Article(id=1195000464463872732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195000462479966923, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)07-0695-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.07.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762839912763, onlineDateStr=2025-11-11, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762839912763, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762839912763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762839912763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195000462479966923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='7', pageStart='665', pageEnd='776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762839912289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762840003355, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195000844501365697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195000462479966923, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195000844501365698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195000462479966923, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=695, endPage=703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195000464690365152, articleId=1195000464463872732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Isolation and Identification of the Pathogen of Whitmania pigra Enteritis Assisted by Illumina High-throughput Sequencing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To isolate and identify the pathogen of enteritis in Whitmania pigra to provide basis for its scientific prevention and treatment. METHODS Illumina high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze and compare the diversity and difference of intestinal microbial community structure between enteritis and healthy leeches, and to identify the potential pathogens of enteritis in Whitmania pigra. The pathogenic strains were isolated and purified from the intestinal tract of diseased leeches by pure microbial culture, and the sequence of 16S rDNA gene was analyzed to determine its taxonomic status. Koch's back staining method and intestinal pathological section were used to verify the pathogenicity of the Isolated strains, and the drug sensitivity was evaluated by disk diffusion method (K-B method). RESULTS The results of the Illumina high-throughput sequencing showed that compared with healthy leeches, the intestinal microbial community diversity of diseased leeches decreased significantly, and the relative abundance of Aminobacter, Lactobacillus and Prevotella decreased significantly(P<0.05). The relative abundance of Citrobacter, a common aquatic pathogen, increased significantly, reaching 60.92%, while that in the healthy leeches was 0.01%, suggesting that Citrobacter may be a potential pathogen. A strain of Citrobacter freundii SZ01 was isolated and identified from the intestinal tract of diseased leeches under the culture conditions of Citrobacter. Regression infection showed that the infection of leechs by SZ01 strain was consistent with that of natural infection. Antimicrobial sensitivity test showed that SZ01 strain was resistant to 10 antibiotics including cefalexin and ampicillin, moderately sensitive to five antibiotics including tetracycline and minocycline, and sensitive to 12 antibiotics including gentamicin, cefoperazone, and kanamycin. CONCLUSION High-throughput sequencing technique can effectively identify the pathogen of enteritis in Whitmania pigra. This study provides a basis for the prevention and treatment of Whitmania pigra enteritis and has reference significance for the application of high-throughput sequencing technique in the rapid isolation and identification of intestinal pathogens in aquatic animals.

, correspAuthors=Fengming REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han WANG, Sheng'e LU, Wei ZHUO, Junpeng QI, Fengming REN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195000859177238687, articleId=1195000464463872732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=Illumina高通量测序辅助分离鉴定宽体金线蛭肠炎病病原菌, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分离、鉴定引起宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra)肠炎病病原菌,为其科学防治提供依据。方法 采用 Illumina 高通量测序技术分析比较患肠炎病宽体金线蛭与健康宽体金线蛭肠道微生物群落结构多样性及差异,初步检识肠炎宽体蛭潜在病原菌。采用微生物纯培养技术,从病蛭肠道中分离、纯化病原菌株,形态学、生理生化特性结合16S rDNA基因序列进行分类鉴定。采用科赫法则回染法和肠道病理切片对分离菌株致病性进行验证,并采用纸片扩散(K-B)法评价其药物敏感性。结果 Illumina高通量测序结果显示,与健康宽体蛭比较,病蛭肠道微生物群落多样性显著下降,氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。常见水生病原菌柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)相对丰度显著升高,达到60.92%,而健康组为0.01%,提示柠檬酸杆菌属可能为潜在的病原菌。采用柠檬酸杆菌培养条件,从病蛭肠道内分离鉴定获得1株弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)SZ01,回归感染显示,SZ01菌株感染宽体金线蛭与自然感染病症一致。药敏试验显示,SZ01菌株对头孢氨苄、氨苄西林等10种抗生素呈现不同程度耐药,对四环素、米诺环素等5种抗生素中度敏感,对庆大霉素、头孢哌酮、卡那霉素等12种抗生素敏感。结论 通过高通量测序技术可以有效鉴定宽体蛭肠炎病病原菌,本研究为宽体金线蛭肠炎病的防治提供依据,对于高通量测序技术在水生动物肠道病原菌快速分离鉴定中的应用具有参考意义。

, correspAuthors=任风鸣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*任风鸣,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用 Tel:(023)71480004
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王晗,女,硕士,助理研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用

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Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2011, 55(1): 447-448., articleTitle=Extremely drug-resist-ant Citrobacter freumdii isolate producing NDM-1 and other carbapenemases identified in a patient returning from India, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195054918181593561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=744431, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=YAO Y, FALGENHAUER L, FALGENHAUER J, journalName=Front Cell Infect Mi, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAO Y, FALGENHAUER L, FALGENHAUER J, et al. Carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter spp.as an emerging concern in the hospital-setting: results from a genome-based regional surveillance study[J]. Front Cell Infect Mi, 2021, 11:744431. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744431., articleTitle=Carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter spp.as an emerging concern in the hospital-setting: results from a genome-based regional surveillance study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195054918240313818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=17, pageStart=1533, pageEnd=1539, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=LIU J, FANG W J, TANG Z, journalName=Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU J, FANG W J, TANG Z, et al. An overview of the mutual regulation research between traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbes[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2023, 58(17): 1533-1539., articleTitle=An overview of the mutual regulation research between traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195054918299034075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=140, pageEnd=148, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=ABARIKE E D, ATUNA R A, AGYEKUM S, journalName=J Aquat Anim Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABARIKE E D, ATUNA R A, AGYEKUM S, et al. Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas jandaei from nile tilapia in Lake Volta, Ghana and its response to antibiotics and herbal extracts[J]. J Aquat Anim Health, 2022, 34(3): 140-148., articleTitle=Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas jandaei from nile tilapia in Lake Volta, Ghana and its response to antibiotics and herbal extracts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195054918349365724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=1, pageStart=46, pageEnd=55, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=ABARIKE E D, JIAN J, TANG J, journalName=J Aquat Anim Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABARIKE E D, JIAN J, TANG J, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine enhances growth, immune response, and resistance to streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia[J]. J Aquat Anim Health, 2019, 31(1):46-55., articleTitle=Traditional Chinese medicine enhances growth, immune response, and resistance to streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195054918420668893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=114, issue=null, pageStart=320, pageEnd=329, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=SU C, LIU X, LU Y, journalName=Fish Shellfish Immun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SU C, LIU X, LU Y, et al. Effect of dietary Xiao-Chaihu-Decoction on growth performance, immune response, detoxification and intestinal microbiota of pacific white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) [J]. Fish Shellfish Immun, 2021, 114: 320-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.005., articleTitle=Effect of dietary Xiao-Chaihu-Decoction on growth performance, immune response, detoxification and intestinal microbiota of pacific white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1195054915514016180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, awardId=cstc2022jxjl00018, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市科研机构绩效激励引导专项资助(cstc2022jxjl00018), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1195054911906914682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195054911911108987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, companyId=1195054911906914682, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Lab Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing 408435, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195054911919497596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, companyId=1195054911906914682, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆市药物种植研究所, 特色生物资源研究与利用川渝共建重点实验室, 重庆 408435)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1195054913735631262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the gut microbial community structure of Whitmania pigra under different health conditions, figureFileSmall=buIN7KMFHv5ngnr9KTvi2w==, figureFileBig=KhwYUQdR/7V9st1Q0WmIuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054913802740127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同健康状况下宽体金线蛭肠道微生物群落结构主坐标分析, figureFileSmall=buIN7KMFHv5ngnr9KTvi2w==, figureFileBig=KhwYUQdR/7V9st1Q0WmIuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054913903403424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relative abundance of gut bacteria between healthy and diseased Whitmania pigra at phylum and genus level

A-the relative abundance of the top 5 phylum; B-the relative abundance of the top 10 genus.

, figureFileSmall=xCV3xzMnO22JHB4f45ovKg==, figureFileBig=3MJ3wgGP37Q3Za8cKljH+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054913970512289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=图2, caption=患病与健康宽体金线蛭肠道菌群在门、属水平上的相对丰度

A-相对丰度排名前5菌门;B-相对丰度排名前10菌属。

, figureFileSmall=xCV3xzMnO22JHB4f45ovKg==, figureFileBig=3MJ3wgGP37Q3Za8cKljH+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914029232546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Colony morphology and Gram staining results of Citrobacter freundii SZ01 strain

A-colony morphology; B-Gram staining.

, figureFileSmall=yiLhQ/7qrSsFmFJSCkoweA==, figureFileBig=NhXpqPrJDOo9+gxeclODPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914092147107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=图3, caption=弗氏柠檬酸杆菌SZ01菌株的菌落形态和革兰染色结果

A-菌落形态;B-革兰染色。

, figureFileSmall=yiLhQ/7qrSsFmFJSCkoweA==, figureFileBig=NhXpqPrJDOo9+gxeclODPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914163450276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA sequences of Citrobacter freundii SZ01 and related strains, figureFileSmall=U0/rr8Puf8FsCCyr3rHZ3A==, figureFileBig=AdfUhliiNyc+UJmVuoSJgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914234753445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=图4, caption=弗氏柠檬酸杆菌SZ01菌株与相关菌株的16S rDNA基因系统发育树, figureFileSmall=U0/rr8Puf8FsCCyr3rHZ3A==, figureFileBig=AdfUhliiNyc+UJmVuoSJgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914306056614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in the body surface and body cavity of naturally diseased and artificially infected Whitmania pigra

A-the body surface of the naturally diseased leech, with the body bent and curled up, reddish and swollen (red arrow); B-the body cavity of the naturally diseased leech, with gastrointestinal hemorrhage (red arrow); C-the body surface of the artificially infected leech; D-cavity of the artificially infected leech, respectively.

, figureFileSmall=I5RMsWR1WXAMVhapcL1dew==, figureFileBig=1P/FootJNOnWbQdyilaGzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914360582567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=图5, caption=自然患病和人工感染宽体金线蛭体表和体腔变化

A-自然患病宽体金线蛭体表,身体弯曲蜷缩、红肿(红色箭头);B-自然患病宽体金线蛭体腔,消化道出血(红色箭头);C-人工感染宽体金线蛭体表;D-人工感染宽体金线蛭体腔。

, figureFileSmall=I5RMsWR1WXAMVhapcL1dew==, figureFileBig=1P/FootJNOnWbQdyilaGzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914423497128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Mortality curve of Whitmania pigra infected with SZ01 strain. n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

CK-health group;A-the concentration of bacterial solution was 1.5×104 CFU·mL-1; B-the concentration of bacterial solution was 1.5×105 CFU·mL-1; C-the concentration of bacterial solution was 1.5×106 CFU·mL-1; D-the concentration of bacterial solution was 1.5×107 CFU·mL-1.

, figureFileSmall=E4Fi769J+cc+PN7Je/SdJQ==, figureFileBig=Pt7hhLVxrWjpqdTmOvfFDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914478023081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=图6, caption=宽体金线蛭感染细菌SZ01后死亡率曲线。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

CK-健康组;A-菌液浓度1.5×104 CFU·mL-1; B-菌液浓度1.5×105 CFU·mL-1;C-菌液浓度1.5×106 CFU·mL-1;D-菌液浓度1.5×107 CFU·mL-1

, figureFileSmall=E4Fi769J+cc+PN7Je/SdJQ==, figureFileBig=Pt7hhLVxrWjpqdTmOvfFDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914536743338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The effect of SZ01 strain on intestinal tissue of Whitmania pigra

A-the intestinal transsection of healthy Whitmania pigra; B-the intestinal transsection of naturally infected Whitmania pigra; C-D-the intestinal transsection of artificially infected Whitmania pigra; In-the interior of the gut;SCE-simple columnar epithelium;DCT-dense connective tissue; The arrows in Fig.7B point to the nucleus,the arrows in Fig.7C point to vacuoles,and the arrows in Fig.7 D point to tissue fragments.

, figureFileSmall=u1lxDlXSPSHUvGj3ciE+Rg==, figureFileBig=sh1ZSLNXL/MNqWaGxVk9tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914603852203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=图7, caption=菌株SZ01对宽体金线蛭肠道组织的影响

A-健康宽体金线蛭肠道横切图;B-自然患病宽体金线蛭肠道横切图;C~D-人工感染患病宽体金线蛭肠道横切图;In-肠道内部;SCE-单层柱状上皮;DCT-结缔组织。图7B箭头指向细胞核,图7C箭头指向空泡,图7D箭头指向组织碎片。

, figureFileSmall=u1lxDlXSPSHUvGj3ciE+Rg==, figureFileBig=sh1ZSLNXL/MNqWaGxVk9tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195054914662572460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

α Diversity index of intestinal bacterial community of Whitmania pigra.n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α Diversity
index
Group P
CK JY
Chao1 513.67±22.90 503.01±219.09 0.95
Observed_species 503.03±25.92 490.70±226.27 0.94
Shannon 4.17±0.44 3.11±0.21 0.04
Simpson 0.84±0.03 0.69±0.01 0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1195054914729681325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

宽体金线蛭肠道菌群落α多样性指数。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α Diversity
index
Group P
CK JY
Chao1 513.67±22.90 503.01±219.09 0.95
Observed_species 503.03±25.92 490.70±226.27 0.94
Shannon 4.17±0.44 3.11±0.21 0.04
Simpson 0.84±0.03 0.69±0.01 0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1195054914796790190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The relative abundance of the top 10 genus in intestinal tracts between healthy and diseased Whitmania pigra.n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genus Group P
CK JY
Citrobacter 0.03±0.01 60.92±1.26 0.00
Agrobacterium 16.06±0.22 7.81±0.01 0.53
Aminobacter 17.81±0.08 2.52±0.01 0.03
Mucispirillum 1.20±0.01 0.04±0.00 0.08
Lactobacillus 0.64±0.00 0.36±0.00 0.02
Alternaria AF12 0.25±0.00 0.57±0.00 0.33
Parabacteroides 0.44±0.01 0.30±0.00 0.68
Phascolarctobacterium 0.15±0.00 0.39±0.00 0.55
Bacteroides 0.30±0.00 0.14±0.00 0.25
Prevotella 0.24±0.00 0.11±0.00 0.03
Others 62.88±0.15 26.85±0.02 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1195054914876481967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

患病与健康宽体金线蛭肠道中相对丰度排名前10菌属。n=3, $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genus Group P
CK JY
Citrobacter 0.03±0.01 60.92±1.26 0.00
Agrobacterium 16.06±0.22 7.81±0.01 0.53
Aminobacter 17.81±0.08 2.52±0.01 0.03
Mucispirillum 1.20±0.01 0.04±0.00 0.08
Lactobacillus 0.64±0.00 0.36±0.00 0.02
Alternaria AF12 0.25±0.00 0.57±0.00 0.33
Parabacteroides 0.44±0.01 0.30±0.00 0.68
Phascolarctobacterium 0.15±0.00 0.39±0.00 0.55
Bacteroides 0.30±0.00 0.14±0.00 0.25
Prevotella 0.24±0.00 0.11±0.00 0.03
Others 62.88±0.15 26.85±0.02 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1195054914964562352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Citrobacter freundii SZ01 strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test Item SZ01 SHBCC D14253
Semisolid + +
Ornithine decarboxylase + -
Lysine decarboxylase - -
Simmons Citrate Agar + +
H2S + +
Urease - -
Tryptophan - -
Methylred + +
Phenylalanine - -
Mannitol + +
Lnositol - -
Sorbitolum + +
Melibiose + +
Ribitol - -
Raffinose + +
), ArticleFig(id=1195054915035865521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌SZ01菌株 的生理生化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test Item SZ01 SHBCC D14253
Semisolid + +
Ornithine decarboxylase + -
Lysine decarboxylase - -
Simmons Citrate Agar + +
H2S + +
Urease - -
Tryptophan - -
Methylred + +
Phenylalanine - -
Mannitol + +
Lnositol - -
Sorbitolum + +
Melibiose + +
Ribitol - -
Raffinose + +
), ArticleFig(id=1195054915262357938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Antibiotic sensitivity of Citrobacter freundii SZ01 strain.n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug
categories
Content Inhibition zone diameter
/mm
Standard Sensibility
R I S
Cefalexin 30 μg 9.7 ≤14 14<I<18 ≥18 R
Cefazolin 30 μg 0 ≤14 14<I<18 ≥18 R
Ampicillin 10 μg 11.5 ≤13 13<I<17 ≥17 R
Erythromycin 15 μg 0 ≤13 13<I<23 ≥23 R
Clindamycin 2 μg 0 ≤14 14<I<21 ≥21 R
Streptomycin 10 μg 0 ≤11 11<I<15 ≥15 R
Lincomycin 2 μg 0 ≤24 24<I<30 ≥30 R
Oxacillin 1μg 0 ≤10 10<I<13 ≥13 R
Penicillin 10 U 0 ≤19 19<I<28 ≥28 R
Vancomycin 30 μg 0 ≤14 14<I<17 ≥17 R
Tetracycline 30 μg 16.3 ≤14 14<I<19 ≥19 I
Minocycline 30 μg 16.8 ≤14 14<I<19 ≥19 I
Azithromycin 15 μg 17.0 ≤13 13<I<18 ≥18 I
Ciprofloxacin 5 μg 15.7 ≤15 15<I<21 ≥21 I
Piperacillin 100 μg 20.6 ≤17 17<I<21 ≥21 I
Gentamicin 10 μg 18.6 ≤12 12<I<15 ≥15 S
Cefoperazone 75 μg 26.5 ≤15 15<I<21 ≥21 S
Ceftriaxone 30 μg 27.3 ≤13 13<I<21 ≥21 S
Ceftazidime 30 μg 25.3 ≤14 14<I<18 ≥18 S
Amikacin 30 μg 19.9 ≤14 14<I<17 ≥17 S
Polymyxin B 300 IU 14.2 ≤8 8<I<12 ≥12 S
Florfenicol 30 μg 20.6 ≤12 12<I<18 ≥18 S
Cotrimoxazole 25 μg 21.9 ≤10 10<I<16 ≥16 S
Kanamycin 30 μg 18.4 ≤13 13<I<18 ≥18 S
Chloramphenicol 30 μg 20.5 ≤12 12<I<18 ≥18 S
Norfloxacin 10 μg 20.3 ≤12 12<I<17 ≥17 S
Cefuroxime 30 μg 20.3 ≤13 13<I<19 ≥19 S
Imipenem 10 μg 21.8 ≤13 13<I<16 ≥16 S
Levofloxacin 5 μg 21.8 ≤14 13<I<17 ≥17 S
), ArticleFig(id=1195054915346244019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195000464463872732, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌SZ01菌株的药物敏感性。n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug
categories
Content Inhibition zone diameter
/mm
Standard Sensibility
R I S
Cefalexin 30 μg 9.7 ≤14 14<I<18 ≥18 R
Cefazolin 30 μg 0 ≤14 14<I<18 ≥18 R
Ampicillin 10 μg 11.5 ≤13 13<I<17 ≥17 R
Erythromycin 15 μg 0 ≤13 13<I<23 ≥23 R
Clindamycin 2 μg 0 ≤14 14<I<21 ≥21 R
Streptomycin 10 μg 0 ≤11 11<I<15 ≥15 R
Lincomycin 2 μg 0 ≤24 24<I<30 ≥30 R
Oxacillin 1μg 0 ≤10 10<I<13 ≥13 R
Penicillin 10 U 0 ≤19 19<I<28 ≥28 R
Vancomycin 30 μg 0 ≤14 14<I<17 ≥17 R
Tetracycline 30 μg 16.3 ≤14 14<I<19 ≥19 I
Minocycline 30 μg 16.8 ≤14 14<I<19 ≥19 I
Azithromycin 15 μg 17.0 ≤13 13<I<18 ≥18 I
Ciprofloxacin 5 μg 15.7 ≤15 15<I<21 ≥21 I
Piperacillin 100 μg 20.6 ≤17 17<I<21 ≥21 I
Gentamicin 10 μg 18.6 ≤12 12<I<15 ≥15 S
Cefoperazone 75 μg 26.5 ≤15 15<I<21 ≥21 S
Ceftriaxone 30 μg 27.3 ≤13 13<I<21 ≥21 S
Ceftazidime 30 μg 25.3 ≤14 14<I<18 ≥18 S
Amikacin 30 μg 19.9 ≤14 14<I<17 ≥17 S
Polymyxin B 300 IU 14.2 ≤8 8<I<12 ≥12 S
Florfenicol 30 μg 20.6 ≤12 12<I<18 ≥18 S
Cotrimoxazole 25 μg 21.9 ≤10 10<I<16 ≥16 S
Kanamycin 30 μg 18.4 ≤13 13<I<18 ≥18 S
Chloramphenicol 30 μg 20.5 ≤12 12<I<18 ≥18 S
Norfloxacin 10 μg 20.3 ≤12 12<I<17 ≥17 S
Cefuroxime 30 μg 20.3 ≤13 13<I<19 ≥19 S
Imipenem 10 μg 21.8 ≤13 13<I<16 ≥16 S
Levofloxacin 5 μg 21.8 ≤14 13<I<17 ≥17 S
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Illumina高通量测序辅助分离鉴定宽体金线蛭肠炎病病原菌
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王晗 , 卢圣鄂 , 卓维 , 亓俊朋 , 任风鸣 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(7): 695-703
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(7): 695-703
Illumina高通量测序辅助分离鉴定宽体金线蛭肠炎病病原菌
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王晗, 卢圣鄂, 卓维, 亓俊朋, 任风鸣*
作者信息
  • 重庆市药物种植研究所, 特色生物资源研究与利用川渝共建重点实验室, 重庆 408435
  • 王晗,女,硕士,助理研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用

通讯作者:

*任风鸣,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用 Tel:(023)71480004
Isolation and Identification of the Pathogen of Whitmania pigra Enteritis Assisted by Illumina High-throughput Sequencing
Han WANG, Sheng'e LU, Wei ZHUO, Junpeng QI, Fengming REN*
Affiliations
  • Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Lab Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing 408435, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.004
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目的 分离、鉴定引起宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra)肠炎病病原菌,为其科学防治提供依据。方法 采用 Illumina 高通量测序技术分析比较患肠炎病宽体金线蛭与健康宽体金线蛭肠道微生物群落结构多样性及差异,初步检识肠炎宽体蛭潜在病原菌。采用微生物纯培养技术,从病蛭肠道中分离、纯化病原菌株,形态学、生理生化特性结合16S rDNA基因序列进行分类鉴定。采用科赫法则回染法和肠道病理切片对分离菌株致病性进行验证,并采用纸片扩散(K-B)法评价其药物敏感性。结果 Illumina高通量测序结果显示,与健康宽体蛭比较,病蛭肠道微生物群落多样性显著下降,氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。常见水生病原菌柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)相对丰度显著升高,达到60.92%,而健康组为0.01%,提示柠檬酸杆菌属可能为潜在的病原菌。采用柠檬酸杆菌培养条件,从病蛭肠道内分离鉴定获得1株弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)SZ01,回归感染显示,SZ01菌株感染宽体金线蛭与自然感染病症一致。药敏试验显示,SZ01菌株对头孢氨苄、氨苄西林等10种抗生素呈现不同程度耐药,对四环素、米诺环素等5种抗生素中度敏感,对庆大霉素、头孢哌酮、卡那霉素等12种抗生素敏感。结论 通过高通量测序技术可以有效鉴定宽体蛭肠炎病病原菌,本研究为宽体金线蛭肠炎病的防治提供依据,对于高通量测序技术在水生动物肠道病原菌快速分离鉴定中的应用具有参考意义。

宽体金线蛭  /  肠炎病  /  弗氏柠檬酸杆菌  /  肠道菌群

OBJECTIVE To isolate and identify the pathogen of enteritis in Whitmania pigra to provide basis for its scientific prevention and treatment. METHODS Illumina high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze and compare the diversity and difference of intestinal microbial community structure between enteritis and healthy leeches, and to identify the potential pathogens of enteritis in Whitmania pigra. The pathogenic strains were isolated and purified from the intestinal tract of diseased leeches by pure microbial culture, and the sequence of 16S rDNA gene was analyzed to determine its taxonomic status. Koch's back staining method and intestinal pathological section were used to verify the pathogenicity of the Isolated strains, and the drug sensitivity was evaluated by disk diffusion method (K-B method). RESULTS The results of the Illumina high-throughput sequencing showed that compared with healthy leeches, the intestinal microbial community diversity of diseased leeches decreased significantly, and the relative abundance of Aminobacter, Lactobacillus and Prevotella decreased significantly(P<0.05). The relative abundance of Citrobacter, a common aquatic pathogen, increased significantly, reaching 60.92%, while that in the healthy leeches was 0.01%, suggesting that Citrobacter may be a potential pathogen. A strain of Citrobacter freundii SZ01 was isolated and identified from the intestinal tract of diseased leeches under the culture conditions of Citrobacter. Regression infection showed that the infection of leechs by SZ01 strain was consistent with that of natural infection. Antimicrobial sensitivity test showed that SZ01 strain was resistant to 10 antibiotics including cefalexin and ampicillin, moderately sensitive to five antibiotics including tetracycline and minocycline, and sensitive to 12 antibiotics including gentamicin, cefoperazone, and kanamycin. CONCLUSION High-throughput sequencing technique can effectively identify the pathogen of enteritis in Whitmania pigra. This study provides a basis for the prevention and treatment of Whitmania pigra enteritis and has reference significance for the application of high-throughput sequencing technique in the rapid isolation and identification of intestinal pathogens in aquatic animals.

Whitmania pigra  /  enteritis  /  Citrobacter freundii  /  intestinal flora
王晗, 卢圣鄂, 卓维, 亓俊朋, 任风鸣. Illumina高通量测序辅助分离鉴定宽体金线蛭肠炎病病原菌. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (7) : 695 -703 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.004
Han WANG, Sheng'e LU, Wei ZHUO, Junpeng QI, Fengming REN. Isolation and Identification of the Pathogen of Whitmania pigra Enteritis Assisted by Illumina High-throughput Sequencing[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (7) : 695 -703 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.004
宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra)隶属于环节动物门、蛭纲、无吻蛭目、黄蛭科[1],是《中国药典》2020年版[2]中药材水蛭(Hirudo)的基原动物之一。宽体金线蛭药用历史悠久,体内含有多种活性成分,具有活血化瘀、溶解血栓等功效,是目前治疗心脑血管疾病的重要药物之一[3-7]。由于野生资源匮乏,宽体金线蛭市场供不应求。为满足药用需求,人工养殖规模不断扩大,集约化程度不断提高,导致养殖环境恶化,病害大量发生。肠炎病是宽体金线蛭养殖过程中最常见疾病之一[8-9],一旦发病,不仅传播速度快、感染范围广,且感染后难以痊愈、致死率高[10],给养殖户造成巨大的经济损失。探明肠炎病病原是当前宽体金线蛭养殖生产中亟待解决的一大难题,而相关研究还较为匮乏。
目前,微生物纯培养法是研究水生动物病原菌的常用方法,即取患病动物中具有明显病理特征的组织或器官研磨后取样,利用选择培养基进行多次培养筛选得到纯化菌株,最后利用形态、生理学等方法鉴定病原菌[11]。Liu等[12]通过微生物纯培养法从患“枯萎”病鲍鱼中分离得到副溶血弧菌。Su等[13]通过同种方法从患病大鲵体内分离得到弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,Mackay等[14]从欧洲医蛭肠道中分离出嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌。然而,自然界中大多数微生物不可培养,据统计,可培养的微生物仅占总量的1%~5%[15],许多病原微生物因此而无法被分离鉴定。同时,动物体内含有数目庞大的微生物种类,通过纯培养技术获得的微生物只是有限的几种或数十种[16],不能全面地反映动物体内真实的微生物群落结构。高通量测序技术通过对微生物DNA特征序列[17]进行扩增识别,可快速鉴定种属关系并揭示其群落组成与丰富度,能够更加全面地反映动物体内微生物群落结构信息[18]。以高通量测序技术为辅助手段预测潜在病原菌,根据潜在病原菌培养条件进行针对性的纯化培养,可显著提高病原菌分离鉴定的效率和准确性。
本研究以患肠炎病宽体金线蛭为研究对象,拟采用 Illumina 高通量测序技术结合微生物纯培养技术对宽体金线蛭肠炎病原菌进行分离鉴定,经科赫法则回染法和肠道病理切片验证,明确导致宽体金线蛭患肠炎病的主要病原,为其防治提供科学依据。
样品来源于重庆某水蛭养殖场,种蛭购于江苏泰州,由重庆市药物种植研究所任风鸣研究员鉴定为宽体金线蛭(Whitmania pigra),养殖过程中发现宽体金线蛭出现患病并大量死亡,表现为食欲不振,匍匐于水底,吸盘肿大,腹部发红,躯体蜷缩,为宽体金线蛭肠炎病典型症状。收集患病宽体金线蛭冻于-80 ℃超低温冰箱待用,另从未患病水池收集健康宽体金线蛭暂养备用。
细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);肠杆菌科细菌生化鉴定管(青岛海博生物技术有限公司);药敏纸片、麦氏比浊管(湖南比克曼生物科技有限公司);革兰染色试剂盒(北京酷来搏科技有限公司)。
将患病宽体金线蛭在超净工作台内用体积分数75%乙醇水溶液清洗患病水蛭体表3次,在解剖盘内用大头针将水蛭头尾两端进行固定,用灭菌后的手术刀和剪刀沿着背部条纹将水蛭剖开,用镊子小心剥离出肠道装入2 mL灭菌离心管中,放入液氮中进行速冻,每个离心管中收集3条水蛭肠道,重复3次。选择健康正常的水蛭作为健康组(CK),在广口瓶中加入体积分数10%乙醇水溶液使其麻醉,按照上述方法进行解剖。肠道样品存于-80 ℃冰箱备用。
将样本进行研磨处理,采用微生物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取微生物总DNA,质量分数1.2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳判断相对分子质量大小,利用Nanodrop NC-2000分光光度计对DNA浓度和纯度进行检测。样品DNA作为模板,以引物338F(5'-barcode+ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3')、806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3'),扩增细菌16S rRNA基因的V3~V4高可变区。
PCR产物用质量分数2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测,切取目的片段,采用分选磁珠回收法回收目的片段。利用 Illumina 公司的建库试剂盒进行文库构建,构建好的文库经过质检与定量后,使用 Illumina Novaseq 6000平台进行测序。
将测序得到的原始数据,运用QIIME2(quantitative insights into microbial ecology,2019.4, https://docs.qiime2.org/)进行引物切除、质量过滤、去噪、拼接和嵌合体去除等数据处理。对上述获得的序列按100%的序列相似度进行归并,生成特征性序列以及丰度数据,将特征序列与Greengenes数据库(Release 13.8, http://greengenes.secondgenome.com/)中的参考序列相比对,获取每条序列所对应的分类学信息。去除丰度值低于全体样本测序总量0.001%的序列,并将去除了稀有序列的丰度矩阵用于后续的α多样性指数、β多样性和分类学组成等分析。
按照“2.1.1”项中方法解剖患病宽体金线蛭,用镊子剖开肠道,并用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)冲洗肠道内容物,弃去肠道组织,将肠道内容物稀释成不同梯度的菌悬液,采用接种环蘸取适量菌悬液接种于溶菌肉汤(LB)平板培养基上,30 ℃培养24 h,对单菌落进行多次划线纯化,得到纯培养物后使用菌种冻存盒保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱。
将纯化菌株划线接种于LB平板上,30 ℃培养24 h,观察记录菌落形态大小、颜色等。并根据试剂盒说明书对菌落进行革兰染色。
使用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,提取分离菌株的基因组DNA作为PCR模板,使用通用引物:27F(5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3')、1492R(5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3')进行PCR扩增。扩增程序:94 ℃变性3 min,94 ℃变性1 min,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1.5 min,共30个循环,72 ℃延伸10 min。PCR产物使用质量分数1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,将目的条带进行回收纯化并送至北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司进行测序分析。将所得序列在美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库中基本局部比对搜索工具(BLAST)检索系统进行同源性比对,利用MEGA11.0软件构建系统发育树。
将纯化菌株划线接种于LB平板上,30 ℃培养24 h,用接种环从平板上挑取单菌落接种于细菌生化鉴定管中,37 ℃培养12~48 h,观察记录反应结果并参照《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》进行鉴定。
将纯化菌株接种于LB液体培养基中,30 ℃恒温培养18 h后,6 000 r·min-1离心10 min,去除上清液,用无菌PBS洗涤沉淀3次,将菌体重悬于无菌质量分数0.85% NaCl水溶液中。使用麦氏比浊法调整菌液至不同浓度梯度为1.5×104、1.5×105、1.5×106、1.5×107 CFU·mL-1。将宽体金线蛭分为5组,4个实验组,1个对照组,在2 L塑料桶中加入300 mL稀释菌液,使宽体金线蛭浸泡在其中,每桶10条宽体金线蛭,每个浓度梯度3桶,对照组中加入等体积的质量分数0.85% NaCl水溶液。每日观察宽体金线蛭健康状况,记录死亡数。
将人工感染患病宽体金线蛭、自然患病宽体金线蛭及健康宽体金线蛭进行解剖,取出完整肠道,放入装有多聚甲醛的离心管中,4 ℃冰箱固定过夜,后续的脱水、包埋、切片等步骤交由武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司开展。
采用纸片扩散(kirby-baner,K-B)法检验纯化菌株对不同抗生素的敏感程度。将纯化菌株接种于LB液体培养基中活化,使用麦氏比浊管将活化后的菌液浓度调整为0.5麦氏标准(1.5×108 CFU·mL-1),用移液枪吸取200 μL稀释菌液到LB平板上,使用涂布棒均匀涂布。无菌镊子夹取药敏纸片,使其紧贴于培养基表面,每个平板贴3片,置于30 ℃培养箱培养24 h,测量各药敏纸片的抑菌圈直径。
Illumin Novaseq 6000测序共获得618 682条高质量序列,聚类于2 992个分类操作单元(OTUs)。不同样品的α多样性指数见表1。其中,Chao[19]和Observed species指数表征微生物群落丰富度,Shannon [20]和Simpson [21]指数表征微生物群落多样性。与CK相比,患病宽体金线蛭肠道细菌Shannon 和Simpson指数显著降低(P<0.05),细菌多样性水平显著下降。主坐标分析发现,健康和患病宽体金线蛭肠道菌群分别聚类,其中第一轴和第二轴共同解释了86.3%的群落差异(图1)。
患病和健康宽体金线蛭肠道相对丰度排名前5的主要细菌门见图2A。结果显示,患病和健康宽体金线蛭肠道菌群组成结构在门水平上相似,主要为:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在2组中含量最为丰富,其次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),三者合计占细菌总量的90%以上。
在属水平(Genus)上,2组最大丰度排名前10的菌属见图2B。结果发现,患病组(JY)与CK相比,肠道细菌群落组成、多样性及相对丰度均发生显著变化。主要菌属相对丰度显示(表2),健康宽体金线蛭肠道优势菌群主要为氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)、农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、黏螺菌属(Mucispirillum)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),平均相对丰度分别为17.81%、16.06%、1.20%和0.64%;而患病宽体金线蛭肠道柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)平均相对丰度高达60.92%,呈现为绝对优势菌属(P<0.001),同时氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。这表明宽体金线蛭疾病的发生伴随着肠道菌群结构的显著变化,柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)可能为致病菌。
通过对患病宽体金线蛭肠道内容物的划线分离纯化,得到分离菌株,将其命名为SZ01。SZ01菌落直径约2~3 mm,呈乳白色圆形、中间微凸,表面光滑、边缘湿润,见图3A。菌株革兰染色结果显示为阴性,呈短杆状,长约2~6 μm,见图3B
对分离菌株SZ01的16S rDNA基因进行PCR扩增,得到的序列长度为1 413 bp。经BLAST同源性比对发现,该序列与弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii,NR 028894.1)相似度达99.8%。系统发育树结果显示(图4),SZ01与弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii,NR 028894.1)由同一分支进化而来,与长链柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter tructae,NR 180641.1)、吉勒尼柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter gillenii,NR 041697.1)亲缘关系近。
对分离菌株SZ01的15种生理生化特性检测结果见表3。弗氏柠檬酸杆菌标准株(SHBCC D14253)作为参考,菌株SZ01西蒙氏柠檬酸、硫化氢、MR、甘露醇等呈阳性,赖氨酸脱羧酶、尿素酶、色氨酸等呈阴性,根据《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》,除鸟氨酸脱羧酶外,分离菌株总体符合弗氏柠檬酸杆菌特征。
自然条件下,患肠炎病的宽体金线蛭表现为身体弯曲蜷缩,出现红肿硬结(图5A),进一步解剖发现,体内消化道出血溃烂(图5B)。采用SZ01菌株菌液(1.5×104~1.5×107 CFU·mL-1)浸泡健康宽体金线蛭进行回归感染,感染初期,不同菌液浓度组宽体蛭均出现活力低下、吸盘肿大、身体出现蜷缩弯曲症状(图5C),直至死亡。解剖发现,患病水蛭体腔内有大量褐色液体(图5D)。在感染第5天,各浓度菌液感染组均出现死亡现象,随着时间延长,在25 d时,最高浓度处理组达到半数死亡量,而低浓度组在35 d达到半数死亡量,在35~40 d内,各浓度组死亡速率达到最高峰,最终死亡率均在93%以上。30 d内半致死浓度为2.24×106 CFU·mL-1,死亡曲线见图6
分别对健康、自然患病和人工感染患病的宽体金线蛭肠道进行病理切片观察。结果显示,健康宽体金线蛭肠道上皮由单层柱状细胞构成,细胞排列紧密,细胞核在细胞中央被染成紫色,肠道上皮由向内凸起,形成褶皱(图7A)。在自然患病的宽体金线蛭中,肠道上皮微绒毛结构松散,胞间间隙增大,上皮细胞细胞核颜色加深,并发生膨大(图7B);在人工感染菌株SZ01后,宽体金线蛭肠道上皮细胞中出现空泡(图7C),上皮细胞细胞核颜色加深,微绒毛结构松散,发生溶解且伴有组织碎片脱落(图7D)。表明自然患病和人工感染条件下,宽体金线蛭肠道组织出现不同程度的损伤,人工感染与自然感染宽体蛭症状相似。
采用K-B法考察分离菌株SZ01对29种抗生素敏感性(表4),结果显示,分离菌株对头孢氨苄、氨苄西林、克林霉素、红霉素、链霉素等10种药物呈现不同程度耐药,对四环素、米诺环素、阿奇霉素、环丙沙星、哌拉西林5种药物中度敏感,对庆大霉素、头孢哌酮、多黏菌素B、卡那霉素、诺氟沙星等在内的12种药物敏感。
传统病原菌分离鉴定主要依赖微生物纯培养技术,即在可控的实验条件下让微生物在特定的培养基上培养形成单一菌落,然后通过其形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列特征确定其种属关系[22]。由于不同的微生物生长需要不同的营养物质,所以单一的培养基无法满足环境中所有微生物的生长[23]。采用传统纯培养法分离病原菌,由于无法预知动物体内病原菌的种类和数量,只能选择广谱性培养基进行筛选分离[24],具有一定的盲目性和随机性,仅能筛选出有限的病原菌种类,无法表征整个微生物群落的结构特征。动物肠道是一个庞大的微生物群落体系,疾病的发生往往是一系列微生物结构及生理、生化变化的结果,传统分离方法已不能满足动物肠道疾病研究的需求。高通量测序技术不需要通过培养即可呈现动物体内接近真实状态的微生物群落结构组成,可以明确动物体内的优势菌株,进而选择合适的培养基对其进行针对性的分离,降低了传统分离方法的盲目性。Tian等[25]通过高通量测序技术在长江鲟黏液中分析出7种潜在的病原菌。Yu等[26]通过比较健康和患病凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物丰度差异,筛选到16个敏感细菌科。Wang等[27]利用高通量测序结合传统分离方法研究发现,哈维弧菌是东星斑溃烂病主要致病菌之一。本研究首先利用高通量测序技术对患肠炎病宽体金线蛭肠道微生物多样性研究发现,柠檬酸杆菌属在患病宽体金线蛭肠道中为优势菌属,推测柠檬酸杆菌属大量增殖可能是宽体金线蛭患病的原因之一。后续结合微生物纯培养分离方法,分离到弗氏柠檬酸杆菌SZ01,科赫法则回染法和肠道病理切片显示该菌株感染宽体金线蛭病症与自然患病病症一致,明确弗氏柠檬酸杆菌为宽体蛭肠炎病原菌之一。本研究将高通量测序技术作为宽体蛭肠炎病原菌分离鉴定的辅助手段,将两种方法取长补短、互为印证[28],实现更精准、高效的病原菌分离鉴定,对于其它动物肠道病原的快速分离鉴定研究具有参考意义。
动物肠道中复杂且呈动态平衡的微生物群落对维持宿主健康有极其重要的意义,病原微生物的侵染能够改变肠道微生物群落组成,进而破坏肠道微生物的正常功能,导致疾病产生[29]。本研究显示,肠炎宽体金线蛭肠道微生物多样性指数显著下降,柠檬酸杆菌属丰度急剧上升,氨基杆菌属、乳杆菌属和普雷沃菌属相对丰度显著降低。一方面,肠炎宽体金线蛭肠道中弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的大量增殖,原有的菌群平衡遭到破坏,导致肠道微生物无法正常行使功能。另一方面,从患病宽体金线蛭肠道组织的病理切片观察发现,弗氏柠檬酸杆菌对宽体宽体金线蛭肠道造成明显损伤,表现为胞间间隙增大、微绒毛结构松散破碎、细胞核膨大溶解。这种组织病理变化与弗氏柠檬酸杆菌导致小龙虾肠道细胞空泡化、微绒毛坏死和细胞质裂解、肠道组织坏死表现相似[30]。通常情况下,细菌侵入动物机体后黏附于细胞表面,经过定居、繁殖,并释放大量内毒素,导致动物组织损伤进而死亡[31]。弗氏柠檬酸杆菌具有鞭毛和菌毛结构,两者均为细菌黏附素,辅助其黏附和侵袭[32],定居并大量繁殖后,其产生的内毒素可能是造成肠道损伤的重要原因之一。肠道是动物重要的食物消化和营养运输器官[33],弗氏柠檬酸杆菌造成的宽体金线蛭肠道损伤,不仅影响其正常的消化吸收和营养供给,同时引发肠道炎症的产生,进一步侵染导致组织坏死、腐烂,加速宽体金线蛭的死亡。
目前,弗氏柠檬酸杆菌引起的水生疾病的传统防治仍主要依赖抗生素[29]。本研究中,弗氏柠檬酸杆菌SZ01对庆大霉素、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、多黏菌素B、卡那霉素、氯霉素等在内的12种药物敏感,但弗氏柠檬酸杆菌对抗生素的敏感性因宿主来源和环境而不同[13],因此在养殖过程中发生细菌性病害,应及时进行分离和药敏试验,以筛选出敏感药物对其进行针对性防治。菌株SZ01对头孢氨苄、氨苄西林、克林霉素、链霉素等10种药物呈现不同程度耐药,这跟弗氏柠檬酸杆菌含有多重耐药基因有关,如blaNDM-1[34]AmpC[35]blaSHV-12blaCTX-M-15 [36]等基因,长期使用抗生素会造成药物残留、生态风险和耐药性风险等安全问题[37],应寻找更加绿色环保且不具有耐药性的药物,来预防和治疗弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染。中草药是绿色安全的天然药物,具有多成分、多靶点、多通路协同调控的特点,可降低致病菌的耐药性,且对肠道微生物具有调节作用[38],大量研究已证明一些中药提取物能够提高水生动物存活率[39]。Abarike等[40]发现中药黄芪、当归和山楂能显著提高尼罗罗非鱼的存活率,Su等[41]发现小柴胡汤对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫性能都有显著提升。因此,下一步可将中草药应用于宽体金线蛭养殖中,开发绿色天然的中草药制剂来预防和控制水蛭病害的发生。
  • 重庆市科研机构绩效激励引导专项资助(cstc2022jxjl00018)
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2025年第60卷第7期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.07.004
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-11
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
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重庆市科研机构绩效激励引导专项资助(cstc2022jxjl00018)
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    重庆市药物种植研究所, 特色生物资源研究与利用川渝共建重点实验室, 重庆 408435

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*任风鸣,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用 Tel:(023)71480004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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