Article(id=1194344009960227395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)10-1088-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.10.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736697600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762683401812, onlineDateStr=2025-11-09, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762683401812, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762683401812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762683401812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194344006382486063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='1005', pageEnd='1102', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762683400960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762844794786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1088, endPage=1094, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194344010148971076, articleId=1194344009960227395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=A New Strategy for the Value Assignment of Melting Point Reference Standards Based on Optimized Statistical Methods, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To develop a new strategy for the value assignment of melting point reference standards based on optimized statistical methods, in order to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the assigned values. METHODS The development process included several key steps: structural confirmation, purity analysis, homogeneity evaluation, collaborative calibration of melting point, data preprocessing, factorial analysis, difference testing, equivalence testing, and robust statistical assignment. Using JMP software for statistical analysis, the process first involved removing outliers and conducted normality tests and homogeneity of variance tests on the melting point data. Subsequently, factorial analysis was employed to identify the main factors affecting the melting point. Each factor was then individually verified through difference testing. Equivalence testing was also conducted to determine whether the differences were within an acceptable range. Finally, based on the statistical results, the method and scope of robust statistical assignment were determined to value the melting point reference standards. RESULTS The reference materials and heating rates were identified as the main factors affecting the melting point. For each of the four model drugs, the calibration results of the same reference material were excluded because these results showed significant differences from the others and were not equivalent. The results from the remaining two reference materials and the two measurement methods were combined for statistical analysis, while the results from the two different heating rates were analyzed independently. CONCLUSION The accuracy of value assignment for melting point reference standards is improved through standardized experimental operations and optimized statistical methods, and the development process is systematically organized for the first time.

, correspAuthors=Yang LIU, Hua CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing XIONG, Zhongming TIAN, Jing YAN, Ling QIN, Yang LIU, Hua CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194344090557973070, articleId=1194344009960227395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于优化统计方法的熔点标准物质定值新策略, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 开发一种基于优化统计方法的熔点标准物质定值策略,以提高熔点标准物质赋值的准确性和可靠性。方法 标定流程包括结构确认、纯度分析、均匀性评估、熔点协作标定、数据预处理、析因分析、差异性检验、等价性检验和稳健统计赋值等关键步骤。使用JMP软件统计分析,首先剔除离群值,对熔点数据进行正态性检验和方差齐性检验;再采用析因分析以识别影响熔点的主要因素;然后通过差异性检验对各因素逐一验证,并进行等价性检验以确定差异是否在可接受范围内;最后根据统计结果确定稳健统计的方式和范围,为熔点标准物质赋值。结果 对照品和升温速率是影响熔点的主要因素。在4种模型药物的标定中,均排除了同一种对照品的校准结果,原因是该结果与其他结果存在显著差异且不等价。将另外两种对照品和两种测定方法的结果合并统计,两种升温速率的测定结果独立统计。结论 通过标准化实验操作和优化统计方法,提高了熔点标准物质赋值的准确性,并首次梳理了其研制流程。

, correspAuthors=刘阳, 陈华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈华,男,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851622;
刘阳,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851571
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熊婧,女,硕士,研究员 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究

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熊婧,女,硕士,研究员 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究

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keyword=等价性检验), Keyword(id=1194372187663597814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=稳健统计)], refs=[Reference(id=1194372189311959305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=12, issue=2, pageStart=113, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=WANG K M, CHAI Y S, CHEN X Y, journalName=Chin Pharm Aff(中国药事), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG K M, CHAI Y S, CHEN X Y. Principles of metrological traceability and value transfer for pharmaceutical reference materials[J]. Chin Pharm Aff(中国药事), 1998, 12(2):113-116., articleTitle=Principles of metrological traceability and value transfer for pharmaceutical reference materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189379068170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=24, issue=3, pageStart=264, pageEnd=265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LIU Y, WU J M, YAN J, journalName=Chin J New Drugs(中国新药杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Y, WU J M, YAN J, et al. Calibration of reference substances for melting point[J]. Chin J New Drugs(中国新药杂志), 2015, 24(3):264-265, 270., articleTitle=Calibration of reference substances for melting point, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189429399819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=55, issue=5, pageStart=715, pageEnd=720, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=FENG Y C, PEI W L, NING B M, journalName=J China Pharm Univ(中国药科大学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Y C, PEI W L, NING B M, et al. Development and application of chemical reference materials[J]. J China Pharm Univ(中国药科大学学报), 2024, 55(5):715-720., articleTitle=Development and application of chemical reference materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189479731468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=247, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=Atlas of Infrared Spectra of Drugs(1995) First Volume(药品红外光谱集.第一卷), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Atlas of Infrared Spectra of Drugs(1995) First Volume(药品红外光谱集.第一卷)[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1996:247, 562., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189538451725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=53, issue=21, pageStart=1861, pageEnd=1868, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=XIONG J, WU J M, WANG S C, journalName=Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIONG J, WU J M, WANG S C, et al. Equivalence studies of different methods for drug melting point determination[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2018, 53(21):1861-1868., articleTitle=Equivalence studies of different methods for drug melting point determination, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189592977678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=323, pageEnd=328, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=ZHU R D, LIU W H, TAN D J, journalName=Chin Pharm Aff(中国药事), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU R D, LIU W H, TAN D J. One-way analysis of variance and its application in drug testing laboratory[J]. Chin Pharm Aff(中国药事), 2018, 32(3):323-328., articleTitle=One-way analysis of variance and its application in drug testing laboratory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189643309327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=26, issue=24, pageStart=2881, pageEnd=2886, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=TAN D J, FENG G S, ZHU R D, journalName=Chin J New Drugs(中国新药杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAN D J, FENG G S, ZHU R D, et al. Analysis of the meanings of equivalence and the required statistical evaluation methods[J]. Chin J New Drugs(中国新药杂志), 2017, 26(24):2881-2886., articleTitle=Analysis of the meanings of equivalence and the required statistical evaluation methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189697835280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=23, issue=7, pageStart=1006, pageEnd=1009, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=FENG G S, journalName=Chron Pat Hematol J(慢性病学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG G S. Sample size estimation for non-inferiority and equivalence trials in clinical research[J]. Chron Pat Hematol J(慢性病学杂志), 2022, 23(7):1006-1009, 1014., articleTitle=Sample size estimation for non-inferiority and equivalence trials in clinical research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372189756555537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=386, pageEnd=388, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=XIONG J, LIU Y D, NING B M, journalName=China Pharm(中国药师), refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIONG J, LIU Y D, NING B M, et al. Proficiency testing for melting point determination of chemical drugs in laboratory[J]. China Pharm(中国药师), 2017, 20(2):386-388., articleTitle=Proficiency testing for melting point determination of chemical drugs in laboratory, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194372185478365385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372185486753994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, companyId=1194372185478365385, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372185495142603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, companyId=1194372185478365385, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194372185549668556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372185558057165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, companyId=1194372185549668556, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372185566445774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, companyId=1194372185549668556, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 甘肃省药品检验研究院, 兰州 730070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194372187835564279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Statistical comparison of calibration results for 4 model drugs using RS from different sources at a heating rate of 1.0 ℃·min-1

A-phenacetin; B-sulfanilamide; C-sulfadimidine; D-saccharin.

, figureFileSmall=LIKoh5spQyfFn8KDveg/FA==, figureFileBig=4fJLZSpuATuhsHnvbW+biw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372187957199096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=图1, caption=4种模型药物在1.0 ℃·min-1升温速率下不同来源对照品校准结果的差异分析图

A-非那西丁;B-磺胺;C-磺胺二甲嘧啶;D-糖精。

, figureFileSmall=LIKoh5spQyfFn8KDveg/FA==, figureFileBig=4fJLZSpuATuhsHnvbW+biw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372188074639609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Development process of melting point reference standards, figureFileSmall=gaasx1ucJGb9HUBGuCL0hA==, figureFileBig=8P31sVs7QtQ43O1TUrzLKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372188154331386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=图2, caption=熔点标准物质的研制流程, figureFileSmall=gaasx1ucJGb9HUBGuCL0hA==, figureFileBig=8P31sVs7QtQ43O1TUrzLKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372188225634555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Variance analysis of homogeneity examination of model drugs(melting point reference standards)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Source df Sum of squares Mean square F F0.05(9, 10)
Phenacetin Inter-group 9 0.058 88 6.542×10-3 2.432 1 3.02
Intra-group 10 0.026 90 2.690×10-3
Sulfanilamide Inter-group 9 0.083 60 9.289×10-3 1.501 9
Intra-group 10 0.061 85 6.185×10-3
Sulfadimidine Inter-group 9 0.088 84 9.872×10-3 0.623 8
Intra-group 10 0.158 25 1.582×10-2
Saccharin Inter-group 9 0.387 04 4.300×10-2 2.349 4
Intra-group 10 0.183 5 1.830×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188305326332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种模型药物(熔点标准物质)均匀性方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Source df Sum of squares Mean square F F0.05(9, 10)
Phenacetin Inter-group 9 0.058 88 6.542×10-3 2.432 1 3.02
Intra-group 10 0.026 90 2.690×10-3
Sulfanilamide Inter-group 9 0.083 60 9.289×10-3 1.501 9
Intra-group 10 0.061 85 6.185×10-3
Sulfadimidine Inter-group 9 0.088 84 9.872×10-3 0.623 8
Intra-group 10 0.158 25 1.582×10-2
Saccharin Inter-group 9 0.387 04 4.300×10-2 2.349 4
Intra-group 10 0.183 5 1.830×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188385018109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of P-value from homogeneity of variance test for 4 model drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug O'Brien's test Brown-Forsythe test Levene's test Bartlett's test Two-tailed F-test
Phenacetin 0.137 1 0.438 7 0.432 4 0.214 5 0.210 5
Sulfanilamide 0.726 9 0.952 0 0.997 0 0.741 2 0.748 3
Sulfadimidine 0.353 7 0.345 9 0.238 5 0.492 0 0.498 1
Saccharin 0.576 1 0.592 5 0.666 7 0.665 8 0.656 9
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188452126974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4种模型药物方差齐性检验的P值比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug O'Brien's test Brown-Forsythe test Levene's test Bartlett's test Two-tailed F-test
Phenacetin 0.137 1 0.438 7 0.432 4 0.214 5 0.210 5
Sulfanilamide 0.726 9 0.952 0 0.997 0 0.741 2 0.748 3
Sulfadimidine 0.353 7 0.345 9 0.238 5 0.492 0 0.498 1
Saccharin 0.576 1 0.592 5 0.666 7 0.665 8 0.656 9
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188519235839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Significance analysis of main effects and interaction effects for 4 model drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Effect Phenacetin Sulfanilamide Sulfadimidine Saccharin
LogWorth P-value LogWorth P-value LogWorth P-value LogWorth P-value
Method 0.029 0.935 0 0.004 0.991 5 0.598 0.252 3 0.213 0.611 9
Reference standard(RS) 7.424 <0.000 11) 4.737 <0.000 11) 1.909 0.012 31) 5.893 <0.000 11)
Heating rate 11.409 <0.000 11) 3.683 0.000 21) 11.058 <0.000 11) 1.521 0.030 21)
Method×RS 0.087 0.817 5 0.017 0.961 8 0.025 0.943 4 0.293 0.508 9
Method×Heating rate 0.556 0.277 8 0.122 0.755 7 0.613 0.244 1 0.510 0.309 0
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188586344704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种模型药物的主效应及交互效应显著性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Effect Phenacetin Sulfanilamide Sulfadimidine Saccharin
LogWorth P-value LogWorth P-value LogWorth P-value LogWorth P-value
Method 0.029 0.935 0 0.004 0.991 5 0.598 0.252 3 0.213 0.611 9
Reference standard(RS) 7.424 <0.000 11) 4.737 <0.000 11) 1.909 0.012 31) 5.893 <0.000 11)
Heating rate 11.409 <0.000 11) 3.683 0.000 21) 11.058 <0.000 11) 1.521 0.030 21)
Method×RS 0.087 0.817 5 0.017 0.961 8 0.025 0.943 4 0.293 0.508 9
Method×Heating rate 0.556 0.277 8 0.122 0.755 7 0.613 0.244 1 0.510 0.309 0
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188666036481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

One-way ANOVA results of phenacetin and sulfanilamid under varying heating rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Heating rate /℃·min-1 Source DF Sum of squares Mean square F ratio P value
Phenacetin 1.0 Method 1 0.003 75 3.751×10-3 0.032 7 0.857 1
Error 54 6.184 82 1.145×10-1
Corrected total 55 6.188 57
1.5 Method 1 0.101 68 1.017×10-1 3.196 5 0.094 0
Error 15 0.477 14 3.181×10-2
Corrected total 16 0.578 82
1.0 RS 2 2.747 52 1.374 21.159 0 <0.000 11)
Error 53 3.441 05 6.493×10-2
Corrected total 55 6.188 57
Sulfanilamide 1.0 Method 1 0.001 39 1.393×10-3 0.016 2 0.899 3
Error 54 4.657 00 8.624×10-2
Corrected total 55 4.658 39
1.5 Method 1 0.003 36 3.361×10-3 0.037 1 0.849 6
Error 16 1.447 75 9.048×10-2
Corrected total 17 1.451 11
1.0 RS 2 1.737 46 8.687×10-1 15.763 0 <0.000 11)
Error 53 2.920 94 5.511×10-2
Corrected total 55 4.658 39
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188733145346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

非那西丁和磺胺在不同升温速率下的单因素方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Heating rate /℃·min-1 Source DF Sum of squares Mean square F ratio P value
Phenacetin 1.0 Method 1 0.003 75 3.751×10-3 0.032 7 0.857 1
Error 54 6.184 82 1.145×10-1
Corrected total 55 6.188 57
1.5 Method 1 0.101 68 1.017×10-1 3.196 5 0.094 0
Error 15 0.477 14 3.181×10-2
Corrected total 16 0.578 82
1.0 RS 2 2.747 52 1.374 21.159 0 <0.000 11)
Error 53 3.441 05 6.493×10-2
Corrected total 55 6.188 57
Sulfanilamide 1.0 Method 1 0.001 39 1.393×10-3 0.016 2 0.899 3
Error 54 4.657 00 8.624×10-2
Corrected total 55 4.658 39
1.5 Method 1 0.003 36 3.361×10-3 0.037 1 0.849 6
Error 16 1.447 75 9.048×10-2
Corrected total 17 1.451 11
1.0 RS 2 1.737 46 8.687×10-1 15.763 0 <0.000 11)
Error 53 2.920 94 5.511×10-2
Corrected total 55 4.658 39
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188800254211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Nonparametric test results of sulfadimidine and saccharin under varying heating rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Heating rate /℃·min-1 Level Count Sum of scores Expected score Mean score Standardized score P value
Sulfadimidine 1.0 A 20 360.5 390.0 18.025 -0.858 0.382 9
B 18 380.5 351.0 21.139 0.858
1.0 Secondary RS 19 276.0 370.5 14.526 -2.776 0.005 31)
NIFDC 19 465.0 370.5 24.474 2.776
1.5 A 10 100.0 95.0 10.000 0.402 0.654 8
B 8 71.0 76.0 8.875 -0.402
Saccharin 1.0 A 20 407.0 380.0 20.350 0.810 0.408 9
B 17 296.0 323.0 17.412 -0.810
1.0 WHO 18 466.0 342.0 25.889 3.766 0.000 21)
Secondary RS 19 237.0 361.0 12.474 -3.766
1.5 A 10 91.5 95.0 9.150 -0.276 0.747 1
B 8 79.5 76.0 9.938 0.276
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188871557380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

磺胺二甲嘧啶和糖精在不同升温速率下的非参数检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Heating rate /℃·min-1 Level Count Sum of scores Expected score Mean score Standardized score P value
Sulfadimidine 1.0 A 20 360.5 390.0 18.025 -0.858 0.382 9
B 18 380.5 351.0 21.139 0.858
1.0 Secondary RS 19 276.0 370.5 14.526 -2.776 0.005 31)
NIFDC 19 465.0 370.5 24.474 2.776
1.5 A 10 100.0 95.0 10.000 0.402 0.654 8
B 8 71.0 76.0 8.875 -0.402
Saccharin 1.0 A 20 407.0 380.0 20.350 0.810 0.408 9
B 17 296.0 323.0 17.412 -0.810
1.0 WHO 18 466.0 342.0 25.889 3.766 0.000 21)
Secondary RS 19 237.0 361.0 12.474 -3.766
1.5 A 10 91.5 95.0 9.150 -0.276 0.747 1
B 8 79.5 76.0 9.938 0.276
), ArticleFig(id=1194372188938666245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Equivalence test results of 4 model drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Test & Control Actual difference in means Upper P-value of TOST Lower P-value of TOST IS equivalent
Phenacetin Secondary RS & WHO -0.405 3 <0.000 11) 0.892 7 No
NIFDC & WHO -0.521 0 <0.000 11) 0.994 5 No
NIFDC & Secondary RS -0.115 8 <0.000 11) 0.015 11) Yes
Sulfanilamide Secondary RS & WHO -0.384 8 <0.000 11) 0.861 4 No
NIFDC & WHO -0.369 0 <0.000 11) 0.812 2 No
NIFDC & Secondary RS 0.015 8 0.000 21) <0.000 11) Yes
Sulfadimidine NIFDC & Secondary RS 0.263 1 0.349 6 <0.000 11) Yes
Saccharin Secondary RS & WHO -0.661 1 <0.000 11) 0.998 0 No
), ArticleFig(id=1194372189018358022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

4种模型药物的等价性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Test & Control Actual difference in means Upper P-value of TOST Lower P-value of TOST IS equivalent
Phenacetin Secondary RS & WHO -0.405 3 <0.000 11) 0.892 7 No
NIFDC & WHO -0.521 0 <0.000 11) 0.994 5 No
NIFDC & Secondary RS -0.115 8 <0.000 11) 0.015 11) Yes
Sulfanilamide Secondary RS & WHO -0.384 8 <0.000 11) 0.861 4 No
NIFDC & WHO -0.369 0 <0.000 11) 0.812 2 No
NIFDC & Secondary RS 0.015 8 0.000 21) <0.000 11) Yes
Sulfadimidine NIFDC & Secondary RS 0.263 1 0.349 6 <0.000 11) Yes
Saccharin Secondary RS & WHO -0.661 1 <0.000 11) 0.998 0 No
), ArticleFig(id=1194372189081272583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Robust statistics of the four model drugs under varying heating rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Heating rate /℃·min-1 Robust mean/℃ Median/℃ Min/℃ Max/℃
Phenacetin 1.0 135.4 135.5 135.0 135.9
1.5 136.1 136.0 135.8 136.5
Sulfanilamide 1.0 165.5 165.6 165.1 166.1
1.5 165.9 165.9 165.2 166.4
Sulfadimidine 1.0 198.0 197.9 197.3 198.6
1.5 199.1 199.1 198.2 199.5
Saccharin 1.0 229.0 229.0 228.5 229.4
1.5 229.1 229.2 228.9 229.5
), ArticleFig(id=1194372189165158664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009960227395, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

4种模型药物在不同升温速率下的稳健统计量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model drug Heating rate /℃·min-1 Robust mean/℃ Median/℃ Min/℃ Max/℃
Phenacetin 1.0 135.4 135.5 135.0 135.9
1.5 136.1 136.0 135.8 136.5
Sulfanilamide 1.0 165.5 165.6 165.1 166.1
1.5 165.9 165.9 165.2 166.4
Sulfadimidine 1.0 198.0 197.9 197.3 198.6
1.5 199.1 199.1 198.2 199.5
Saccharin 1.0 229.0 229.0 228.5 229.4
1.5 229.1 229.2 228.9 229.5
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基于优化统计方法的熔点标准物质定值新策略
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熊婧 1 , 田仲铭 2 , 严菁 1 , 覃玲 1 , 刘阳 1, * , 陈华 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(10): 1088-1094
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(10): 1088-1094
基于优化统计方法的熔点标准物质定值新策略
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熊婧1, 田仲铭2, 严菁1, 覃玲1, 刘阳1, *, 陈华1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 2 甘肃省药品检验研究院, 兰州 730070
  • 熊婧,女,硕士,研究员 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究

通讯作者:

*陈华,男,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851622;
刘阳,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851571
A New Strategy for the Value Assignment of Melting Point Reference Standards Based on Optimized Statistical Methods
Jing XIONG1, Zhongming TIAN2, Jing YAN1, Ling QIN1, Yang LIU1, *, Hua CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2 Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.012
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目的 开发一种基于优化统计方法的熔点标准物质定值策略,以提高熔点标准物质赋值的准确性和可靠性。方法 标定流程包括结构确认、纯度分析、均匀性评估、熔点协作标定、数据预处理、析因分析、差异性检验、等价性检验和稳健统计赋值等关键步骤。使用JMP软件统计分析,首先剔除离群值,对熔点数据进行正态性检验和方差齐性检验;再采用析因分析以识别影响熔点的主要因素;然后通过差异性检验对各因素逐一验证,并进行等价性检验以确定差异是否在可接受范围内;最后根据统计结果确定稳健统计的方式和范围,为熔点标准物质赋值。结果 对照品和升温速率是影响熔点的主要因素。在4种模型药物的标定中,均排除了同一种对照品的校准结果,原因是该结果与其他结果存在显著差异且不等价。将另外两种对照品和两种测定方法的结果合并统计,两种升温速率的测定结果独立统计。结论 通过标准化实验操作和优化统计方法,提高了熔点标准物质赋值的准确性,并首次梳理了其研制流程。

熔点标准物质  /  定值  /  差异性检验  /  等价性检验  /  稳健统计

OBJECTIVE To develop a new strategy for the value assignment of melting point reference standards based on optimized statistical methods, in order to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the assigned values. METHODS The development process included several key steps: structural confirmation, purity analysis, homogeneity evaluation, collaborative calibration of melting point, data preprocessing, factorial analysis, difference testing, equivalence testing, and robust statistical assignment. Using JMP software for statistical analysis, the process first involved removing outliers and conducted normality tests and homogeneity of variance tests on the melting point data. Subsequently, factorial analysis was employed to identify the main factors affecting the melting point. Each factor was then individually verified through difference testing. Equivalence testing was also conducted to determine whether the differences were within an acceptable range. Finally, based on the statistical results, the method and scope of robust statistical assignment were determined to value the melting point reference standards. RESULTS The reference materials and heating rates were identified as the main factors affecting the melting point. For each of the four model drugs, the calibration results of the same reference material were excluded because these results showed significant differences from the others and were not equivalent. The results from the remaining two reference materials and the two measurement methods were combined for statistical analysis, while the results from the two different heating rates were analyzed independently. CONCLUSION The accuracy of value assignment for melting point reference standards is improved through standardized experimental operations and optimized statistical methods, and the development process is systematically organized for the first time.

melting point reference standard  /  value assignment  /  difference testing  /  equivalence testing  /  robust statistics
熊婧, 田仲铭, 严菁, 覃玲, 刘阳, 陈华. 基于优化统计方法的熔点标准物质定值新策略. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1088 -1094 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.012
Jing XIONG, Zhongming TIAN, Jing YAN, Ling QIN, Yang LIU, Hua CHEN. A New Strategy for the Value Assignment of Melting Point Reference Standards Based on Optimized Statistical Methods[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1088 -1094 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.012
化学药品标准物质是保障药品质量和药品标准实施的关键,通常有5种用途,分别供鉴别、检查、含量测定、熔点以及溶出度校准用[1],其中熔点标准物质主要用于熔点温度计和熔点仪的校准。中国食品药品检定研究院(简称中检院)研制了10种熔点标准物质,分别是香草醛、乙酰苯胺、非那西丁、磺胺、茴香酸、磺胺二甲嘧啶、双氰胺、糖精、咖啡因和酚酞,覆盖温度范围83~263 ℃,以满足不同药品质量控制的需求。早先还研制过偶氮苯,但后来考虑该品种毒性大,且熔点温度低应用有限,现已停止发放[2]
熔点标准物质的赋值方法与常规化学标准物质采用质量平衡法不同,在对待标原料进行结构确认、质量分析和均匀性评估等常规检查之后,熔点的协作标定和后续统计分析是重中之重。协作标定是由中检院制定统一的作业指导书之后,组织多个实验室独立测定熔点,回收所有实验室的数据进行统计分析[3]。过去采用全部结果的均值赋值,但这种定值方法未能充分考虑由测定方法、升温速率以及溯源对照品等多种因素引入的系统误差,尤其在某个实验室数据出现异常时,误差可能导致标准物质量值的偏差。针对这一问题,本研究基于近年来熔点标准物质的换批标定实践,系统地研究并提出了一种新的统计分析方法。与传统方法相比,该方法通过优化统计流程,能够有效识别和校正系统误差,显著提高数据的可靠性和结果的稳健性。本文首次系统地梳理了熔点标准物质的研制流程,并重点介绍了一种新的统计分析方法,对药品监管和研发人员在标准物质的研制与使用过程中具有一定的参考价值。
YRT-3型熔点仪(天津市天大天发科技有限公司);YRT-3型熔点仪(天津市精拓仪器科技有限公司);MP100型全自动熔点仪(济南海能仪器股份有限公司);WRS-3型熔点仪(上海仪电物理光学仪器有限公司);MP70型熔点仪、MP90型熔点仪、DSC3差示扫描量热仪(瑞士Mettler Toledo公司);M-565型熔点仪(瑞士Buchi公司);1290-6546型超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱仪(美国Agilent公司);Fronitier傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(美国PerkinElmer公司);UNB-200型干燥箱(德国Memmert公司);e2695-2998型高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司)。
非那西丁对照品(批号:100095-201606)、磺胺对照品(批号:100096-201805)、磺胺二甲嘧啶对照品(批号:100098-201605)、糖精对照品(批号:100100-201505)(中国食品药品检定研究院);非那西丁二级标准物质[编号:GBW(E)130136a]、磺胺二级标准物质[编号:GBW(E)130137b]、磺胺二甲嘧啶二级标准物质[编号:GBW(E)130139c]、糖精二级标准物质[编号:GBW(E)130141a](天津市计量监督检测科学研究院);非那西丁对照品(批号2)、磺胺对照品(批号1)、糖精对照品(批号2)(欧洲药品质量管理局);非那西丁(待标原料,批号:Y10202201053);磺胺(待标原料,批号:0000177207);磺胺二甲嘧啶(待标原料,批号:212106056);糖精(待标原料,批号:CXPSE)。
以非那西丁、磺胺、磺胺二甲嘧啶和糖精4种熔点标准物质作为模型药物,通过质谱法和红外分光光度法确认了它们的结构。质谱图显示模型药物的加氢或减氢准分子离子峰分别与各自理论相对分子质量一致,红外光吸收图谱分别与各自溯源用对照品的图谱或对照图谱[4]一致。
采用反相高效液相色谱(HPLC)法和差示扫描量热(DSC)法分别测定了4种模型药物的纯度,HPLC纯度和DSC纯度结果均高于99.5%。
随机抽取分装后的模型药物,每个品种各20份样品以评估均匀性。毛细管熔点法依赖于肉眼观察相变点,易受多种干扰因素的影响,故本研究采用DSC法测定Onset值来进行评估[5]。这种方法减少人为因素的干扰,提高数据的可靠性。实验中随机抽取了10瓶样品,每瓶取2份平行样品测定。将约3 mg的供试品精密称定后置40 μL标准铝坩埚中,以10 ℃·min-1的升温速率进行加热,氮气气氛的体积流量控制在50 mL·min-1。根据均匀性方差分析结果(表1),模型药物的F值均低于F临界值(F0.05(9, 10)=3.02),表明4种模型药物的均匀性良好。
中检院向包括自身在内的11个实验室提供了协作标定用的4种模型药物样品,并为每种药物配套提供了3种熔点对照品,用于熔点仪或玻璃温度计的校准。同时,中检院制定了详细的作业指导书,明确了每种对照品和样品适用的升温速率;规定采用两种测定方法:传温液加热法(A法)和电热块空气加热法(B法),以及两种升温速率1.0和1.5 ℃·min-1。提供的3种熔点对照品来源分别为:中检院发放的上批对照品(简称中检院对照品)、天津市计量监督检测科学研究院发放的熔点标准物质(简称二级标物),以及欧洲药品质量管理局发放的熔点标准物质(简称WHO对照品)。
通过多个实验室协作得到了每种模型药物的55~80个熔点数据,使用JMP13软件进行统计分析。在数据预处理阶段,筛选分位数范围离群值,剔除了非那西丁的1个离群值。随后,对数据进行正态分布的拟合与检验。结果显示,非那西丁和磺胺的熔点数据拟合优度的概率分别为0.439 7和0.107 2,均大于0.05,表明这两种药物的熔点数据满足正态分布。而磺胺二甲嘧啶和糖精的熔点数据拟合优度的概率分别为0.003 3和0.018 8,均小于0.05,表明这两种药物的熔点数据不满足正态分布。进一步,进行方差齐性检验,包括O'Brien检验、Brown-Forsythe检验、Levene检验、Bartlett检验和F双边检验,结果见表2。4种模型药物熔点数据的方差均无显著性差异(P>0.05),表明均满足方差齐性。
在关键影响因素分析阶段,采用完全析因设计探究方法(A法和B法)、对照品(中检院、二级标物、WHO)以及升温速率(1.0和1.5 ℃·min-1)对熔点值的影响及其交互作用。将熔点值设为响应变量,主效应(方法、对照品、升温速率)及其所有二阶交互效应作为解释变量,构建标准最小二乘法模型。模型显著性通过P值评估,显著性阈值设为0.05;同时参考LogWorth值以增强显著性判断的可靠性。结果见表3,对照品的主效应对模型药物的熔点值均表现出高度显著性(P值均<0.05,LogWorth值范围为1.909~7.424),表明不同来源对照品的测定结果存在显著差异,可能源于对照品标准值的系统性偏差。升温速率的主效应同样显著(P值均<0.05,LogWorth值范围为1.521~11.409),表明升温速率是熔点测定的关键控制参数。而方法的主效应不显著(P值均>0.25,LogWorth值均<0.6),即A法和B法测定熔点的结果无显著性差异。此外,方法×对照品和方法×升温速率的二阶交互效应均不显著(P值均>0.24,LogWorth值均<0.7),表明测定方法与对照品来源、升温速率之间无协同作用。由于二级标物和WHO对照品在升温速率1.5 ℃·min-1时无标准值,无法计算对照品×升温速率的二阶交互效应的P值,因此将其从模型中剔除。综上,结果表明对照品来源和升温速率是影响熔点测定结果的关键因素,而测定方法对结果无显著影响。实验中需严格统一对照品来源,并精确控制升温速率,以减少误差并提高测定结果的可靠性。
为进一步验证不同方法、对照品来源和升温速率对熔点测定结果的影响,本研究在完成完全析因设计的分析之后,进行了差异性检验。鉴于非那西丁和磺胺同时满足正态分布和方差齐性的条件,故采用单因素方差分析[6]来比较2种不同测定方法在同一升温速率下测定的熔点值,以及同一品种3种不同来源对照品在同一升温速率下测定的熔点值,结果见表4。在1.0或1.5 ℃·min-1升温速率下,A、B法测定的熔点值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);在1.0 ℃·min-1升温速率下使用了3种不同来源的对照品校准测样,结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对于不满足正态分布假设的磺胺二甲嘧啶和糖精,采用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验进行上述比较,结果见表5。与非那西丁和磺胺的结论相似,使用A法和B法测定的熔点值差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);在1.0 ℃·min-1升温速率下,2种不同来源对照品校准的结果差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。图1直观展示了4种模型药物在1.0 ℃·min-1升温速率下使用不同来源对照品校准的熔点值。
采用独立样本t检验比较2种不同升温速率测定的熔点值,非那西丁、磺胺、磺胺二甲嘧啶和糖精的双侧P值分别为P<0.000 1、P=0.006 2、P<0.000 1、P=0.033 2,均低于0.05的显著性水平,表明在升温速率1.0和1.5 ℃·min-1下测得熔点值的差异有统计学意义。
根据差异性检验的结果,不同来源对照品校准得到的熔点数据差异有统计学意义,这意味着它们的差值不等于0。但是该差值不一定会影响实际的应用,因此通过等价性检验进行确认,设定0.3 ℃作为等价界值[5]。等价性检验相当于执行了两次单侧检验(two one-sided test,TOST),有下限和上限2个界值[7-8]。如果TOST的P值都小于0.05,则认为试验组与对照组两个熔点均值的差异在等价性界限内,视为等价。结果见表6,用中检院对照品校准的熔点值与用二级标物校准的熔点值等价,用WHO对照品校准的熔点值与前两者不等价。
基于以上6个步骤的统计分析,A、B法测定的结果差异无统计学意义,使用中检院对照品与二级标物校准的结果等价,而与WHO对照品校准的结果不等价,两种升温速率的测定结果差异有统计学意义。从量值溯源和传递保证的角度考虑,排除WHO对照品校准的结果,将A和B两种方法、中检院和二级标物两种对照品的测定结果进行合并统计,并将1.0和1.5 ℃·min-1两种升温速率的结果进行独立统计,采用稳健统计方法为4种熔点标准物质赋值,以确保定值的准确性和可靠性,结果见表7
本研究首次系统地梳理了熔点标准物质的研制流程(图2),按照结构确认、纯度分析、均匀性评估、熔点协作标定、数据预处理、析因分析、差异性检验、等价性检验和稳健统计赋值的步骤开展研制标定,为熔点标准物质的准确赋值提供了科学依据。
3.1熔点测定的温度是通过传温液传导到玻璃温度计或铂电阻,或者从金属炉体上获得,并非直接从供试品得到,因此测得的熔点值与供试品的真实熔点值存在一定差异[9],通过熔点标准物质进行校准是非常重要的,熔点标准物质赋值的准确性会直接影响供试品测定结果的准确性。
3.2本研究通过标准化实验操作以及优化统计方法和流程,降低了数据的稳健标准差和极差,提高了熔点标准物质赋值的准确性和可靠性。
3.3根据既往的研究和经验数据,将等价界值确定为0.3 ℃,可以合理地包容仪器精度、操作准确性、目视观察差异以及环境条件变化等多种可能存在的误差。
3.4尽管磺胺二甲嘧啶等价性检验的TOST上限P值为0.349 6(P>0.05),但下限P值远小于0.05,且试验组与对照组的均值间实际差值在等价区间内,因此可以认为磺胺二甲嘧啶的试验组与对照组在统计上是等价的。
3.5 国内外其他法定机构发放熔点标准物质的情况如下:天津市计量监督检测科学研究院提供11种熔点二级标准物质,相较于中检院,增加了偶氮苯和丁二酸,减少了茴香酸;欧洲药品质量管理局提供12种用于熔点测定的国际化学参考物质,与中检院的熔点标准物质相比,增加了偶氮苯、苯甲酰胺、苯偶酰和磺胺吡啶,减少了茴香酸和磺胺二甲嘧啶;美国药典委员会提供9种熔点标准物质,相较于中检院,增加了水杨酸苯酯、硝酸钾、琥珀酸和茶碱,减少了茴香酸、磺胺二甲嘧啶、双氰胺、糖精和酚酞。
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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.012
  • 接收时间:2025-01-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13
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    1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    2 甘肃省药品检验研究院, 兰州 730070

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*陈华,男,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851622;
刘阳,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:药物质量控制与研究 Tel:(010)53851571
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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