Article(id=1193877804203868597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)02-0138-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762572249698, onlineDateStr=2025-11-08, pubDate=1737475200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762572249698, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762572249698, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762572249698, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193877800143777917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='109', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762572248731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762584852274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=138, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193877804510052797, articleId=1193877804203868597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Pathways of Small Molecule Drug Efflux Clearance in Brain, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous progress of biotechnology and drug research and development, small molecule drugs play an increasingly important role in the treatment of nervous system diseases because of their unique physical and chemical properties and biological effects. However, most of the previous studies tried to increase the brain exposure and retention time of the subjects, while ignoring the brain transport and efflux clearance pathways. In this paper, the recent research progress on the efflux clearance pathway of small molecule drugs in the brain was reviewed, focusing on the involvement of blood-brain barrier transport, metabolic enzymes in the brain, and aquaporin-4(AQP4) pathway, in order to further understand the efflux clearance pathway of small molecule drugs in the brain, which will not only help optimize the efficacy of existing drugs and reduce the adverse reactions caused by drug accumulation. It can also provide new ideas and directions for the research and development of drugs for neurological diseases in the future.

, correspAuthors=Fangyan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoyu TAN, Yunying LI, Xiaomeng ZHANG, Ming CHEN, Yunlan SUN, Fangyan HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193878368744603708, articleId=1193877804203868597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=脑内小分子药物外排清除途径研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着生物技术和药物研发的不断进步,小分子药物因其独特的理化性质和生物学效应,在神经系统疾病的治疗中扮演着越来越重要的角色。以往研究更关注增加受试物的脑内暴露量和停留时间,忽视脑内转运和外排清除途径。本文综述了近年来关于脑内小分子药物外排清除途径的研究进展,重点讨论了血脑屏障转运、水通道蛋白-4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)通道、脑内代谢酶途径参与脑内小分子药物外排清除情况,以期进一步理解脑内小分子药物的外排清除途径,优化现有药物的疗效及降低药物蓄积带来的不良反应,为未来神经系统疾病药物的研发提供新的思路和方向。

, correspAuthors=何芳雁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*何芳雁,女,硕士,高级实验师 研究方向:中药药理与应用 Tel:(0871)65918241
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谭晓玉,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药药效与安全性评价

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谭晓玉,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药药效与安全性评价

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脑内小分子药物外排清除途径研究进展
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谭晓玉 , 李云英 , 张笑萌 , 陈明 , 孙云兰 , 何芳雁 *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025,60(2): 138-143
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025, 60(2): 138-143
脑内小分子药物外排清除途径研究进展
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谭晓玉, 李云英, 张笑萌, 陈明, 孙云兰, 何芳雁*
作者信息
  • 云南中医药大学, 昆明 650000
  • 谭晓玉,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药药效与安全性评价

通讯作者:

*何芳雁,女,硕士,高级实验师 研究方向:中药药理与应用 Tel:(0871)65918241
Research Progress on Pathways of Small Molecule Drug Efflux Clearance in Brain
Xiaoyu TAN, Yunying LI, Xiaomeng ZHANG, Ming CHEN, Yunlan SUN, Fangyan HE*
Affiliations
  • Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.005
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随着生物技术和药物研发的不断进步,小分子药物因其独特的理化性质和生物学效应,在神经系统疾病的治疗中扮演着越来越重要的角色。以往研究更关注增加受试物的脑内暴露量和停留时间,忽视脑内转运和外排清除途径。本文综述了近年来关于脑内小分子药物外排清除途径的研究进展,重点讨论了血脑屏障转运、水通道蛋白-4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)通道、脑内代谢酶途径参与脑内小分子药物外排清除情况,以期进一步理解脑内小分子药物的外排清除途径,优化现有药物的疗效及降低药物蓄积带来的不良反应,为未来神经系统疾病药物的研发提供新的思路和方向。

脑内清除途径  /  小分子药物  /  转运蛋白  /  血脑屏障  /  胶质淋巴

With the continuous progress of biotechnology and drug research and development, small molecule drugs play an increasingly important role in the treatment of nervous system diseases because of their unique physical and chemical properties and biological effects. However, most of the previous studies tried to increase the brain exposure and retention time of the subjects, while ignoring the brain transport and efflux clearance pathways. In this paper, the recent research progress on the efflux clearance pathway of small molecule drugs in the brain was reviewed, focusing on the involvement of blood-brain barrier transport, metabolic enzymes in the brain, and aquaporin-4(AQP4) pathway, in order to further understand the efflux clearance pathway of small molecule drugs in the brain, which will not only help optimize the efficacy of existing drugs and reduce the adverse reactions caused by drug accumulation. It can also provide new ideas and directions for the research and development of drugs for neurological diseases in the future.

brain clearance pathway  /  small molecule drug  /  transport protein  /  blood-brain barrier  /  glial lymphatic system
谭晓玉, 李云英, 张笑萌, 陈明, 孙云兰, 何芳雁. 脑内小分子药物外排清除途径研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (2) : 138 -143 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.005
Xiaoyu TAN, Yunying LI, Xiaomeng ZHANG, Ming CHEN, Yunlan SUN, Fangyan HE. Research Progress on Pathways of Small Molecule Drug Efflux Clearance in Brain[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (2) : 138 -143 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.005
随着神经科学和药物化学的发展,针对中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)疾病的药物研发取得了显著进展。然而,血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB)的存在能有效地阻止98%以上的小分子药物进入大脑中发挥治疗作用,同时也对小分子药物的外排具有高度选择性。因此,了解和研究脑内小分子药物的外排清除途径对于提高药物在脑内的暴露量及避免脑内蓄积中毒具有重要意义。因此,本文总结了近年来关于脑内小分子药物外排清除途径的研究进展。以期为未来神经系统药物的开发提供新的思路
BBB是一种高度特殊化的结构,主要由脑微血管内皮细胞(brain microvascular endothelial cells,BMEC)、细胞间的紧密连接(tight junction,TJ)、完整的基底膜、周细胞(pericyte)以及星形胶质细胞(astrocyte)脚板围成的神经胶质膜构成[1-2],是大脑实质和脑血管之间的物质转运屏障。BBB的存在使脑实质与血管的物质交换受到严格限制[3],并能维持脑内环境的稳定,防止血液、毒素等内源性、外源性物质渗入脑内,同时允许必需物质如氧气、葡萄糖和氨基酸的通过[4-6]。BBB的高选择性主要依赖于其TJ和特定的转运蛋白。TJ通过半桥粒蛋白将相邻的细胞紧密结合在一起,形成BBB的物理屏障,使得脑实质与血管互不干扰[7];而转运蛋白可以外排许多CNS药物和抗癌药物[8],影响药物在脑内的暴露量及避免脑内蓄积中毒,主要包括ATP结合盒 (adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, ABC) 转运蛋白和载体介导等[9-10]
ABC转运蛋白家族分布广泛,几乎存在于所有生物体内[11],主要起到单向外排作用,其中分布较多、发挥效用较强且研究最多的是P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)、乳腺癌耐药蛋白 (breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP)、多药耐药相关蛋白(multidrug resistance-associated proteins,MRPs)[12-13]。这3种ABC转运体控制着绝大部分物质的外排,包括氨基酸、磷脂、离子、多糖等内源性物质和药物、毒素等外源性物质[14],是维持CNS与外界环境动态平衡的枢纽。
P-gp属于B型家族,在BBB的BMEC腔面高表达,底物广泛[15]。近年来的研究显示,P-gp的表达和功能紊乱与多种疾病状态密切相关,包括多种抗肿瘤、抗癫痫及抗精神病等疾病[16-17]。例如在癫痫患者中,P-gp的过度表达可能导致药物难以进入大脑,从而影响治疗效果。临床前研究还发现,通过使用P-gp抑制剂,可以增加抗癫痫药物在脑内的浓度,提高治疗效果[18]。此外,P-gp的表达变化与阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的病理过程同样相关[19-20]。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准的腺苷A2A受体(adenosine A2A receptor,A2AR)激动剂Lexiscan能够迅速而有效地降低P-gp的表达和功能,进而能够减少药物的外排,增加药物在脑部和其他组织中的浓度,提高治疗效果[21]。另外一个研究发现舒必利和西酞普兰是BBB上P-gp的底物,而佐匹克隆 、氯米帕明和吗氯贝胺是BBB上P-gp的抑制剂[22]。了解P-gp的底物和抑制剂能准确把握药物在脑的含量,合理设计药物的给药次数,控制药物在脑内的蓄积量,避免引起神经毒性。
BCRP主要存在于脑毛细血管内皮管腔侧,位置和P-gp相近[23]。研究表明,BCRP在抗癌药物的外排中发挥重要作用。有文献[24]报道BCRP会严重限制甲氨蝶呤脑分布,血浆中游离药物仅5%跨越BBB到达脑组织;米托蒽醌与BCRP抑制剂GF120918灌注时米托蒽醌的脑摄取增加了3倍。通过基因敲除小鼠模型的研究,研究发现BCRP在维持大脑对化疗药物的耐药性方面起关键作用[25],未来的研究可能集中于BCRP抑制剂的开发,以提高化疗药物在脑肿瘤中的疗效。在迫切需要研发更多BCRP抑制剂增加脑内暴露量的同时,还要避免药物在脑内过度暴露造成蓄积,对神经元细胞造成毒性。
最后一类转运蛋白MRPs由13个外排转运体组成[26],属于C亚型家族,基因型命名是ABCC1-ABCC13,ABCC的每个亚型在组织分布、底物特异性等方面均存在一定差异[2]。MRPs的研究近年来集中于其在药物外排中的多功能性[27]。研究表明,MRPs不仅参与药物外排,还参与内源性代谢物的清除。研究发现,抗病毒药奥司他韦和其活性代谢产物Ro64-0802可以通过MRP4转运蛋白外排[28];敲除MRP1基因小鼠与正常小鼠相比,对17β-雌二醇-17β-D-葡糖苷酸 (17β estradiol-D-17β-glucuronide,E217βG)的外排速率降低50%[29]。未来研究方向可能包括开发MRPs的特异性抑制剂,以增强药物在脑内的暴露。此外,MRP4过表达还会使得一些神经类药物在脑内蓄积,产生耐药性和中枢毒性。因此,通过抑制或激活这些外排蛋白的活性,可以显著控制药物在脑内的蓄积量,合理控制药物剂量。
除了外排蛋白,载体介导的外排清除也是小分子药物在脑内清除的重要途径。例如,有机阳离子转运蛋白(organic cation transporters, OCTs)和有机阴离子转运蛋白(organic anion transporters,OATs)在BBB上高表达,并参与多种药物的外排过程。这些载体蛋白通过与药物结合,将其从脑细胞内转运到血液中,从而降低药物在脑内的浓度。
OCTs是溶质转运体22(solute carrier 22,SLC22)家族的成员,主要包括OCT1(SLC22A1)、OCT2(SLC22A2)和OCT3(SLC22A3)3种亚型[30]。OCTs的研究集中于其在药物分布和清除中的作用。近年来,研究人员通过基因敲除和过表达模型,探讨了OCTs在抗抑郁药、抗癌药物中的作用,发现其在药物的脑内清除中起到关键作用[31]。研究发现一些药物、毒性物质或代谢物是OCTs的底物,它们可以通过OCTs的转运作用被外排出脑[32]。有学者证实OCT3能够转运各种阳离子神经毒素和神经递质[33]。在开发药物时,可以通过设计具有特定结构和电荷特性的药物分子来优化其与OCTs的结合能力,进而调节OCTs的表达水平和活性来影响药物的转运[34]。使用某些药物可以增加或降低OCTs的表达水平,从而改变药物在血脑屏障上的转运效率。研究表明OCTs抑制剂西咪替丁使大鼠脑内美金刚浓度降低37%[35],西咪替丁可以抑制OCTs转运体通道,而美金刚要进入脑组织必须通过OCTs转运体,因此使用了OCTs抑制剂可以降低美金刚在脑内的浓度。
研究显示,OATs在药物的跨膜转运中发挥重要作用。通过利用化学抑制剂和转基因动物模型,研究人员发现,抑制OATs可以增加特定药物在脑内的滞留时间,提高其治疗效果。OATs是一类跨膜蛋白质,该亚家族是跨膜蛋白大型溶质载体家族的一部分[36],且OATs在不同组织和器官中广泛表达,包括肾脏、肝脏、肠道、BBB等[37-39]。OATs通过跨膜转运将有机阴离子药物从脑组织向血液侧外排[40]。这种转运通常是通过主动转运的方式进行,即利用离子梯度或主动外排系统OATs来驱动药物的转运[41]。OATs对于不同的有机阴离子药物具有特异性识别能力,可以区分不同的药物分子,并选择性地将其外排[42]。因此,在OATs的作用下可以调节药物在脑组织和血液之间的平衡,影响小分子药物在脑内的积累水平。除了OATs之外,在BBB上还存在其他转运蛋白(P-gp、MRPs等)可能与OATs相互作用,共同调节药物外排或增加药物在脑内暴露量。
目前,对转运蛋白和载体介导转运脑内物质的机制研究仍面临诸多挑战。对于载体蛋白的结构和功能的关系,目前认识还存在一定的局限性。在不同个体中,由于基因多态性的存在,这些转运蛋白的表达和活性可能存在差异。此外,对于它们在复杂的生理和病理条件下的调节机制,仍需要进一步地探索。在未来或许能够开发出针对这些转运蛋白的特异性调节剂,以优化药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程,提高药物疗效并减少不良反应。
近几年仿生纳米制剂能介导药物脑部靶向递送,该制剂的优势:能逃避免疫系统的清除、在体内循环时间延长、靶向递送能力提高、增加药物进入脑实质并在疾病区域的富集等[3,43]。但同时也增加了小分子药物在脑内的蓄积量,有可能会对周围的脑细胞造成毒性,造成不可逆转的神经损伤。多柔比星(doxorubicin,DOX)通过氟化纳米系统载药进入脑组织细胞[44],避免了被BBB上的转运蛋白对药物分子的外排,增加了药物在脑内的累积;鼻内纳米系统将药物绕过BBB直接输送到大脑,增加药物入脑量。有研究表明,甲磺酸沙奎那韦 (SQVM)制作成纳米乳剂(nano-emulsion,NE),经鼻内给药后大脑中的药物浓度高于静脉给予普通混悬药物(plain drug suspension,PDS)[45];固体脂质纳米颗粒(solid lipid nanoparticles,SLNs)是独特的基于脂质的生物相容性纳米载体系统,有较高的载药量,可将药物递送入脑。利鲁唑(一种治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症的药物)的研究[46]表明,采用SLNs制剂可更好地将药物递送至大脑;将柚皮素(naringenin,NRG)与纳米载体结合后,可穿过BBB并将药物输送到CNS,抑制胶质母细胞瘤的扩散[47]。尽管仿生纳米递送系统在跨BBB通路的潜在机制、作用和影响方面显示出巨大的潜力,但在临床转化过程中仍面临诸多挑战。这些挑战包括但不限于:如何提高仿生纳米递送系统的靶向性、稳定性、生物相容性和血液循环时间;如何减少药物渗漏和副作用;以及如何确保长期安全性和有效性。因此研究BBB上的转运蛋白(ABC转运蛋白、OCTs、OATs等)外排机制能够避免药物浓度过高而发生的不良反应。
2012年Iliff等[48]首次发现脑内广泛存在着一个脑脊液-脑组织液快速交换流动系统,将其命名为胶质淋巴系统[49]。该系统由动脉旁血管周围间隙(perivascular space, PVS)脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)流入途径、星形胶质细胞足突上AQP4、静脉旁PVS清除途径3部分构成[50-51],其中,AQP4作为胶质淋巴系统的重要组成成分[52],在血管周围的富集性表达可影响胶质淋巴系统的清除功能[53]
近年来,AQP4在脑内废物清除中的作用得到了广泛关注。研究显示,AQP4在脑内的表达与多种神经退行性疾病密切相关。例如,AQP4的功能障碍可能与阿尔茨海默病中β-淀粉样蛋白的积聚有关[54]。通过基因敲除和药物调控,研究人员正在探索如何利用AQP4通道来增强脑内药物和代谢废物的清除。有研究发现抑制AQP4活性,CSF流入信号强度均值降低[55]。动脉旁PVS的CSF在动脉搏动和压力等因素下进入脑实质,再通过AQP4介导CSF和脑组织交换流动系统,CSF和脑组织液之间得以进行物质交换[56]。脑组织的代谢废物、异常蛋白及小分子药物在AQP4的介导下外排;治疗脑部疾病的药物及所需要的营养物质也可通过AQP4进行转运。因此药物可以通过这个系统进行运输和分布到脑组织中。在临床研究中,AQP4已成为多发性硬化症、脑水肿等疾病的新靶点[57-58]。AQP4抑制剂的开发也正在进行,目的是通过调控AQP4的表达和功能,减轻脑水肿和相关神经病变。这意味药物设计可以利用AQP4介导的脑脊液-脑组织交换来实现药物的转运。尽管没有找到直接相关的外排药物信息,但可以推测血管周隙星形胶质细胞终足上的AQP4可能成为药物开发中的一个重要靶点。未来的研究可能会探索如何通过调节AQP的表达或功能来改善药物的运输效率和治疗效果。此外,深入理解星形胶质细胞的功能和标记物表达的差异可能会有助于设计更加特异性和有效的药物递送系统。
除了转运蛋白,脑内代谢酶也在小分子药物的外排清除过程中起到重要作用。代谢酶可以将化合物分解成更简单的小分子化合物[59],导致小分子化合物失活,使其生物活性降低或完全消除其活性。一旦降解,这些化合物可能会被进一步代谢成更简单的分子,或被运出脑组织进行清除[60-61]。脑组织的神经元、神经胶质细胞(如星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞)和血管内皮细胞均含有参与这些代谢途径的酶[62-63]
细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450, CYP450)是一类重要的脑内代谢酶,不仅参与内源性化合物如神经递质和类固醇激素的代谢,还参与外源性化合物如药物和环境毒素的代谢[64]。CYP450酶的研究主要集中于其在药物代谢中的作用。近年来,利用基因编辑技术,研究人员能够精确调控CYP450酶的表达,研究其在特定药物代谢中的功能[65]。这些研究表明,CYP450酶在抗抑郁药、抗癫痫药和抗精神病药的代谢中具有关键作用。例如,舍曲林、文拉法辛、阿戈美拉汀等药物在CYP450作用下代谢[66],增加CYP450的表达或活性可降低药物脑内的暴露量。除了CYP450酶,研究还关注其他脑内代谢酶如单胺氧化酶(monoamine oxidase,MAO)[67-68]和乙醛脱氢酶(acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH)[69]。这些酶在神经递质代谢和药物清除中起重要作用,研究人员正在探索如何通过调控这些酶的活性,改善药物在脑内的代谢和清除过程[70]
其次,神经元和胶质细胞自身也参与代谢废物的清除[71]。小胶质细胞是先天免疫系统中的常驻细胞,控制中枢神经系统巨噬细胞,负责消化和降解大脑中的内源性废物[72-74]。它们通过自身的代谢活动,将废物转化为更易排出的形式,或者通过胞吞、胞吐等方式将废物排出细胞外。
综上,脑内代谢酶不仅能将小分子药物代谢排出体外,避免安全范围小的药物(苯妥英钠、锂制剂等)在脑内蓄积对神经系统造成巨大伤害;还可以通过抑制代谢酶的活性提高药物在脑内的停滞时间,发挥药物的最大疗效,减少药物的给药次数。脑内代谢酶在维持大脑功能和健康中起着至关重要的作用。未来的研究应更深入探索脑内代谢酶的多样性和复杂性,揭示代谢酶在不同类型脑细胞中的特异性功能,开发针对脑内代谢酶的新型治疗策略。例如,通过调节特定代谢酶的活性来改善神经退行性疾病的症状,或者利用代谢酶作为生物标志物进行疾病的早期诊断和监测。
为深入研究小分子药物的外排清除途径,研究采用了多种方法和技术。例如,利用体外BBB模型,可以模拟BBB的生理环境,研究药物的透过机制和外排过程。常用模拟体外模型的细胞包括BMEC和人脑微血管内皮细胞(human brain microvascular endothelial cells,hBMEC)[75]。如Transwell是一种常用的细胞实验方法,通过在transwell小室中培养细胞,并在小室的不同隔室中加入药物,观察药物在细胞间的传递和外排情况[76]。生理药动学(physiologically based pharmacokinetic,PBPK)模型是一种用于预测药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄(absorption distribution metabolism excretion,ADME)过程的数学模型[77]。这个模型可以根据体外实验数据来预测药物的渗透性,从而帮助研究人员了解药物的外排机制。例如,Peff值在PBPK模型中的应用可以帮助研究人员理解药物通过细胞膜的外排过程。此外,体内实验也是研究小分子药物外排清除途径的重要手段。通过转基因动物模型(敲除或过表达特定的外排蛋白或代谢酶)或化学抑制剂/激活剂来干预特定的外排泵,观察药物浓度的变化,从而研究外排泵对药物外排机制的影响[78-79]。例如,P-gp敲除小鼠模型被广泛用于研究P-gp在药物外排过程中的作用;利用激活剂诱导上调P-gp的表达,验证药物外排解毒作用[80]。再结合先进的分析技术,如液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)法、高效液相色谱(HPLC)法等,可以精确测定药物及其代谢产物在动物体内的浓度[81],这对于研究药物的代谢途径和外排机制至关重要。
小分子药物的外排清除途径是影响其在脑内暴露量的重要因素。通过深入研究外排蛋白、载体介导的外排清除、代谢酶和AQP4外排机制的作用,可以为药物开发提供新的思路和策略。尽管面临诸多挑战,但随着科学技术的不断进步,相信未来能够在这一领域取得更多突破,为CNS疾病的治疗提供更多有效的药物选择。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82360784)
  • 云南省科技厅科技计划-中医联合专项-重点项目资助(202101AZ070001-009)
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2025年第60卷第2期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.005
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-08
  • 出版时间:2025-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(82360784)
云南省科技厅科技计划-中医联合专项-重点项目资助(202101AZ070001-009)
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    云南中医药大学, 昆明 650000

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*何芳雁,女,硕士,高级实验师 研究方向:中药药理与应用 Tel:(0871)65918241
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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