Article(id=1194344006910968367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)10-1005-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.10.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762683401085, onlineDateStr=2025-11-09, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762683401085, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762683401085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762683401085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194344006382486063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='1005', pageEnd='1102', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762683400960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762844794786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1005, endPage=1012, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194344007137460786, articleId=1194344006910968367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Advances in Targeted Delivery Carriers for Glycosylated Modified Materials, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glycans, as carriers of energy in the human body and important bioinformatic molecules, control the transmission of biological information through specific binding with proteins and other biomolecules. Taking advantage of this property, they have been used as targeted delivery ligands for designing and constructing glycosylation-modified targeted delivery systems, which provide new ideas for exploration and treatment in various fields such as antiviral, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, and treatment of cancer. Compared with traditional drug therapy, glycosylation-modified targeted drug delivery systems have multiple advantages, such as high therapeutic efficiency, low drug usage, and lower toxic side effects, and have been a hot spot in the international frontiers of drug research and development in recent years. The authors summarize the current status of domestic and international research on glycosylated modified targeted delivery, and elaborate the research progress in the fields of anti-cancer drugs, antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs, gene delivery, vaccine delivery, etc., which provides a reference to keep abreast of domestic and international research developments, and provides information support for the research and development of glycosylated modified material targeted delivery systems.

, correspAuthors=Tuoping LI, Weiqiao YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shangke YU, Tuoping LI, Weiqiao YANG, Wenjuan WANG, Xiaoliang DUAN, Zhihang ZHANG, Ruxia ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194344311744594899, articleId=1194344006910968367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=糖基化修饰靶向递送药物研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

糖类物质作为人体能量的载体和重要的生物信息分子,通过与蛋白质等生物分子发生特异性结合来控制生物信息的传递。利用这一特性,已作为靶向递送配体用于设计和构建糖基化修饰靶向递送系统,为抗病毒、抑制致病菌、治疗癌症等多个领域提供探索与治疗新思路。与传统药物治疗相比,糖基化修饰靶向药物递送系统具有高治疗效率、低药物使用量、较低毒副作用等多重优势,是近年来药物研发领域的国际前沿热点。笔者总结糖基化修饰靶向递送的国内外研究现状,详细阐述糖基化修饰材料递送抗癌药物、抗菌药物、抗病毒药物、基因递送、疫苗递送等领域的研究进展,为及时了解国内外研究发展动态提供参考,为糖基化修饰材料靶向递送系统研发提供信息支撑。

, correspAuthors=李拖平, 杨维巧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李拖平,男,博士,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏 Tel:(024)88487161;
杨维巧,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:食品功能性包装材料 Tel:(010)56452652
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于尚可,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏

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修饰糖基 递送载体 药物 应用领域 参考文献
半乳糖 超分子二维糖材料 美登素 肝癌 [10]
半乳糖/乳糖 壳聚糖纳米载体 索拉非尼 肝癌 [11]
半乳糖 纳米胶束 紫杉醇 肝癌 [12]
甘露糖 聚丙基亚胺树状聚合物 吉西他滨 肺癌 [13]
甘露糖 脂质体 羟基喜树碱 肺癌 [12]
甘露糖 纳米胶束 吉非替尼 肺癌 [12]
甘露糖 羟丙甲纤维素 诺司卡品 肺癌 [12]
甘露糖 脂质纳米颗粒 紫杉醇 肺癌 [12]
果糖 多壁碳纳米管 多柔比星 乳腺癌 [14]
D-甘露糖 聚合物胶束 多柔比星 乳腺癌 [15]
葡萄糖 聚酰胺-胺型树枝状聚合物 甲氨蝶呤 乳腺癌 [15]
半乳糖 脂质纳米颗粒 甲氨蝶呤 乳腺癌 [15]
甘露糖 脂质体 - 乳腺癌 [15]
半乳糖 脂质体 司他夫定 艾滋病病毒 [16]
甘露糖 富勒烯纳米结构 - 埃博拉病毒 [17]
葡萄糖/甘露糖 环糊精纳米载体 DMABI、红霉素 细菌生物被膜 [18]
甘露糖 聚乙烯亚胺 - 大肠杆菌 [19]
半乳糖 脂质体 - 基因递送 [20]
甘露糖 纳米复合材料 siRNA 癌症治疗 [21]
半乳糖 聚乙烯亚胺 siRNA 癌症治疗 [15]
甘露糖 脂质纳米颗粒 mRNA疫苗 呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染 [22]
甘露糖 阳离子脂质体 DNA疫苗 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染 [23]
), ArticleFig(id=1194372413094850982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344006910968367, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

近年来已报道的糖基化修饰递送药物应用文献汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修饰糖基 递送载体 药物 应用领域 参考文献
半乳糖 超分子二维糖材料 美登素 肝癌 [10]
半乳糖/乳糖 壳聚糖纳米载体 索拉非尼 肝癌 [11]
半乳糖 纳米胶束 紫杉醇 肝癌 [12]
甘露糖 聚丙基亚胺树状聚合物 吉西他滨 肺癌 [13]
甘露糖 脂质体 羟基喜树碱 肺癌 [12]
甘露糖 纳米胶束 吉非替尼 肺癌 [12]
甘露糖 羟丙甲纤维素 诺司卡品 肺癌 [12]
甘露糖 脂质纳米颗粒 紫杉醇 肺癌 [12]
果糖 多壁碳纳米管 多柔比星 乳腺癌 [14]
D-甘露糖 聚合物胶束 多柔比星 乳腺癌 [15]
葡萄糖 聚酰胺-胺型树枝状聚合物 甲氨蝶呤 乳腺癌 [15]
半乳糖 脂质纳米颗粒 甲氨蝶呤 乳腺癌 [15]
甘露糖 脂质体 - 乳腺癌 [15]
半乳糖 脂质体 司他夫定 艾滋病病毒 [16]
甘露糖 富勒烯纳米结构 - 埃博拉病毒 [17]
葡萄糖/甘露糖 环糊精纳米载体 DMABI、红霉素 细菌生物被膜 [18]
甘露糖 聚乙烯亚胺 - 大肠杆菌 [19]
半乳糖 脂质体 - 基因递送 [20]
甘露糖 纳米复合材料 siRNA 癌症治疗 [21]
半乳糖 聚乙烯亚胺 siRNA 癌症治疗 [15]
甘露糖 脂质纳米颗粒 mRNA疫苗 呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染 [22]
甘露糖 阳离子脂质体 DNA疫苗 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染 [23]
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糖基化修饰靶向递送药物研究进展
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于尚可 1 , 李拖平 1, * , 杨维巧 2, * , 王文娟 2 , 段晓亮 2 , 张智航 3 , 赵汝霞 4
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025,60(10): 1005-1012
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025, 60(10): 1005-1012
糖基化修饰靶向递送药物研究进展
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于尚可1, 李拖平1, *, 杨维巧2, *, 王文娟2, 段晓亮2, 张智航3, 赵汝霞4
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳农业大学食品学院, 沈阳 110866
  • 2 国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院, 北京 100037
  • 3 河南工业大学粮油食品学院, 郑州 450001
  • 4 天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457
  • 于尚可,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏

通讯作者:

*李拖平,男,博士,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏 Tel:(024)88487161;
杨维巧,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:食品功能性包装材料 Tel:(010)56452652
Advances in Targeted Delivery Carriers for Glycosylated Modified Materials
Shangke YU1, Tuoping LI1, *, Weiqiao YANG2, *, Wenjuan WANG2, Xiaoliang DUAN2, Zhihang ZHANG3, Ruxia ZHAO4
Affiliations
  • 1 Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2 Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
  • 3 College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 4 College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.001
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糖类物质作为人体能量的载体和重要的生物信息分子,通过与蛋白质等生物分子发生特异性结合来控制生物信息的传递。利用这一特性,已作为靶向递送配体用于设计和构建糖基化修饰靶向递送系统,为抗病毒、抑制致病菌、治疗癌症等多个领域提供探索与治疗新思路。与传统药物治疗相比,糖基化修饰靶向药物递送系统具有高治疗效率、低药物使用量、较低毒副作用等多重优势,是近年来药物研发领域的国际前沿热点。笔者总结糖基化修饰靶向递送的国内外研究现状,详细阐述糖基化修饰材料递送抗癌药物、抗菌药物、抗病毒药物、基因递送、疫苗递送等领域的研究进展,为及时了解国内外研究发展动态提供参考,为糖基化修饰材料靶向递送系统研发提供信息支撑。

糖基化  /  靶向递送  /  抗癌药物  /  基因递送

Glycans, as carriers of energy in the human body and important bioinformatic molecules, control the transmission of biological information through specific binding with proteins and other biomolecules. Taking advantage of this property, they have been used as targeted delivery ligands for designing and constructing glycosylation-modified targeted delivery systems, which provide new ideas for exploration and treatment in various fields such as antiviral, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, and treatment of cancer. Compared with traditional drug therapy, glycosylation-modified targeted drug delivery systems have multiple advantages, such as high therapeutic efficiency, low drug usage, and lower toxic side effects, and have been a hot spot in the international frontiers of drug research and development in recent years. The authors summarize the current status of domestic and international research on glycosylated modified targeted delivery, and elaborate the research progress in the fields of anti-cancer drugs, antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs, gene delivery, vaccine delivery, etc., which provides a reference to keep abreast of domestic and international research developments, and provides information support for the research and development of glycosylated modified material targeted delivery systems.

glycosylation  /  targeted delivery  /  anticancer drug  /  gene delivery
于尚可, 李拖平, 杨维巧, 王文娟, 段晓亮, 张智航, 赵汝霞. 糖基化修饰靶向递送药物研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1005 -1012 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.001
Shangke YU, Tuoping LI, Weiqiao YANG, Wenjuan WANG, Xiaoliang DUAN, Zhihang ZHANG, Ruxia ZHAO. Advances in Targeted Delivery Carriers for Glycosylated Modified Materials[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1005 -1012 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.001
药物对疾病的治疗是人为逆转病理变化的重要手段,传统药物的给药方式在目标药物传递中起到了将药物输送到体内或特定部位的作用。但是由于目标药物的传递存在非靶向性,使得药物在体内长时间、广范围分布,由此引起机体产生潜在肝功能损害、消化系统不良、泌尿系统毒性等毒副作用[1]。设计和构建糖基化修饰药物靶向递送系统的目的是将治疗药物靶向运送至病变器官、组织或细胞而不到达身体其他部位。与传统药物递送相比,药物的靶向递送能选择性地作用于病变部位,进而减少用药剂量和给药次数,达到提高疗效,并降低毒副作用的效果,是近年来医药研发领域的研究热点。
靶向药物递送系统主要由靶向药物载体、靶向配体和药物[2]三部分组成。其中,靶向药物载体是一种用于包裹和保护药物的材料,可以增加药物的稳定性和溶解度,并提供适当的释放机制。目前已报道的靶向药物载体主要包括:脂质体、纳米粒[3]、纳米管、纳米线等,针对不同的药物特性已开发出功能多样的药物载体[4]。靶向配体是一种特异性结合到目标细胞或组织上的分子,可以识别和结合目标细胞表面的特定受体或分子标志物。目前已报道的靶向性修饰配体主要包括蛋白类(短肽、多肽等)、核酸类(核酸适配体等)、聚合物、磁性纳米粒子、糖类(甘露糖、半乳糖等)及其衍生物等[5]。近年来,糖类及其衍生物靶向配体得到了广泛关注。与其他靶向配体相比,糖类具有以下优势:①具有良好的靶向特异性识别能力和生物相容性[6]。例如,半乳糖修饰的靶向递送载体可以与肝脏中高表达的半乳糖凝集素特异性结合,通过细胞内吞作用将药物带入肝细胞,从而实现对肝脏疾病的治疗;唾液酸是一种广泛存在于多种细胞表面的糖类,特别是在免疫系统中,如巨噬细胞和抗原呈递细胞上。唾液酸通过与唾液酸凝集素结合,可以实现对特定组织或细胞的靶向递送[7]。②廉价易得、来源广泛、结构和组合方式多样。可以通过调整糖基的类型、数量和排列方式来实现对不同细胞类型和亚型的靶向。③具有良好的环境适应性,适用范围广阔。相比于蛋白质极易发生变性,核酸适配体血清稳定性差、入胞困难等缺陷,糖类能够满足不同研究和应用领域的需求。
国内外学者在糖基化修饰材料的制备、糖基化合成方法、糖基化修饰对药物传递系统靶向特性的影响等领域开展了大量研究。Bai等[8]综述了基于糖基化合物靶向递送药物在癌症领域的研究进展;Irache等[9]总结了甘露糖修饰靶向递送系统递送药物在疫苗领域的研究。笔者结合国内外最新研究工作,依据靶向递送药物功能不同,近年来糖基化修饰靶向递送药物在治疗癌症、递送基因、抑制致病菌、疫苗递送领域研究进展进行了全面总结,并对糖基化修饰材料的发展进行展望,为及时了解国内外研究发展动态提供参考,为新型糖基化修饰材料的研发提供数据支撑。
糖类与蛋白质发生特异性结合在细胞识别、细胞信号传导等方面发挥关键性作用,基于这一生物学特性,采用仿生合成方法设计和构建糖基化修饰药物靶向递送系统已成为药物靶向递送领域研发的重要途径。葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、果糖等糖类物质已作为靶向配体,修饰在药物递送载体表面用于设计和研发新型靶向递送药物。现阶段,靶向递送药物主要应用在抗病毒、抑制致病菌、治疗癌症、基因递送、疫苗递送等领域(表1)。在抗病毒方面,糖基化修饰靶向递送载体作为入侵抑制剂,通过干扰病毒与细胞受体的相互作用阻止病毒进入宿主细胞。糖基化修饰的脂质体通过与单核巨噬细胞系统(mononeuclear phagocyte system, MPS)中的糖受体结合,实现药物靶向输送。这种靶向输送可以将抗病毒药物直接送达被病毒感染的细胞,从而提高药物作用疗效,并减少药物不良反应。在抑制致病菌方面,通过探索病原微生物感染作用机制发现,糖类化合物可以与致病菌表面的一些蛋白发生特异性结合,阻断或干预细菌之间群体感应(quorum sensing, QS)的通讯过程,进而阻止生物被膜的生长[24-25]。糖基化修饰功能材料能显著性提高致病菌的捕获效率和选择性,从而影响致病菌的生物活性,调节致病菌的黏附、入侵和感染能力。在肿瘤治疗方面,癌细胞表面过度表达的糖蛋白受体对具有表面碳水化合物分子的配体有更高的亲和力。诸多研究表明,糖类化合物可以作为靶向配体,与癌细胞表面受体结合,开展靶向递送抗癌药物的研发。该方式可以将药物聚焦在癌组织上以最大限度地发挥药物的作用,并且可以降低药物对正常人体组织的毒性[26]。在递送疫苗研制领域,糖基化修饰会对病毒的抗原性及疫苗的免疫原性产生重要影响[27]。一是可形成新的免疫决定簇,增加抗原呈递细胞(antigen presenting cell, APC) 靶向摄取抗原的敏感度,从而增加APC对抗原的处理和递呈效果,增强特异性免疫应答和蛋白的免疫原性;二是糖基化也可能改变蛋白分子的空间结构而封闭或破坏抗原表位,降低蛋白的免疫原性[28]
癌症是全世界内引起人类死亡的主要原因之一,临床上主要通过手术、化疗和放疗的方式治疗癌症[29-30]。然而,传统的化疗药物无法区分正常细胞和癌细胞,在杀死癌细胞的同时,不可避免地杀死正常细胞,产生骨髓抑制、肝脏损害、脱发以及恶心呕吐等一系列副作用。提高药物利用度、降低毒副作用是研发新型抗癌药物的关键。配体靶向化疗是一种针对癌症治疗的策略。研究发现,癌细胞表面与正常细胞相比会过度表达糖基化受体。与普通配体相比,这些受体对表面碳水化合物具有更高的亲和力。利用这一特性,甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖等碳水化合物因具有无毒性、无免疫原性、良好的生物相容性和生物降解性[31],已作为吸附配体应用于抗癌药物的靶向递送研发,使药物精准靶向作用于癌细胞,进而减少药物使用量,提高效率,降低细胞毒性[32]。目前,许多研究者合成出了具有良好靶向性、高转染低毒性的糖类靶向药物载体,并且在癌症治疗领域已经取得了进展。下文将依据癌症种类介绍糖基化修饰靶向递送抗癌药物。
肝癌患者5年生存率不到18%[33],对人类健康构成了严重威胁。开发有效的肝癌治疗方法对于提高患者的生存率至关重要。研究发现,肝细胞表面存在一类半乳糖受体,也被称为去唾液酸糖蛋白受体(asialoglycoprotein receptor, ASGPR),可以特异性与半乳糖结合,以受体介导的胞吞作用大量摄入半乳糖进行分解代谢和再循环[34]。因此半乳糖及其衍生物可以作为肝癌细胞靶向治疗的重要靶标[35]。Xie等[10]将半乳糖(galactose, Gal)作为ASGPR的靶向剂,与二氰亚甲基-4h-吡喃(DCM)染料偶联,得到糖探针Gal-DCM。然后用人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA)作为载体,通过主客体相互作用将Gal-DCM与HSA结合形成超分子半乳糖蛋白共轭物。由于肝癌细胞表面ASGPR的过度表达,该二维材料可以与肝癌细胞特异性结合实现药物靶向递送。结果显示,单一美登素的半抑制浓度(IC50)0.34 mmol·L-1,HSA载体的美登素IC50=0.32 mmol·L-1,而该材料负载的美登素IC50=0.15 mmol·L-1,这一结果表明,半乳糖靶向剂的存在显著增强了美登素的抑制效果。
索拉非尼(sorafenib)是一种口服多激酶抑制剂,水溶性差,具有抗血管生成、抗增殖、促凋亡等作用,可防止肿瘤生长[36]。目前,索拉非尼是市场上最早获批用于治疗肝癌的药物之一。然而,其非特异性摄取可能导致疗效降低,并产生严重的不良反应,如呼吸困难、胸腔积液等[37]。Ding等[11]用乳糖或半乳糖和胆酸双共轭壳聚糖纳米载体递送抗肝癌药物索拉菲尼,该方式通过改变索拉非尼的化学结构,使其与壳聚糖形成包合物。半乳糖和乳糖与ASGPR受体结合,提高药物的靶向性。由于胆酸具有亲水性,所以这种包合物可以提高索拉非尼在水中的溶解度。结果表明,与单一索拉非尼相比,使用胆酸和半乳糖双重共轭壳聚糖衍生物的索拉非尼溶解度由1.7 μg·mL-1提高到1 900 μg·mL-1,增加了1 117倍。因此,这种方法可以提高药物的溶解度,有助于药物在体内的吸收和传输。
盐酸吉西他滨(gemcitabine hydrochloride, GmcH)是肺癌化疗常用药物。然而,该药在血液中停留时间较短、在肺癌细胞复杂环境中的渗透性差,且有一定的不良反应[38]。近年来,学者开展了靶向递送GmcH的药物研发,以期延长该药的停留时间,提高治疗效率。Soni等[13]使用甘露糖糖基化的聚丙基亚胺树状聚合物(M-PPI)递送药物GmcH。甘露糖作为靶向配体与巨噬细胞表面甘露糖受体(CD206)结合,通过受体介导的内吞作用促进药物对巨噬细胞表面的靶向输送,通过巨噬细胞自身吞噬、分解肿瘤细胞以及药物抗病毒双重作用增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效率。结果表明,糖基化的聚丙基亚胺树状物与GmcH的偶联物(GmcH-M-PPI)在血液中的平均停留时间(24.85 h)显著高于游离的GmcH(2.73 h)和未糖基化的聚丙基亚胺树状物与GmcH的偶联物(GmcH-PPI)。此外,GmcH-M-PPI的毒性为ρmax=540.81 g·mL-1,游离的GmcH的毒性测定为ρmax=558.31 g·mL-1。游离药物的血浆浓度检测持续到12 h,GmcH-M-PPI治疗将药物作用时间延长至24 h。
根据国际癌症研究机构的数据显示,乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤[14]。据估计,到2040年,乳腺癌的发病率为所有癌症诊断的70%,目前,乳腺癌主要通过化疗以及使用抗肿瘤药物的方式治疗[39-40]。临床数据表明,抗肿瘤药物多柔比星(doxorubicin, Dox)是一种治疗乳腺癌的常用药物[41],其治疗原理是通过与DNA螯合、抑制拓扑异构酶Ⅱ和羟基自由基来杀死癌细胞。然而,常规抗癌药物并不能靶向作用于肿瘤,降低了药物的治疗效果,并增加了严重不良反应的发生率[42]
在所有葡萄糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter, GLUT)的亚型中,GLUT5作为一种特异性转运果糖的膜蛋白,在正常乳腺细胞中不表达,而在乳腺癌细胞中特异表达。因此,果糖可作为靶向配体与GLUT5受体特异性结合,可以促进Dox的内吞作用,从而实现乳腺癌细胞对药物的靶向递送,进而提高治疗效果[43]。利用这一特性,Ozgen等[14]采用果糖修饰多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs),用于将Dox递送至人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231和MCF7。糖基化的MWCNTs通过受体介导的途径,选择性地作用于癌细胞而非正常细胞中。图1为果糖修饰碳纳米管示意图。此外,由于癌细胞表面叶酸受体(folate receptor, FR)的过度表达以及在正常细胞的缺失使得FR成为另一重要靶点[44]。有学者通过果糖和叶酸双重修饰制备了双靶向递送抗癌药物MWCNTs。实验组与对照组间差异显著,与游离Dox(MCF-7为28.6%)相比,果糖修饰的碳纳米管(MCF-7为39.5%)对实验细胞系具有致死性,导致S期阻滞细胞数量的增加以及G2/M期细胞比例降低。果糖与叶酸修饰的碳纳米管(MCF-7为6.50%,MDA-MB-231为8.40%)对两种细胞系延迟或抑制细胞周期G2/M期进展的效果明显优于游离Dox(MCF-7为9.20%,MDA-MB-231为9.20%),说明该方法显著增加了Dox在MDA-MB-231和MCF7癌细胞中的靶向递送效果和积累(P<0.05)。
获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)也称艾滋病,是由艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)引起的一种慢性致死性传染病。自从该病毒首次被发现以来,在相对较短的时间内,AIDS已成为21世纪具有破坏性的传染病之一[45]。目前,AIDS的治疗方法主要采用高效抗反转录病毒治疗,尽管该方法能够较好地减少机会性感染概率并减少病毒的传播,但并不能彻底根治AIDS,且对人体有代谢紊乱、肝功能受损等不良反应[27]
司他夫定(d4T)是一种抗逆转录病毒药物,常用于治疗HIV感染。由于MPS的细胞(如巨噬细胞)表面有半乳糖、甘露糖等糖基受体,因此,糖基化修饰材料已用于靶向递送抗病毒药物的开发。脂质体是由天然磷脂组成,与生物体内的细胞膜相似,具有良好的生物相容性,可以减少对机体的不良反应。Garg等[16]以脂质体为递送载体,探究了d4T半乳糖化脂质体的抗逆转录病毒疗效。结果发现,装载d4T的半乳糖化脂质体在富含单核吞噬细胞系统的器官(如肝脏和脾脏)中的摄取和滞留时间显著高于游离的药物和普通脂质体(P<0.05)。在d4T 0.312 nmol·mL-1浓度下,半乳糖基化脂质体相比游离药物溶液,能够有效将HIV感染的T淋巴细胞亚群(MT2)细胞中的蛋白p24水平降低至原水平的2/3。在d4T 1.25 nmol·mL-1浓度下,普通脂质体能够将p24水平降低至阴性对照组的1/3,而半乳糖基化脂质体能够将p24水平降低至阴性对照组的1/4.6,表明半乳糖基化脂质体在抗逆转录病毒活性方面具有更好的效果。因此,半乳糖化脂质体的研发将为研制HIV感染药物提供创新思路。
埃博拉病毒(Ebola virus)是过去20年对人类最致命病原体之一,迄今为止,是传染率和致死率极高的病毒之一(达90%)[46]。通过引发中风、心肌梗死、多脏器功能衰竭导致死亡。埃博拉病毒进入人体以后会在淋巴结和单核巨噬细胞内大量繁殖,而后侵染肝细胞、骨髓细胞、血管内皮细胞等靶细胞。不同的靶细胞受损,就会使其功能受到影响,从而出现不同的临床症状。如肝细胞受损会导致肝脏合成凝血因子能力下降,感染者临床症状表现为出血。尽管目前还没有找到针对埃博拉病毒的特异性治疗方法,埃博拉病毒和其他相关病毒等致命病原体对人类的感染也尚未得到妥善解决,但有望研制出有效的抑制剂最大限度地减少病毒突变导致治疗效率降低等问题。
DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin, CD209)是一种Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白凝集素,能够识别高度糖基化的蛋白分子(如HIV的gp120或埃博拉病毒的gp21)[47]。DC-SIGN能与病毒表面的寡糖结合,在诸如HIV、埃博拉病毒等多种病毒早期感染阶段起着重要作用[48]。自发现以来,该凝集素在识别包括病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫在内的病原体(如HIV、埃博拉病毒、结核分枝杆菌、念珠菌等)中发挥了重要作用,已被认为是一种通用的病原体受体和潜在的新治疗靶点[49],这一发现为开发基于碳水化合物的新型抗病毒化合物开启了新的方向。例如,Illescas等[17]在最新的研究中合成了含有多个糖基的甘露糖化富勒烯纳米结构。富勒烯是由60个碳原子组成的球形三维立体分子结构,这种空间结构为糖基提供多维排布空间,使得糖基团与受体多价结合,增强与受体的结合力和特异性,从而提高抗病毒活性。甘露糖修饰的富勒烯纳米结构能够模拟病毒表面的寡糖结构,竞争性干扰DC-SIGN介导的病毒感染,进而达到防止病毒侵染的效果。该研究结果说明多价糖基化富勒烯纳米结构可作为抑制埃博拉病毒感染的潜在策略。
抗生素在人类传染病的防治方面具有重大意义,然而,抗生素的长期滥用导致细菌耐药性的增强,细菌对抗生素的耐药性(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)也成为威胁全球人类健康的重要公共卫生问题之一[50]。英国政府委托研究显示,全球每年因AMR导致的死亡人数约为70万人,预计至2050年,全球范围内因AMR死亡人数将增长至每年1 000万人,并累计造成100万亿美元的经济损失[51]
生物被膜屏障是致病菌经典耐药机制之一,是大多数致病菌在自然环境下建立的基本生存模式[52-53]。生物被膜可以维持致病菌细胞完整性,阻止抗菌剂在生物被膜中的有效渗透。细菌生物被膜不仅会在人体表面如皮肤、牙齿、中耳、肺和膀胱上形成,还会在伤口敷料、医疗植入物和设备如人工心脏、导管和支架等表面形成。细菌生物被膜的形成和存在会导致慢性和持续性感染,对人类健康和福祉构成重大威胁。Li等[18]研究了2种类型的糖(D-葡萄糖和D-甘露糖)修饰的环糊精纳米载体(CD-GLU和CD-MAN)在预防和根除细菌生物被膜方面抗菌剂的有效性。这些抗菌剂包括群体感应抑制剂5,6-二甲基-2-氨基苯并咪唑(DMABI)和2种抗生素(红霉素和利福平)。DMABI可以通过非杀菌机制调节铜绿假单胞菌的QS通路,抑制生物被膜生长。尽管DMABI是疏水性的,不易溶于水,但D-葡萄糖和D-甘露糖修饰形成的配合物可以解决这一问题[54]。Li等[18]将这些环糊精纳米载体在铜绿假单胞菌(革兰阴性菌)和金黄色葡萄球菌(革兰阳性菌)上进行了抗菌实验。结果显示,CD-GLU和CD-MAN载体中的抗生素更有效地分散了预先形成的铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜。此外,糖基修饰的CD-GLU和CD-MAN载体还能提高耐药铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素的敏感性,与游离抗生素相比,糖基载体最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)可降低至其1/3~1/6。然而,这些载荷在CD-GLU和CD-MAN载体中的抗菌化合物对于根除金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的效果相对较差,这是由于两种细菌细胞的生物被膜对糖基团载体的渗透程度不同所致。此外,由于哺乳动物细胞没有生物被膜,因此这些糖基团载体-抗菌剂复合物对哺乳动物细胞没有细胞毒性。这项研究为治疗威胁生命的细菌感染开辟了新的治疗途径。
Liu等[19]通过在聚乙烯亚胺(polyethyleneimine, PEI)上引入甘露糖分子来制备特异性抗大肠杆菌的抗菌剂。由于大多数大肠杆菌菌株都具有许多不同结构和功能的菌毛,它们可以介导细菌对靶细胞的黏附和感染。Ⅰ型菌毛是大肠杆菌最常见的菌毛,由FimA、FimF、FimG和FimH 4个不同的亚基组成[55]。FimH是蛋白质甘露糖特异性结合特性的决定因素,它具有碳水化合物识别位点,对甘露糖具有很强的亲和力[56]。甘露糖修饰的PEI材料的杀菌效果与甘露糖密切相关,甘露糖特异性吸附增强了PEI在细菌表面的黏附能力,大幅度提高了甘露糖改性聚乙烯亚胺共聚物颗粒(Man-PEI CPs)的抗菌活性[57]。结果表明,未经甘露糖修饰的PEI抑菌率为(9.29±2.27)%,甘露糖修饰的PEI抑菌率显著性提高至(99.45±0.6)%,抑菌率提高了10倍。
基因递送技术是一种将外源遗传物质,如脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)、核糖核酸(RNA)等核酸分子,定点递送至靶细胞内并进行表达的技术以改变细胞的功能或产生特定的治疗效果。这项技术具有广泛的应用前景,包括基因治疗、基因编辑、疫苗开发、癌症治疗等。因此,设计出安全、有效的递送系统是基因递送研究的关键。
Hashida等[20]探究了糖基化脂质体复合物在基因递送方面的能力。通过比较半乳糖化脂质体、甘露糖糖基化等脂质体的基因传递效率发现,在肝实质细胞中,DNA-半乳糖基化阳离子脂质体复合物在基因摄取和基因表达方面比DNA-阳离子脂质体复合物更有效,而甘露糖糖基化载体则能够向非实质肝细胞提供特定的基因递送。图2为半乳糖片段用于肝细胞特异性基因递送的多功能聚合物载体的设计及其在体内的性能示意图。siRNA是一种能够有效抑制基因表达的分子,但其在体内传递到肿瘤部位的效率较低。为提高siRNA在肿瘤部位的传递效率,通过将靶向配体(如糖类分子)与传递载体结合,使其能够选择性地与肿瘤细胞表面受体结合,从而实现靶向传递。这种靶向传递系统可以提高siRNA在肿瘤细胞内的摄取和释放效率,从而增强其抑制肿瘤细胞生长的能力。Li等[21]研制出了一种用于siRNA靶向传递以增强癌症治疗的甘露糖共轭层状双氢氧化物纳米复合材料,从而实现对癌细胞的特异性识别和siRNA的靶向传递。实验结果表明,相比未修饰的纳米颗粒,该复合材料更能有效地将siRNA传递到癌细胞中。Park等[58]开发了介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(mesoporous silica nanoparticle, MSN)来转染质粒DNA。MSN与甘露糖糖基化的聚乙烯亚胺(MP)通过MP的胺基和MSN的异氰酸酯基之间的脲键偶联(简称MPS),以提高纳米颗粒通过甘露糖受体靶向巨噬细胞的转染效率。在此研究中,载体的糖基化促进了甘露糖受体介导的内吞作用,显著性提高甘露糖受体靶向巨噬细胞转染效率。
疫苗的免疫应答原理是通过疫苗中含有的抗原(微生物或其毒素、酶),刺激人体免疫系统产生特定保护物质,如免疫激素、活性物质、特殊抗体等,从而使人体获得抵抗病毒的能力。当人体再次接触到这种病原体时,免疫系统会依循其原有的记忆,制造出更多的保护物质来阻止病原体的侵害。疫苗接种作为预防性治疗手段挽救了许多生命,被认为是一种非常具有成本效益的医疗保健干预措施[59]。在疫苗开发的最新报道中,基于核酸的(如病毒载体、DNA和RNA)疫苗具有相对较高的疗效以及降低遗传转化的潜力等优势,优于病毒载体疫苗,从而引起广泛的关注。特别是近年来对新型冠状病毒(covid-19)疫苗的研究,重组病毒载体疫苗和核酸疫苗几乎占新开发疫苗实验总数的一半[60]。然而,mRNA疫苗极易被核酸酶降解,存在稳定性差的缺陷,靶向递送可以防止mRNA与外界环境中的酶和其他降解因子接触,从而减少mRNA的降解速度,是提高疫苗稳定性的重要方式之一。
研究发现,甘露糖能靶向递送疫苗的原因是甘露糖能与特定的受体结合,这些受体主要存在于抗原呈递细胞的表面。因此,为提高基因递送的效率,许多研究探索了甘露糖修饰的基因靶向递送系统。Goswami等[22]使用不同接枝程度的甘露糖修饰的脂质纳米颗粒来靶向递送mRNA疫苗,并选择呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)的F蛋白作为抗原。研究发现,随着甘露糖链长的增加,疫苗的初次免疫反应显著改善,但在二糖链以上,增强剂量的反应趋于饱和。与未经甘露糖修饰的纳米颗粒相比,该方法可促进RNA的扩增,且有助于通过肌内和皮内途径增强疫苗的免疫原性[61]。DNA疫苗的免疫效果良好,具有易操作性和稳定性,但存在免疫原性低的缺点,这是APC递送DNA的能力低以及核酸酶降解导致的[62]。据报道,无机纳米颗粒、聚合物、脂质体等递送系统可以增强DNA递送能力,并保护其免受核酸酶的降解。其中,阳离子脂质体在DNA疫苗递送系统中有巨大的潜力,阳离子脂质体可以通过静电吸引凝聚核酸,改善脂质体与细胞膜间的相互作用,引发抗原特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)反应,产生抗体。然而,尽管阳离子脂质体在递送DNA方面具有优势,但转染效率低和抗原呈递不足仍然阻碍了DNA疫苗在体内的应用。Qiao等[23]研制了一种甘露糖基修饰的两性离子基阳离子脂质体(man-ZCL)作为DNA疫苗递送系统,用于预防HIV感染以及传播的DNA疫苗。结果显示,未修饰脂质体与甘露糖修饰的脂质体的滞留时间分别延长了48和60 h,表明甘露糖修饰的脂质体具有较强的贮存能力。此外,甘露糖修饰的脂质体的荧光强度是未修饰脂质体的1.6倍。因此,该疫苗可以引发细胞和体液免疫应答,为未来临床应用DNA疫苗提供策略。
药物研发,靶向为先。以甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖等碳水化合物修饰的糖基化药物传递系统通过与目标受体特异性结合,可将抗肿瘤药物、抗菌药物、抗病毒药物、疫苗、基因等功能因子定向递送到目标受体而发挥药效,具有药物利用率高、毒副作用小、促进药物溶解性、降低耐药菌产生危害等多重优势,有望在靶向药物治疗领域发挥重要作用。但是,现阶段,糖基化材料作为靶向递送载体在实际研发与应用中仍面临一些问题,例如:①靶向范围有限。糖基化修饰靶向通常依赖于特定的受体或细胞表面分子,而这些受体或分子在不同组织或细胞中的表达水平可能存在差异,可能无法覆盖所有需要治疗的组织或细胞。②免疫反应。糖基化修饰靶向可能引发免疫反应,导致药物的清除或降低靶向效果。这可能是由于糖基化修饰物与免疫系统之间的相互作用引起的。③靶向效率低:靶向配体与受体之间的亲和力仍较弱,不足以满足高效的靶向传递。这可能导致药物在体内的分布不均匀,降低治疗效果[63-64]。④影响巨噬细胞其他功能。例如,糖基化靶向药物递送系统通过与巨噬细胞表面的糖蛋白或糖脂特异性结合,可能导致巨噬细胞非特异性内吞,干扰正常的细胞功能。此外,靶向巨噬细胞可能会影响到肿瘤微环境中的代谢变化和功能可塑性以及糖基化在靶向药物递送中的特异性[65]。未来的研究亟需开展糖基化在生物体内的作用机制研究,深入理解糖-蛋白亲和互作内在机制进而针对性提高结合效率,并通过体内体外实验全面评估其安全性,提升糖基化修饰靶向递送药物的治疗疗效,真正实现糖基化修饰靶向递送药物在临床的广泛应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目资助(32202136)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.001
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目资助(32202136)
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    1 沈阳农业大学食品学院, 沈阳 110866
    2 国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院, 北京 100037
    3 河南工业大学粮油食品学院, 郑州 450001
    4 天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457

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*李拖平,男,博士,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏 Tel:(024)88487161;
杨维巧,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:食品功能性包装材料 Tel:(010)56452652
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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