Article(id=1193877801464983677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)02-0166-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.02.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692201600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762572249045, onlineDateStr=2025-11-08, pubDate=1737475200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762572249045, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762572249045, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762572249045, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193877800143777917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='109', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762572248731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762584852274, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193930663289123482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193877800143777917, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=166, endPage=171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193877801691476095, articleId=1193877801464983677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Comparative Study on the Determination Method of Entrapment Efficiency of Alprostadil Injection, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for determining the entrapment efficiency of alprostadil injection, compare the differences between ultrafiltration centrifugation and microcolumn centrifugation methods for determining the entrapment efficiency of alprostadil injection, and select the optimal method. METHODS High pressure homogenization method was used to prepare alprostadil injection. Ultrafiltration membrane with different molecular weights were used to establish the ultrafiltration centrifugation method by selecting the centrifugation speed and time. The micro column was prepared with Sephadex G-50, and the encapsulated and free drugs were separated by centrifugal elution. The separation effect was evaluated by establishing the elution curve of soybean oil and free alprostadil. At the same time, the difference between different elution solvents was investigated, the optimal elution solvent was screened, and the microcolumn centrifugation method was established. The drug content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and post column derivatization device, and the entrapment efficiency was calculated. RESULTS The entrapment efficiency of three batches of alprostadil injection measured by ultrafiltration centrifugation method ranged from 98.6% to 99.5%, while the entrapment efficiency measured by microcolumn centrifugation method ranged from 89.5% to 91.3%. CONCLUSION The results of the ultrafiltration centrifugation method for determining the entrapment efficiency are too high and not suitable for the determination of the entrapment efficiency of this product. The microcolumn centrifugation method using glycerol aqueous solution as the eluting solvent is suitable for the determination of the entrapment efficiency of this product.

, correspAuthors=Longshan ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yulong DUAN, Longshan ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193877897703289203, articleId=1193877801464983677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=前列地尔注射液包封率测定方法的比较研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立前列地尔注射液包封率测定方法,比较超滤离心法和微柱离心法测定前列地尔注射液包封率的差异,筛选最优方法。方法 高压均质法制备前列地尔注射液,采用不同截留相对分子质量的超滤管,通过筛选离心转速和时间,建立超滤离心法;以葡聚糖凝胶SephadexG-50制备微柱,采用离心洗脱方式分离包封和游离药物。通过建立大豆油和游离前列地尔的洗脱曲线,考察分离效果,同时考察不同洗脱溶剂之间的差异,筛选最优洗脱溶剂,建立微柱离心法,采用高效液相色谱法及柱后衍生装置测定药物含量,计算包封率。结果 超滤离心法测得三批前列地尔注射液的包封率在98.6%~99.5%,微柱离心法测得包封率在89.5%~91.3%。结论 超滤离心法包封率测定结果偏高,不适用于本品包封率的测定;采用甘油水溶液作为洗脱溶剂的微柱离心法,适用于本品包封率的测定。

, correspAuthors=赵龙山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵龙山,男,教授,博士研究生导师 研究方向:纳米材料、仿制药一致性评价、中药药效物质基础与作用机制的研究工作 Tel:(024)43520571
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段玉龙,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:药品质量控制及药物分析

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Determination of encapsulation efficiency of water-soluble drug liposomes by microcolumn centrifugation combined with changes in cholesterol concentration[J]. J Shenyang Pharm Univ(沈阳药科大学学报), 2014, 31(11): 851-855., articleTitle=Determination of encapsulation efficiency of water-soluble drug liposomes by microcolumn centrifugation combined with changes in cholesterol concentration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193928863286784133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193877801464983677, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=32, issue=7, pageStart=70, pageEnd=73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=ZHANG H F, LU Y, journalName=China Oil(中国油脂), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG H F, LU Y. Study on the Detection Method of Lecithin in Soybean Phospholipids[J]. 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articleId=1193877801464983677, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Elution curve of soybean oil, figureFileSmall=WBY+lZ2oPp+4TmzRLD/FQA==, figureFileBig=eDS5mG03EudSxj4R9IgSqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193928862032687218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193877801464983677, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大豆油的洗脱曲线, figureFileSmall=WBY+lZ2oPp+4TmzRLD/FQA==, figureFileBig=eDS5mG03EudSxj4R9IgSqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193928862083018867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193877801464983677, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Measurement results of entrapment efficiency of different eluting solvents

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Elution solvent Entrapment efficiency/%
Water 83.2
22.1 mg·mL-1 Glycerin aqueous solution 90.6
5% Glucose 84.3
0.9% NaCl solution 70.1
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不同洗脱溶剂对包封率测定结果的影响

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Elution solvent Entrapment efficiency/%
Water 83.2
22.1 mg·mL-1 Glycerin aqueous solution 90.6
5% Glucose 84.3
0.9% NaCl solution 70.1
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Determination results of spiked recovery rate by micro column centrifugation method. n=9

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Number m(Added)/μg m(Measured)/μg Recovery/%
1 2.039 2.014 98.80
2 2.039 1.976 96.93
3 2.039 2.016 98.90
4 2.265 2.213 97.70
5 2.265 2.303 101.68
6 2.265 2.234 98.63
7 2.492 2.432 97.61
8 2.492 2.405 96.53
9 2.492 2.458 98.66
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微柱离心法加标回收率测定结果。n=9

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number m(Added)/μg m(Measured)/μg Recovery/%
1 2.039 2.014 98.80
2 2.039 1.976 96.93
3 2.039 2.016 98.90
4 2.265 2.213 97.70
5 2.265 2.303 101.68
6 2.265 2.234 98.63
7 2.492 2.432 97.61
8 2.492 2.405 96.53
9 2.492 2.458 98.66
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Results of entrapment efficiency of alprostadil injection. n=2

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Method Batch
No.
Entrapment
efficiency/%
Ultrafiltration centrifugation method 22120161 99.1
22120361 99.5
22120561 98.6
Microcolumn centrifugation method 22120161 90.6
22120361 91.3
22120561 89.5
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前列地尔注射液包封率测定结果。n=2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Method Batch
No.
Entrapment
efficiency/%
Ultrafiltration centrifugation method 22120161 99.1
22120361 99.5
22120561 98.6
Microcolumn centrifugation method 22120161 90.6
22120361 91.3
22120561 89.5
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前列地尔注射液包封率测定方法的比较研究
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段玉龙 1, 2, 3, 4 , 赵龙山 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(2): 166-171
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(2): 166-171
前列地尔注射液包封率测定方法的比较研究
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段玉龙1, 2, 3, 4, 赵龙山1, *
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳药科大学 药学院, 沈阳 110016
  • 2 石家庄四药集团药物研究院, 石家庄 050000
  • 3 化学药品无菌制剂产业技术研究院, 石家庄 050000
  • 4 河北省大容量注射剂工程技术研究中心, 石家庄 050000
  • 段玉龙,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:药品质量控制及药物分析

通讯作者:

*赵龙山,男,教授,博士研究生导师 研究方向:纳米材料、仿制药一致性评价、中药药效物质基础与作用机制的研究工作 Tel:(024)43520571
Comparative Study on the Determination Method of Entrapment Efficiency of Alprostadil Injection
Yulong DUAN1, 2, 3, 4, Longshan ZHAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2 Shijiazhuang Si yao Group Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
  • 3 Chemical Sterile Preparation Industry Technology Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
  • 4 Hebei Province High Capacity Injection Engineering Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.008
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目的 建立前列地尔注射液包封率测定方法,比较超滤离心法和微柱离心法测定前列地尔注射液包封率的差异,筛选最优方法。方法 高压均质法制备前列地尔注射液,采用不同截留相对分子质量的超滤管,通过筛选离心转速和时间,建立超滤离心法;以葡聚糖凝胶SephadexG-50制备微柱,采用离心洗脱方式分离包封和游离药物。通过建立大豆油和游离前列地尔的洗脱曲线,考察分离效果,同时考察不同洗脱溶剂之间的差异,筛选最优洗脱溶剂,建立微柱离心法,采用高效液相色谱法及柱后衍生装置测定药物含量,计算包封率。结果 超滤离心法测得三批前列地尔注射液的包封率在98.6%~99.5%,微柱离心法测得包封率在89.5%~91.3%。结论 超滤离心法包封率测定结果偏高,不适用于本品包封率的测定;采用甘油水溶液作为洗脱溶剂的微柱离心法,适用于本品包封率的测定。

前列地尔注射液  /  包封率  /  超滤离心法  /  微柱离心法

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for determining the entrapment efficiency of alprostadil injection, compare the differences between ultrafiltration centrifugation and microcolumn centrifugation methods for determining the entrapment efficiency of alprostadil injection, and select the optimal method. METHODS High pressure homogenization method was used to prepare alprostadil injection. Ultrafiltration membrane with different molecular weights were used to establish the ultrafiltration centrifugation method by selecting the centrifugation speed and time. The micro column was prepared with Sephadex G-50, and the encapsulated and free drugs were separated by centrifugal elution. The separation effect was evaluated by establishing the elution curve of soybean oil and free alprostadil. At the same time, the difference between different elution solvents was investigated, the optimal elution solvent was screened, and the microcolumn centrifugation method was established. The drug content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and post column derivatization device, and the entrapment efficiency was calculated. RESULTS The entrapment efficiency of three batches of alprostadil injection measured by ultrafiltration centrifugation method ranged from 98.6% to 99.5%, while the entrapment efficiency measured by microcolumn centrifugation method ranged from 89.5% to 91.3%. CONCLUSION The results of the ultrafiltration centrifugation method for determining the entrapment efficiency are too high and not suitable for the determination of the entrapment efficiency of this product. The microcolumn centrifugation method using glycerol aqueous solution as the eluting solvent is suitable for the determination of the entrapment efficiency of this product.

alprostadil injection  /  entrapment efficiency  /  ultrafiltration centrifugation method  /  microcolumn centrifugation method
段玉龙, 赵龙山. 前列地尔注射液包封率测定方法的比较研究. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (2) : 166 -171 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.008
Yulong DUAN, Longshan ZHAO. Comparative Study on the Determination Method of Entrapment Efficiency of Alprostadil Injection[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (2) : 166 -171 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.008
前列地尔是一种公认的内源性生理活性物质,前列地尔注射液是由日本大正制药株式会社开发的脂肪乳制剂,临床上用于改善慢性动脉闭塞症引起的四肢溃疡及静息疼痛;改善进行性全身性硬化症,系统性红斑狼疮,糖尿病引起的皮肤溃疡;改善振动病外周血运障碍引起的自觉症状,以及外周循环神经运动功能障碍的恢复[1]
前列地尔注射液属于载药脂肪乳(亚微乳),也属于脂微球,脂微球是一种以水包油型(O/W)乳剂为载体的一类微粒分散体系,在血液与组织中的分布与脂质体类似,具有不易失活和易于分布在血管受损部位的靶向作用特点,是一种新型的靶向药物制剂。脂微球稳定性较脂质体差,临床上曾一度出现由于不合理的给药方法,造成脂微球破乳,不仅失去靶向性难以发挥治疗作用,反而因为前列地尔的释放而刺激血管,导致注射臂静脉穿刺血管出现条索状红线、产生刺痛、颜面部潮红等不良反应。脂微球稳定性问题是其生产制备、贮藏过程中的最大障碍,也是导致其上市品种很少的主要原因。虽然已上市脂微球产品中暂未将包封率收入质量标准,但包封的药物与游离药物存在不同的体内外特征,因此包封率是评价脂肪乳处方、工艺和质量的重要指标,也是其能否发挥高效、低毒等递送特性的关键[2],开发与建立包封率测定方法,对制备安全、有效和质量可控的产品有着重要意义。常用的包封率测定方法有透析与反透析法[3]、葡聚糖凝胶柱法[4]及超速离心法[5]等。
前列地尔注射液规格为1 mL:5 μg和2 mL:10 μg 2种,前列地尔紫外为末端吸收,常温条件下稳定性差。因此透析与反透析法和葡聚糖凝胶柱法这2种需要大量介质和洗脱溶剂的方法不适用本品包封率的测定。较强的离心力会导致脂肪乳破乳,包封率测定结果会比真实值偏低,因此超速离心法也不适用于本品包封率的测定。微柱离心法结合了葡聚糖凝胶柱法和离心法的双重优势,可实现制剂中包封药物和游离药物的快速分离[6]。文献[7]报道采用超滤离心法测定前列地尔注射液的包封率。作者建立了微柱离心法及超滤离心法测定前列地尔注射液的包封率,2种方法测定结果差异较大,最终选择微柱离心法测定前列地尔注射液的包封率。
LC-20A型高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津公司);柱后衍生装置(美国Waters公司);TGL-20000-CR型离心机(上海安亭科学仪器厂);6100蒸发光散射检测器(美国奥泰公司);100000,30000,10000超滤管(美国Merck公司);葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-50(美国GE公司);前列地尔对照品(中国食品药品检定研究院批号:140659-201805 含量:99.0%);大豆油(浙江田雨山药用油有限公司);油酸(南京威尔药业集团股份有限公司);氢氧化钠(湖南尔康制药股份有限公司);蛋黄卵磷脂(丘比株式会社精细化工总部五霞工厂);甘油(湖南尔康制药股份有限公司);空白乳(自制,批号:22112601),前列地尔注射液(自制,批号:22120161,22120361,22120561),色谱纯甲醇、乙腈;水为超纯水;其余均为分析纯。
取适量的注射用水,预热至65~75 ℃,加入甘油22.1 g、氢氧化钠3.6 mg,搅拌使溶解,作为水相。取大豆油100 g加热至65~75 ℃,加入蛋黄卵磷脂18 g、油酸2.4 g搅拌使溶解,然后加入前列地尔5 mg搅拌溶解,作为油相。高速搅拌混合约3~5 min,制得初乳,剩余水相定容至1 000 mL。将初乳经高压均质机进行均质,70 000 kPa均质3次,制得精乳,充氮灌装、熔封,将样品置于高压灭菌锅内灭菌[8]。空白乳同法制得。
色谱柱:Waters XBridge C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);以0.0 067 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH为6.3)(取磷酸二氢钾9.07 g,加水使溶解,制成1 000 mL,另取无水磷酸氢二钠9.46 g,加水使溶解,制成1 000 mL,将后者加到前者中,直至pH为6.3,取此液100 mL加水至1 000 mL,摇匀,即得)-乙腈(75∶25)为流动相;流速1 mL·min-1;柱温40 ℃;波长278 nm;柱后反应液为1 mol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液,柱后反应管为聚四氟乙烯管(0.5 mm×10 m),柱温60 ℃,进样体积50 μL。
精密量取空白乳和前列地尔注射液各0.5 mL,分别置5 mL棕色量瓶,用无水乙醇稀释至刻度,摇匀。配制0.50 μg·mL-1的前列地尔对照品溶液,分别进样分析,结果见图1。由图1可知,药物峰形良好,辅料对药物测定无干扰,结果表明,本方法测定前列地尔的含量专属性良好。
配制质量浓度为0.01、0.10、0.25、0.40、0.50、0.75、1.00 μg·mL-1对照品溶液。分别进样分析,记录峰面积。以峰面积(A)对质量浓度(ρ)进行线性回归得线性方程为A=42 370ρ+142,相关系数r=1.0 000。表明前列地尔在0.01~1.00 μg·mL-1内与峰面积呈良好线性关系。
精密量取“2.2.3”项下0.01 μg·mL-1的对照品溶液,逐级定量稀释,进样检测,以信噪比(S/N)约为10的浓度为定量限浓度,平行稀释6份。定量限为0.0 049 μg·mL-1,6份定量限溶液的RSD为2.4%(n=6)。
取“2.2.3”项下质量浓度为0.50 μg·mL-1的溶液,连续进样6次,峰面积的RSD为0.55%,表明方法仪器精密度良好。
精密量取前列地尔注射液0.5 mL,置5 mL棕色量瓶,用无水乙醇稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为供试品溶液,平行配制6份。同时配制0.50 μg·mL-1的前列地尔对照品溶液,分别进样分析。6份供试品溶液前列地尔的平均含量为:101.4%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为0.94%(n=6)。表明方法重复性良好。
于不同时间,采用不同仪器,由第二人平行制备6份供试品溶液,实验过程同“2.2.5”,测定前列地尔的含量。不同人员12份供试品溶液前列地尔的平均含量为:100.7%,RSD为1.4%(n=12)。表明方法中间精密度良好。
取空白乳0.5 mL,置5 mL棕色量瓶中,再分别加入低(2 μg·mL-1)、中(2.5 μg·mL-1)、高(3 μg·mL-1)3个质量浓度的前列地尔溶液1.0 mL各3份,用无水乙醇稀释至刻度,摇匀,分别作为相当于供试品溶液浓度80%、100%、120%的加标回收率溶液。9份样品的平均回收率为100.9%,RSD为1.3%(n=9)。表明方法准确度良好。
取“2.2.6”项下质量浓度为0.50 μg·mL-1的前列地尔对照品溶液及供试品溶液,室温放置分别于0、2、4、6、8、12 h进样。前列地尔对照品溶液及供试品溶液室温放置4 h,不同时间进样峰面积的RSD分别为0.59%、0.94%,前列地尔对照品溶液室温放置8 h,供试品溶液室温放置6 h,不同时间进样峰面积的RSD分别为1.8%、1.7%。随着放置时间增长,前列地尔对照品溶液及供试品溶液中前列地尔的峰面积均有下降趋势,说明前列地尔稳定性较差,建议配制后4 h内进样。
2 mL去离子水在10 000超滤管中3 000~8 000 r·min-1离心10~30 min,仅有0.2~1.0 mL去离子水被离心至超滤管外管中。在截留相对分子质量为30 000 的超滤管中8 000 r·min-1离心20、30 min后,去离子水可100%完全离心到续滤液中。在截留相对分子质量为100 000的超滤管中3 500 r·min-1离心30 min,去离子水可100%完全离心到超滤管外管中。然而对于供试品溶液,经30 000超滤管,8 000 r·min-1离心45 min,仅有1.0 mL水相被离心至超滤管外管中,离心后供试品流动相性良好;采用100 000超滤管,7 500 r·min-1离心30 min,续滤液中可见180 nm的粒子,而5 000 r·min-1离心45 min,续滤液中无纳米粒子,离心后的供试品溶液几乎无流动相性。该结果说明100 000超滤管,于5 000 r·min-1离心45 min,是分离游离前列地尔和包封前列地尔的最佳条件。
精密量取前列地尔注射液2 mL,置20 mL棕色量瓶,用无水乙醇稀释至刻度,摇匀,在“2.2.1”项色谱条件下,测定本品的总含量为C[10];精密量取前列地尔注射液2 mL,置100 000超滤管中,于5 000 r·min-1,2~8 ℃离心45 min,取超滤管外滤液作为游离前列地尔,按“2.2.1”项色谱条件下,测定本品中游离前列地尔的含量为C1,按公式1计算包封率。
包封率(%)=(C-C1)/C×100%
分别配制含前列地尔0.25、0.50、1.00 μg·mL-1的溶液,相当于包封率为95%,90%,80%的游离前列地尔浓度,每个质量浓度制备3份,分别取2.0 mL溶液置于100 000超滤管中,于5 000 r·min-1,2~8 ℃下离心45 min,计算回收率,不同质量浓度游离前列地尔回收率在11.2%~20.7%,将离心后的超滤膜用无水乙醇超声提取,提取液中可以检测到较高浓度的前列地尔,说明超滤膜对低浓度前列地尔有较强吸附。
采用《中国药典》2020年版脂肪乳注射液(C14~24)[11]标准中大豆油含量测定方法,色谱条件:用硅胶为填充剂(Alltima Silica 4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm或效能相当的色谱柱),以正己烷-异丙醇-冰醋酸(98.9∶1∶0.1)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温30 ℃,检测器为蒸发光散射检测器(雾化气流速为2.5 L·min-1,漂移管温度为65 ℃);进样体积20 μL。
将用水充分溶胀的Sephadex G-50,填充至5 mL注射器内,以2 000 r·min-1离心2 min,使凝胶柱脱水,使形成填充高度约为4 mL的微柱待用。
精密称取前列地尔约5 mg,用无水乙醇溶解,并用流动相稀释制成每1 mL约含2.5 μg的溶液,作为游离药物溶液。取0.5 mL游离药物溶液加于微柱上端,2 000 r·min-1,离心2 min后,加0.5 mL 22.1 mg·mL-1甘油水溶液于微柱上端,2 000 r·min-1,离心2 min,收集洗脱液,作为洗脱液1。共加22.1 mg·mL-1甘油水溶液洗12次,收集的洗脱液依次编号为1~12次。取各次洗脱液,按“2.2.1”项下的色谱条件,测定前列地尔的含量,绘制洗脱曲线见图2,结果表明,游离前列地尔在前3次洗脱几乎没有被洗脱出柱,从第4次开始被大量洗脱出柱。洗脱12次,游离前列地尔的累积洗脱百分比即达到98%以上,洗脱完全。
取前列地尔注射液0.5 mL,加在微柱上端,按“2.4.3”项下操作,取各次洗脱液,分别用正己烷-异丙醇(1∶1)及流动相制成适宜浓度的供试品溶液。按“2.4.1” 项下色谱条件测定大豆油的含量,绘制洗脱曲线见图3,结果表明,大豆油在前3次洗脱液中基本已全部流出,累积洗脱百分比即达到98%以上,即说明洗脱3次98%以上的包封药物已被洗脱出柱。
精密量取前列地尔注射液0.5 mL,置5 mL棕色量瓶,用无水乙醇稀释至刻度,摇匀,按“2.2.1”项下色谱条件,测定本品的总含量为C;精密量取前列地尔注射液0.5 mL加于微柱上端,2 000 r·min-1,离心2 min后,每次用0.5 mL 22.1 mg·mL-1甘油水溶液洗,共洗3次,合并洗脱液,将洗脱液转移至5 mL棕色量瓶,用无水乙醇稀释至刻度,摇匀,按“2.2.1”项下色谱条件,测定本品中包封前列地尔的含量为C1,按公式2计算包封率。
包封率(%)=C1/C×100%
按“2.4.5”项下测定方法,分别考察洗脱溶剂为水、22.1 mg·mL-1甘油水溶液、5%葡萄糖溶液及0.9%NaCl溶液对包封率测定结果的影响,包封率测定结果见表1,结果表明,采用22.1 mg·mL-1甘油水溶液作为洗脱溶液测得的包封率最高,优选甘油水溶液作为洗脱溶液。
分别上样前列地尔注射液,低(0.4 mL)、中(0.5 mL)、高(0.6 mL)3种体积,按“2.4.5”项下方法,测定其中前列地尔含量(C1),每种上样量各平行实验3份。平均柱回收率为98.9%,RSD为1.2%(n=9),方法的回收率良好。
取前列地尔注射液,按0.45 、0.50、0.55 mL 3种体积上样量,再分别依次上样质量浓度分别为20、10、5 mg·mL-1的溶液各50 μL,作为低、中、高浓度的加标样品,每个质量浓度3份,按“2.4.5”项下方法,测定其中前列地尔含量;另按“2.4.5”项下方法,测定本批次产品中包封前列地尔的含量,计算加样回收率,结果见表2,平均回收率98.4%,RSD为1.5%(n=9),方法准确度良好。
取不同批号的前列地尔注射液3批,分别采用超滤离心法(按“2.3.2”项下测定方法)和微柱离心法(按“2.4.5”项下测定方法)测定包封率,每个批号平行测定2份。结果见表3
洗脱和超滤样品中前列地尔含量的测定方法参考前列地尔注射液国家药品标准WS1-(X-041)-2002Z-2008项下含量色谱条件。由于前列地尔结构中无共轭体系,故紫外为末端吸收,并且吸收很弱,为提高紫外的吸收强度,方法采用了柱后衍生的方式,作者在此方法基础之上,增大了进样体积,提高了方法的灵敏度、优化后的方法经验证,专属性,灵敏度及准确度等均良好,可以用于洗脱和超滤样品中前列地尔含量的测定,但前列地尔稳定差,对照品溶液和供试品溶液室温放置过程中峰面积呈明显下降趋势,但室温放置4 h,不同时间点峰面积的RSD<1.0%,因此建议样品配置后4 h内进样。
通过对超滤膜的截留相对分子质量和超滤时间及转速(离心力)的筛选,建立了分离包封药物和游离药物的超滤离心法,但在对游离药物的回收率考察时,发现超滤膜对低浓度的前列地尔有较强吸附作用,因此超滤离心法在分离包封和游离药物时,由于超滤膜的吸附作用会导致游离药物的浓度低于实际值,此法测定的包封率偏高。如预先采用低浓度的前列地尔溶液饱和超滤膜可减少超滤膜在分离时对游离药物的吸附情况,但前列地尔注射液规格小仅为2 mL:10 μg,样品中游离前列地尔浓度更低,预饱和超滤膜的方式会使方法的准确度和重复性受到影响,因此作者未进行更深入的研究。另外前列地尔注射液略带黏性,采用超滤离心法,需要相对较大的离心力和较长的离心时间才能将包封与游离药物分离,前列地尔微溶于水,在较大的离心力下,理论上会导致脂肪乳中前列地尔向外水相中扩散。综上分析超滤离心法无法准确测定前列地尔的包封率。
通过对包封率常用方法的分析同时结合相关文献,作者采用Sephadex G-50制备微柱,通过对离心转速(离心力)、离心时间、洗脱溶剂种类及洗脱次数的筛选建立了微柱离心法,绘制了游离药物和包封药物的洗脱曲线,更为直观地反映了包封药物与游离药物的分离情况。为准确地判断包封药物与游离药物的分离情况,文献中多采用定磷法或浊度法来辅助判断包封药物的洗脱情况[12]。由于磷脂为混合物,含量低,测定过程中受其他成分的干扰较大[13],方法准确度较差。浊度法可以用来判断包封药物是否被洗脱出柱,但无法定量包封药物洗脱出柱的比例。本研究通过测定洗脱过程中脂肪乳中大豆油含量变化情况,间接反映包封药物的洗脱情况,相对于以上两种方法,本方法更便捷,更准确[14]。微柱离心法可以很好地避免由于样品处理过程中溶剂的引入而引起前列地尔由脂肪乳向外水相扩散的问题。为增加包封药物的稳定性,降低洗脱过程对包封率的影响,本研究考察了水及不同等渗洗脱溶剂对包封率的影响,其中0.9%NaCl溶液对包封率的影响最大,分析认为0.9%NaCl溶液通过影响乳粒的表面电荷,导致包封率有所降低。作者采用了暂无文献报道的脂肪乳外水相22.1 mg·mL-1甘油水溶液作为洗脱溶剂,该溶剂不会影响乳粒的表面电荷,可以提供等渗条件,同时甘油水溶液可以增加脂肪乳的稳定性,相对于其他洗脱溶剂,测定结果显示采用22.1 mg·mL-1 甘油水溶液作为洗脱溶剂最优。
超滤离心法由于需要较大离心力及较长离心时间,理论上会增加脂肪乳中前列地尔向外水相中扩散的风险,同时超滤膜对低浓度前列地尔吸附作用明显,导致测得包封率结果偏高,不能准确反映本品的包封率,该方法不适用于本品包封率的测定。本文建立了微柱离心法测定前列地尔注射液的包封率,本方法洗脱剂用量小,离心转速低,对包封药物和游离药物洗脱完全,可以有效避免超滤离心法的缺点,优选的22.1 mg·mL-1甘油水溶液作为洗脱溶剂,可以最大程度地降低洗脱过程对包封率的影响,方法操作简单,制备的微柱可以重复多次使用,经验证方法准确度良好,可以用于前列地尔注射液的包封率的测定。
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.02.008
  • 接收时间:2023-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-08
  • 出版时间:2025-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-17
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    1 沈阳药科大学 药学院, 沈阳 110016
    2 石家庄四药集团药物研究院, 石家庄 050000
    3 化学药品无菌制剂产业技术研究院, 石家庄 050000
    4 河北省大容量注射剂工程技术研究中心, 石家庄 050000

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*赵龙山,男,教授,博士研究生导师 研究方向:纳米材料、仿制药一致性评价、中药药效物质基础与作用机制的研究工作 Tel:(024)43520571
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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