32-34]。同时,研究多肽结构有助于了解活性多肽的作用机制,进而促进活性多肽开发[25]。本研究基于DPf3 ID NO.2的氨基酸序列进行同源建模,并参考EFEa对DPf3 ID NO.2的二级、三级结构进行预测。DPf3 ID NO.2虽属于典型的凝乳胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶,但与典型的丝氨酸蛋白酶不同[24],可在延伸的β11链上提供3个额外的氢键位点以在对侧链限制最小的情况下与底物远端的Thr5-Ala7残基结合,继而增强底物结合,所产生的额外的结合能对于诱导S1活性口袋和/或改变Tyr90的构象不可或缺。该模型可后续用于解释DPf3与多种底物的作用及作用趋势。
本研究以威廉环毛蚓抗血栓蛋白DPf3为研究对象,通过体内、外水解探究DPf3经体内、外水解后的蛋白表达谱及活性变化,发现胃蛋白酶对DPf3的直接纤维蛋白水解活性影响较小,pH值对DPf3的活性产生直接影响作用,DPf3 ID NO.2的稳定存在或为DPf3具纤溶活性的重要原因;通过同源建模和结构预测,发现DPf3 ID NO.2属于典型的凝乳胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶,并揭示其催化中心和酶原中心,为DPf3 ID NO.2活性口袋的研究及与多种底物相互作用的研究提供依据。本研究表明通过“模拟+实验”的策略用于动物类中药物质基础的研究切实可行,或为中药动物药大分子蛋白质中活性多肽研究的新方式。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82104352)
  • 河南省高校科技创新团队项目资助(23IRTSTHN026)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(重点课题)资助(2023ZY1003)
  • 中国中医药科技发展中心(国家中医药管理局人才交流中心)中医药高质量发展协同创新转化工程自主立项项目资助(CXZH03)
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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.006
  • 接收时间:2024-08-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目资助(82104352)
河南省高校科技创新团队项目资助(23IRTSTHN026)
河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(重点课题)资助(2023ZY1003)
中国中医药科技发展中心(国家中医药管理局人才交流中心)中医药高质量发展协同创新转化工程自主立项项目资助(CXZH03)
作者信息
    1 河南中医药大学第一附属医院药学部, 郑州 450003
    2 河南省中药临床应用、评价与转化工程研究中心, 河南省中药安全评价与风险防控工程研究中心, 河南省中药临床药学中医药重点实验室, 郑州 450003
    3 河南中医药大学第一附属医院感染控制科, 郑州 450003
    4 河南中医药大学药学院, 郑州 450046

通讯作者:

*唐进法,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量评价及合理用药 Tel:(0371)66233612
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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