Article(id=1194344008840343659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)10-1095-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.10.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711900800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762683401546, onlineDateStr=2025-11-09, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762683401546, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762683401546, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762683401546, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194344006382486063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='1005', pageEnd='1102', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762683400960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762844794786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1095, endPage=1102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194344009062641773, articleId=1194344008840343659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Critical Control and Inspection Points for Continuous Encapsulation of Lipid Nanoparticle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE Analyze the key control points and risk points of the process, propose the key points of the review and inspection, based on the continuous encapsulation process of lipid nanoparticles. METHODS On the basis of analyzing the lipid components and coating process of marketed lipid nanoparticles, the similarities and differences in the realization methods, fluid properties, equipment material form, advantages and challenges were analyzed. The key control points, challenge points and risk points, and propose the key technical points of the process were analyzed. RESULTS The challenge and risk points of continuous encapsulation of lipid nanoparticles mainly focus on five aspects: process control model, selection of equipment and hybrid device, application and development of PAT technology, identification and control of disturbance, and disposal of abnormal events. Accordingly, six technical points that should be paid special attention to in the official review and inspection: process research and control strategy, equipment confirmation and plant facilities, process verification and continuous process confirmation, process analysis and control, cleaning verification and cross-pollution prevention and control, and data integrity. CONCLUSION In order to promote the industrialization scale application of new continuous manufacturing technology, review and inspection technical guide is very important. Drug regulatory agency should do more early researches together with the industry.

, correspAuthors=Zhe HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiangyu LI, Zhe HUANG, Ziyang CAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194344233453711793, articleId=1194344008840343659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=脂质纳米颗粒连续包封工艺关键控制点和审评检查技术要点, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于作为新型载药载体的脂质纳米颗粒的连续化包封工艺,分析品种案例并研究全球药品监管法规,形成关键控制点和审评检查技术要点,为药品审评和检查提供参考,进而推动生物药品连续制造技术的产业化规模化应用。方法 在对已上市脂质纳米颗粒药物脂质组分和包封工艺进行分析的基础上,全面对比分析微流控混合和射流碰撞两种主要的连续包封方法在实现方式、流体性质、设备材料形式、优势和挑战方面的异同,研究确定工艺的关键控制点、工艺挑战点和风险点,进而提出该工艺的审评检查技术要点。结果 脂质纳米颗粒连续包封工艺挑战点和风险点主要集中在工艺控制模型、设备及混合装置选用、过程分析技术(PAT)技术的应用开发、扰动的识别和控制、异常事件的处置5个方面。相应地提出了在审评检查中应特别关注的6个方面的技术要点:工艺研究和控制策略、设备确认及厂房设施、工艺验证和持续工艺确认、过程分析和控制、清洁验证及交叉污染防控、数据完整性。结论 通过基于连续包封工艺案例和全球药品监管法规的比较研究和分析对比,提示我们作为药品“弱相关”的创新技术,连续制造的产业化规模化应用更需要药品审评检查机构提前介入研究,从关键工艺环节逐个突破,与产业界形成基于“审评和检查”的技术指南,从而推动新技术的应用。

, correspAuthors=黄哲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*黄哲,女,博士,教授 研究方向:决策理论与方法、药品监管科学 Tel:(024)23986543
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李香玉,女,硕士研究生,高级工程师 研究方向:药品审评与核查

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A-Y/T型混合器示意图;B-Y型混合器原理图。

, figureFileSmall=CrdOyRHLV1Z/r2W9nXUGfg==, figureFileBig=ePxYh/4OTwLYqhHBcaYlgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372333231108285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344008840343659, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pJ8HEgZg3H8SsjmMWRtwSQ==, figureFileBig=gVfY5gG0SG8K2apG5zYI3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372333285634238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344008840343659, language=CN, label=图4, caption=射流碰撞技术平台用于LNP连续包封的原理图

A-射流碰撞设备总装示意图;B-射流碰撞原理图。

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批准
年份
品名 批准
机构
生产
企业
活性
成分
LNP组分 包封
工艺
适应证
组分 类别 含量
2018 Onpattro
(patisiran)[12]
美国FDA Alnylam
Pharmaceuticals
转甲状腺素蛋白导向的siRNA DLin-MC3-DMA 可电离脂质 13.0 mg·mL-1 - 由遗传性转甲状腺素蛋白介导的淀粉样变性引起的多发性神经病
PEG2000-C-DMG PEG化脂质 1.6 mg·mL-1
DSPC 中性脂质 3.3 mg·mL-1
Cholesterol 胆固醇 6.2 mg·mL-1
2020 Comirnaty[13] 英国MHRA
美国FDA
(紧急使用)
BioNTech/
Pfizer
COVID-19
mRNA疫苗
ALC-031 可电离脂质 0.43 mg·dose-1 连续化 预防COVID-19
ALC-0159 PEG化脂质 0.05 mg·dose-1
DSPC 中性脂质 0.09 mg·dose-1
Cholesterol 胆固醇 0.2 mg·dose-1
2020 Spikevax[14] 美国FDA
(紧急使用)
Moderna COVID-19
mRNA疫苗
SM-102 可电离脂质 3.87 mg·mL-1 连续化 预防COVID-19
PEG2000-DMG PEG化脂质
DSPC 中性脂质
Cholesterol 胆固醇
2023 SYS6006 中国NMPA
(紧急使用)
石药集团 COVID-19
mRNA疫苗
- 连续化 预防COVID-19
), ArticleFig(id=1194372333558264002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344008840343659, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全球批准上市的LNP药物及其脂质组分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
批准
年份
品名 批准
机构
生产
企业
活性
成分
LNP组分 包封
工艺
适应证
组分 类别 含量
2018 Onpattro
(patisiran)[12]
美国FDA Alnylam
Pharmaceuticals
转甲状腺素蛋白导向的siRNA DLin-MC3-DMA 可电离脂质 13.0 mg·mL-1 - 由遗传性转甲状腺素蛋白介导的淀粉样变性引起的多发性神经病
PEG2000-C-DMG PEG化脂质 1.6 mg·mL-1
DSPC 中性脂质 3.3 mg·mL-1
Cholesterol 胆固醇 6.2 mg·mL-1
2020 Comirnaty[13] 英国MHRA
美国FDA
(紧急使用)
BioNTech/
Pfizer
COVID-19
mRNA疫苗
ALC-031 可电离脂质 0.43 mg·dose-1 连续化 预防COVID-19
ALC-0159 PEG化脂质 0.05 mg·dose-1
DSPC 中性脂质 0.09 mg·dose-1
Cholesterol 胆固醇 0.2 mg·dose-1
2020 Spikevax[14] 美国FDA
(紧急使用)
Moderna COVID-19
mRNA疫苗
SM-102 可电离脂质 3.87 mg·mL-1 连续化 预防COVID-19
PEG2000-DMG PEG化脂质
DSPC 中性脂质
Cholesterol 胆固醇
2023 SYS6006 中国NMPA
(紧急使用)
石药集团 COVID-19
mRNA疫苗
- 连续化 预防COVID-19
), ArticleFig(id=1194372333621178563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344008840343659, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项目 微流控芯片 射流碰撞
实现方式 低通量条件下,通常以黏性力为主导作用力,在微流体通道内扩散混合。高通量条件下,通过微流体的离心涡流优化混合效率 依靠平流惯性力在腔体内产生随机流体混合,在高速条件下增大接触面积,快速混合
流体性质 通常为层流状态(雷诺数Re≤100)。也和微通道的结构及材料相关 通常为湍流状态(通常雷诺数100<Re<2 000)
设备材料形式 通常采用一次性混合器或芯片的设计,混合结构如T型或Y型混合器、迪恩或特斯拉混合器等 通常采用不锈钢结构设计,具有广泛的溶剂兼容性
技术优势 可实现参数精准控制、连续制造应用;可通过多模块并行来放大规模,具有可扩展性 设备材料及结构更能适应工业化规模生产,可保证设备运行稳健性及可验证性等
挑战 定制化混合器或芯片的加工难度和制造成本较高;材料强度较差 实现工艺放大相对较为复杂;设备的清洁等
), ArticleFig(id=1194372333688287428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344008840343659, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微流控芯片和射流碰撞技术用于LNP连续包封的技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项目 微流控芯片 射流碰撞
实现方式 低通量条件下,通常以黏性力为主导作用力,在微流体通道内扩散混合。高通量条件下,通过微流体的离心涡流优化混合效率 依靠平流惯性力在腔体内产生随机流体混合,在高速条件下增大接触面积,快速混合
流体性质 通常为层流状态(雷诺数Re≤100)。也和微通道的结构及材料相关 通常为湍流状态(通常雷诺数100<Re<2 000)
设备材料形式 通常采用一次性混合器或芯片的设计,混合结构如T型或Y型混合器、迪恩或特斯拉混合器等 通常采用不锈钢结构设计,具有广泛的溶剂兼容性
技术优势 可实现参数精准控制、连续制造应用;可通过多模块并行来放大规模,具有可扩展性 设备材料及结构更能适应工业化规模生产,可保证设备运行稳健性及可验证性等
挑战 定制化混合器或芯片的加工难度和制造成本较高;材料强度较差 实现工艺放大相对较为复杂;设备的清洁等
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脂质纳米颗粒连续包封工艺关键控制点和审评检查技术要点
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李香玉 1 , 黄哲 2, * , 蔡子洋 1
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(10): 1095-1102
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(10): 1095-1102
脂质纳米颗粒连续包封工艺关键控制点和审评检查技术要点
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李香玉1, 黄哲2, *, 蔡子洋1
作者信息
  • 1 上海药品审评核查中心, 上海 200120
  • 2 沈阳药科大学工商管理学院, 沈阳 110016
  • 李香玉,女,硕士研究生,高级工程师 研究方向:药品审评与核查

通讯作者:

*黄哲,女,博士,教授 研究方向:决策理论与方法、药品监管科学 Tel:(024)23986543
Critical Control and Inspection Points for Continuous Encapsulation of Lipid Nanoparticle
Xiangyu LI1, Zhe HUANG2, *, Ziyang CAI1
Affiliations
  • 1 Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, Shanghai 200120, China
  • 2 College of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.013
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目的 基于作为新型载药载体的脂质纳米颗粒的连续化包封工艺,分析品种案例并研究全球药品监管法规,形成关键控制点和审评检查技术要点,为药品审评和检查提供参考,进而推动生物药品连续制造技术的产业化规模化应用。方法 在对已上市脂质纳米颗粒药物脂质组分和包封工艺进行分析的基础上,全面对比分析微流控混合和射流碰撞两种主要的连续包封方法在实现方式、流体性质、设备材料形式、优势和挑战方面的异同,研究确定工艺的关键控制点、工艺挑战点和风险点,进而提出该工艺的审评检查技术要点。结果 脂质纳米颗粒连续包封工艺挑战点和风险点主要集中在工艺控制模型、设备及混合装置选用、过程分析技术(PAT)技术的应用开发、扰动的识别和控制、异常事件的处置5个方面。相应地提出了在审评检查中应特别关注的6个方面的技术要点:工艺研究和控制策略、设备确认及厂房设施、工艺验证和持续工艺确认、过程分析和控制、清洁验证及交叉污染防控、数据完整性。结论 通过基于连续包封工艺案例和全球药品监管法规的比较研究和分析对比,提示我们作为药品“弱相关”的创新技术,连续制造的产业化规模化应用更需要药品审评检查机构提前介入研究,从关键工艺环节逐个突破,与产业界形成基于“审评和检查”的技术指南,从而推动新技术的应用。

脂质纳米颗粒  /  包封  /  连续制造  /  药品检查  /  药品监管科学

OBJECTIVE Analyze the key control points and risk points of the process, propose the key points of the review and inspection, based on the continuous encapsulation process of lipid nanoparticles. METHODS On the basis of analyzing the lipid components and coating process of marketed lipid nanoparticles, the similarities and differences in the realization methods, fluid properties, equipment material form, advantages and challenges were analyzed. The key control points, challenge points and risk points, and propose the key technical points of the process were analyzed. RESULTS The challenge and risk points of continuous encapsulation of lipid nanoparticles mainly focus on five aspects: process control model, selection of equipment and hybrid device, application and development of PAT technology, identification and control of disturbance, and disposal of abnormal events. Accordingly, six technical points that should be paid special attention to in the official review and inspection: process research and control strategy, equipment confirmation and plant facilities, process verification and continuous process confirmation, process analysis and control, cleaning verification and cross-pollution prevention and control, and data integrity. CONCLUSION In order to promote the industrialization scale application of new continuous manufacturing technology, review and inspection technical guide is very important. Drug regulatory agency should do more early researches together with the industry.

lipid nanoparticle  /  encapsulation  /  continuous manufacturing  /  drug inspection  /  drug regulatory science
李香玉, 黄哲, 蔡子洋. 脂质纳米颗粒连续包封工艺关键控制点和审评检查技术要点. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1095 -1102 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.013
Xiangyu LI, Zhe HUANG, Ziyang CAI. Critical Control and Inspection Points for Continuous Encapsulation of Lipid Nanoparticle[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1095 -1102 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.013
2022年12月,人用药品技术要求国际协调理事会(ICH)正式发布《Q13:原料药和制剂的连续制造》指南,标志着药品连续制造(continuous manufacturing)在全球进入了技术应用新时代[1]。连续制造将是我国战略性新兴的生物医药产业技术创新和发展增长的重要机遇[2-3]。但目前,全球已批准上市的使用连续制造工艺生产的药品均为口服固体制剂,生物药的连续制造尚未有商业化获批案例。为了推动生物药从部分工艺的连续实现突破,最终实现全连续工艺的产业化规模化应用,本文聚焦脂质纳米颗粒连续包封这一核心工艺环节,基于连续包封案例和全球药品监管法规,研究提出该项工艺的检查技术要点。
脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticles,LNP)属于《中国药典》2020年版微粒制剂项下纳米分散体系中以脂质材料作为药物载体经纳米化技术分散形成的粒径小于500 nm的纳米粒,是目前领先的非病毒载体递送系统。可以包载多种不同类型的药物,包括但不限于基因治疗药物、小分子药物和大分子药物等。典型的LNP结构示意图以及主要质控项目和方法见图1[4]。其制备过程中,药物首先与可电离脂质复合(如带正电的阳离子脂质和带负电RNA通过静电作用复合)、随后与其他脂质组装成LNP。
基因治疗药物作为继化学小分子药物、生物大分子药物之后的第三代治疗药物,递送系统是其成药性的关键。递送系统包括病毒载体和非病毒载体两大类。LNP利用天然或者人工合成的类脂作为载体,通过包裹目的基因类药物或疫苗于脂质核中,从而携带基因类药物或疫苗进入细胞,可有效地将包裹的内容物释放到细胞质中。具有易于生产、可生物降解、保护包埋的核酸免受核酸酶降解和肾脏清除、促进细胞摄取和内体逃逸等优点[5-6]。LNP载体通常包含4种组分,分别为可电离脂质、聚乙二醇修饰的脂质(PEG化脂质)、中性脂质和胆固醇[7-8]。其中,可电离脂质和PEG化脂质为功能性脂质,中性脂质和胆固醇为结构性脂质。
目前全球共有4款采用LNP为载体的药物获批上市,已公开处方的3款药物的脂质组分及含量不完全相同,均采用二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(DSPC)和胆固醇作为结构性脂质(表1)。2018年,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准了全球首款采用LNP载体的药物Patisiran(商品名:Onpattro®),用于治疗遗传性甲状腺素介导的淀粉样变性的多发性神经病。该药不仅是全球首款小干扰RNA药物(small interfering RNA,siRNA),也是全球首个非病毒给药系统的基因治疗药物[9]。2020年,2款采用LNP载体的COVID-19新型冠状病毒mRNA疫苗被批准紧急使用[10-11]。2023年中国国家药品监督管理局也批准了1款COVID-19新型冠状病毒mRNA 疫苗紧急使用。3款新型冠状病毒mRNA 疫苗均采用连续包封工艺。
药品连续制造是物料在单元操作之间持续流动持续产出产品的新技术,有2个或2个以上单元操作直接相连[1]。根据全球监管机构的公开信息,至2023年10月,美国、欧盟、日本、中国等已批准上市11个采用连续制造工艺的药品,均为口服固体制剂[15-16]
连续制造可以利用较小的生产设施和设备,通过使用步骤少、加工时间短、能耗低、环境污染小的智能化集成工艺来进行药品生产,通过实时质量监控、减少中间产品的储存环节等提升药品质量,且具有生产规模易于调节、易于线性放大的显著优势,是对现有制药方式的提升和创新[17]
LNP 的安全性和有效性已经在新型冠状病毒mRNA 疫苗应用上通过了大规模验证,但安全性仍有进一步提高空间。目前 LNP 的研发优化主要集中在2个方面:一是可电离脂质的创新筛选、脂质组分的优化,二是开发更简便快速,条件更温和,更容易放大的制备工艺。传统的脂质纳米颗粒包封药物方法主要有薄膜水化法、挤出法、均质法等。这些方法需要多步骤批处理,增加了样品污染风险;难以放大;批间差异性和局部温度差异性等会对产品的长期稳定性产生影响[18]
LNP的最关键生产工序是包封,关键生产设备是包封设备。通过微流控混合技术和射流混合碰撞技术的应用,可实现LNP药物的连续化包封。一是可以更好地建立实验设计模型,确定配方的关键工艺参数、关键材料属性和关键质量属性及其关系,加速LNP药物的开发。二是在工业化规模生产中,易于放大,有效提高生产效率;并易于与前后工序进行连接,从而实现端到端的连续制造。三是结合在线监测、过程分析技术等工具,可更好地对关键成分和过程参数进行监测和控制,实现包封工艺的稳健性以提升药品质量[19]。LNP药物从原液到制剂的端到端连续制造流程见图2,本文重点研究包封工序的连续化生产。
微流控芯片技术用于LNP连续包封的基本原理:将药物和脂质分别溶解在水相和有机相后,将两相溶液注入微流控系统的两条入口通道,通过两相的快速混合,完成脂质对药物的包封,形成LNP-药物复合物。通过改变流速和投料比,控制脂质纳米颗粒的粒径大小[4,20](图3)。常见的设计结构有T型、Y型、鱼骨型等。有研究者采用6个半圆弧形的混合单元构成混合通道,也获得了较好的包封效果[21]。可通过在送液装置上配置挤压结构,实现根据压力传感器监测的压力值对流量流速进行动态控制[22],采用一次性流路组件来降低批次间交叉污染的风险[23],通过配置射频标识(RFID)的微流控芯片、数据传输的接收装置、微控制器及智能设备界面等,实现自动采集、记录和反馈控制[24]
射流碰撞技术用于LNP连续包封的基本原理:利用高压泵使药物溶液和脂质溶液形成2股射流,在流路腔体中进行对冲,利用流体动力学使各个脂质组分充分地与药物溶液混合,形成包裹药物的LNP-药物复合物[25-26](图4)。有研究表明其与传统的微流控设备相比,具有较高的包封效率和较好的可重现性[27-28]。还有研究者开发了采用湍流喷射混合技术的同轴射流混合装置,并集成了用于粒度监测的过程分析技术及反馈控制回路,旨在实现LNP药物端到端的商业化连续制造[29]
微流控混合和射流碰撞在LNP连续包封中的实现方式、流体性质、设备材料等方面的对比见表2。微流控芯片技术可实现参数精准控制、连续制造应用,亦可通过多模块并行来放大规模,具有较好的扩展性,但定制化混合器或芯片的加工难度和制造成本较高,且材料强度较差。射流碰撞技术设备材料及结构更能适应工业化规模生产,可保证设备运行稳健性及可验证性,但实现工艺放大相对相对复杂,且设备较难清洁。
对于LNP连续包封。主要工艺步骤通常包括溶液准备、包封、稀释和超滤换液/浓缩,有的工艺还增加了LNP-药物复合物的纯化步骤(图5)。关键工艺参数主要包括投料比(可电离脂质与药物的比率)、流速、药物浓度、脂质浓度、缓冲体系及浓度、pH值、压力、温度、复合时间等[30]
对于连续包封工艺中LNP-药物复合物的质控,主要通过动态光散射(DLS)测定平均粒径、分散系数和Zeta电位;通过适宜的方法测定包封率;纳米颗粒跟踪分析(NTA)包封均一性;通过低温透射电镜监控脂质体的结构表征和粒子形貌等[31]。对于脂质组分的质控,主要通过液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)、超高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测(UPLC-ELSD)测定递送系统组分及含量;通过超高效液相色谱-电喷雾式检测(UHPLC-CAD)测定脂质杂质等。对于被包封的药物的质控,一般采用与被包封的RNA、DNA或原料药(API)相同的质控项目和方法。
结合ICH Q13中关于连续制造相关监管考量[1]和技术应用现状,LNP连续包封的商业化规模化应用还存在一定的风险与挑战。主要集中在工艺控制模型的建立、设备及混合装置选用、过程分析技术(process analysis technology,PAT)应用开发、扰动识别和失效控制措施、异常事件处置等方面[30]
需要结合工艺流,对关键工艺参数及其范围以及物料、产品的关键质量属性进行识别和研究,通过软硬件系统建立控制算法和控制策略,使工艺稳定在预期设定范围内。工艺控制模型的准确性和稳健性需要在设计开发时就充分考虑。如果信息识别和控制手段逻辑冲突或者不匹配,会对模型分析是否可靠以及连续包封的质量和可实现性产生较大影响。
设备选型、设备和控制模型的集成化需要紧密结合包封工艺综合考虑。设备是否能满足药品商业化生产及电子数据管理ALCOA的相关要求,是当前存在的风险和挑战。目前,能满足包封相关工艺技术要求的装备生产厂商较少,在连续包封工艺集成和开发研究上还有待进一步拓展。
PAT,特别是采用原位监测和在线监测的工具替代离线测试,对于保证连续包封的质量均一性至关重要。但PAT及工具通常采用非嵌入式进行监测,分析仪器及分析模型的响应速度和准确性,以及不受生产环境等因素影响的稳定性是否能满足包封连续生产的过程监测要求,具有较大的挑战。
如果不能对扰动进行有效识别并采取控制措施,不仅会直接影响包封的效率,还可能产生非预期的工艺相关杂质(如有机杂质、脂质相关杂质等),影响产品安全性和有效性。如混合包封的过程中的温度波动会对包封效果产生影响;两相流体的流速或流量比的波动,会对溶液浓度及包封效果产生影响等。
应考虑并研究微混合通道堵塞、料液渗漏等异常事件的处置措施。对于需要拆卸更换组件的,还应充分考虑人员和环境带来的潜在风险。此外,还应考虑PAT工具失效或者故障时对于包封的影响,应设置可替代的应急措施。
对于采用连续包封工艺的生物药注册申请,上市许可持有人或者生产企业应按照《药品注册管理办法》《生物制品注册分类及申报资料要求》等要求提交相关研究资料。由国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心负责化学、生产和控制(chemistry manufacturing and control,CMC)审评,药品监管部门依职责根据《药品注册现场核查管理规定》启动检查。对于从间歇式批生产工艺变更为连续包封工艺的,上市许可持有人或者生产企业应按照《药品生产质量管理规范》《药品上市后变更管理办法(试行)》《已上市生物制品药学变更研究技术指导原则(试行)》《已上市生物制品变更事项及申报资料要求》等进行相关研究和验证工作。药品监管部门根据变更管理类别依职责启动技术审评,必要时进行现场检查。课题组重点依据上述部门规章和规范性文件,主要参考ICH Q13[1]、美国FDA《药品连续制造的质量考量指南》[32]、中国CDE新型冠状病毒预防用 mRNA 疫苗药学研究技术指导原则(试行)[33],基于工艺设计和工艺控制,研究提出LNP连续包封工艺审评和检查的特别要点如下。
高度的工艺理解是高效工艺开发和良好控制策略的保证,充分的工艺研究还可以降低验证系统的负担。在连续包封工艺研究中应重点关注:工艺模型的建立,关键工艺参数的确定和研究,设计空间的确定,是否识别和解释了所有关键的变异来源,变异是否得到了工艺管理,在线过程分析仪和对采集样品的传统检测方法之间的测试对比,将实验室方法转移至在线、原位或近线分析方法的验证是否遵循现有法规指南文件和药典规定等。此外,在对包封工艺包封效果的研究中,还应特别关注包封均一性,对于包封初期得到质量属性尚未达到稳态或受控状态时的包封液的分流剔除,以及LNP-药物复合物形成和形成后的工艺过程中纳米颗粒的聚集或解散,以及被包封药物的泄漏、完整性以及稳定性研究等。
控制策略和控制方案的检查应关注监控参数的选取是否基于关键工艺参数 (CPPs), 关键原辅料属性(CMAs), 关键质量属性 (CQAs)。是否充分考虑了预期和非预期的扰动变化以及异常事件的处置,如扰动变化下的采样以及异常事件(温度、pH值及包封过程中堵塞、渗漏等)的控制措施等。是否制定了合理的取样策略,如连续包封未达稳态或异常扰动下增加取样等,以及取样操作是否具有合理性和代表性等(包括取样时间、位置以及取样方法等)。
在设备确认方面,由于连续工艺的效率和稳定性与信息化、自动化的生产设备和测控设备的设计密切相关,在设备确认中应主要关注设备性能确认的方案和结果、测试过程中的取样频率、不同单元之间的技术连接、全程数字化管理的实现等。包括设备参数能否满足对相关工艺参数控制的要求;设备的电子化数据管理如流程管理、电子记录、审计追踪功能能否满足工艺需求、设备集成互联、数据采集等有关要求;过程监测装置和过程分析设备的控制精度、校准周期及监测稳定性是否能满足工艺需求;设备报警功能和反馈控制功能是否可以准确实现等。
在厂房设施方面,由于在对包封的脂质有机相溶液进行配制时,用于溶解脂类的有机溶剂(如乙醇)属于易燃易爆液体,在检查中应特别关注相应操作单元是否满足防爆安全要求,如设备的确认及元器件更换应考虑电气防爆安全、厂房和功能间应考虑防爆设计。
在设备管理方面,应重点关注连续包封设备的全生命周期管理,包括设备参数的趋势情况、设备维护保养、仪表校准等情况是否能够持续符合工艺要求。
工艺验证可通过在设定参数范围内有效稳定运行的工艺与符合预定质量特性产物之间的相关性,建立物料质量属性、生产过程关键工艺参数以及产品关键质量属性之间的关系,从而证明包封工艺处于受控状态。在连续包封工艺验证中,应主要关注工艺可重现性、关键质量属性及其可接受限度、关键工艺参数及其范围,以及物料的质量属性和工艺参数与包封效果之间的关系等,包括药物溶液浓度、脂质溶液浓度、投料比、流速、压力、pH值、温度、反应时间等。此外,应关注变更关研究和验证,以及最长连续包封生产时长、水相和有机相溶液保存时限等的验证。
对于持续工艺确认,应重点关注是否通过积累批次数据(如物料质量属性、持续监测的数据、工艺参数情况等)来评估工艺的稳定性及可重现性,是否设定了警戒线及纠偏线等,警戒线及纠偏线设置的合理性应当具有科学依据。
与传统的药品生产通常通过对收集的样品按批进行实验室检测来完成质量评估不同,连续制造通过过程分析以及过程控制来持续进行质量评估。PAT是药品连续制造的重要支撑技术,通过在处理过程中实时测量输入物料、中间物料的关键质量属性以及关键工艺参数,并进行反馈控制,确保最终输出产品达到设定的质量标准[34]。连续包封系统通常采用多种集成在设备上的传感器(如温度、流速、pH值、压力等)进行质量属性和工艺参数的连续监控。在过程分析和控制中应重点关注与包封效果密切相关的质量属性项目的监控及其监控频率(如粒径、分散系数、脂质浓度、包封效率等)、生产系统的工艺过程监控和反馈控制、受控状态的维持、原位、在线、近线或离线检测方式的选择,取样点的设置和取样频率的确定、产品的收集和拒绝、扰动的处置、失效模式的识别及调控等[35-36]
考虑到应用连续包封的设备有不同的结构形式及采用不同材料,如一次性芯片或混合器、流路套件或者不锈钢结构等,连续包封设备的清洁验证应主要关注清洁程序和清洁方法的有效性、取样方法和取样位置的合理性等,包括验证方案是否考虑了相应的最差条件和最差点,是否对静态混合器、反应器进出口等位置进行擦拭取样,材质选择和结构设计是否能最大程度降低微生物及其胞内物质残留的风险等。
对于采用一次性芯片或混合器及套件等,应关注其使用情况及防止交叉污染的措施,应避免重复使用或误用;对于采用在线清洁(CIP)的仪器设备结构,应当要关注清洁方法及清洁程序的有效性。结合参考FDA现场检查的案例[37],如对包封混合装置采用模拟脏污开展清洁验证,应当能代表实际生产过程和最差的工艺条件;采用非在线清洁的方式,需要综合考虑对于清洁方式(如清洗液选择、清洁效期和周期等)以及清洁后设备的拆卸组装的完整性。还应考虑结合连续包封设备的结构设计,应考虑清洁取样方法和检测分析的科学性。
基于连续制造对于过程监测数据的依赖程度较批次制造更高,数据的完整、一致和准确对于确保持续生产出符合预期质量标准的产品至关重要。在数据完整性方面应重点关注原数据来源及其可评估性,原数据录入过程是否可靠完整,计算机化系统验证是否包括应用程序的验证和基础架构的确认,电子数据系统的用户和权限如何管理,具备数据审计跟踪功能的在线分析仪器是否开启了审计跟踪,数据是否定期备份,是否采取了保证数据安全的措施,发生偏离时如何进行记录等。
连续制造是全球范围内制药工业的先进技术体系的应用,是我国制药行业向“中国制造2025”和“工业4.0”迈进的重要发展领域之一。作为药品“弱相关”的创新技术,连续制造的产业化与规模化应用更需要药品审评检查机构提前介入研究,从关键工艺环节逐个突破,与制药企业和设备制造商一道,从监管科学研究的角度,就“如何控制”“如何审评”“如何检查” 达成技术共识,为从“半连续”迈向“全连续”形成技术指南,从而推动创新技术的应用和我国生物医药产业的高质量创新发展。
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.013
  • 接收时间:2024-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-01
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    1 上海药品审评核查中心, 上海 200120
    2 沈阳药科大学工商管理学院, 沈阳 110016

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*黄哲,女,博士,教授 研究方向:决策理论与方法、药品监管科学 Tel:(024)23986543
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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