Article(id=1193877802249322891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)02-0130-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.02.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721318400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762572249233, onlineDateStr=2025-11-08, pubDate=1737475200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762572249233, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762572249233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762572249233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193877800143777917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='109', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762572248731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762584852274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193877802454843788, articleId=1193877802249322891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Suggestions on Establishment of Standard System Conforming to the Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To strengthen the role of Chinese medicine standards in ensuring drug quality, based on the analysis of Special Regulations on the Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine Standards, propose the suggestions on establishment of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS The scientific connotation of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine was analyzed, the basic considerations for construction of traditional Chinese medicine standard system were proposed. RESULTS The scientific connotation of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine mainly includes respecting the tradition of Chinese medicine, complying with the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and observing the objective laws of traditional Chinese medicine. CONCLUSION In the process of establishment of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, the quality control strategies of comprehensive quality evaluation and key quality factors should be persisted, the quality control strategies of inheritance and innovation should be persisted. Moreover, the traditional thinking of Chinese medicine should be reflected in Chinese medicine standards.

, correspAuthors=Shuangcheng MA, Junning ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuxin ZHAO, Jie GU, Qi WANG, Yi HE, Jiangyong YU, Hainan WANG, Shuangcheng MA, Junning ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193877802895245712, articleId=1193877802249322891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=关于构建符合中医药特点中药标准的思考与建议, columnId=1193877802589061518, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=《中药标准管理专门规定》专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 基于《中药标准管理专门规定》的分析,提出构建符合中医药特点中药标准体系的建议,强化中药标准在保障药品质量方面的作用。方法 对符合中医药特点标准体系的科学内涵进行分析,提出符合中医药特点标准体系的基本考量。结果 符合中医药特点标准体系科学内涵主要包括尊重中医药传统,遵循中医药理论和尊重中医药规律。结论 在符合中医药特点标准体系构建过程中,应坚持整体评价和关键影响因素相结合的质量控制理念,坚持传承和创新相结合的质量控制理念,中药标准中体现中医药传统思维。

, correspAuthors=马双成, 赵军宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*马双成,男,博士,研究员,博士生导师 研究方向:中药质量控制、中药标准和中药安全性评价研究 Tel:(010)67079501;
赵军宁,男,研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学
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赵宇新,男,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药品标准管理政策及中药标准研究

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赵宇新,男,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药品标准管理政策及中药标准研究

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赵宇新,男,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药品标准管理政策及中药标准研究

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关于构建符合中医药特点中药标准的思考与建议
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赵宇新 1, 5 , 顾杰 2 , 汪祺 3 , 何轶 1, 5 , 于江泳 4 , 王海南 4 , 马双成 1, 5, * , 赵军宁 4, 5, *
中国药学杂志 | 《中药标准管理专门规定》专栏 2025,60(2): 130-137
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中国药学杂志 | 《中药标准管理专门规定》专栏 2025, 60(2): 130-137
关于构建符合中医药特点中药标准的思考与建议
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赵宇新1, 5, 顾杰2, 汪祺3, 何轶1, 5, 于江泳4, 王海南4, 马双成1, 5, *, 赵军宁4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1 国家药典委员会, 北京 100061
  • 2 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100076
  • 3 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 4 国家药品监督管理局, 北京 100037
  • 5 药品监管科学全国重点实验室, 北京 100061
  • 赵宇新,男,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药品标准管理政策及中药标准研究

通讯作者:

*马双成,男,博士,研究员,博士生导师 研究方向:中药质量控制、中药标准和中药安全性评价研究 Tel:(010)67079501;
赵军宁,男,研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学
Suggestions on Establishment of Standard System Conforming to the Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Yuxin ZHAO1, 5, Jie GU2, Qi WANG3, Yi HE1, 5, Jiangyong YU4, Hainan WANG4, Shuangcheng MA1, 5, *, Junning ZHAO4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission, Beijing 100061, China
  • 2 Center for Drug Evaluation NMPA, Beijing 100076, China
  • 3 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 4 National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100037, China
  • 5 State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulation Science, Beijing 10061, China
出版时间: 2025-01-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.004
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目的 基于《中药标准管理专门规定》的分析,提出构建符合中医药特点中药标准体系的建议,强化中药标准在保障药品质量方面的作用。方法 对符合中医药特点标准体系的科学内涵进行分析,提出符合中医药特点标准体系的基本考量。结果 符合中医药特点标准体系科学内涵主要包括尊重中医药传统,遵循中医药理论和尊重中医药规律。结论 在符合中医药特点标准体系构建过程中,应坚持整体评价和关键影响因素相结合的质量控制理念,坚持传承和创新相结合的质量控制理念,中药标准中体现中医药传统思维。

中药标准  /  中药标准管理专门规定  /  中医药特点  /  中医药理论

OBJECTIVE To strengthen the role of Chinese medicine standards in ensuring drug quality, based on the analysis of Special Regulations on the Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine Standards, propose the suggestions on establishment of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS The scientific connotation of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine was analyzed, the basic considerations for construction of traditional Chinese medicine standard system were proposed. RESULTS The scientific connotation of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine mainly includes respecting the tradition of Chinese medicine, complying with the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and observing the objective laws of traditional Chinese medicine. CONCLUSION In the process of establishment of standard system conforming to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, the quality control strategies of comprehensive quality evaluation and key quality factors should be persisted, the quality control strategies of inheritance and innovation should be persisted. Moreover, the traditional thinking of Chinese medicine should be reflected in Chinese medicine standards.

traditional Chinese medicine standard  /  Special Regulation on the Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine Standards  /  characteristic of traditional Chinese medicine  /  traditional Chinese medicine theory
赵宇新, 顾杰, 汪祺, 何轶, 于江泳, 王海南, 马双成, 赵军宁. 关于构建符合中医药特点中药标准的思考与建议. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (2) : 130 -137 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.004
Yuxin ZHAO, Jie GU, Qi WANG, Yi HE, Jiangyong YU, Hainan WANG, Shuangcheng MA, Junning ZHAO. Suggestions on Establishment of Standard System Conforming to the Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (2) : 130 -137 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.004
药品标准是为保证药品质量,对药品的质量指标、检验方法和生产工艺等方面所作的技术规定,是药品研发、生产、使用、检验以及监督管理等各环节必须遵守的强制性技术要求和法定依据。药品标准是保障药品安全有效的重要基础,是药品监管工作的准绳,是国家医药产业发展和监管水平的重要体现。长期以来,药品标准作为中药监督管理工作的重要技术支撑和主要抓手,在保障中药产品安全有效方面发挥了重要作用。但由于中医理论的复杂性、中药化学成分的多样性、中药作用机制不完全明确、中药活性成分不清晰等多种原因,制定的中药标准很难全面反映中药的特点[1-2]。国家药监局发布的《中药标准管理专门规定》[3],提出构建符合中医药特点的中药标准体系,必将对中药创新传承发展起到积极的推动作用。笔者拟基于《中药标准管理专门规定》分析,进一步阐释符合中药特点标准体系的科学内涵,就建立符合中医药特点标准体系提出有关建议。
1953年,新中国颁布了第一部《中国药典》,《中国药典》1963年版首次将药典分设为一部和二部,一部收载中药材446种、中成药197种。此后,又根据我国药品监督管理工作需要和医药产业发展需求,依次颁布了《中国药典》1977年版和《中国药典》1985年版。1985年版《药品管理法》实施之后,原卫生部针对地方药品标准存在的药品通用名称不规范、疗效不确切、质量可控性差等诸多问题,组织开展了中成药品种整顿工作。在颁布《中国药典》1990年版、《中国药典》1995年版基础上,陆续制定了一系列部颁标准,主要包括《卫生部药品标准》中药成方制剂1~20册,《卫生部药品标准》藏药、蒙药、维药分册,《卫生部药品标准》中药材分册等。随着新药试行标准转正工作的开展,陆续颁布了《卫生部药品标准》新药转正标准1~15册。伴随着药品监督管理的机构调整和改革,国家药品监督管理部门陆续颁布《中国药典》2000年版、2005年版、2010年版、2015年版及2020年版。中药标准工作坚持科学、实用、规范的原则,标准水平不断提高,标准体系日益完善,逐步形成了涵盖中药材、中药饮片、中药提取物、中药配方颗粒、中成药、民族药等门类齐全的国家药品标准体系[4~7]
根据现行药品监管方面的法律法规,中药地方标准(又称省级中药标准)包括地区性民间习用药材标准、省级中药饮片炮制规范和省级中药配方颗粒标准,属于中药标准体系特有的组成部分。目前,我国大部分省级药品监督管理部门均制定了省级地区性民间习用药材标准。20世纪80年代,各省级药品监督管理部门还具有药品审批权限,所制定的省级中药材标准大多附在省级中成药标准中。2001年《药品管理法》颁布之后,各省陆续开展了省级中药材标准的整理工作。例如,辽宁省曾先后于1980年和1987年颁布《辽宁省药品标准》,其中含有22个中药材品种,通过对原收载于省级药品标准中的药材标准进行整理研究后,于2009制定了《辽宁省中药材标准》,收载了省内习用药材55个品种。省级药品监督管理部门制定的中药饮片炮制规范通常简称为省级炮制规范,主要收载地方临床习用饮片,作为中药饮片国家标准的补充,对满足不同地区中医临床用药需求、规范地方中药饮片生产、保障饮片安全有效具有非常重要的作用。20世纪50年代开始,各省级卫生行政部门陆续制定了一批省级中药炮制规范。到20世纪70年代,北京、天津、河北、河南、辽宁、山东等二十多个省级药品监督管理部门制定和发布了省级中药饮片炮制规范。目前,有30个省级行政区均制定了省级饮片炮制规范,是饮片标准体系的重要组成部分,为规范中药饮片生产发挥了重要作用[8~11]
按照现行药品注册有关法规要求,药品注册标准属于国家药监局核准的药品标准,针对特定申请人的特定申请而批准的药品质量标准,在符合《中国药典》凡例及通用技术要求的基础之上,体现了特定药品生产企业特定产品的个性化要求。按照新修订的《药品管理法》有关要求,“药品应当符合国家药品标准。经国务院药品监督管理部门核准的药品质量标准高于国家药品标准的,按照经核准的药品质量标准执行;没有国家药品标准的,应当符合经核准的药品质量标准”。从法律层面上厘清了中药国家标准和中药注册标准的定位和作用,后期通过不断完善中药注册标准和中药国家标准的转化机制,中药注册标准在满足企业个性化需求,推动提升中药标准整体水平提升方面,必将起到积极的作用[12]
近年来,随着中药化学成分研究的不断深入以及分析技术和现代仪器的不断发展,中药质量分析技术的先进性不断提升。中药的质量控制也从性状鉴别、理化鉴别、显微鉴别等传统质量评价模式,逐渐过渡为化学成分分析为主的质量评价模式[13]。《中国药典》2020年版中,中药材标准大多设定为名称、来源、性状、鉴别、检查、含量测定等项目,在鉴别、检查以及含量测定等质量控制项目中,多采用薄层色谱、高效液相色谱或色谱-质谱联用技术对指标性成分或活性成分进行控制。中成药标准除性状、鉴别、检查以及含量测定等常规质量控制项目之外,还要按照相应制剂通则要求,对产品的制剂学特性进行检查,此外标准中还包括制法、功能主治、用法用量、注意等中药特有的标准项目[14]。虽然中药标准质量控制模式和质量分析技术取得了长足的发展,但由于中药是在中医药理论指导下使用的药物,存在着成分复杂、活性成分不明晰、作用机制较为复杂的特点。目前的中药标准仍存在一些关键的问题需要不断探索,例如提高检测指标与药品质量的相关性,如何保证质量控制项目与临床使用安全有效的相关性。
中药产品的质量影响因素较多,中药材的质量受到产地、自然环境、生长年限、采收期等多种因素的影响,中药材的质量又直接影响着中药饮片和中成药的质量,中药饮片的炮制工艺和中成药的生产环节也是质量的重要影响因素。中药标准中质量指标的选择,应该通过定性鉴别或定量分析的方式,能够反映中药产品的质量属性。例如,通过薄层鉴别能够确认药材或饮片的真伪,或确证中成药生产过程中某个药味投料的真实准确。通过含量测定,能够反映出药材、饮片或中成药产品质量的优劣。但在中药标准研究制定过程中,尤其是中药材标准研究过程中,存在着不规范、不严谨之处,存在一定的主观性、随意性、片面性,导致选择的质量控制指标并不能真正体现产品质量。有些指标的选择,仅仅是因为该成分在药材中比较容易分离得到对照品,或者比较容易建立分析方法。有些指标的选择,缺乏专属性,比如在《中国药典》2020年版中,将绿原酸作为含量测定指标的药材就包括金银花、山银花、蓍草、杜仲叶、忍冬藤、菊花、大血藤、天山雪莲、苍耳子、茵陈、石韦等[14]。如果在质量标准研究过程中,未充分考察与评估该指标性成分含量与产品质量的相关性,则该含量测定指标并不能真正反映出药材产品的质量,看起来标准项目很齐备,有鉴别、检查、含量测定等项目,但无法实现保障药品质量的目的。而中药材作为中药饮片或中成药生产的起始原料,药材标准中质量控制指标的设定,通常对饮片标准或中成药标准中质量控制指标的选择起到重要作用。
中药质量标准规定的检测项目,其限度的高低大多取决于药品本身的质量属性,同时也受到生产环节规范性的影响。以中药材及中药饮片标准为例,如果在标准起草研究过程中,未能进行深入的市场调查,不掌握产品生产、贮藏以及流通环节存在的主要问题及风险隐患,仅仅以收集的市场流通样品为基准,设定质量标准检测项目的限度要求,则无法通过标准本身发挥提高产品质量、引导规范生产的作用。以五加皮中药材标准为例,在《中国药典》2020年版实施之后,五加皮浸出物与灰分不合格的情况相对较多,业界也曾质疑对限度制定过于严格。但有研究发现,五加皮的灰分不合格主要与采收加工过程中清洗不干净有关,浸出物不合格主要与生长年限不够有关。在标准制定过程中全面评估产品的质量影响因素,坚守产品质量限量要求,则标准会对规范生产起到积极的引导作用。反之,如果标准制定过程中,未能充分地评估,仅仅依据市售样品检测数据作为标准制定的依据,则会在一定程度上迁就和纵容不规范的生产方式,给药品质量与安全带来隐患[15-16]。中药饮片是直接供中医临床处方使用的药品,目前中药饮片的标准大部分基于中药材的标准制定,质量控制指标基本沿用药材的指标,制定的含量限度稍低于药材标准或与药材标准基本等同。仅酒女贞子、淡豆豉等少数品种在饮片标准中根据饮片炮制特点,制定了能够反映“生熟异治”等炮制特点,且能区别于生品的质量控制项目[17]。除此之外,大部分中药饮片品种的标准尚不能体现中药饮片特点,无法以饮片标准为指导,从而达到规范炮制过程的目的。
传统经验鉴别方法是在中医药实践中对中药真伪优劣鉴别经验的总结,由于生物物种遗传方面的原因,任何植物来源或动物来源的药材,都有特定的外观性状,其外观性状与内在品质存在一定的关联性。所以,古代医家大都根据中药的外观、形状、大小、颜色、质地、气味等特征,判断其真伪优劣。著名生药学家谢宗万研究员将中药品种的传统鉴别经验的精髓概括为“辨状论质”,并提出“辨状论质”的传统鉴别经验应与现代科技鉴别方法相辅相成,经验鉴别方法经过多年实际应用,在评价药材真伪优劣方面已经得到科学证实,“辨状论质”属于中药材经验鉴别的精髓,应该予以继承和发扬[18]。有研究人员通过现代分析技术,对三七、等中药材“辨状论质”经验与药材品质的相关性进行研究,进一步验证了“辨状论质”经验的可靠性[19-21]
目前的中药标准中,仅在性状项对药材或饮片的形状、颜色、表面特征、质地、断面特征、气味等进行描述,“辨状论质”质量鉴别经验相关内容较少,相关本草典籍中记载并经过多年实践经验证实的传统鉴别经验,在标准中体现不足。
国家对中医药工作高度重视,强调要遵循中医药发展规律,传承精华,守正创新,推动中医药事业和产业高质量发展。2019年,中共中央、国务院发布了《关于促进中医药传承创新发展的意见》,就加强中药材质量控制以及促进中药饮片和中成药质量提升方面提出了具体的要求。国家药监局于2020年12月25日发布了《关于促进中药传承创新发展的实施意见》,在完善中药法规标准体系方面提出了具体的举措,要求建立和完善以临床为导向、符合中医药特点的中药质量标准、技术规范和评价体系[22-23]。笔者认为,构建符合中医药特点的中药标准体系,从根本上讲就是要实现尊重中医药传统、遵循中医药理论以及尊重中医药规律。
中药具有悠久的历史,种类丰富,分布广泛。我国中药材资源丰富,不同地区气候、光照、土壤等自然条件有很大差异,许多中药材在产地、生长年限、采收季节、采收加工等方面都有严格的要求。李时珍云:“一物有谬,便生命及之”。多年来,历代医家在中药质量评价方面积累了非常宝贵的经验。比如地黄,《本草从新》认为:“地黄以怀庆肥大而短,糯体细皮、菊花心者良”;又如甘草,《本草图经》认为:“今甘草有数种,以坚实断理者为佳,其轻虚纵理及细韧者不堪”[24]。这些都是古代中医药学家在长期临床实践的基础上,在中药质量评价方面的经验总结。比如黄芩,传统经验认为“色黄者为佳”“以粗长、质坚实、色黄、除尽外皮者为佳”[25],现代研究表明,黄芩色黄者,其黄酮苷类成分含量较高,根长粗壮者,黄酮苷元类成分含量相对较高,其外观性状与内在质量具有一定的相关性[26]。也有研究人员提出,应该基于“辨状论质”理论,对中药的“形、色、味、成分”进行综合评估,与中药炮制过程火候的调控相联系,为制定规范的中药炮制工艺标准提供理论基础和数据支持[27]。中药标准体系的完善和发展,应该对中医药传统理论中的精华进行挖掘和传承,采用现代科学技术,对传统“辨状论质”质量评价经验进行表征,对现阶段仍然适用的传统鉴别经验,逐步纳入中药标准中,以加强对中药产品质量的评价和控制。
中医药理论有着数千年悠久历史,是中华民族在长期生产、生活和医疗实践中,认识生命、维护健康、防治疾病宝贵经验的积累和总结,是经过历代传承并不断发展创新的原创性医学理论体系。中医药理论体系强调整体观念,以辨证论治为主要特点,形成了包括理、法、方、药在内的理论体系。而中药作为在中医药理论指导下认识和使用的药物,具有独特的理论体系、表达方式和运用形式。中药赋有四气、五味、归经、升降浮沉、功效等中医药理论体系下的独特内涵,这也是中药区别于天然药物的显著特点[28]。“饮片入药”是中医临床用药的重要特色,中药炮制技术是指在中医药理论指导下,根据临床需求,将药材加工成饮片的传统加工技艺。中药炮制行业自古遵循着“修合无人见,存心有天知”以及“炮制虽繁必不敢省人工,品味虽贵必不敢减物力”的基本准则[29]。中成药则是在中医传统临床方剂的基础上,在辨证审因、明确治法之后,选择适宜的药物,按照中医药组方原则,经过酌定用法用量和药物配伍,按照固定生产工艺批量化生产的药物。从中药监督管理的角度来说,要将遵循中医药理论作为重要的考量。在中药标准的研究和制定过程中,离不开中医药理论的指导,尤其是中医药理论中“方”和“药”的相关内容。这样才能确保中药标准更能符合中药临床使用的实际情况,满足中药质量控制和监督管理工作的实际需要。
中药标准的研究和制定,要考虑到中药的特殊性,尊重中医药客观规律。中药产品的质量控制最终是为药品的临床使用服务的,因此在中药标准工作中尤其要坚持临床导向原则,建立与中药临床使用过程中安全性和有效性相关联的质量控制项目,这样才能使中药质量控制项目的设置有的放矢,更具有针对性。中药成分复杂,很难通过单一的某一个成分或某几个成分全面评价其质量,所以在中药标准中,要注重对中药质量进行整体评价,以实现中药质量稳定可控[30]
中药标准对确保中药产品质量、保障公众健康具有重要的作用。构建符合中医药特点的中药标准体系,符合中药“传承精华、守正创新”的要求,对引导整个中药行业健康发展、高质量发展以及可持续发展具有重要的作用。国家药监局发布《中药标准管理专门规定》,也是将构建符合中医药特点的标准体系作为根本任务,结合该中药标准管理方面的规范性文件,笔者认为,建立符合中医药特点的标准体系,应以下几个方面积极探索。
自1953年第一版《中国药典》到目前已经颁布的《中国药典》2020年版,随着现代分析技术的进步和检测仪器的发展,每一版药典在检测技术和分析方法方面都有明显的进步。色谱或光谱分析技术和现代检测方法广泛应用于中药标准中,分析方法的灵敏度、准确性以及专属性不断提高。但中药是多成分的复杂体系,对某一个检测指标进行分析,并不能完全表征中药产品的质量。目前,中药标准中广泛使用特征图谱或指纹图谱,对中药品种中具有特征性的一类或几类成分通过定性或半定量分析,以获得相对更丰富的质量信息。在《中国药典》2020年版中,仅植物油脂和提取物部分就在人参茎叶总皂苷、山楂叶提取物、连翘提取物、刺五加浸膏、茵陈提取物等18个品种的标准中设置了特征图谱或指纹图谱项,实现对质量的整体评价。考虑到中药作用机制的复杂性以及活性成分的多样性,越来越多的品种采取多指标成分分析的方法控制产品质量,例如积雪草测定积雪草苷和羟基积雪草苷的总量,秦皮测定秦皮甲素和秦皮乙素的总量,山茱萸测定莫诺苷和马钱苷的总量。同时,在中药标准的研究制定过程中,也要注重研究总多糖、总黄酮、总生物碱等大类成分的总量控制在中药标准中的应用,虽然此类含量测定方法准确度较低,但仍然不失为一种对中药质量进行整体评估的方法[31]
在整体质量评价的基础之上,中药标准研究制定过程中还应该注重对关键质量影响因素的考察,只有在标准建立过程中实现对关键质量影响因素的把控,才能够保证中药产品的质量。例如,中药材的质量受到生长环境、生长年限、采收期、药用部位特点、产地加工方式、贮藏条件、流通环节等多种因素的影响,在标准研究过程中,应通过广泛的市场调研,了解该品种存在的可能影响产品质量的主要风险隐患,有针对性地设置质量控制项目。例如酸枣仁,野生酸枣仁分布于华北各地,药典中对采收期的描述为“秋末冬初采收成熟果实,除去果肉和核壳”,但产地的老百姓大多在8月中旬酸枣尚未成熟时就开始“抢青”,等到9月中旬采收基本已经结束,远未到达药典规定的秋末冬初的采收期。有研究对8月中旬至11月上旬采收的酸枣仁样品进行分析发现,随着酸枣果实成熟,黄酮类成分或皂苷类成分含量逐渐升高,9月下旬斯皮诺素含量达到最高点,9月中旬酸枣仁皂苷A和酸枣仁皂苷B含量达到最高点,其后基本保持稳定。随着果实成熟变化幅度最大的是斯皮诺素,符合药典规定采收期样品的斯皮诺素含量约为8月中旬采收样品的4倍[32]。而抢青采收的酸枣仁果实,其果肉含水量大,黏性较高,大多通过堆沤的方式让果肉腐烂,清洗除去果肉,也增加了引入黄曲霉毒素的风险。《中国药典》2020年版通过对斯皮诺素指标成分进行控制,即可实现对“抢青”这一影响酸枣仁药材质量的关键质量影响因素进行把控。对于中药饮片来说,药材原料质量、炮制工艺、炮制火力、炮制设备、炮制终点的判定,均是影响饮片质量的关键影响因素,在饮片标准研究制定过程中,应对关键质量影响因素进行考察和评估,在饮片标准制定针对性质量控制项目,如通过特定指标性成分实现对炮制工艺的控制,通过饮片产品性状变化实现炮制终点判定的准确性等。对于中成药来说,原料的质量、生产工艺及关键工艺参数、制剂产品特性、贮藏条件等均为影响中成药质量的重要影响因素。要对影响最终制剂产品质量的关键质量属性进行全面分析,基于对药用物质本身特性及生产工艺情况进行分析,结合中成药临床使用安全性及有效性方面的考量,确定关键质量属性,并制定相应的质量控制项目。坚持过程控制理念,加强对生产工艺过程控制,选择对关键生产工艺步骤具有标识意义的指标成分进行控制[33]。在此基础上也要对关键的质量影响因素进行评估,质量标准中加强对处方中毒性药味、君药臣药或用量较大的药味、贵细药味、市场上掺伪或质量风险较高的药味的质量控制研究,视情况制定适宜的鉴别或含量测定项目。如果仅仅选择含量较高、分析方法容易建立的指标成分,看起来标准似乎很完备,具有多个鉴别及含量测定项目,但实际上并不能把控住产品的关键质量影响因素。
中医药具有几千年的发展历史,是我国劳动人民在长期生活实践中与疾病斗争的经验总结和智慧结晶,是中国古代科学的瑰宝,为中华民族繁衍生息作出了巨大贡献。2019年,中共中央、国务院发布的《关于促进中医药传承创新发展的意见》中,认为当前存在遵循中医药规律的治理体系亟待健全,中医药传承不足,创新不够,要求促进中医药传承与开放创新发展[22]。在近年的中药监管实践中,越来越注重中医药传统因素的考量,比如在中药新药注册方面,针对经典名方类中药上市制定了特定的技术要求;不断完善中医药理论、人用经验和临床试验相结合的中药注册审评证据体系;不断优化基于古代经典名方、名老中医方以及医疗机构制剂等具有人用经验的中药新药审评技术要求。
在中药标准管理方面,笔者认为也应该更多地注重对中医药传统因素的考量,加强中药传统鉴别和质量评价经验的挖掘和传承,将现阶段仍然适用的中药传统鉴别和质量评价方法体现在中药标准中。例如,南柴胡,传统鉴别经验认为“色红、根粗、根长、气味浓厚者为优”,有研究对该“辨状论质”传统经验与南柴胡内在品质关联性进行研究发现,南柴胡中挥发油含量和柴胡皂苷含量与表面色度值、根长度值以及根直径存在显著相关性[34]。对于此类经过现代研究证实,仍然适用的传统质量评价经验,可考虑通过现代分析技术予以表征,或在标准中直接体现,加强中药产品的质量控制。
除传承精华之外,中药标准工作还应该积极创新。纵观《中国药典》的发展史,也是中药分析技术的发展史,由性状、显微鉴别逐渐发展到薄层色谱、高效液相色谱、紫外分光光度法等成熟色谱或光谱技术的广泛应用,到色谱-质谱联用技术的应用,再到聚合酶链式反应法、DNA测序技术的应用,新的检测技术不断应用于中药产品的质量控制。中药质量控制的理念也不断发展,从简单的性状鉴别和理化鉴别,发展到薄层色谱鉴别,再到特征图谱或指纹图谱的广泛应用;从单一成分含量测定到多成分总量控制;在安全性控制理念方面也从最初的重金属及有害元素,逐渐增加了农药残留、二氧化硫残留、真菌毒素及内源性毒性成分的控制,中药质量控制理念也在中药监管实践中不断发展和完善。目前,在人工智能、大数据、数字技术蓬勃发展的大背景下,越来越多的研究人员着力研究新技术在中药质量控制中的应用[35~38],中药标准工作无论在分析技术还是在质量控制理念方面,均应对新方法、新技术持开放态度,不断丰富中药质量控制的技术体系。
中药是在中医理论指导下使用的药物,与天然药物有着本质的区别,国家在中药的监督管理工作基于中医药的特点,制定了不同于天然药物的技术要求和管理政策。在中药标准工作中,也要体现基于中医药理论的传统思维。
一是在中药材的标准研究过程中,要注重“道地药材”品质评价。中药材的生长和分布离不开一定的自然环境,不同地域的自然环境决定了中药材品质的差异性。《本草经集注》提出“诸药所生,皆有境界”。《新修本草》认为“离其本土,则质同而效异”。《本草蒙筌》指出“地产南北相殊,药力大小悬隔”。“道地药材”一般是指具有特定种质、特定产区、特定生产技术和加工方法的传统中药材,具有地方特色、质地优良、疗效突出的特性。例如,甘肃的当归、宁夏的枸杞、青海的大黄、内蒙古的黄芪、河南的地黄、云南的三七、四川的黄连、浙江的贝母、广东的陈皮,自古以来均被称为道地药材。中药科研人员也围绕着道地药材开展了的大量的研究,不断深入挖掘和整理道地药材形成原因,系统总结道地药材的质量规律,并逐步研究建立道地药材品质评价的技术体系。使用DNA分子遗传标记技术、中药化学指纹图谱技术、组织形态三维定量分析、生物效价测定等多种检测技术和评价方法对道地药材的质量进行检测和评估[39-40]。加强对“道地药材”品质特征的评价,可将其作为中药材质量控制的“标杆”,通过现代分析技术和相应的技术指标,对其品质特征进行量化,体现在中药材标准中,有利于推动中药材标准水平不断提高和完善。并可以以“道地药材”品质为基准,作为人工种植养殖中药材的品质标的,逐步规范中药材的人工种植养殖,提高人工种植养殖中药材的质量保障水平。
二是中药饮片要建立体现中药炮制特色的质量标准。中药炮制过程通常又分为净制、切制和炮制,饮片产品也相应地分为生饮片和熟饮片。饮片炮制之后,其外观性状会发生明显的变化,其内在化学成分也会产生一定变化,进而导致其药性和功能产明显的转变。《审视瑶函》中有云:“药之生熟,补泻在焉。剂之补泻, 利害存焉。盖生者性悍而味重,其攻也急,其性也刚,主乎泻。熟者性淳而味轻,其攻也缓,其性也柔,主乎补”[41]。但目前中药饮片质量控制过程中,大多沿袭中药材的质量控制指标,未能充分反映出中药饮片炮制前后质量的内在差异和变化情况,未能充分体现饮片生熟异治的特点。因此,在中药饮片标准研究制定过程中,应结合中药炮制机制研究成果,关注“饮片入药,生熟异治”这一中医临床用药重要特征,制定体现中药炮制特点的饮片标准。例如,在标准中明确炮制过程关键参数、炮制火力、炮制终点判定等炮制工艺,加强中药饮片质量的过程控制;在标准中明确炮制后饮片的性状特征,从外观性状的维度保障饮片炮制程度符合要求;另外,对于具有“减毒增效”和“生熟异治”特点的饮片,建议制定不同于药材的质量控制指标,使该质量控制指标能够体现炮制过程“减毒”“增效”“改变药性”的作用,这样才能使饮片标准真正能够反映出炮制前后饮片与药材之间的差异,体现炮制特色。
《中药标准管理专门规定》是继《中药注册管理专门规定》之后又一部基于中药特殊性制定的规范性文件,主要目标就是通过构建符合中药特点的标准体系,促进中药传承创新和高质量发展。构建符合中药特点的标准体系,从根本上讲就是要遵循中医药理论、尊重中医药传统、符合中医药规律。中药标准研究和制定,要充分考虑到中药的特殊性,积极践行中药整体质量观,同时要注重把控中药关键质量影响因素。中药标准工作中,要深入挖掘和传承传统的质量评价经验,通过现代分析技术予以表征,加强中药产品质量的控制。中药标准工作要注重体现中医药传统思维,对具有明显中医药特色的“辨状论质”“道地药材”“生熟异治”,要做好传承工作,制定具有鲜明中医药特点的中药标准。随着现代技术的不断发展,随着中药传承创新工作的不断推进,相信中药标准工作能够更好地落实“最严谨标准”要求,在保障中药产品质量、引导中药行业规范生产、推动产业技术进步方面发挥越来越大的作用。
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2025年第60卷第2期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.004
  • 接收时间:2024-07-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-08
  • 出版时间:2025-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-19
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    1 国家药典委员会, 北京 100061
    2 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100076
    3 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    4 国家药品监督管理局, 北京 100037
    5 药品监管科学全国重点实验室, 北京 100061

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*马双成,男,博士,研究员,博士生导师 研究方向:中药质量控制、中药标准和中药安全性评价研究 Tel:(010)67079501;
赵军宁,男,研究员 研究方向:中药监管科学
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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