Article(id=1193877805508297163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)02-0121-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762572250009, onlineDateStr=2025-11-08, pubDate=1737475200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762572250009, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762572250009, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762572250009, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193877800143777917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='109', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762572248731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762584852274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193877806020002261, articleId=1193877805508297163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Strategies and Methods of Quality Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Preparations Based on TCM Regulatory Science, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, National Medical Products Administration has successively issued special documents such as “Several Measures to Further Strengthen the Scientific Regulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) and Promote the Inheritance, Innovation and Development of TCM”, “Special Regulations on Registration and Management of TCM” and “Special Regulations on the Management of TCM Standards”, which put forward new requirements for the research, formulation and management of TCM standards, and is of great significance for the comprehensive construction of a new system for the management of TCM standards, the establishment of the most rigorous TCM standards, and the promotion of high-quality development of TCM industry. Due to the natural source of TCM, the complex composition of drug components, the unique theoretical system and the safety and effectiveness derived from clinical practice, it is difficult to objectively evaluate and effectively control the quality of TCM preparations based on qualitative and quantitative quality control models based on chemical components and the quality standards established thereby. How to realize the advanced characterization and objective identification of TCM quality based on the characteristics of TCM, and to study and establish the corresponding quality standard of TCM preparation has become an important content of TCM quality research, the focus and difficulty of TCM supervision scientific research, and the bottleneck of TCM quality improvement and standard formulation. At present, the quality control of TCM preparations has established a whole process quality control system from TCM crude drugs, decoction pieces to preparations, and formed a quality standard system of TCM preparations based on the characteristics of TCM consisting of the standards of TCM crude drugs, decoction pieces, extracts and preparations. By sorting out the development history of TCM quality standards, this paper analyzs the problems and challenges in the research of TCM quality standards, and discusss the strategies and methods for the research of TCM preparation quality standards based on the characteristics of TCM in combination with the scientific research results of TCM regulatory science in recent years, and the actual research and development and review of TCM, so as to provide reference for colleagues in the industry.

, correspAuthors=Changming YANG, Junning ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie GU, Qi WANG, Yuxin ZHAO, Jiangyong YU, Hainan WANG, Shuangcheng MA, Changming YANG, Junning ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193877806896611821, articleId=1193877805508297163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于中药监管科学的中药制剂质量标准研究策略与方法, columnId=1193877802589061518, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=《中药标准管理专门规定》专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

国家药监局近年连续发布了《关于进一步加强中药科学监管促进中药传承创新发展的若干措施》《中药注册管理专门规定》《中药标准管理专门规定》等专门文件,就中药标准研究、制定和管理提出了新的要求,对全面构建符合中药特点的标准管理新体系、建立最严谨的中药标准、推动中药产业高质量发展具有重要意义。由于中药具有天然来源、组成复杂的药物成分、独具特色的理论体系及来源于临床实践的安全性有效性等特点,基于化学成分进行定性和定量的质量控制模式及由此而研究建立的质量标准实际难以客观评价和有效控制中药制剂质量,如何基于中药特点实现中药质量的高级表征和客观辨识,进而建立与之相适应的中药制剂质量标准研究方法成为了中药质量研究的重要内容,是中药监管科学研究的重点和难点,也是中药质量提升和标准制定的瓶颈问题。目前,中药制剂质量控制建立了从中药材、中药饮片到制剂的全过程质量控制体系,形成了由药材标准、饮片标准、提取物标准及制剂标准构成的基于中药特点的中药制剂质量标准体系。笔者通过梳理中药质量标准的发展历程,分析中药质量标准研究中存在的问题及面临挑战,结合近年来中药监管科学研究成果、中药研发和审评实际,对建立符合中药特点的中药制剂质量标准研究的策略和方法进行了讨论,以供业内同仁参考。

, correspAuthors=阳长明, 赵军宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*阳长明,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:中药监管科学及中药药学审评 Tel:(010)80996129;
赵军宁,男,研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学
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顾杰,女,硕士,助理研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学及中药药学审评

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顾杰,女,硕士,助理研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学及中药药学审评

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基于中药监管科学的中药制剂质量标准研究策略与方法
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顾杰 1 , 汪祺 2 , 赵宇新 3 , 于江泳 4 , 王海南 4 , 马双成 3 , 阳长明 1, * , 赵军宁 4, 5, *
中国药学杂志 | 《中药标准管理专门规定》专栏 2025,60(2): 121-129
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中国药学杂志 | 《中药标准管理专门规定》专栏 2025, 60(2): 121-129
基于中药监管科学的中药制剂质量标准研究策略与方法
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顾杰1, 汪祺2, 赵宇新3, 于江泳4, 王海南4, 马双成3, 阳长明1, *, 赵军宁4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100076
  • 2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 3 国家药典委员会, 北京 100061
  • 4 国家药品监督管理局, 北京 100037
  • 5 药品监管科学全国重点实验室, 北京 100061
  • 顾杰,女,硕士,助理研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学及中药药学审评

通讯作者:

*阳长明,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:中药监管科学及中药药学审评 Tel:(010)80996129;
赵军宁,男,研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学
Research Strategies and Methods of Quality Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Preparations Based on TCM Regulatory Science
Jie GU1, Qi WANG2, Yuxin ZHAO3, Jiangyong YU4, Hainan WANG4, Shuangcheng MA3, Changming YANG1, *, Junning ZHAO4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Center for Drug Evaluation, NMPA, Beijing 100076, China
  • 2 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 3 Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission, Beijing 100061, China
  • 4 National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100037, China
  • 5 State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulation Science, Beijing 100061, China
出版时间: 2025-01-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.003
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国家药监局近年连续发布了《关于进一步加强中药科学监管促进中药传承创新发展的若干措施》《中药注册管理专门规定》《中药标准管理专门规定》等专门文件,就中药标准研究、制定和管理提出了新的要求,对全面构建符合中药特点的标准管理新体系、建立最严谨的中药标准、推动中药产业高质量发展具有重要意义。由于中药具有天然来源、组成复杂的药物成分、独具特色的理论体系及来源于临床实践的安全性有效性等特点,基于化学成分进行定性和定量的质量控制模式及由此而研究建立的质量标准实际难以客观评价和有效控制中药制剂质量,如何基于中药特点实现中药质量的高级表征和客观辨识,进而建立与之相适应的中药制剂质量标准研究方法成为了中药质量研究的重要内容,是中药监管科学研究的重点和难点,也是中药质量提升和标准制定的瓶颈问题。目前,中药制剂质量控制建立了从中药材、中药饮片到制剂的全过程质量控制体系,形成了由药材标准、饮片标准、提取物标准及制剂标准构成的基于中药特点的中药制剂质量标准体系。笔者通过梳理中药质量标准的发展历程,分析中药质量标准研究中存在的问题及面临挑战,结合近年来中药监管科学研究成果、中药研发和审评实际,对建立符合中药特点的中药制剂质量标准研究的策略和方法进行了讨论,以供业内同仁参考。

中药制剂  /  中药监管科学  /  质量控制  /  质量标准  /  方法策略

In recent years, National Medical Products Administration has successively issued special documents such as “Several Measures to Further Strengthen the Scientific Regulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) and Promote the Inheritance, Innovation and Development of TCM”, “Special Regulations on Registration and Management of TCM” and “Special Regulations on the Management of TCM Standards”, which put forward new requirements for the research, formulation and management of TCM standards, and is of great significance for the comprehensive construction of a new system for the management of TCM standards, the establishment of the most rigorous TCM standards, and the promotion of high-quality development of TCM industry. Due to the natural source of TCM, the complex composition of drug components, the unique theoretical system and the safety and effectiveness derived from clinical practice, it is difficult to objectively evaluate and effectively control the quality of TCM preparations based on qualitative and quantitative quality control models based on chemical components and the quality standards established thereby. How to realize the advanced characterization and objective identification of TCM quality based on the characteristics of TCM, and to study and establish the corresponding quality standard of TCM preparation has become an important content of TCM quality research, the focus and difficulty of TCM supervision scientific research, and the bottleneck of TCM quality improvement and standard formulation. At present, the quality control of TCM preparations has established a whole process quality control system from TCM crude drugs, decoction pieces to preparations, and formed a quality standard system of TCM preparations based on the characteristics of TCM consisting of the standards of TCM crude drugs, decoction pieces, extracts and preparations. By sorting out the development history of TCM quality standards, this paper analyzs the problems and challenges in the research of TCM quality standards, and discusss the strategies and methods for the research of TCM preparation quality standards based on the characteristics of TCM in combination with the scientific research results of TCM regulatory science in recent years, and the actual research and development and review of TCM, so as to provide reference for colleagues in the industry.

traditional Chinese medicine  /  TCM regulatory science  /  quality control  /  quality standard  /  method strategy
顾杰, 汪祺, 赵宇新, 于江泳, 王海南, 马双成, 阳长明, 赵军宁. 基于中药监管科学的中药制剂质量标准研究策略与方法. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (2) : 121 -129 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.003
Jie GU, Qi WANG, Yuxin ZHAO, Jiangyong YU, Hainan WANG, Shuangcheng MA, Changming YANG, Junning ZHAO. Research Strategies and Methods of Quality Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Preparations Based on TCM Regulatory Science[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (2) : 121 -129 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.003
2019年中共中央、国务院发布《关于促进中医药传承创新发展的意见》[1],体现了党中央、国务院对中医药传承创新发展的高度重视,明确提出建立健全符合中医药特点的中药安全、疗效评价方法和技术标准。为贯彻党中央、国务院的政策精神、落实药品审评审批制度改革要求,国家药监局采取一系列措施改革完善中药注册管理,推进中药产业提质增效,促进中药传承创新发展。
中药质量是决定其临床安全有效的基础,探索能够反映和表征中药安全性、有效性及整体质量属性,符合中药特点的质量控制方法和质量标准是中药质量研究的重要内容[2]。参照化学药物质量控制模式,建立的基于指标成分或活性成分,以光谱、色谱为主的检测方法来进行定性和定量的中药质量标准,对保证中药的质量可控性起到了重要作用。但由于中药所固有的具有天然来源、组成复杂的药物成分、独具特色的理论体系及来源于临床实践的安全性有效性等特点,在该种质量控制模式下,依据单一或几个成分研究建立的中药制剂质量标准难以全面反映中药的整体质量,也难以客观评价和有效控制药品质量[3],中药质量控制与现代药品质量控制体系的有机结合还存在一定困难[4]。近年来,中药监管科学(TCM regulatory science)作为我国新兴的中西医交叉融合科学,随着国家药品监管科学行动计划的实施而受到高度重视并得到快速发展。通过药学、生命科学、监管科学、管理学等跨学科知识、技术融合研究,创新研发符合中药特点的新工具、新方法和新标准,用以评估受监管的中药材、中药饮片、中成药等中药产品的安全性、有效性、质量和风险获益综合性能,相关研究成果为国家药监局研究制定《关于进一步强化中药科学监管促进中药传承创新的若干措施》[5]《中药注册管理专门规定》[6]《中药标准管理专门规定》[7]等政策文件,以及研究发布中药新药相关技术指导原则,促进中药药物临床试验申请(IND)、药品许可上市申请(NDA)注册审评和产业健康发展做出重要贡献[8-9]。囿于中药化学成分和作用机制的复杂性,如何进一步围绕安全、有效和稳定可控的目标开展中药质量控制研究,研究建立与之相适应的质量标准体系,成为中药质量控制和标准制定的瓶颈问题,也是中药监管科学研究的重点和难点。
本研究通过梳理中药质量标准的发展历程,分析中药质量标准研究中存在的问题及面临挑战,结合近年来中药监管科学研究成果、中药研发和审评实际,对基于中药特点的中药制剂质量标准研究策略与方法进行了讨论,以供业内同仁参考。
东汉时期的《神农本草经》载药365种,提出药有五味、四气、有毒无毒、阴干曝干、採治时月生熟、土地所出、真伪陈新,并各有法,是现存最早的药学专著。东汉末年,张仲景所著《伤寒杂病论》集两汉前方剂之大成,被称为方书之祖,奠定了中药成方制剂的基础[10]。公元659年,我国首部官修本草“唐《新修本草》”颁布,收载药物844种,也是世界上最早的药典。公元1078~1085年,宋代太医局编写《太平惠民和剂局方》,载方788首,详述药物炮制、剂型制备与服药方法,是我国第一部由政府颁布的成药药典[11]。至明代《本草纲目》对古代本草学进行全面的整理总结,载药1 892种,附方11 096首,分十六部,六十类,是当时最完备的分类系统。历代官方组织编修和颁布的本草、药局方,在一定程度上起到统一标准、规范加工的作用。这个阶段有学者称之为“传统感官性状评价阶段”[12-13],主要凭借感官性状评价方法,即通过对中药的外观性状、颜色、气味等形态特征进行初步评价,内容侧重于药材、饮片的质量控制,尚无系统的中成药质量控制内容。尽管其评价标准上存在大量的模糊性概念,缺乏明确的定量特征,有待实现中药材及饮片“形色气味”主要特征的客观数字化评价,但迄今仍是《中国药典》等标准收载的药材及饮片质量鉴别的重要方法之一[12]
1953年我国颁布首部《中国药典》,首次专门收载各种常用中药和成药,并逐步制订了成套的质量控制标准,但收载的检测项目较少,以经验鉴别外观形态为主。自20世纪 70年代起,随着光谱、色谱技术的不断普及和药品检验机构的建立,中药质量控制模式逐步借鉴化学药的质控方法,采用光谱、色谱技术对其中的成分进行测定,以终端检验作为控制药品质量的通行做法,其质量控制方法也从传统的性状鉴别、理化鉴别发展到通过对化合物的定性、定量分析并建立相应质量标准来控制中药质量。1977年颁布的第三版《中国药典》首次收载了中药材与中成药的显微鉴别。1985年颁布的第四版《中国药典》中,薄层色谱鉴别广泛应用。1990年颁布的第五版《中国药典》首次选用高效液相色谱和气相色谱进行含量测定。自此之后,色谱法尤其是高效液相色谱法广泛地应用于中药指标成分的定性及定量分析。这种质量控制模式一直延续至今,体现在现有的中药质量标准中[14],并逐步形成了以性状、鉴别、检查、浸出物、含量测定、性味与归经、功能与主治、用法与用量、注意、规格、贮藏等为主要内容的中药质量标准的基本框架[15]
2000年以来,随着中药的安全性问题越来越受到公众重视,有机氯类农药、二氧化硫残留量测定法,铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法,以及黄曲霉毒素测定法等与安全性相关的检测方法不断推广,与之相关检测项目也随之增加。2005年颁布的第八版《中国药典》增加了有害元素测定法和中药注射剂安全性检查法应用指导原则。2020年颁布的第十一版《中国药典》规定药材及饮片(植物类)禁用农药不得检出,并建立了重金属及有害元素限量指导值。同时,随着科学仪器和检测技术快速发展,部分中药质量标准增加了指纹/特征图谱、液质联用技术、聚合酶链式反应法等检验检测方法,进一步提高了检测方法的全面性、灵敏度、专属性和可靠性,生物评价技术等综合性评价方法也逐步开始得到应用,为提高中药质量控制水平发挥了重要作用[16-17]
随着“质量源于设计”“源头质量控制”“生产过程控制”等理念的逐步发展成熟[18-21],中药质量控制的理念也随之出现了明显转变。以往主要依靠药品标准事后检验的“质量源于检验”监管模式难以满足中药监管需求,而基于“质量源于设计”“源头质量控制”“生产过程控制”的中药全过程质量控制理念日益获得广泛认同,认为需要加强质量设计和质量赋予,从种植、生产、加工、流通等全产业链的系统管控上加强中药质量控制。中药监管工作也从以标准为中心的“核心枢纽式”,逐步转为“链条式”全程化过程管控[22]。同时,鉴于中药成分的多样性及作用机制的复杂性,中药质量控制模式不断探索与革新,围绕中药安全、有效、质量可控的目标,基于多成分整体分析[23-24]、中药质量标志物[25-26]、等级区分[27-28]、特征片段[29]、等效成分群[30]、系统生物学(代谢组学、网络药理学)技术[31-32]、生物活性评价[33]等的中药质量控制模式不断成熟并表现出较强的应用性,为制定科学合理的中药质量标准提供了扎实的科学基础[14,34]。特别是自药品审评审批制度改革以来,在深入研究中药特点和研发规律的基础上,中药制剂质量控制相关的一系列技术指导原则相继出台,基本建立了从中药材、中药饮片到制剂的全过程质量控制体系,形成了基于中药特点的由药材标准、饮片标准、提取物标准及制剂标准构成的中药制剂质量标准体系[35-37]。这是业界围绕中药质量控制要求、基于中药特点和研究实践形成的共识。
中药制剂全过程质量控制体系和质量标准体系的构建较好地解决了既往仅依靠制剂质量标准控制产品质量的情况,但由于中药具有成分复杂、作用机制不明确等特点,中药质量控制难度较大,现有质量标准难以有效控制药品质量,如何基于中药特点建立和完善中药制剂的质量标准仍面临着巨大的挑战,也是《中药标准管理专门规定》探索解决中药质量标准研究中难点及痛点问题、建立符合中药特点的质量标准体系的重要着力点。
在质量标准研究方法及其研究过程中,参照化学药物质量控制及标准研究模式,中药质量标准经历了从无到有、从简单到逐步完善的发展过程,“找成分、选指标、测含量、订下限”的模式至今已沿用半个多世纪,对保证中药的质量可控性起到了重要作用。然而,与化学药物成分单一、疗效与作用机制较明确相比,中药是多成分、多靶点协同增效作用,单一或几个成分难以全面反映中药质量[38]。同时,目前质量标准研究的主要趋势为质量控制项目随着技术发展而不断增多,标准工作的“技术导向”特征仍较明显,存在业界所称“技术驱动标准”的问题,尚未充分发挥出标准对科学技术的导向作用[22]。因此,虽然检验项目和指标越来越多,所用仪器设备越来越精密昂贵,药材/饮片掺杂使假、以次充好、少投不投等情况仍防不胜防,而该模式下的中药制剂质量标准也难以有效控制制剂质量,仍然存在“中药质量标准难以控制中药质量”等质疑[39-40]。如何围绕安全、有效和稳定可控的目标开展中药质量控制,建立符合中药特点的质量标准体系,成为制约中药质量可控性提高和产业高质量发展的瓶颈问题。因此,有必要突破囿于化学药物质量标准研究的理念,基于中药特点,针对具体产品,深入研究其质量特征,应用新工具、新方法、新技术探索建立符合中药特点的质量控制方法和质量标准,以更好地保证产品质量[41]
中药制剂的设计过程是对中药制剂进行质量设计、质量赋予和质量完善的过程,为满足中药制剂质量控制要求,在最初确定研发目标时就应进行质量设计赋予,以“质量源于设计”的思路和理念开展中药制剂质量控制和质量标准研究,对赋予与影响中药制剂质量的影响因素进行设计与控制[42]。中药制剂质量标准研究需在遵循中医药理论和传统用药经验的基础上,根据处方药味、工艺过程等具体情况,研究影响药品安全性和有效性的相关因素,确定药品关键质量属性,设计制定质量控制项目、指标和可接受范围。
但从目前申报的中药质量研究和质量标准研究相关资料来看,虽然也是基于处方药味(特别是君药)中化学成分的文献报道确定质量控制指标,按照性状、鉴别、检查、含量测定等质量控制项目进行质量标准研究工作,但大多不了解其处方药味、工艺过程等质量设计要求,多数标准研究制定过程中对中药关键质量属性不清楚、影响质量的核心因素不了解、质量控制关键点把握不准,质量指标的确定存在片面性、主观性、随意性,各指标之间较为割裂、互补性不足,未能全面反映中药制剂的整体质量特征,使得质量标准的科学性和合理性屡受质疑,偏离了质量控制的方向和目的[43-44]
中药质量标准中的质量控制项目和指标是可用于定性或定量表达其质量属性的系列代表性质量参数或特性,与影响质量的关键因素密切相关。为体现中药应有的质量属性,质量标准研究工作中质量控制指标的确定至关重要,应选择能够反映产品质量特征、与中药临床安全性及有效性相关性强、实用性强的指标。
目前质量标准的研究制定过程中,质量控制指标的选择多以成分含量高、易测定、标准物质易获得、稳定性好等作为主要考虑点,未充分考虑与制剂工艺和整体质量的相关性,指标选择的针对性、专属性不强,缺乏与临床安全性、有效性相关联的项目和质量评价方法[45-46]。例如,许多功能主治不同的中药制剂中质量控制指标雷同,如大黄素、绿原酸、芦丁等,质量控制指标与疗效相关性不强,难以反映临床安全性和有效性[47]。又如,为检验六味地黄丸中山茱萸是否合格或存在,曾经规定测定熊果酸的含量是否符合标准,进而引发了用熊果酸高含量的山楂等代替山茱萸的现象,后改成测定山茱萸中的专属性成分马钱苷[48]
目前,中药质量标准的研究和制定多局限于性状、鉴别、检查、含量测定等常规项目和指标,以某一个或几个指标性化学成分进行定性或定量的质量控制模式。而中药具有成分复杂、各成分相对含量偏低、作用机制不明确的特点,现有质量控制项目和指标实际难以全面反映并评价中药的整体质量特征[49]。如,薄层色谱鉴别中多以单一对照品作为对照,未充分重视和挖掘其他斑点所代表的质量信息;含量测定指标多为单一成分,其限度处于千分级或万分级甚至更低水平的不在少数,对整体质量难有代表性。
虽然浸出物、指纹图谱/特征图谱、大类成分含量测定等项目和指标符合中药整体质量评价的要求[50-51],但囿于通常意义的浸出物、大类成分含量测定等指标专属性较弱,在中药质量研究和标准制定中往往未得到足够的重视。专属性固然是质量控制指标选择和质量控制方法研究的重要考量,但针对具有成分复杂、含量较低、作用不明确等特点的中药制剂,上述指标具有一定质量控制意义,可一定程度反映中药的整体质量特征,在研究建立中药质量标准时应予以考虑选择。
由于中药制剂生产以饮片为起点,饮片由天然来源的中药材生产,制剂生产链条较长,影响因素众多,每个环节影响的综合叠加导致质量形成过程的复杂性[38],加之处方药味本身及所含化学成分均具有多种功效和药理作用,成分之间存在复杂的交互作用,在饮片炮制、组方配伍等环境下发挥的作用也不同[52],中药制剂质量标准与中药材、中药饮片等质量标准密切相关,单靠制剂质量标准难以控制产品质量。基于质量源于设计、源头质量控制、生产过程控制的理念,需加强中药材、中药饮片、中药提取物及中药制剂的全过程质量控制,建立中药质量标准体系。但目前对中药质量标准的认识多限定于制剂质量标准,对药材、饮片等标准的重视程度不足[3],加之针对中药材、中药饮片、提取物、制剂量质传递过程和规律的研究基础较薄弱,难以明确与其内在质量相关联的控制指标,因此,涵盖中药材、中药饮片、中药提取物及制剂的质量标准体系有待进一步健全完善。
《中药标准管理专门规定》提出,中药质量标准的研究与制定应坚持传承与创新并重、坚持以临床为导向、坚持整体质量和关键质量控制、药品标准之间相互协调等原则,为研究建立符合中药特点的质量标准体系明确了思路和要求。同时强调,中成药标准的研究和制定,应当结合处方、制法、关键质量属性等有关信息,科学合理设置中成药质量控制项目、指标。
中药制剂一般来源于中医临床实践,具有传统中医药理论的支持和指导。坚持中医药特点并基于中医长期临床经验总结形成的中药质量观,是研究和制定中药标准的基本原则和前提,也是中药标准和现代植物药或天然药物标准制定思路的根本区别[44]。为适应个体用药、临证处方的传统诊疗方式,古代本草医籍及药局方中对药材质量特征、饮片炮制工艺等质量控制要求记载较多,而少有制剂质量控制的相关描述。但同药材、饮片的质量控制相似,中药制剂质量标准的研究和制定也应充分挖掘中医药理论和人用经验的重要作用,基于中医临床实践的总结和认知,根据功能主治及临床使用情况,进行质量设计和质量赋予。结合处方药味的质量标准、制剂生产过程、关键质量属性等有关信息,研究影响制剂的安全性、有效性、稳定性的因素,科学表征和全面展示其质量内涵,明确关键质量属性,合理设置质量控制项目、指标,确定控制指标和可接受范围。
目前,中药质量研究和质量标准仍多采用一个或几个指标性成分或活性成分,难以真正反映该中药的质量与临床疗效的关系,也难以有效指导中药制剂工艺的筛选研究、中药全过程控制和质量标准的制定[53]。为提高中药质量标准的科学性,中药质量研究应围绕安全性和有效性选择适宜的质量研究方法和质量控制指标,以客观地表征中药质量特征[54]。对于同一味中药在不同临床应用时,其功效成分不同,用于质量控制的指标亦应有所区别。如,处方中含有山楂的制剂,若功能主治为健胃消食,多采用有机酸类成分作为质量控制指标;而以行气散瘀为主治时则宜采用黄酮类成分作为质量控制指标。而质量控制指标限度范围的制定应以临床试验用药品的研究数据如含量等为基准,以保证中药制剂的安全性及有效性。对于安全性,应基于风险角度进行质量控制,设置合理的质量控制项目。此外,对于化学成分及药效作用机制不清楚、缺乏定量评价指标的中药,考虑到研究的困难和中药物质基础研究现状,可研究探索生物效应检测方法,从活性或毒性方面表征中药新药的有效性和安全性,以弥补常规物理化学方法在控制药品质量方面的不足[55]
中药是一个复杂而未知的系统,具有整体性和系统性,在物质基础上表现为复杂的混合体系,在生理效应上表现为复杂的综合体系,物质与效应之间呈现多样非线性关系。因此,以单一化学成分或含量高的成分进行评价的模仿化学药物质量控制的方法,不能全面反映中药的整体性化学成分,需要能够系统控制其整体物质基础的技术手段[56],建立符合中药整体性特点的质量标准。目前质量标准中的有些成分虽然与有效性相关,并具有专属性、溯源性等,但多个指标成分检测成本高不容易推广,控制含量仍较低,难以充分代表中药的整体质量,且通过药效实验、网络药理学和代谢组学等方法得到的药效物质与人体的相关性和实际情况也存在差异,需要进一步验证[2]。鉴于现有分析手段和安全性、有效性评价研究的局限,应加强整体性质量表征研究,选择的指标应该全面、科学、客观,并尽可能量化,能够客观反映相关工艺过程变化,反映药物质量的整体性、一致性和药效物质的传递规律[56],能够合理利用分析检测技术反映产品的质量特征,建立如浸出物、指纹图谱/特征图谱、大类成分含量测定等整体质量评价指标和方法,以多方法、多角度控制中药制剂的质量。
同时,中药质量研究长期以来主要关注有效成分,多忽略了“非活性成分”或相关成分对中药功效的超分子作用等影响。实际上,中药的一些“非活性成分”可能对药物功效的发挥起着至关重要的作用[57],如多糖、蛋白质等高分子物质和氨基酸、微量元素、维生素等低分子物质,这些成分与生物碱、皂苷、黄酮等具有特定药理活性的成分在制剂过程中经过协同、相加或拮抗等作用[58],一些金属离子对中药成分形成的不同价态而呈现的效用,共同成为在临床中起效的药用物质。有学者[59]提出了中药药效物质的“显效形式”及“叠加作用”假说,认为中药药效物质显效形式的集合或叠加是药效的核心物质基础,各个显效形式血药浓度的叠加作用是药效作用机制之一。因此,有效性和安全性是中药制剂整体功效的综合表现,不宜夸大个别化学成分单方面的药理活性,而应从有效性、安全性及整体质量特性等多维度进行研究,综合确定合理的质量控制指标,以全面反映中药制剂的整体质量。
“管用”是质量标准最基本和实用的要求。中药制剂的质量标准应以保证中药的安全、有效、质量稳定可控为目标,不仅要为药品检验和监管提供参考,更重要的是为其研发、生产、流通、使用提供依据。但基于中药成分复杂、活性成分难以明确、机制大多不清楚的特点,加之中药制剂质量受药材、饮片、生产工艺等各环节多因素影响,质量控制难度大,质量标准若要实现项目科学、指标得当、方法实用、限度合理等绝非易事,需要在深入研究其自身特点和研发规律的基础上进行良好的设计,各质量控制指标之间相互协调补充,共同反映中药制剂的整体质量特征,以保证标准的科学性和严谨性[53]。同时,中药制剂质量标准的研究和制定,需兼顾标准的适用性和检验成本,在整体设计的基础上关注检测项目的科学性、必要性,而非仅追求更多的项目、指标和更先进的仪器、设备。
针对中药材、中药饮片、提取物、制剂进行量质传递过程和规律的研究,对于明确其药用物质基础、关键质量属性,确定合理的质量控制项目和要求,探索研究其内在质量的关联性具有重要意义。量质传递规律的研究,需要借助适合的检测技术,深入探索从中药材到饮片炮制再到组方配伍的质量传递过程,并不只是研究某一个或几个成分的定量传递过程,而是研究探讨与其内在质量相关联的控制指标,进而不断探索和完善中药材、中药饮片、中药提取物及制剂的质量标准体系。因此,《中药新药质量研究技术指导原则(试行)》[54]《中药新药质量标准研究技术指导原则(试行)》[60]《中药复方制剂生产工艺研究技术指导原则(试行)》[61]《中药配方颗粒质量控制与标准制定技术要求》[62]等指导原则及技术要求均强调量质传递规律研究的重要性。
中药质量标准体系中各质量标准虽各有侧重,但又密切相连,在技术要求、质量控制理念、生产质量管理等方面应当保持协调,结合量质传递规律研究,注重彼此之间内在质量的关联性。中药材标准的研究制定应围绕制剂质量设计要求,注重传承和研究本草典籍中记载的传统质量评价经验和方法,反映药材的质量状况,体现整体质量控制理念,保证中药材质量稳定。同时,应关注检测项目和指标与制剂关键质量属性的相关性,根据制剂质量控制的需要研究完善所用药材的质量标准[60]。中药饮片标准的研究制定应注重对传统特色炮制经验、技术的传承和研究,确定反映饮片质量特点的控制项目和指标,建立符合制剂质量设计要求的饮片标准[60]。中药提取物标准的研究制定应围绕制剂对提取物的质量设计要求,研究中药材、饮片、提取物与制剂的关键质量属性,建立提取物质量标准。
中药质量控制是从药材、饮片到制剂的全过程质量控制体系,在对重金属及有害元素等外源性污染物的控制上,应强调源头控制。由于从制剂投料所用药材进行了外源性污染物的控制,且在新药申报时,要求提供制剂的相关研究资料,经检验符合质量控制要求的,可不列入制剂标准中;如不符合要求,应开展针对性研究,进行风险评估,并制定相关质量控制要求。从质量控制来看,对于重金属及有害元素等外源性污染物,通过药材源头控制,一般不要求在制剂中列入相关检测项目,有利于避免过度的、不必要的检测[63]
光谱、波谱、仿生技术及生物评价等一系列关键技术的结合,使得中药质量控制研究不断深入,中药质量标志物、等级评价、中药等效成分群等创新理念的提出与应用推动了中药质量控制体系的发展,基于复杂体系的整体中药质量控制模式进入深层发展空间[64],为符合中药特点的质量表征和系统控制提供了更多可能性。新技术、新方法和新的检测理念在中药标准中的应用,对于提高检测项目的专属性、准确性、重复性和对中药质量的可控性具有重要作用,研究建立符合中药特点的质量控制方法,不断完善中药复方制剂的质量标准,离不开新技术、新方法、新工具的研究应用。但如何基于中药特点选择适宜的方法、技术和工具也是中药质量标准研究和设计的重要内容,中药质量标准应避免“唯技术论”,在满足质量控制要求的前提下,中药标准应以简便、经济、实用为宜,而不是技术方法越新、测定成分指标越多就认为标准水平高,应以控制和评价中药制剂质量为目标选择合适的方法和技术,而不应使标准成为新技术、新方法的堆砌[44]
“药品是生产出来的”理念在中药制剂质量控制中具有重要意义,中药生产工艺决定了其药用物质基础。2020版《药品注册管理办法》规定,经核准的药品生产工艺、质量标准、说明书和标签作为药品注册证书的附件一并发给申请人。中药生产工艺文件作为对中药制剂生产全过程中影响质量的原辅料、制备工艺、生产条件(如设备要求等)等进行详细规定的文件,是基于临床试验用药品的具体规定,使上市药品具有与临床试验用药品相一致的有效性、安全性,对于中药制剂上市后质量控制具有重要意义,也是中药制剂质量稳定的重要保障,已成为中药制剂规范生产的重要依据和监管的有效工具[65]。《中药生产工艺、质量标准通用格式和撰写指南》对中药生产工艺的格式和撰写提出了明确要求。
随着对产品研究与认识的深入,以及科学技术的发展、生产设备的更新换代,工艺变更不可避免,《已上市中药药学变更研究指导原则(试行)》[66]明确了相关变更研究评价方法、标准和技术要求,也体现和实现了中药的全生命周期管理,体现了鼓励采用适应药品要求的新技术、新设备,促进中药高质量发展。
由于中药具有成分复杂、质量控制难度大等特点,中药标准研究具有复杂性和渐进性,中药质量标准应遵循药品全生命周期管理理念,结合产品特点和实际情况,随着研究的不断推进而逐步完善、持续提升。中药制剂往往具有长期临床应用经验,具有良好的有效性、安全性基础,在临床试验前的研究阶段,可着重研究建立包括毒性成分在内的主要安全性指标的检验检测方法,将质量标准提高等要求留在临床试验通知书中,促进中药新药及早进入临床研究。Ⅲ期临床试验前,研究建立全面反映制剂质量的指标、方法,视产品情况开展安全性相关指标的研究。申请上市许可,重点考虑制剂质量标准的各项指标与确证性临床试验用药品质量标准相应指标的一致性。上市后,随着研究和对产品认识的不断深入,药品上市许可持有人应继续进行质量研究,逐步提高产品的质量可控性,持续修订完善包括中药材、中药饮片、中间体和制剂等在内的完整的质量标准体系,以保证中药制剂质量稳定可控[67-68]
药品审评审批制度改革以来,在建立健全符合中药特点的审评技术标准体系上取得了很大进展,建立了中药全过程质量控制体系,形成了由药材标准、饮片标准、提取物标准及制剂标准构成的基于中药特点的中药制剂质量标准体系。《中药标准管理专门规定》是经充分考虑中药具有天然来源、组成复杂的药物成分、独具特色的理论体系及来源于临床实践的安全性有效性等特点,总结中药标准管理经验以及国家药监局开展的系列中药监管科学研究成果,并广泛征求业界意见,制定的一部关于中药标准研究、制定、修订及其管理的规范性文件,是继《中药注册管理专门规定》之后的又一部中药方面的专门规定。明确了中药标准研究的基本原则和方向、方法和策略,强调应坚持传承与创新并重,体现中药特点,以“管用”的标准保证中药的安全、有效、质量可控,深入揭示中药质量的科学内涵,根据产品特点建立反映中药整体质量的控制指标,关注与有效性、安全性的关联,在中药材-中药饮片-制剂全过程质量控制的基础上,研究建立符合中药特点的质量标准体系。同时,中药质量标准研究作为一个长期复杂的系统工程,具有复杂性及渐进性的特点,这些都决定了中药标准的研究、制定及完善应发挥药品上市许可持有人的主体责任,随着研究以及对产品认识的不断深入,持续完善质量标准,提高质量可控性。随着中药监管科学新工具、新方法、新标准创新发展,必将进一步促进符合中药特点的质量控制方法和质量标准的研究与转化应用,推动符合中药特点的《中药注册管理专门规定》《中药标准管理专门规定》《中药生产管理专门规定》等政策文件落地实施,以及完善中药技术指导原则体系,对中药制剂标准管理及技术要求起到重要的导向作用,更好地促进中药传承创新和产业高质量发展。
  • 国家药监局中国药品监管科学行动计划项目资助(国药监科外[2019]23号)
  • 2023年药品监管科学全国重点实验室第一批课题资助(2023SKLDRS0131)
  • 2023年药品监管科学全国重点实验室第一批课题资助(2023SKLDRS0132)
  • 2024年药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题资助(2024SKLDRS0221)
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2025年第60卷第2期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.003
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-08
  • 出版时间:2025-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
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国家药监局中国药品监管科学行动计划项目资助(国药监科外[2019]23号)
2023年药品监管科学全国重点实验室第一批课题资助(2023SKLDRS0131)
2023年药品监管科学全国重点实验室第一批课题资助(2023SKLDRS0132)
2024年药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题资助(2024SKLDRS0221)
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    1 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100076
    2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    3 国家药典委员会, 北京 100061
    4 国家药品监督管理局, 北京 100037
    5 药品监管科学全国重点实验室, 北京 100061

通讯作者:

*阳长明,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:中药监管科学及中药药学审评 Tel:(010)80996129;
赵军宁,男,研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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