Article(id=1194344009662427252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)10-1077-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.10.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762683401741, onlineDateStr=2025-11-09, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762683401741, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762683401741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762683401741, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194344006382486063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='1005', pageEnd='1102', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762683400960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762844794786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1077, endPage=1087, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194344009863753845, articleId=1194344009662427252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Development and Validation of the HPLC Analysis Method for Finerenone Based on the AQbD Concept, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an HPLC analytical method for finerenone, based on the concept of analytical quality by design (AQbD). METHODS LC-MS was used to identify the impurity fractions of finerenone API, and then the HPLC chromatographic conditions of finerenone were screened and optimized by analytical factorial design (25-1), which examined several factors, such as the acetonitrile proportion at the beginning of the elution gradient, the acetonitrile proportion at the end of the elution gradient, the elution time, the column temperature and the concentration of phosphoric acid aqueous solution, to evaluate the relationship between the critical method attributes (CMAs) and the critical method parameters (CMPs), and to generate the method operable design region (MODR), and finally perform methodological validation. RESULTS The effects of each CMPs on CMAs were analyzed, and the optimized chromatographic conditions from MODR were column temperature 45 ℃, 0.06% phosphoric acid water, gradient elution starting with 5% acetonitrile and ending with 45% acetonitrile, running for 16 min. The established finerenone analysis method had good precision, stability, linearity and sample recovery results. CONCLUSION The chromatographic conditions established based on the AQbD concept can achieve a good separation of finerenone from impurities, accurately evaluate the content of finerenone, and effectively control the quality of the drug.

, correspAuthors=Yu HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yueyue YANG, Chang LI, Feng HAN, Chaoqiang HUANG, Yu HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194344326244299274, articleId=1194344009662427252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于AQbD理念的非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的开发和验证, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于分析方法质量源于设计(AQbD)的理念,开发并验证非奈利酮高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。方法 液质联用技术(LC-MS)鉴定非奈利酮原料药的杂质组分,而后通过析因设计(25-1)筛选并优化非奈利酮HPLC色谱条件,考察了洗脱梯度起始乙腈比例、洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例、洗脱时间、柱温和磷酸水溶液的浓度多个因素,评价关键质量属性(CMAs)与关键分析参数(CMPs)间的关系,生成方法可操作设计区域(MODR),最终进行方法学验证。结果 分析得到每个CMPs对CMAs的影响程度,并从MODR中选择优化的色谱条件为柱温45 ℃,0.06%磷酸水,梯度洗脱初始为5%乙腈,结束为45%乙腈,运行16 min,所建立的非奈利酮分析方法的精密度、稳定性、线性关系以及加样回收结果良好。结论 基于AQbD理念建立的色谱条件,可以实现非奈利酮与杂质良好分离,准确评估非奈利酮含量,有效控制药品质量。

, correspAuthors=何昱, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*何昱,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:药物分析与新药研发 Tel:(0571)61768145
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杨越悦,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与新药研发

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杨越悦,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与新药研发

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杨越悦,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与新药研发

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Molecules, 2017, 22(9):1394. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091394., articleTitle=Development and Validation of HPLC-DAD and UHPLC-DAD Methods for the simultaneous determination of guanylhydrazone derivatives employing a factorial design, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372419499553347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=60, issue=1, pageStart=35, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=SAHA P, PANDEY M M, journalName=J Chromatogr Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAHA P, PANDEY M M. Design of experiment(DoE)-approach based RP-HPLC analytical method development and validation for estimation of efavirenz in bulk and formulations[J]. J Chromatogr Sci, 2021, 60(1):35-44., articleTitle=Design of experiment(DoE)-approach based RP-HPLC analytical method development and validation for estimation of efavirenz in bulk and formulations, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194372417838608939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, awardId=2025C02192, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划资助(2025C02192), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194372413690442160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372413698830769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, companyId=1194372413690442160, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372413707219378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, companyId=1194372413690442160, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江中医药大学药学院, 杭州 310053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194372413770133940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372413778522549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, companyId=1194372413770133940, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372413786911158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, companyId=1194372413770133940, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙江中医药大学基础医学院, 杭州 310053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194372413841437112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372413845631417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, companyId=1194372413841437112, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Chengdu Shuxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194372413854020026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, companyId=1194372413841437112, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 成都蜀西制药有限公司, 成都 611600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194372416039252474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Chromatograms of finerenone tablets (A) and finerenone API(B)

1-impurity 1; 2-finerenone; 3-impurity 2; 4-impurity 3; 5-unknown impurity 4.

, figureFileSmall=GMitky/A3F2/Nv99ArHJOw==, figureFileBig=R9SsPe/Jeqhc2tMPJgrLXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416106361340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=图1, caption=非奈利酮片(A)和非奈利酮原料药(B)的色谱图

1-杂质1;2-非奈利酮;3-杂质2;4-杂质3;5-未知杂质4。

, figureFileSmall=GMitky/A3F2/Nv99ArHJOw==, figureFileBig=R9SsPe/Jeqhc2tMPJgrLXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416223801855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Total ion chromatogram in positive (A) and negative (B) ion mode of finerenone

1-impurity 1; 2-finerenone; 3-impurity 2; 4-impurity 3; 5-unknown impurity 4.

, figureFileSmall=HH4KYs1Xcz2GuQSm5q/PGw==, figureFileBig=BNFnrdR2jGrSV5MbSFfAtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416324465153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=图2, caption=非奈利酮正离子(A)和负离子(B)模式总离子流图

1-杂质1;2-非奈利酮;3-杂质2;4-杂质3;5-未知杂质4。

, figureFileSmall=HH4KYs1Xcz2GuQSm5q/PGw==, figureFileBig=BNFnrdR2jGrSV5MbSFfAtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416378991107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Chemical structure of finerenone and its impurities, figureFileSmall=v7aGQxfWdxWpha7A+bPHCg==, figureFileBig=2SccA7f/wFcjnmot+GP6nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416433517061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=图3, caption=非奈利酮及其杂质的化学结构, figureFileSmall=v7aGQxfWdxWpha7A+bPHCg==, figureFileBig=2SccA7f/wFcjnmot+GP6nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416488043015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Pareto analysis diagram of factor screening for the HPLC method of finerenone

A-column temperature; B-the elution gradient started with acetonitrile ratio; C-the elution gradient ended with acetonitrile fraction; D-elution time; E-phosphoric acid volume in the 1 000 mL aqueous phase.

, figureFileSmall=LcsC/57P9u2QOmURhUENSQ==, figureFileBig=/RfEFRPaAiOBIdkihnGP2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416546763272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=图4, caption=非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的因素筛选Pareto分析图

A-柱温;B-洗脱梯度起始乙腈比例;C-洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例;D-洗脱时间;E-磷酸水浓度。

, figureFileSmall=LcsC/57P9u2QOmURhUENSQ==, figureFileBig=/RfEFRPaAiOBIdkihnGP2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416622260746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=MODR of HPLC analysis method for finerenone

A-the elution gradient ended with acetonitrile fraction:50%,elution time: 14 min;B-column temperature: 35 ℃,elution time: 14 min;C-column temperature: 35 ℃,the elution gradient ended with acetonitrile fraction:50%.

, figureFileSmall=3D2rIv0dKqoU75ldxrE2eg==, figureFileBig=s8CRI3hY6NwGvUISA0IO4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416680981004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=图5, caption=非奈利酮HPLC分析方法可操作空间

A-洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例:50%,洗脱时间:14 min;B-柱温:35 ℃,洗脱时间:14 min;C-柱温:35 ℃,洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例:50%。

, figureFileSmall=3D2rIv0dKqoU75ldxrE2eg==, figureFileBig=s8CRI3hY6NwGvUISA0IO4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416739701262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Chromatograms of finerenone (A) and mixed reference substances (B) under optimized chromatographic conditions

1-impurity 1; 2-finerenone; 3-impurity 2; 4-impurity 3; 5-unknown impurity 4.

, figureFileSmall=+GvEHxcMtWSFSabEAYt4xQ==, figureFileBig=E2swQT+E0ey/fuXD3+RCLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416798421520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=图6, caption=优化色谱条件下非奈利酮(A)及混合对照品(B)的HPLC色谱图

1-杂质1;2-非奈利酮;3-杂质2;4-杂质3;5-未知杂质4。

, figureFileSmall=+GvEHxcMtWSFSabEAYt4xQ==, figureFileBig=E2swQT+E0ey/fuXD3+RCLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372416861336082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Factorial design parameter levels for the HPLC method of finerenone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Level
-1 +1
A:column temperature/℃ 26 45
B:the elution gradient started with acetonitrile ratio/% 5 7
C:the elution gradient ended with acetonitrile ratio/% 45 55
D:time of elution/min 12 16
E: phosphoric acid volume in the 1 000 mL aqueous phase/μL 300 1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1194372416936833556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的析因设计参数水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Level
-1 +1
A:column temperature/℃ 26 45
B:the elution gradient started with acetonitrile ratio/% 5 7
C:the elution gradient ended with acetonitrile ratio/% 45 55
D:time of elution/min 12 16
E: phosphoric acid volume in the 1 000 mL aqueous phase/μL 300 1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1194372416999748118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Factorial design experimental arrangement for the HPLC method of finerenone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Std. No. Column
temperature/℃
The elution gradient started
with acetonitrile ratio/%
The elution gradient ended
with acetonitrile ratio/%
Time of
elution/min
Phosphoric acid volume
in the 1 000 mL aqueous phase/μL
4 1 45 7 45 12 1 000
8 2 45 7 55 12 300
13 3 26 5 55 16 1 000
11 4 26 7 45 16 1 000
9 5 26 5 45 16 300
3 6 26 7 45 12 300
2 7 45 5 45 12 300
10 8 45 5 45 16 1 000
5 9 26 5 55 12 300
15 10 26 7 55 16 300
12 11 45 7 45 16 300
6 12 45 5 55 12 1 000
14 13 45 5 55 16 300
16 14 45 7 55 16 1 000
7 15 26 7 55 12 1 000
1 16 26 5 45 12 1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417066856984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的析因设计实验安排

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Std. No. Column
temperature/℃
The elution gradient started
with acetonitrile ratio/%
The elution gradient ended
with acetonitrile ratio/%
Time of
elution/min
Phosphoric acid volume
in the 1 000 mL aqueous phase/μL
4 1 45 7 45 12 1 000
8 2 45 7 55 12 300
13 3 26 5 55 16 1 000
11 4 26 7 45 16 1 000
9 5 26 5 45 16 300
3 6 26 7 45 12 300
2 7 45 5 45 12 300
10 8 45 5 45 16 1 000
5 9 26 5 55 12 300
15 10 26 7 55 16 300
12 11 45 7 45 16 300
6 12 45 5 55 12 1 000
14 13 45 5 55 16 300
16 14 45 7 55 16 1 000
7 15 26 7 55 12 1 000
1 16 26 5 45 12 1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417133965850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS identification result of chemical constituents from finerenone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peak number Mode of ion tR/min Molecular formula Mr m/z(Parent ion) m/z(Fragment)
1 [M-H]- 12.31 C20H20N4O3 364.153 0 363.146 7 230.094 5,102.033 7
2 [M-H]- 13.08 C21H22N4O3 378.168 6 377.161 6 244.108 7,102.033 5
3 [M-H]- 14.20 C22H24N4O3 392.184 3 391.177 9 258.124 5,102.033 8
4 [M-H]- 18.71 C21H20N4O3 376.153 0 375.146 3 343.120 0,315.088 7
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417196880412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

非奈利酮化学成分的超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Peak number Mode of ion tR/min Molecular formula Mr m/z(Parent ion) m/z(Fragment)
1 [M-H]- 12.31 C20H20N4O3 364.153 0 363.146 7 230.094 5,102.033 7
2 [M-H]- 13.08 C21H22N4O3 378.168 6 377.161 6 244.108 7,102.033 5
3 [M-H]- 14.20 C22H24N4O3 392.184 3 391.177 9 258.124 5,102.033 8
4 [M-H]- 18.71 C21H20N4O3 376.153 0 375.146 3 343.120 0,315.088 7
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417255600670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Experimental results of factorial design for the HPLC method of fineronone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Std. No. R1 R2 T1 N1 tR R3 T2 N2
4 1 3.328 4.408 0.796 30 360.5 7.779 1.772 1.050 73 050.9
8 2 3.151 4.075 0.880 46 671.1 7.967 1.543 0.882 73 257.9
13 3 3.654 3.984 0.735 33 982.0 8.842 2.794 1.057 71 223.2
11 4 3.853 4.344 0.715 23 810.6 8.997 13.660 1.092 65 899.9
9 5 3.528 4.375 0.922 39 141.4 10.5 1.307 1.311 72 864.5
3 6 3.109 4.031 0.939 35 876.0 8.774 15.051 1.370 63 765.4
2 7 3.310 4.290 0.901 51 439.9 9.031 1.691 1.022 79 511.9
10 8 3.840 4.988 0.712 35 283.3 9.247 28.248 0.969 78 843.3
5 9 2.673 3.458 0.919 44 899.5 8.445 8.174 1.073 73 041.9
15 10 3.332 4.178 0.941 35 254.4 9.058 1.241 1.368 63 111.0
12 11 3.947 5.329 0.871 37 467.8 9.719 22.890 1.060 70 160.2
6 12 3.106 3.952 0.786 44 215.5 7.658 1.795 0.948 79 935.6
14 13 3.534 4.602 0.883 49 896.9 9.422 2.719 0.978 79 838.1
16 14 3.489 4.649 0.751 29 302.7 8.011 10.858 1.040 75 764.1
7 15 3.201 3.437 0.764 31 432.0 7.516 2.331 0.940 67 837.1
1 16 3.461 3.625 0.746 34 611.0 8.482 0.890 0.985 74 708.8
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417335292448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的析因设计实验结果

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Std. No. R1 R2 T1 N1 tR R3 T2 N2
4 1 3.328 4.408 0.796 30 360.5 7.779 1.772 1.050 73 050.9
8 2 3.151 4.075 0.880 46 671.1 7.967 1.543 0.882 73 257.9
13 3 3.654 3.984 0.735 33 982.0 8.842 2.794 1.057 71 223.2
11 4 3.853 4.344 0.715 23 810.6 8.997 13.660 1.092 65 899.9
9 5 3.528 4.375 0.922 39 141.4 10.5 1.307 1.311 72 864.5
3 6 3.109 4.031 0.939 35 876.0 8.774 15.051 1.370 63 765.4
2 7 3.310 4.290 0.901 51 439.9 9.031 1.691 1.022 79 511.9
10 8 3.840 4.988 0.712 35 283.3 9.247 28.248 0.969 78 843.3
5 9 2.673 3.458 0.919 44 899.5 8.445 8.174 1.073 73 041.9
15 10 3.332 4.178 0.941 35 254.4 9.058 1.241 1.368 63 111.0
12 11 3.947 5.329 0.871 37 467.8 9.719 22.890 1.060 70 160.2
6 12 3.106 3.952 0.786 44 215.5 7.658 1.795 0.948 79 935.6
14 13 3.534 4.602 0.883 49 896.9 9.422 2.719 0.978 79 838.1
16 14 3.489 4.649 0.751 29 302.7 8.011 10.858 1.040 75 764.1
7 15 3.201 3.437 0.764 31 432.0 7.516 2.331 0.940 67 837.1
1 16 3.461 3.625 0.746 34 611.0 8.482 0.890 0.985 74 708.8
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417402401314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Anova information for the model of the HPLC method of finerenone

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Response Source df Sum of squares Mean square F-value P-value Significance
R1 Model 5 1.58 0.315 7 65.1 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 0.049 9 0.049 9 10.28 0.009 4
C 1 0.312 6 0.312 6 64.45 <0.000 1
D 1 0.920 9 0.920 9 189.9 <0.000 1
E 1 0.113 4 0.113 4 23.39 0.000 7
AE 1 0.181 7 0.181 7 37.47 0.000 1
R2 Model 5 3.88 0.775 1 91.29 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 1.48 1.48 173.98 <0.000 1
B 1 0.086 9 0.086 9 10.23 0.009 5
C 1 0.583 3 0.583 3 68.7 <0.000 1
D 1 1.67 1.67 196.89 <0.000 1
E 1 0.056 4 0.056 4 6.65 0.027 5
T1 Model 2 0.100 1 0.050 1 71.17 <0.000 1 Significant
D 1 0.002 5 0.002 5 3.55 0.082 2
E 1 0.097 6 0.097 6 138.79 <0.000 1
N1 Model 5 883 365 992.330 176 673 198.466 67.51 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 130 136 126.876 130 136 126.876 49.73 <0.000 1
B 1 250 385 913.538 250 385 913.538 95.68 <0.000 1
C 1 47 830 582.497 47 830 582.497 18.28 0.001 6
D 1 78 173 365.326 78 173 365.326 29.87 0.000 3
E 1 376 840 004.093 376 840 004.093 144 <0.000 1
tR Model 5 9.76 1.95 135.49 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 0.198 0 0.198 0 13.74 0.004 1
B 1 0.905 4 0.905 4 62.82 <0.000 1
C 1 1.97 1.97 136.49 <0.000 1
D 1 4.15 4.15 287.65 <0.000 1
E 1 2.55 2.55 176.76 <0.000 1
R3 Model 9 1 001.99 111.33 6.75 0.015 3 Significant
A 1 42.48 42.48 2.57 0.159 8
B 1 29.51 29.51 1.79 0.229 6
C 1 182.62 182.62 11.07 0.015 9
D 1 159.21 159.21 9.65 0.021 0
E 1 3.74 3.74 0.226 5 0.650 9
AD 1 266.98 266.98 16.18 0.006 9
BE 1 63.76 63.76 3.86 0.969
CD 1 115.2 115.2 6.98 0.384
DE 1 138.49 138.49 8.39 0.027 4
T2 Model 7 0.313 7 0.044 8 17.51 0.000 3 Significant
A 1 0.097 0 0.097 0 37.93 0.000 3
B 1 0.013 2 0.013 2 5.17 0.052 6
C 1 0.020 5 0.020 5 8.01 0.022 1
D 1 0.022 9 0.022 9 8.95 0.017 3
E 1 0.060 3 0.060 3 23.58 0.001 3
AE 1 0.077 7 0.077 7 30.38 0.000 6
CD 1 0.021 9 0.021 9 8.58 0.019 0
N2 Model 2 413 522 938.55 206 761 469.28 70.34 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 209 597 985.98 209 597 985.98 71.3 <0.000 1
B 1 203 924 952.57 203 924 952.57 69.37 <0.000 1
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非奈利酮HPLC分析方法模型的方差分析信息

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Response Source df Sum of squares Mean square F-value P-value Significance
R1 Model 5 1.58 0.315 7 65.1 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 0.049 9 0.049 9 10.28 0.009 4
C 1 0.312 6 0.312 6 64.45 <0.000 1
D 1 0.920 9 0.920 9 189.9 <0.000 1
E 1 0.113 4 0.113 4 23.39 0.000 7
AE 1 0.181 7 0.181 7 37.47 0.000 1
R2 Model 5 3.88 0.775 1 91.29 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 1.48 1.48 173.98 <0.000 1
B 1 0.086 9 0.086 9 10.23 0.009 5
C 1 0.583 3 0.583 3 68.7 <0.000 1
D 1 1.67 1.67 196.89 <0.000 1
E 1 0.056 4 0.056 4 6.65 0.027 5
T1 Model 2 0.100 1 0.050 1 71.17 <0.000 1 Significant
D 1 0.002 5 0.002 5 3.55 0.082 2
E 1 0.097 6 0.097 6 138.79 <0.000 1
N1 Model 5 883 365 992.330 176 673 198.466 67.51 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 130 136 126.876 130 136 126.876 49.73 <0.000 1
B 1 250 385 913.538 250 385 913.538 95.68 <0.000 1
C 1 47 830 582.497 47 830 582.497 18.28 0.001 6
D 1 78 173 365.326 78 173 365.326 29.87 0.000 3
E 1 376 840 004.093 376 840 004.093 144 <0.000 1
tR Model 5 9.76 1.95 135.49 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 0.198 0 0.198 0 13.74 0.004 1
B 1 0.905 4 0.905 4 62.82 <0.000 1
C 1 1.97 1.97 136.49 <0.000 1
D 1 4.15 4.15 287.65 <0.000 1
E 1 2.55 2.55 176.76 <0.000 1
R3 Model 9 1 001.99 111.33 6.75 0.015 3 Significant
A 1 42.48 42.48 2.57 0.159 8
B 1 29.51 29.51 1.79 0.229 6
C 1 182.62 182.62 11.07 0.015 9
D 1 159.21 159.21 9.65 0.021 0
E 1 3.74 3.74 0.226 5 0.650 9
AD 1 266.98 266.98 16.18 0.006 9
BE 1 63.76 63.76 3.86 0.969
CD 1 115.2 115.2 6.98 0.384
DE 1 138.49 138.49 8.39 0.027 4
T2 Model 7 0.313 7 0.044 8 17.51 0.000 3 Significant
A 1 0.097 0 0.097 0 37.93 0.000 3
B 1 0.013 2 0.013 2 5.17 0.052 6
C 1 0.020 5 0.020 5 8.01 0.022 1
D 1 0.022 9 0.022 9 8.95 0.017 3
E 1 0.060 3 0.060 3 23.58 0.001 3
AE 1 0.077 7 0.077 7 30.38 0.000 6
CD 1 0.021 9 0.021 9 8.58 0.019 0
N2 Model 2 413 522 938.55 206 761 469.28 70.34 <0.000 1 Significant
A 1 209 597 985.98 209 597 985.98 71.3 <0.000 1
B 1 203 924 952.57 203 924 952.57 69.37 <0.000 1
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417582756390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Recovery results of finerenone

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Limit/% m(Added)/μg m(Original)/μg m(Measured)/μg Recovery rate/% RSD/%
80 8 000 10 000 17 884.65 98.56 0.55
8 000 10 000 17 903.49 98.79
8 000 10 000 17 937.26 99.22
100 10 000 10 000 19 931.56 99.32
10 000 10 000 19 902.08 99.02
10 000 10 000 19 832.98 98.33
120 12 000 10 000 21 881.18 99.01
12 000 10 000 21 990.21 99.92
12 000 10 000 21 778.47 98.15
), ArticleFig(id=1194372417649865256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344009662427252, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

非奈利酮回收率结果

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Limit/% m(Added)/μg m(Original)/μg m(Measured)/μg Recovery rate/% RSD/%
80 8 000 10 000 17 884.65 98.56 0.55
8 000 10 000 17 903.49 98.79
8 000 10 000 17 937.26 99.22
100 10 000 10 000 19 931.56 99.32
10 000 10 000 19 902.08 99.02
10 000 10 000 19 832.98 98.33
120 12 000 10 000 21 881.18 99.01
12 000 10 000 21 990.21 99.92
12 000 10 000 21 778.47 98.15
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基于AQbD理念的非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的开发和验证
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杨越悦 1 , 李畅 2 , 韩峰 3 , 黄朝强 2 , 何昱 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(10): 1077-1087
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(10): 1077-1087
基于AQbD理念的非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的开发和验证
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杨越悦1, 李畅2, 韩峰3, 黄朝强2, 何昱1, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江中医药大学药学院, 杭州 310053
  • 2 浙江中医药大学基础医学院, 杭州 310053
  • 3 成都蜀西制药有限公司, 成都 611600
  • 杨越悦,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物分析与新药研发

通讯作者:

*何昱,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:药物分析与新药研发 Tel:(0571)61768145
Development and Validation of the HPLC Analysis Method for Finerenone Based on the AQbD Concept
Yueyue YANG1, Chang LI2, Feng HAN3, Chaoqiang HUANG2, Yu HE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
  • 2 School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
  • 3 Chengdu Shuxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611600, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.011
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目的 基于分析方法质量源于设计(AQbD)的理念,开发并验证非奈利酮高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。方法 液质联用技术(LC-MS)鉴定非奈利酮原料药的杂质组分,而后通过析因设计(25-1)筛选并优化非奈利酮HPLC色谱条件,考察了洗脱梯度起始乙腈比例、洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例、洗脱时间、柱温和磷酸水溶液的浓度多个因素,评价关键质量属性(CMAs)与关键分析参数(CMPs)间的关系,生成方法可操作设计区域(MODR),最终进行方法学验证。结果 分析得到每个CMPs对CMAs的影响程度,并从MODR中选择优化的色谱条件为柱温45 ℃,0.06%磷酸水,梯度洗脱初始为5%乙腈,结束为45%乙腈,运行16 min,所建立的非奈利酮分析方法的精密度、稳定性、线性关系以及加样回收结果良好。结论 基于AQbD理念建立的色谱条件,可以实现非奈利酮与杂质良好分离,准确评估非奈利酮含量,有效控制药品质量。

分析方法质量源于设计  /  非奈利酮  /  析因设计  /  高效液相色谱法  /  方法可操作设计区域

OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an HPLC analytical method for finerenone, based on the concept of analytical quality by design (AQbD). METHODS LC-MS was used to identify the impurity fractions of finerenone API, and then the HPLC chromatographic conditions of finerenone were screened and optimized by analytical factorial design (25-1), which examined several factors, such as the acetonitrile proportion at the beginning of the elution gradient, the acetonitrile proportion at the end of the elution gradient, the elution time, the column temperature and the concentration of phosphoric acid aqueous solution, to evaluate the relationship between the critical method attributes (CMAs) and the critical method parameters (CMPs), and to generate the method operable design region (MODR), and finally perform methodological validation. RESULTS The effects of each CMPs on CMAs were analyzed, and the optimized chromatographic conditions from MODR were column temperature 45 ℃, 0.06% phosphoric acid water, gradient elution starting with 5% acetonitrile and ending with 45% acetonitrile, running for 16 min. The established finerenone analysis method had good precision, stability, linearity and sample recovery results. CONCLUSION The chromatographic conditions established based on the AQbD concept can achieve a good separation of finerenone from impurities, accurately evaluate the content of finerenone, and effectively control the quality of the drug.

analytical quality by design  /  finerenone  /  factorial design  /  high-performance liquid chromatography  /  method operable design region
杨越悦, 李畅, 韩峰, 黄朝强, 何昱. 基于AQbD理念的非奈利酮HPLC分析方法的开发和验证. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1077 -1087 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.011
Yueyue YANG, Chang LI, Feng HAN, Chaoqiang HUANG, Yu HE. Development and Validation of the HPLC Analysis Method for Finerenone Based on the AQbD Concept[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1077 -1087 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.011
慢性肾脏病合并2型糖尿病患者群体庞大、病情复杂,且往往面临着心血管疾病风险增加以及肾脏功能进一步恶化等诸多严峻挑战[1-3]。非奈利酮(finerenone)能够选择性地阻断盐皮质激素受体(mineralocorticoid receptor,MR),通过其独特的作用机制,发挥抗炎、抗纤维化作用,从而有效降低患者因肾脏疾病和糖尿病引发的心血管不良事件发生风险,延缓肾脏疾病的进展,为改善患者的预后提供了有效的治疗途径[4-7]。非奈利酮是全球首个被批准用于治疗与2型糖尿病相关的慢性肾脏病的药物,于2021年先后在美国、欧盟、日本和中国等地获批上市,凭借其良好的临床疗效而备受关注[8-10]。非奈利酮化学名称为(4S)-4-(4-氰基-2-甲氧基苯基)-5-乙氧基-2,8-二甲基-1,4-二氢-1,6-萘啶-3-甲酰胺,分子式为C21H22N4O3,相对分子质量为378.43[11-12]。非奈利酮在合成过程以及储存过程中可能会产生有关物质,因此开发出一种准确耐用的分析方法用于测定非奈利酮及其相关物质尤为重要。目前尚无对非奈利酮及其有关物质进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法研究的相关文献,且没有基于实验设计(design of experiment,DOE)方法来研究非奈利酮的报道。
随着质量源于设计(quality by design,QbD)理念在分析方法构建中的应用,分析方法质量源于设计(analytical quality by design,AQbD)的概念逐渐形成[13]。将 AQbD 用于液相分析方法构建可解决传统“试错法”开发策略中存在的研发周期长、方法适应性差以及多组分同时分析困难等诸多问题,全面、系统且深入地评估影响结果因素,快速开发出稳健且有调控空间的色谱方法[13-15]。AQbD主要涵盖以下关键步骤:定义分析方法目标(ATP)、评估关键方法属性(CMAs)和关键方法参数(CMPs)、生成方法可操作设计区域(MODR)、制定方法控制策略等[14-16]。采用AQbD开发液相方法时常使用DOE。其中析因设计是一种高效率的实验设计方法,可以通过较少的实验次数控制或消除其他因素对实验结果的干扰,分析各因素的交互作用,使分析结果更可靠和稳定,同时筛选出对实验结果有显著影响的因素[17-18]。本实验首先通过液质联用技术确定非奈利酮中可能存在的杂质。而后基于AQbD理念,通过析因设计对非奈利酮的HPLC分析方法进行开发、优化和验证,考察流动相比例、柱温、磷酸溶液浓度、梯度洗脱条件等色谱参数,从而生成MODR,为非奈利酮的质量控制提供准确耐用的定量方法。
1260型HPLC仪,配G7111B型四元泵、G7129A型自动进样器、G7130A型柱温箱、G7117C型DAD检测器、Chemstation工作站系统(美国Agilent公司); U3000 UHPLC 系统、Q-Exactive 高分辨质谱仪(美国Thermo公司);MX205DU/A型十万分之一电子天平(上海Mettler Toledo公司);AL104型万分之一电子天平(上海Mettler Toledo公司);KQ5200B型超声仪(昆山市超声仪器有限公司);CASCADA Ⅲ.Ⅰ-10纯水仪[安维迪生命科学(浙江)有限公司]。
非奈利酮原料药(苏州正济药业,批号:3A562312071W);非奈利酮片剂(拜耳医药保健有限公司,批号:BXK4KA1);非奈利酮(批号:1050477-31-0)、非奈利酮杂质1(批号:2640280-84-6)、非奈利酮杂质2(批号:2640280-85-7)和非奈利酮杂质3(批号:2640280-51-4)[优客嘉化(北京)化工科技有限公司];乙腈为色谱级(纯度>99%);磷酸(纯度>98%)、甲酸(纯度>98%)为分析纯;自制超纯水。
分别取非奈利酮、杂质1、杂质2、杂质3对照品适量,精密称定,加体积分数70%乙腈超声溶解,转移至5 mL量瓶中定容,分别制成一定质量浓度的对照品溶液。
取非奈利酮原料药10 mg,精密称定,加体积分数70%乙腈超声溶解,转移至25 mL量瓶中定容,溶液过0.22 μm滤膜,取续滤液即得供试品溶液。
色谱条件:Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm,2.7 μm),柱温45 ℃,流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱程序为0~2 min,5%B,2~16 min,5%~45%B,16~20 min,45%~90%B,20~28 min,90%B,流速0.4 mL·min-1,进样量5 μL。
质谱条件:离子源为加热电喷雾离子源(HESI),正、负离子模式检测。质谱参数:扫描模式为Full MS/ddMS2;喷雾电压±2.5 kV;鞘气压344.7 kPa;辅助气压96.5 kPa;离子传输管温度300 ℃;辅助加热器温度500 ℃;扫描范围m/z 100~1 500,HCD碰撞能量为30 eV。仪器控制和数据采集使用Thermo Xcalibur 2.3.1。
Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm,2.7 μm);流动相为磷酸水(A)-乙腈(B),流速0.8 mL·min-1,进样量5 μL,磷酸水浓度、柱温、梯度洗脱程序由析因设计确定。
本研究分析方法的目标是准确、专属、定量测定非奈利酮原料及其片剂中非奈利酮含量,其线性Y轴截距项t检验概率P应>0.05,回收率均值在98.00%~102.00%,相对标准偏差(RSD)<2.00%,日内精密度RSD<2.00%,中间精密度仪器间、分析日期间无显著差异,分析方法具有较大的操作设计空间。
为实现ATP,需考察CMAs(诸如分离度、对称性、理论板数等)。本研究的CMAs为非奈利酮与杂质1和杂质2之间的分离度,以及杂质3与前峰的分离度,分别记为分离度1(R1)、分离度2(R2)、分离度3(R3)表示。对非奈利酮的理论板数(N1)、对称因子(T1)和保留时间(tR)以及杂质3的理论板数(N2)和对称因子(T2)也作为CMAs。对影响CMAs的CMPs在风险评估基础上选择了柱温(A)、洗脱梯度起始乙腈比例(B)、洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例(C)、洗脱时间(D)、磷酸水浓度(E)为CMPs。在预实验基础上确定了各因子水平,采用25-1的析因设计评估每个CMPs对CMAs的影响程度,各因素及相应水平见表1。Design-Expert®(软件版本12)生成16次实验(表2)。对测量的响应R1、R2、R3、N1、T1tR、N2、T2进行线性回归和方程拟合,确定该设计模型拟合程度,以评估每种因子对非奈利酮色谱属性的影响,从而分析生成MODR。
取非奈利酮对照品适量,精密称定,加体积分数70%乙腈超声溶解,转移至5 mL量瓶中定容,即得质量浓度为600 μg·mL-1的非奈利酮对照品母液。精密吸取非奈利酮对照品母液,用体积分数70%乙腈分别稀释成18、36、72、150、300、600 μg·mL-1的非奈利酮对照品溶液,进样测定,以非奈利酮对照品溶液的质量浓度为横坐标X,峰面积为纵坐标Y,绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程和相关系数。
取非奈利酮原料药10 mg,精密称定,加体积分数70%乙腈超声溶解,转移至25 mL量瓶中定容,按照0.8∶1、1∶1、1.2∶1的比例加入非奈利酮对照品制备成样品溶液,每组3份,进样测定并计算加样回收率。
日内精密度实验:取非奈利酮对照品适量,精密称定,加体积分数70%乙腈超声溶解,转移至25 mL量瓶中定容,即得质量浓度为72.00 μg·mL-1的对照品溶液,连续进样6次,计算非奈利酮峰面积的RSD。
中间精密度实验:按照加样回收实验中1∶1的比例配制样品溶液。由操作人员在不同时间采用不同仪器(Agilent 1260型和Thermo U3000型高效液相色谱仪)对非奈利酮含量进行检测,以此考察随机变动因素对精密度的影响。
将非奈利酮原料药供试品溶液,在室温条件下放置0、2、4、8、12、24 h后,按确定的色谱条件测定,考察供试品溶液的稳定性,计算非奈利酮峰面积的RSD。
检测限(limit of detection,LOD)和定量限(limit of quantitation,LOQ)常用的测量方法有直观法、信噪比法和线性法。其中线性法相较于直观法和信噪比法,避免了人为选择噪声部分导致结果偏差的可能性,同时考虑了多次进样分析之间的差异,结果更为可靠。LOD和LOQ的计算公式见公式1~2。
LOD=3.3δ/S
LOQ=10δ/S
式中,δ表示截距的标准偏差,S表示标准曲线的斜率,由回归分析得到的标准曲线确定[19-21]
在前期开展的预实验阶段,通过HPLC-DAD检测器对非奈利酮及其相关杂质的紫外吸收光谱予以测定。经检测发现各成分的紫外吸收差异并不显著,均在251 nm波长附近有最大吸收。
鉴于分离度、峰形以及系统压力等关键要素,经过严谨的评估与分析,最终选定流速为0.8 mL·min-1,此流速能够在确保良好分离效果与峰形的同时,可使系统压力维持在合理范围,为实验的精准性与可靠性提供有力保障。
考虑到非奈利酮样品采用乙腈作为溶解溶剂,为最大程度维持样品在整个色谱分析系统中处于稳定的溶剂环境,避免因溶剂转换而引发诸如样品析出,峰形改变或保留时间波动等不良现象,故而流动相选择乙腈。
在色谱柱的筛选过程中,针对Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm,2.7 μm)和Bridge RP色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm)的分离效能进行了比较研究,结果表明Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱(3.0 mm×150 mm,2.7 μm)在分离效果、峰形以及理论板数等方面较优,所以本研究选择此色谱柱进行后续的研究。
取非奈利酮片和非奈利酮原料药10 mg,加体积分数70%乙腈溶解,定容摇匀。分别进样记录色谱图,见图1。根据图谱分析可知,非奈利酮片与非奈利酮原料药中存在的杂质具有相似性,因此后续实验可以采用非奈利酮原料药代替非奈利酮片进行后续研究。
液质联用技术(LC-MS)在正、负离子模式下对非奈利酮片的化学成分进行检测,得到(+)ESI-MS和(-)ESI-MS的质谱总离子流图,见图2。根据得到的化合物一级、二级质谱数据的质谱碎片离子信息等初步进行定性分析,并结合对照品比对,最终确定出非奈利酮原料药中3个杂质成分,见表3图3。在本次研究中分析得到在负离子模式下杂质4的母离子为:265.147 9,目前所获取的数据不足以支持对其化学结构的准确判定。
为找出各因子对各响应值的影响显著性,利用Design-Expert®软件对五因素两水平析因设计(25-1)的实验结果(表4)进行回归分析,分别剔除不显著的项,得到8个拟合的多项式方程,模型的概率值P均<0.05,调整r2>0.9。
对响应R1、R2、T1、N1tR、R3、T2和N2进行Pareto图及多变量回归分析,结果显示柱温对R1、R2、N1tR、T2和N2具有显著性影响;洗脱梯度起始乙腈比例对R2、N1tR、R3、T2和N2具有显著性影响;洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例对R1、R2、N1tR具有显著性影响;洗脱时间对R1、R2、N1tR、R3和T2具有显著性影响;磷酸水浓度对R1、R2、T1、N1tR和T2具有显著性影响,两因素交互作用结果显示,各因素之间具有一定的交互作用(图4)。实验数据均为正态分布。表5总结了8个回归模型的显著性测试结果。
8个多项式模型分别表示如下:
R1=2.020 93+0.026 710A-0.027 954C+0.119 955D+0.001 378E-0.000 032AE
R2=2.412 41+0.031 983A+0.073 679B-0.038 187C+0.161 617D-0.000 170E
T1=1.061 44-0.006 244D-0.000 223E
N1=58 001.673 22+300.203 22A-3 955.896 81B+345.798 29C-1 105.196 29D-13.865 98E
tR=11.242 72-0.011 711A-0.237 875B-0.070 125C+0.254 500D-0.001 140E
R3=-61.091 40-2.838 43A+5.065 39B+3.080 84C+4.629 11D-0.023 239E+0.214 996AD-0.005 704BE-0.268 323CD+0.004 203DE
T2=4.473 17-0.021 822A+0.028 754B-0.059 003C-0.166 244D-0.000 920E+0.000 021AE+0.003 703CD
N2=80 571.180 82+380.986 82A-3 570.057 36B
依据上述析因实验结果,设置R1、R2、R3>2,1.2>T1、T2>0.8,N1>23 810,N2>63 111,10.5 min>tR,搜索同时满足以上目标的色谱方法参数变量范围,绘制MODR。固定2个CMPs的值,通过分析3个CMPs创建MODR,如图5中黄色区域为稳健区,灰色为风险区。其中当柱温从26 ℃升高到45 ℃时,MODR的范围逐渐变大;而洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例以及梯度洗脱时间的改变不会对MODR的范围造成较大影响,随着洗脱梯度结束乙腈比例的变大,MODR的范围随之增大再缩小;MODR的范围随着洗脱时间的变长逐渐减小。
在MODR范围内,选取了MODR内区域点1以及边缘点2。对MODE内区域点1(A: 45 ℃,B:5%,C:45%,D: 16 min,E: 600 μL)和边缘点2(A: 35 ℃,B:5%,C:55%,D: 14 min,E: 600 μL)进行验证,获得的CMAs的结果为R1、R2、R3>2,1.2>T1、T2>0.8,N1>23 810,N2>63111,10.5 min>tR,全部达标,表明所建立的MODR较为可靠。最终选择区域点1作为优化方法:色谱条件为柱温45 ℃,0.06%磷酸为A相,乙腈为B相,梯度洗脱初始为5%乙腈,结束为45%乙腈,运行16 min,初始5%运行2 min,梯度洗脱程序:0~2 min,5%B;2~16 min,5%~45%B;16~17 min,45%~90%B;17~22 min,90%B;22~23 min,90%~5%B;23~28 min,5%B,分析得到的非奈利酮色谱图见图6
进样6个质量浓度的非奈利酮对照品溶液,以质量浓度为横坐标X,非奈利酮峰面积为纵坐标Y,绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程为Y=21.004X-9.909 8,r2=1.000,线性Y轴截距项t检验概率P>0.05,表明非奈利酮质量浓度在18.00~600.00 μg·mL-1与峰面积的线性关系良好。
加样回收实验结果见表6。结果显示,加样回收率在98.15%~99.92%,RSD为0.55%,符合方法学验证要求,表明该方法准确度良好。
日内精密度实验结果显示,非奈利酮峰面积的RSD为0.17%(n=6),表明仪器精密度良好。
中间精密度实验结果非奈利酮仪器间回收率均值为100.75%,RSD为0.19%,日期间回收率均值为100.75%,RSD为0.63%。数据经分析仪器间无差异,但日期间有较小差异。
稳定性实验结果显示,非奈利酮峰面积的RSD为0.47%,表明所配溶液在24 h内稳定性良好。
根据线性实验结果分析可得,δ为7.016,S为21.004。计算可得LOD为1.10 μg·mL-1,LOQ为3.34 μg·mL-1
本研究采用液质联用技术对非奈利酮及其杂质进行检测,从而确保药物的疗效及安全性。根据分析结果,预测了各杂质HPLC保留行为,因杂质均含有较多极性基团,极性较强,结构与非奈利酮相似,开发HPLC方法时调整水相的比例优化分离度,并选择梯度洗脱以实现更高效的分离。通过LC-MS确定出非奈利酮中的3个杂质成分,对非奈利酮的质量控制和安全评估具有重要意义。但是根据目前的数据不足以对未知杂质4的化学结构进行准确判定。针对这一问题,可考虑调整色谱参数和结合其他分析技术,如核磁共振、红外光谱等,以获取更全面的结构信息。
基于AQbD理念开发并验证非奈利酮的HPLC分析方法,鉴于本研究涉及的参数较多,选用析因设计(25-1)来对非奈利酮的HPLC方法开发中的各类参数进行优化。该实验设计可以大幅减少实验次数,快速筛选出对响应变量有显著影响的关键因素,了解各因素之间的交互作用及它们对最终分析结果的影响,从而有针对性地对这些参数进行优化调整,以达到最佳的分析效果[22-23]。本研究以非奈利酮主峰R1、R2、N1、T1tR,杂质3的R3、N2和T2为CMAs,通过析因设计建立CMAs和CMPs之间的多项式方程,获得MODR,从中选择优化的色谱条件为柱温45 ℃,流动相为0.06%磷酸水(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱程序为:0~2 min,5%B;2~16 min,5%~45%B;16~17 min,45%~90%B;17~22 min,90%B;22~23 min,90%~5%B;23~28 min,5%B,并对其进行了方法学的验证。在MODR内,能够保证非奈利酮与杂质之间得到有效分离和准确分析,提高了分析方法的可靠性、稳定性和可重复性。但是在开发非奈利酮HPLC分析方法过程中仍存在一定的局限性,对于流速、色谱柱等因素仅开展了前期的预实验考察,并未深入评估其对分析结果可能产生的影响。此外,由于有关物质峰面积较小,暂无法对其进行准确定量,后续可考虑在现有方法的基础上结合其他检测方法,以提高定量准确性。AQbD理念成功应用于在非奈利酮分析方法开发中,无疑为其相关研究及生产过程提供了可靠的分析手段,保障非奈利酮生产质量,为药物分析方法的构建和优化提供新的思路。
  • 浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划资助(2025C02192)
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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.011
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26
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浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划资助(2025C02192)
作者信息
    1 浙江中医药大学药学院, 杭州 310053
    2 浙江中医药大学基础医学院, 杭州 310053
    3 成都蜀西制药有限公司, 成都 611600

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*何昱,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:药物分析与新药研发 Tel:(0571)61768145
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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