Article(id=1193548060816012285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)05-0497-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762493632749, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762493632749, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762493632749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493632749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193548058421064688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='441', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762493632178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493856082, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=497, endPage=506, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193548060996366336, articleId=1193548060816012285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preparation, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Berberine Hydrochloride Microemulsion Gel Patch, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To prepare berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel patch to improve the in vitro transdermal penetration and relative bioavailability in vivo. METHODS Firstly, through the screening of microemulsion dressing materials, and using the central point design response surface optimization method to optimize the microemulsion prescription, the best microemulsion prescription was obtained. The morphology and particle size of microemulsion were investigated by laser particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscope. Secondly, the matrix was selected for the gel paste, and then the optimal design of the gel paste was obtained by using the star design response surface optimization method. Finally, the microemulsion was added to the gel paste to prepare the berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste, and the prescription process was verified. Through the in vitro transdermal test of mice, by comparing the permeation promoting effect of different concentrations of zzone, draw the cumulative permeation amount time curve of azone with different concentrations, and select the best amount of Azone. Finally, pharmacokinetic studies in rats and pharmacodynamic studies in mice were conducted. RESULTS Berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste was successfully prepared. The best formulation of microemulsion was oil phase-emulsifier-co-emulsifier=0.11∶0.6∶0.3. The morphology and particle size of microemulsion were investigated by laser particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that most microemulsion morphology was round, regular spherical, no aggregation, and the particle size was appropriate. The best prescription of gel paste NP700∶glycerol-dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate=2.3∶17.5∶0.1 aluminum glycinate. The results of in vitro skin penetration test showed that azone with a mass fraction of 3% had the best penetration promoting effect. Pharmacokinetics showed that berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel patch could prolong the action time in vivo. Preliminary pharmacodynamics shows that the drug can effectively improve the skin lesions, obviously inhibit the increase of inflammatory factors and improve the pathological tissue. CONCLUSION Microemulsion combined with gel patches can be used to prepare microemulsion gel patch with high drug loading and good therapeutic effect. The preparation of berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel patch can effectively improve the bioavailability of berberine hydrochloride through percutaneous absorption.

, correspAuthors=Jie WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuemei GU, Jie WANG, Zhiyang LÜ, Xiaofan JIANG, Jianru WANG, Yaru ZHAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193548375699190150, articleId=1193548060816012285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的制备及药动学与药效学研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 制备盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,以提高药物的相对生物利用度。方法 首先筛选微乳材料,采用星点设计-效应面法优化出微乳处方,并进行质量评价;其次,筛选并优化凝胶贴的处方工艺。开展体外透皮试验研究,并对其进行大鼠体内药动学和小鼠药效学研究。结果 制备出盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,其中微乳的最佳处方为油相-乳化剂-助乳化剂=0.11∶0.6∶0.3,凝胶贴的最佳处方为NP700-甘油-甘羟铝=2.3∶17.5∶0.1。离体皮肤透皮实验结果表明,质量分数为3%的氮酮促渗效果最优。药动学表明,微乳凝胶贴能延长体内作用时间,药效学表明,给药后能有效改善皮肤皮损情况、明显抑制炎症因子含量的升高及改善病理组织情况。结论 盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴可有效改善盐酸小檗碱经皮吸收生物利用度。

, correspAuthors=汪洁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 汪洁,女,博士,讲师 研究方向:药物新剂型与新技术研究 Tel: (0523)80639898
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顾雪梅,女,硕士,讲师 研究方向:药物新剂型研究

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顾雪梅,女,硕士,讲师 研究方向:药物新剂型研究

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顾雪梅,女,硕士,讲师 研究方向:药物新剂型研究

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figureFileSmall=83ayzI6PWs1yl6lr81DbGA==, figureFileBig=k5S/PrPIoPto7/Bqz9E6XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431478342323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图2, caption=盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的凝胶基质考察成品图, figureFileSmall=83ayzI6PWs1yl6lr81DbGA==, figureFileBig=k5S/PrPIoPto7/Bqz9E6XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431579005620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cumulative permeability amount of gel pastes containing different concentrations of azone. n=3, x -±s, figureFileSmall=CMotdYc06uKHhwK1KHoatA==, figureFileBig=fHsHoJfNw4Zp/eFyDuXs3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431692251829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图3, caption=含不同浓度氮酮的凝胶贴的累积渗透量。n=3, x -±s, figureFileSmall=CMotdYc06uKHhwK1KHoatA==, figureFileBig=fHsHoJfNw4Zp/eFyDuXs3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431755166390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Blood drug concentration diagram. n=6, x -±s, figureFileSmall=mCT0Sv+3wMcPT8REjTCFAA==, figureFileBig=8WC+PY9J4fD/p8vynbTGyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431813886647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图4, caption=盐酸小檗碱的血药浓度-时间曲线。n=6, x -±s, figureFileSmall=mCT0Sv+3wMcPT8REjTCFAA==, figureFileBig=8WC+PY9J4fD/p8vynbTGyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431872606904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Modeling process of specific dermatitis

A-Day 1; B-Day 2; C-Day 3; D-Day 4; E-Day 5; F-Day 6; G-Day 7.

, figureFileSmall=qCnubO3uMByg7z/m77mbBw==, figureFileBig=6psf6sxaUUo/vRofzEyBvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431935521465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小鼠特异性皮炎建模过程

A-第1天;B-第2天;C-第3天D-第4天;E-第5天;F-第6天;G-第7天。

, figureFileSmall=qCnubO3uMByg7z/m77mbBw==, figureFileBig=6psf6sxaUUo/vRofzEyBvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576431998436026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic diagram of administration plan for mice with specific dermatitis, figureFileSmall=LnHu4Alj9odfKnxNANSzVA==, figureFileBig=SPJrdC5PRq2glhstN6tSyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432069739195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图6, caption=特异性皮炎小鼠的给药方案示意图, figureFileSmall=LnHu4Alj9odfKnxNANSzVA==, figureFileBig=SPJrdC5PRq2glhstN6tSyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432124265148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes of body mass in mice with atopic dermatitis. n=5, x -±s, figureFileSmall=KBvAsaKKLVVgsZbbufI3IQ==, figureFileBig=/1SFZsm93VCH0CxS1OJ2uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432199762621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图7, caption=特应性皮炎小鼠体质量的变化图。n=5, x -±s, figureFileSmall=KBvAsaKKLVVgsZbbufI3IQ==, figureFileBig=/1SFZsm93VCH0CxS1OJ2uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432266871486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The changes of skin on the back of mice in each group after 14 days of administration

A-normal group; B-model group; C-dexamethasone group; D-low dose group; E-high dose group.

, figureFileSmall=M1Mp8Ea/W+n9NzkleVIh6A==, figureFileBig=u9HPV1hZjG+tq5d73f6S6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432333980351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图8, caption=给药14 d后各组小鼠背部皮肤的变化图

A-正常组;B-模型组;C-地塞米松组;D-低剂量组;E-高剂量组。

, figureFileSmall=M1Mp8Ea/W+n9NzkleVIh6A==, figureFileBig=u9HPV1hZjG+tq5d73f6S6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432401089216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Changes of the contents of IL-6, IL-4 and TNF-α in mice skin tissues. n=5, x -±s

1)P<0.05, compared with the nomal group; 2)P<0.05, compared with the model group.

, figureFileSmall=dU5jlpBXvdlVsLHoGx1gXw==, figureFileBig=0cMhawaAfDc//Od23EtfAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432480780993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图9, caption=小鼠皮肤组织中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量变化图。n=5, x -±s

与正常组相比,1)P<0.05;与模型组相比, 2)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=dU5jlpBXvdlVsLHoGx1gXw==, figureFileBig=0cMhawaAfDc//Od23EtfAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432543695554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Pathological observation of mouse skin by HE staining (×10), figureFileSmall=5xaNbyWT5rc33Wn6w0uhIw==, figureFileBig=x5WR/UDZ6s2XjoZg2pJXag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432627581635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=图10, caption=小鼠皮肤苏木精-伊红(HE)染色病理形态观察(×10), figureFileSmall=5xaNbyWT5rc33Wn6w0uhIw==, figureFileBig=x5WR/UDZ6s2XjoZg2pJXag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576432770187972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Factors and levels of berberine hydrochloride microemulsion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factors Levels
Oil phase/%(A) 5 11.5 18
Km(B) 1 2 3
m(drug)/mg(C) 85 98 111
), ArticleFig(id=1193576432841491141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

盐酸小檗碱微乳星点设计-效应面试验的因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factors Levels
Oil phase/%(A) 5 11.5 18
Km(B) 1 2 3
m(drug)/mg(C) 85 98 111
), ArticleFig(id=1193576432925377222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Optimization results of star point design for berberine hydrochloride microemulsion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Oil phase
/%(A)
Km
(B)
m(drug)
/mg(C)
Drug loading capacity
/mg·g-1(Y)
1 5 2 111 42.016 13
2 11.5 1 111 26.958 06
3 5 1 98 39.703 23
4 11.5 3 85 25.816 13
5 11.5 2 98 126.20 65
6 18 1 98 24.200 00
7 11.5 2 98 125.132 5
8 11.5 2 98 127.089 5
9 18 3 98 23.874 19
10 5 2 85 41.693 55
11 18 2 85 20.661 29
12 11.5 1 85 26.848 39
13 5 3 98 28.625 81
14 18 2 111 24.974 19
15 11.5 3 111 25.170 97
), ArticleFig(id=1193576432984097479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

盐酸小檗碱微乳的星点设计优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Oil phase
/%(A)
Km
(B)
m(drug)
/mg(C)
Drug loading capacity
/mg·g-1(Y)
1 5 2 111 42.016 13
2 11.5 1 111 26.958 06
3 5 1 98 39.703 23
4 11.5 3 85 25.816 13
5 11.5 2 98 126.20 65
6 18 1 98 24.200 00
7 11.5 2 98 125.132 5
8 11.5 2 98 127.089 5
9 18 3 98 23.874 19
10 5 2 85 41.693 55
11 18 2 85 20.661 29
12 11.5 1 85 26.848 39
13 5 3 98 28.625 81
14 18 2 111 24.974 19
15 11.5 3 111 25.170 97
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433047012040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comprehensive sensory evaluation standard table of berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score 15 Points 10 Points 5 Points
Fluidity Easy to flow, good fluidity, not sticky Relatively easy to flow, fair fluidity, slightly sticky Difficult to flow, poor fluidity, thick and heavy
Transparency High transparency, no particles and bubbles Relatively transparent, few particles and bubbles Opaque, many particles and bubbles
Purity No separation more than 10 times No separation 6 to 10 times Separation below 5 times
Residue No residue Small amount of residue Large amount of residue
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433105732297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的综合感官评分标准表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score 15 Points 10 Points 5 Points
Fluidity Easy to flow, good fluidity, not sticky Relatively easy to flow, fair fluidity, slightly sticky Difficult to flow, poor fluidity, thick and heavy
Transparency High transparency, no particles and bubbles Relatively transparent, few particles and bubbles Opaque, many particles and bubbles
Purity No separation more than 10 times No separation 6 to 10 times Separation below 5 times
Residue No residue Small amount of residue Large amount of residue
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433177035466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Test results of starpoint design of berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste. g

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. NP700(A) Dihydroxyaluminium aminoacetate(B) Glycerol(C) Score
1 1.5 0.10 19.0 83
2 3.5 0.15 17.5 76
3 2.5 0.15 16.0 76
4 2.5 0.05 16.0 82
5 2.5 0.05 19.0 77
6 3.5 0.10 16.0 78
7 3.5 0.05 17.5 76
8 1.5 0.15 17.5 76
9 1.5 0.10 16.0 84
10 2.5 0.10 17.5 94
11 2.5 0.10 17.5 93
12 1.5 0.05 17.5 82
13 2.5 0.15 19.0 83
14 2.5 0.10 17.5 95
15 3.5 0.10 19.0 76
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433239950027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的星点设计试验结果。g

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. NP700(A) Dihydroxyaluminium aminoacetate(B) Glycerol(C) Score
1 1.5 0.10 19.0 83
2 3.5 0.15 17.5 76
3 2.5 0.15 16.0 76
4 2.5 0.05 16.0 82
5 2.5 0.05 19.0 77
6 3.5 0.10 16.0 78
7 3.5 0.05 17.5 76
8 1.5 0.15 17.5 76
9 1.5 0.10 16.0 84
10 2.5 0.10 17.5 94
11 2.5 0.10 17.5 93
12 1.5 0.05 17.5 82
13 2.5 0.15 19.0 83
14 2.5 0.10 17.5 95
15 3.5 0.10 19.0 76
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433344807628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of transdermal absorption of azone with different concentrations in vitro. n=3, x -±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Content Regression equation r2 Q12/μg·cm-2 Js/μg·cm-2·h-1
Berberine hydrochloride gel paste Q=0.772 3t+1.056 6 0.948 8 9.382 0±0.069 20 0.772 3
0% Azone Q=1.204 8t+1.040 1 0.989 0 14.962 4±1.073 2 1.204 8
1% Azone Q=1.538 8t+0.892 1 0.990 4 19.902 0±0.344 6 1.538 8
3% Azone Q=2.150 1t+0.688 9 0.993 1 27.691 4±0.687 9 2.150 1
5% Azone Q=2.111 9t+1.270 9 0.987 5 27.659 2±0.408 9 2.111 9
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433416110797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同浓度氮酮体外透皮吸收的比较。n=3, x -±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Content Regression equation r2 Q12/μg·cm-2 Js/μg·cm-2·h-1
Berberine hydrochloride gel paste Q=0.772 3t+1.056 6 0.948 8 9.382 0±0.069 20 0.772 3
0% Azone Q=1.204 8t+1.040 1 0.989 0 14.962 4±1.073 2 1.204 8
1% Azone Q=1.538 8t+0.892 1 0.990 4 19.902 0±0.344 6 1.538 8
3% Azone Q=2.150 1t+0.688 9 0.993 1 27.691 4±0.687 9 2.150 1
5% Azone Q=2.111 9t+1.270 9 0.987 5 27.659 2±0.408 9 2.111 9
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433479025358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Fitting results of drug release model of berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model Equation r2
Zero-order equation Q=2.150 1t+0.689 0 0.992 1
First-order equation Q=9 103.84(1-e-2.46) 0.988 1
Higuchi equation Q=7.883 2t1/2-4.195 6 0.915 2
Ritger-Peppas equation Q=2.265 9t0.994 4 0.988 2
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433537745615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的释药模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model Equation r2
Zero-order equation Q=2.150 1t+0.689 0 0.992 1
First-order equation Q=9 103.84(1-e-2.46) 0.988 1
Higuchi equation Q=7.883 2t1/2-4.195 6 0.915 2
Ritger-Peppas equation Q=2.265 9t0.994 4 0.988 2
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433600660176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of berberine hydrochloride gel paste and berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste. n=6, x -±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameters Berberine hydrochloride
gel paste
Berberine hydrochloride
microemulsion gel paste
t1/2/h 4.56±0.96 3.70±0.12
tmax/h 18±0 24±0
ρmax/μg·mL-1 2.33±0.33 5.08±0.26
AUC0-t/μg·h·mL-1 37.07±3.41 123.41±6.17
AUC0-inf_obs/μg·h·mL-1 34.46±3.31 123.71±6.18
MRT0-inf_obs/h 16.72±0.96 21.01±0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433659380433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴和盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的药动学参数。n=6, x -±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameters Berberine hydrochloride
gel paste
Berberine hydrochloride
microemulsion gel paste
t1/2/h 4.56±0.96 3.70±0.12
tmax/h 18±0 24±0
ρmax/μg·mL-1 2.33±0.33 5.08±0.26
AUC0-t/μg·h·mL-1 37.07±3.41 123.41±6.17
AUC0-inf_obs/μg·h·mL-1 34.46±3.31 123.71±6.18
MRT0-inf_obs/h 16.72±0.96 21.01±0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433726489298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Mass changes of mice with specific dermatitis. g,n=5, x -±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group 7 d 8 d 10 d 12 d 14 d 16 d 18 d 20 d
A 23.34±1.13 23.83±2.26 24.88±1.61 26.46±1.55 27.42±2.07 28.43±0.77 28.83±1.03 29.44±0.93
B 23.45±1.51 23.64±1.27 22.25±1.37 21.92±1.51 21.48±1.54 20.70±1.11 19.56±1.17 17.60±1.57
C 24.75±0.96 24.40±0.80 23.50±1.24 21.58±1.17 22.63±0.68 24.07±1.06 25.39±1.06 27.97±1.65
D 25.77±1.79 25.16±1.46 24.30±1.55 22.45±1.49 23.08±1.07 24.28±1.42 25.18±2.14 25.46±2.07
E 24.42±1.59 22.76±1.75 21.55±1.40 20.78±1.01 22.64±1.04 25.07±0.71 25.46±0.47 26.42±0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433797792467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

特异性皮炎小鼠体质量变化表。g,n=5, x -±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group 7 d 8 d 10 d 12 d 14 d 16 d 18 d 20 d
A 23.34±1.13 23.83±2.26 24.88±1.61 26.46±1.55 27.42±2.07 28.43±0.77 28.83±1.03 29.44±0.93
B 23.45±1.51 23.64±1.27 22.25±1.37 21.92±1.51 21.48±1.54 20.70±1.11 19.56±1.17 17.60±1.57
C 24.75±0.96 24.40±0.80 23.50±1.24 21.58±1.17 22.63±0.68 24.07±1.06 25.39±1.06 27.97±1.65
D 25.77±1.79 25.16±1.46 24.30±1.55 22.45±1.49 23.08±1.07 24.28±1.42 25.18±2.14 25.46±2.07
E 24.42±1.59 22.76±1.75 21.55±1.40 20.78±1.01 22.64±1.04 25.07±0.71 25.46±0.47 26.42±0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433860707028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Score standard table for skin lesions on the back of mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Skin lesion condition 1 2 3 4
Macule Desquamation Mild pink erythema Dark red moderate erythema Deep red or fiery red erythema
Edema No edema Mildly visible edema Edema with edges raised compared to surrounding skin Edema with edges raised compared to surrounding skin and clear folds
Scale No scale Slightly scales Thin scales in patchy coverage Thick scale coverage
Desquamation No desquamation Small area of desquamation<30% Moderate area of desquamation 30%-60% Large area of desquamation>60%
), ArticleFig(id=1193576433944593109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

小鼠背部皮肤的皮损状况评分标准表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Skin lesion condition 1 2 3 4
Macule Desquamation Mild pink erythema Dark red moderate erythema Deep red or fiery red erythema
Edema No edema Mildly visible edema Edema with edges raised compared to surrounding skin Edema with edges raised compared to surrounding skin and clear folds
Scale No scale Slightly scales Thin scales in patchy coverage Thick scale coverage
Desquamation No desquamation Small area of desquamation<30% Moderate area of desquamation 30%-60% Large area of desquamation>60%
), ArticleFig(id=1193576434011701974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Score of skin lesions on the back of mice. n=5, x -±s

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Group Dosage/g·kg-1 14 days 16 days 18 days 20 days
Model - 13.8±1.166 2 14.6±0.491 5 12.8±2.891 2 14.2±3.611 0
High-dose 1.75 13.7±0.998 7 13.2±0.287 4 12.7±1.394 0 11.5±2.874 5
Low-dose 0.437 5 14.0±0.894 4 14.2±1.214 8 13.4±2.897 4 12.7±1.771 8
Dexamethasone 3 13.9±1.311 2 13.4±1.032 1 12.8±0.846 2 11.8±1.138 9
), ArticleFig(id=1193576434078810839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548060816012285, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

小鼠背部皮肤皮损状况评分表。n=5, x -±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Dosage/g·kg-1 14 days 16 days 18 days 20 days
Model - 13.8±1.166 2 14.6±0.491 5 12.8±2.891 2 14.2±3.611 0
High-dose 1.75 13.7±0.998 7 13.2±0.287 4 12.7±1.394 0 11.5±2.874 5
Low-dose 0.437 5 14.0±0.894 4 14.2±1.214 8 13.4±2.897 4 12.7±1.771 8
Dexamethasone 3 13.9±1.311 2 13.4±1.032 1 12.8±0.846 2 11.8±1.138 9
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盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的制备及药动学与药效学研究
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顾雪梅 1 , 汪洁 1, * , 吕志阳 2 , 蒋晓凡 1 , 王建茹 1 , 翟亚茹 1
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(5): 497-506
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(5): 497-506
盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的制备及药动学与药效学研究
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顾雪梅1, 汪洁1, *, 吕志阳2, 蒋晓凡1, 王建茹1, 翟亚茹1
作者信息
  • 1 南京中医药大学翰林学院药学院,江苏 泰州 225300
  • 2 江苏食品药品职业技术学院药学院,江苏 淮安 223003
  • 顾雪梅,女,硕士,讲师 研究方向:药物新剂型研究

通讯作者:

* 汪洁,女,博士,讲师 研究方向:药物新剂型与新技术研究 Tel: (0523)80639898
Preparation, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Berberine Hydrochloride Microemulsion Gel Patch
Xuemei GU1, Jie WANG1, *, Zhiyang LÜ2, Xiaofan JIANG1, Jianru WANG1, Yaru ZHAI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou 225300, China
  • 2 School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.007
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目的 制备盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,以提高药物的相对生物利用度。方法 首先筛选微乳材料,采用星点设计-效应面法优化出微乳处方,并进行质量评价;其次,筛选并优化凝胶贴的处方工艺。开展体外透皮试验研究,并对其进行大鼠体内药动学和小鼠药效学研究。结果 制备出盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,其中微乳的最佳处方为油相-乳化剂-助乳化剂=0.11∶0.6∶0.3,凝胶贴的最佳处方为NP700-甘油-甘羟铝=2.3∶17.5∶0.1。离体皮肤透皮实验结果表明,质量分数为3%的氮酮促渗效果最优。药动学表明,微乳凝胶贴能延长体内作用时间,药效学表明,给药后能有效改善皮肤皮损情况、明显抑制炎症因子含量的升高及改善病理组织情况。结论 盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴可有效改善盐酸小檗碱经皮吸收生物利用度。

盐酸小檗碱  /  微乳凝胶贴  /  星点设计-效应面法  /  药动学  /  药效学

OBJECTIVE To prepare berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel patch to improve the in vitro transdermal penetration and relative bioavailability in vivo. METHODS Firstly, through the screening of microemulsion dressing materials, and using the central point design response surface optimization method to optimize the microemulsion prescription, the best microemulsion prescription was obtained. The morphology and particle size of microemulsion were investigated by laser particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscope. Secondly, the matrix was selected for the gel paste, and then the optimal design of the gel paste was obtained by using the star design response surface optimization method. Finally, the microemulsion was added to the gel paste to prepare the berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste, and the prescription process was verified. Through the in vitro transdermal test of mice, by comparing the permeation promoting effect of different concentrations of zzone, draw the cumulative permeation amount time curve of azone with different concentrations, and select the best amount of Azone. Finally, pharmacokinetic studies in rats and pharmacodynamic studies in mice were conducted. RESULTS Berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel paste was successfully prepared. The best formulation of microemulsion was oil phase-emulsifier-co-emulsifier=0.11∶0.6∶0.3. The morphology and particle size of microemulsion were investigated by laser particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that most microemulsion morphology was round, regular spherical, no aggregation, and the particle size was appropriate. The best prescription of gel paste NP700∶glycerol-dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate=2.3∶17.5∶0.1 aluminum glycinate. The results of in vitro skin penetration test showed that azone with a mass fraction of 3% had the best penetration promoting effect. Pharmacokinetics showed that berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel patch could prolong the action time in vivo. Preliminary pharmacodynamics shows that the drug can effectively improve the skin lesions, obviously inhibit the increase of inflammatory factors and improve the pathological tissue. CONCLUSION Microemulsion combined with gel patches can be used to prepare microemulsion gel patch with high drug loading and good therapeutic effect. The preparation of berberine hydrochloride microemulsion gel patch can effectively improve the bioavailability of berberine hydrochloride through percutaneous absorption.

berberine hydrochloride  /  microemulsion gel paste  /  Box Behnken design response surface method  /  pharmacokinetics  /  pharmacodynamics
顾雪梅, 汪洁, 吕志阳, 蒋晓凡, 王建茹, 翟亚茹. 盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的制备及药动学与药效学研究. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (5) : 497 -506 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.007
Xuemei GU, Jie WANG, Zhiyang LÜ, Xiaofan JIANG, Jianru WANG, Yaru ZHAI. Preparation, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Berberine Hydrochloride Microemulsion Gel Patch[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (5) : 497 -506 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.007
盐酸小檗碱(berberine hydrochloride) 又名黄连素,是一种异喹啉生物碱,由我国传统中药黄连经现代制药工艺提取,也是黄连中的主要活性化合物[1],近年来随着对其化学结构的不断分析,发现其具有广泛的药理活性,如抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化等[2]。目前,小檗碱用于特异性皮炎的治疗研究报道较少,因此探索盐酸小檗碱对特异性皮炎的改善作用具有重要的临床价值。然而盐酸小檗碱溶解度低的缺点限制了其应用,其在临床上应用的传统剂型如片剂、胶囊剂在口服给药时,还存在吸收慢、生物利用度低等缺陷[3],无法达到理想的治疗效果。
微乳凝胶具有透明、均匀且稳定的凝胶网状结构,微乳液滴包含在凝胶网状结构中。其既具备微乳能提高药物溶解度、生物利用度、透皮吸收的特点[4],也具备凝胶贴载药量大、保湿性好等优点[5]。此外,将药物制备成微乳凝胶后,具有一定缓释效果,可提高生物利用度[6]。凝胶贴更能促进药物的渗透,增加药物的皮肤滞留时间[7]。因此,本实验通过制备并优化盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的处方工艺,拟为盐酸小檗碱提供一种透皮新剂型,以期增强盐酸小檗碱溶解度和皮肤渗透效果。
MS105DU型电子分析天平(梅特勒-拖多利上海仪器有限公司);Biosafer650-92型超声波破碎仪[赛飞(中国)有限公司];TGL-18C-C型自动平衡离心机(上海安亭科学仪器厂);马尔文ZEN3600型纳米粒度仪(英国Malvern公司);集热式DF-101D型恒温磁力搅拌器(巩义市予华仪器有限公司);RYJ-12B型药物透皮扩散试验仪(上海黄海药检仪器有限公司);1260型高效液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦公司)。
健康的小鼠,雄性,清洁级,(20±2)g[江苏华创信诺医药科技有限公司,动物生产许可证号:SYXK(苏)2020-0009]。健康的SD大鼠,雄性,清洁级,(250±20)g[上海杰思捷实验动物有限公司,动物生产许可证号:SCXK(沪)2018-0004]。
盐酸小檗碱对照品(批号Y101651,纯度≥98%)、葛根素对照品(批号:1110752-202015,纯度≥95.4%)(上海源叶生物科技有限公司);盐酸小檗碱原料药(批号:C025A141201,四川协力制药有限公司);复方醋酸地塞米松乳膏(批号:20221009,广东恒健制药有限公司);肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4) 和白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)的酶联免疫吸附(enzymelinked immunosorbnent assay,ELISA)测定试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所);色谱级别甲醇和乙腈;其他试剂均为分析纯。
分别精密称取蓖麻油、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、花生油、聚山梨酯80、聚乙二醇400(PEG400)、无水乙醇、甘油体积各4.5 mL,加入药物0.1 g 至离心管中,37 ℃水浴超声1 h,40 ℃稳定 2 h 后取上清液进行离心,取上清液的续滤液测定其溶解度[8]
根据测定的结果,选择对盐酸小檗碱溶解度大的蓖麻油、聚山梨酯80 和PEG400 作为处方的油相、乳化剂和助乳化剂。
依次加入蓖麻油、聚山梨酯、PEG400,在水浴锅上加热至乳化完全,再缓慢加入盐酸小檗碱,搅拌至充分溶解,加水超声2 min乳化震碎,即得微乳。
以盐酸小檗碱微乳的载药量为评价指标,通过预实验得出,油相的质量百分比、乳化剂与助乳化剂的质量比(Km)、药物质量3个因素对载药量的影响较大,且相互间存在交互作用。因此,本研究以油相的质量百分比、Km值及药物质量为因素,进行三因素三水平星点设计-效应面试验,因素与水平表见表1,结果见表2
通过使用 Design-Expert12软件进行拟合,得到载药量(Y)的数据模型方程:Y=126.14-7.29A-1.78B+0.512 5C-2.69AB+0.099 76AC-0.188 7BC-45.45A2-51.59B2-48.35C2(r2=0.997 7)。
回归方程方差分析结果可知,各因素对载药量影响顺序为油相的质量百分比>Km>药物质量,方程的拟合值P<0.05,说明模型设计的拟合效果良好,失拟项P值不显著,表明回归方程拟合度较好,在自变量范围内能较好地反映响应值变化,可以用于盐酸小檗碱微乳优化工艺参数的理论值预测。
使用软件Design-Expert 12 绘制效应面图,以药物的总载药量最大为优化指标,计算出3种自变量的最优取值,即当油相占11%、Km为2、药物质量0.098 g时得到最佳处方。
按最优处方制备盐酸小檗碱微乳,精密量取1 mL微乳加入100 mL的超纯水稀释,混合均匀后,使用激光粒度仪测定粒径,测得平均粒径为89.9 nm,多分散系数(PDI)值0.183。取盐酸小檗碱微乳滴加到铜网上,10 mg·mL-1中性磷钨酸负染1 min,自然晾干,透射电镜(TEM)下观察盐酸小檗碱微乳的形状和表面形态[9],大部分微乳呈圆整、规则的椭球形、无聚集。微乳粒径和电镜结果见图1
实验考察的凝胶基质有:卡波姆940、卡波姆941、卡波姆934、羧甲基纤维素钠及聚丙烯酸钠NP700。分别称取以上凝胶剂基质适量,加入盐酸小檗碱微乳、甘油、酒石酸及甘羟铝,室温下静置24 h,使其充分溶胀[10]。以涂展性、均匀性、追随性和残留性作为评价指标[11],筛选适宜基质,结果见图2
综合以上考察指标,得到聚丙烯酸钠 NP700 成型性最好、易涂布,因此本研究选择聚丙烯酸钠NP700为凝胶剂基质。
取实验设计量的聚丙烯酸钠 NP700 加入到甘油中,过夜使其充分溶胀后搅拌均匀,作为A 相;再将甘羟铝加入到A相充分搅拌均匀,然后将盐酸小檗碱微乳加入,加入处方量酒石酸调 pH,搅拌均匀后快速涂布于剪切好的无纺布上,于阴凉处自然晾晒 24 h,即得凝胶贴。其中盐酸小檗碱为主药、聚丙烯酸钠 NP700为基质、甘油为保湿剂,甘羟铝为交联剂、酒石酸为pH调节剂,使形成凝胶。
根据盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴的制备方法,考察盐酸小檗碱微乳用量、聚丙烯酸钠 NP700 用量、甘羟铝用量、甘油用量等因素,以感官评价[12]与初黏力的测定[13]进行综合评分。其中感官评价以涂展性、均匀性、追随性和残留性4项指标作为评价指标,每项指标最高得分15分,综合感官总分共60分,评分细则见表3。初黏力的测定依据《中国药典》2020年版(四部)通则0952黏附力测定法,即第一法(初黏力的测定),釆用滚球斜坡停止法。将适宜的不同型号的钢球,滚过供试品黏性面,根据供试品黏性面能够粘住的最大型号的钢球,评价其初黏性的大小,记录可以黏住的最大钢球号。16号球以上:得分40分;13~16号球:得分30~40分;10~13号球:得分20~30分;7~10号球:得分10~20分;4~7号球:得分0~10分;4号球以下:得分0分[14]。综合评分公式:Y=a+b+c+d+e(a、b、c、d、e分别为涂展性、均匀性、追随性、残留性及初黏力的得分)。
通过预实验发现,对制得的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的理化性质及成型性影响最大的3个因素是聚丙烯酸钠 NP700 用量(A)、甘羟铝用量(B)、甘油用量(C),并进行三因素三水平星点设计-效应面试验。
以综合评分为指标,进行星点设计,因素水平及代码、实验安排及结果见表4
以综合评分为指标,采用 Design-Expert12 软件, 对各因素进行回归分析,得到拟合方程为:Y=94-2.32A-0.1250B-0.75C-0.25AB+1.5AC+3BC-7.87A2-5.87B2-8.63C2(r2=0.976 2,P<0.000 1),计算出模型Y的失拟项的平方和为0.9762,P>0.05,表明模型拟合度较好,即可以判定本模型没有失拟现象。对该模型方程进行方差分析和显著性检验, 得到F值为22.76,P<0.000 1,因此,回归模型意义是极显著的,可以准确地预测实际情况。
利用Design-Expert 12.0版软件优化处方,绘制效应面图,得到最优处方为聚丙烯酸钠2.5 g、甘油17.5 g、甘羟铝0.1 g。
按照最优处方辅料用量,制备凝胶贴3 贴,进行外观性状、涂展性、均匀度、追随性和残留性等考察[15]。结果表明制得的凝胶贴剂外观平整光滑、易涂布、流动性好、颜色半透明、均匀且无颗粒感和气泡,将其贴于人体皮肤上,黏度适中,细腻,追随性较好不脱离,取下时无残留,根据综合感官与初黏力的测定评价方法进行综合评分,得平均综合评分为95.3,而预测值 94,两者之间相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.605 7%,可知实验所建立的模型可以较好地预测各因素的影响与评价指标之间的关系。因此,按优化处方制备的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴工艺可行。
小鼠椎脱臼处死,用剃毛器剃净腹部的鼠毛,迅速剥下无破损的腹部皮肤,刮净腹部鼠毛。实验前将鼠皮洗净,固定于Franz扩散池,选用生理盐水-无水乙醇(50∶50)[16]作为透皮吸收试验的接收液,皮肤角质层面向供给池,分别量取相同体积的未添加氮酮的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴、质量分数分别为1.0%、3.0%、5.0%的氮酮制备的不同盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴和盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴于鼠皮角质层上,水浴恒温至(37±0.2)℃,300 r·min-1恒速搅拌[17]。于10、20、30 min、1、2、4、6、8、12 h从接收池中取3 mL并补加同体积的新鲜接收液并排除气泡。测定单位时间的累积面积经皮渗透量,按公式1计算:
Q= ρ n V + i = 1 n - 1 ρ i V i A
式中,Q是单位面积累积渗透量(μg ·cm-2),V是接收液总体积(mL),Vi是每次取液的体积,ρn是第n个时间点接收池中药物的质量浓度,ρi是第i个时间点接收池中药物的浓度。以Q为纵坐标,时间(t)为横坐标作图,绘制不同浓度促渗剂氮酮累积渗透量-时间曲线,并且对曲线进行线性回归,求得直线斜率即为稳态渗透速率Js(μg·cm-2·h-1),结果见表5图3
由结果可知,盐酸小檗碱制备成微乳凝胶贴后其累积渗透量比直接将盐酸小檗碱制成凝胶贴的效果要好,为增加药物的渗透效果,加入促渗剂后,盐酸小檗碱的累积渗透量明显升高,不同浓度氮酮对盐酸小檗碱的促进作用大小顺序为 5%≈3%>1%>无促渗剂,含质量分数5%和3%氮酮的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的累积渗透量比较接近,综合考虑本试验选择质量分数3%氮酮作为盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的促渗剂。
采用常用的几种评价药物释放机制的模型分析含质量分数3%氮酮的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的释药机制。由表6可知,通过比较相关性系数值的大小,结果显示盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的释放行为更符合零级释药模型,表明药物从盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴中进行恒速释放。
Diamonsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相:乙腈-0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾水溶液[18];梯度洗脱条件:0~5 min,乙腈:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液体积比为21∶79;5~25 min,乙腈:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液体积比为33∶67;25~45 min,乙腈:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液体积比为21∶79。流速:1 mL·min-1,柱温:30 ℃;进样:10 μL;检测波长:265 nm。
吸取血清150 μL,精密加入内标溶液(1.3 μg·mL-1的葛根素甲醇溶液)15 μL,精密加入甲醇600 μL,涡旋混合10 min,离心10 min(10 000 r·min-1),取上清液氮气吹干,用60 μL甲醇复溶,涡旋2 min,离心5 min(10 000 r·min-1),吸取10 μL进样。
试验分盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴组和盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴组,每组6只大鼠,试验前禁食12 h。次日,采用100 mg·mL-1水合氯醛对大鼠进行麻醉,用脱毛膏将腹部给药区域的粗毛清除,大鼠背卧固定于大鼠手术恒温垫上。凝胶贴组于腹部无毛区紧密贴合盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,并用医用透气胶带固定;对照组于腹部无毛区紧密贴合盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴,并用医用透气胶带固定。
各组按照剂量1.75 g·kg-1给药,并分别于给药后0.17、0.33、0.5、1、2、4、6、8、12、24、36、48 h,于眼眶取血 0.5 mL 置于肝素抗凝离心管中,离心(4 ℃,10 000 r·min-1)10 min,移取上清液置于新的离心管中。按“2.4.2”项下方法处理并进样测定血清样品中盐酸小檗碱含量,绘制血药浓度-时间曲线,见图4。应用Kinetica 5.0药动学软件,对血药浓度数据进行非房室模型拟合,获得相关的药物动力学参数见表7
表7可知,盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的ρmax约是盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴的2.18倍,表明盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴容易吸收入血。盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴的AUC0-t参数是盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴约3.33倍,表明盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶相对于普通原料药凝胶贴有较好的生物利用度。此外,盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴可维持较长的药物体内作用时间,平均驻留时间(MRT 0-∞)由(16.72±0.96)h延长至(21.01±0.13)h。
先使用100 mg·mL-1的水合氯醛按照每10 g给0.04 mL进行麻醉,使用脱毛膏脱去背部的皮肤,除正常组外,其余各组用2 mg·mL-1 2,4二硝基氟苯(DNFB,丙酮溶解)在小鼠背部涂抹,每只100 μL,连续涂抹7 d,小鼠背部皮肤有红斑、水肿、表皮剥脱、鳞屑覆盖等症状[19],代表特异性皮炎的造模成功。观察小鼠特异性皮炎建模过程中连续7 d皮肤变化,见图5
结果表明,小鼠的皮肤每天给DNFB后,皮肤变化的过程是先变皱,然后出现红斑及水肿,随着给药时间的增加,皮肤出现鳞屑及较多剥脱,表明造模成功。
将小鼠随机分5组:正常组(A组)、模型组(B组)、高剂量盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴(C组)、低剂量盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴(D组)和阳性药地塞米松组(E),每组5只。特异性皮炎模型稳定后,给药期间每2 d给1次2 mg·mL-1 DNFB溶液100 μL进行刺激激发,激发后2 h给予药物治疗,除正常组外,药物组给不同剂量的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,分别是1.75和0.437 5 g·kg-1,阳性药地塞米松组按剂量3 g·kg-1,每次在背部涂抹约0.09 g,均每2 d给药1次,共给药7次。给药方案见图6
给药后使用电子天平分别称量小鼠的体质量,结果见表8图7。结果表明,特异性皮炎模型组小鼠平均体质量相比正常组呈逐渐降低趋势。高剂量盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴相比低剂量盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴组、复方醋酸地塞米松乳膏组,体质量升高较明显。
背部皮肤皮损状况评分:造模给药后,前期背部皮肤皮损情况改善不明显,便分别于第14、16、18、20天对小鼠的背部皮肤按照以下标准进行评分,评分标准见表9,综合这4项得分以对背部皮肤皮损状况进行评分[19]
评分结果见表10。特异性皮炎模型组小鼠在整个建模期间,综合评分在不断上升,在第18、20天,不同浓度的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴组及复方醋酸地塞米松乳膏组的评分在不断下降。记录各组小鼠背部皮肤的情况见图8
ELISA检测皮肤组织中炎症因子水平:在最后一次给药次日(第20天),取下小鼠背部的皮肤组织,放入离心管,进行匀浆,按照ELISA试剂盒的方法操作,检测组织中IL-6、IL-4、TNF-α的含量,结果见图9
图9结果表明,与正常组比较,模型组的皮肤组织中IL-6、IL-4、TNF-α含量显著增高;高、低盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴组给药后,可明显抑制小鼠皮肤组织中IL-6、IL-4、TNF-α含量的升高,而高剂量组抑制效果较好。
小鼠局部皮肤组织评价 给药第14天(即造模的第20天),处死小鼠,取各组小鼠皮损组织,用多聚甲醛固定24 h,石蜡包埋、切片、苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后,在显微镜下观察皮肤组织的病理变化,结果见图10
图10结果表明,正常组小鼠皮肤表皮细胞排列有序,结构正常,未见明显炎症细胞浸润。与正常组比较,模型组可见角化过度、棘层肥厚并伴有明显的海绵水肿,可见大量的炎性细胞浸润。相对于模型组,阳性药地塞米松组和盐酸小檗碱高、低剂量组的结果均可显示减轻了表皮角化过度的现象,并有效改善了海绵水肿,炎性细胞浸润减少。
本研究结合盐酸小檗碱自身理化性质及药理作用,将其制备成微乳凝胶贴。在微乳处方筛选过程中,不同处方的稳定性差异较大。微乳的形成十分复杂,不仅与助表面活性剂在界面的吸附有关,而且与微乳附近及其周围形成超低界面张力有关[20]。还需要进一步对微乳形成的理论机制与其微结构的变化进行深入分析[18]
在凝胶贴的制备过程中,采用固态聚丙烯酸钠 NP700和甘羟铝均为白色粉末,实验过程中发现两者的加入顺序可直接影响合格的凝胶贴的制备,需将两者在甘油中先散开,再与微乳混合搅拌,即可能得到优良的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴。Chen等[21]也发现甘羟铝与NP700加入顺序不同会对膏体胶强度产生影响。因为甘油可以保持水凝胶膏体的水分,水凝胶贴剂粘贴于皮肤上促进皮肤水化,从而增大药物生物利用度。但制备过程中搅拌速度和时间、浓缩温度和时间等因素对水凝胶贴的性能也有一定的影响,所以还需进一步研究[23]
在微乳和凝胶贴制备过程中选择了星点设计-效应面法进行处方优化,常用的方法还有正交设计、均匀设计等,而星点设计-效应面法具有直观、方便、预测性精确等优点[24],其开展的实验次数少、实验周期短,建立的数学模型及其效应面可以进行线性拟合,还可以进行多元的非线性拟合,它给出的优化结果是一个区域范围,能得到良好的拟合模型[24]
在体外释放试验中,将盐酸小檗碱制备成微乳凝胶贴后其累积渗透量比盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴的渗透量高;药动学试验也表明微乳凝胶贴中药物相比盐酸小檗碱凝胶贴能更快地透过皮肤、在体内作用时间更长;药效学试验研究中,通过小鼠背部皮肤皮损情况、ELISA检测皮肤组织中炎症因子水平和皮肤组织的病理切片结果,均可表明盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴作用效果更好。一方面,说明微乳粒径较小,作为透皮给药系统的载体时,具有较强的组织亲和力,可使药物的透皮扩散速率增加,促进药物的释放。另一方面,因皮肤作为一道生理屏障,特别是角质层的存在,对药物的透过有一定的阻碍作用,为达到良好的药物渗透效果,本课题选用了常用的促渗剂氮酮,并制备了加入不同浓度氮酮的盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,因加入不同浓度氮酮后对微乳凝胶贴的质量评价无重要影响,因此未纳入处方优化中,只考察了其对累积渗透量的影响,结果表明随着氮酮浓度的适当增加,累积渗透量也随之增加,可能是氮酮作用于角质层的脂质双分子层,增加脂质的流动性,从而降低角质层的屏障作用,有助于药物分子的扩散。
本试验研究发现,制备盐酸小檗碱微乳凝胶贴,利用其高渗透、小粒径特性可提高了微乳凝胶贴在体内的生物利用度,为其治疗皮肤炎症疾病及相关制剂开发奠定基础。
  • 2024年江苏高校青蓝工程优秀教学团队项目资助
  • 2023年江苏省大学生创新创业项目资助(202313981002Y)
  • 2023年江苏省大学生创新创业项目资助(202313981003Y)
  • 泰州市科技支撑项目资助(TS202232)
  • 泰州市科技支撑项目资助(TS202325)
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.007
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
基金
2024年江苏高校青蓝工程优秀教学团队项目资助
2023年江苏省大学生创新创业项目资助(202313981002Y)
2023年江苏省大学生创新创业项目资助(202313981003Y)
泰州市科技支撑项目资助(TS202232)
泰州市科技支撑项目资助(TS202325)
作者信息
    1 南京中医药大学翰林学院药学院,江苏 泰州 225300
    2 江苏食品药品职业技术学院药学院,江苏 淮安 223003

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* 汪洁,女,博士,讲师 研究方向:药物新剂型与新技术研究 Tel: (0523)80639898
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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