Article(id=1193476455377105870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193476452629836735, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)04-0384-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1683475200000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762476560682, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1740153600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762476560682, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762476560682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762476560682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193476452629836735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='313', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762476560027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762482957432, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193503285370913518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193476452629836735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193503285370913519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193476452629836735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=384, endPage=393, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193476455565849553, articleId=1193476455377105870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preparation of Albumin Modified Liposomes Based on Paclitaxel Prodrug and Study on Their Antitumor Activity in Vitro and in Vivo, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To prepare human serum albumin(HSA) modified liposomes,realize thetargeting ability bybinding to albumin receptor and achieve targeting transportto tumor tissues. METHODS The paclitaxel-maleimide prodrug was synthesized, and the prodrug loaded liposomes were constructed based on it. Then, albumin modified liposomes were prepared by spontaneous binding between maleimide and free mercapto group in albumin structure, and their pharmacological properties were characterized. Moreover, cell and animal experiments were conducted to further investigate the uptake ability of albumin modified liposomes by tumor cells, as well as its anti-tumor activity and targeting in vivo. RESULTS The cell uptake of albumin-modified liposomes mediated by overexpression of albumin-binding protein on tumor cell surface was significantly increased. The cell intake of coumarin-6 loaded albumin-modified liposomes was significantly higher than that of free coumarin-6. The evaluation of antitumor activity in vivo showed that the PTX@HSA-lipos group had a better effect on tumor volume control. After administration, the average tumor weight in the saline group was(7.88±1.22) g, and that in the PTX@HSA-lipos group was (3.126±0.68)g, with significant difference(F=28.36, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Albumin modified liposomes are a kind of drug delivery system with high efficiency, low toxicity and targeting to tumor tissue.

, correspAuthors=Lingbing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianjun GE, Yuanyuan LI, Hongyong CHE, Fang CHEN, Haoxin LI, Lingbing LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193476866922213806, articleId=1193476455377105870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于紫杉醇前体药物构建白蛋白修饰脂质体及体内外抗肿瘤活性研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 制备白蛋白修饰脂质体,通过与白蛋白受体的结合,实现对肿瘤组织的靶向转运。方法 合成紫杉醇-马来酰亚胺前体药物,并以此为基础构建前体药物脂质体。然后利用马来酰亚胺与白蛋白结构中游离巯基的自发结合制备白蛋白修饰脂质体,并对其体内抗瘤活性和靶向性进行验证。结果 通过肿瘤细胞表面白蛋白受体介导,荷载香豆素6的白蛋白修饰脂质体的细胞摄取量比游离香豆素6明显提高。体内抗肿瘤活性评价表明,制剂人血清白蛋白修饰紫杉醇前药脂质体(PTX@HSA-lipos)组具有比较好地控制肿瘤体积的效果。给药后生理盐水组平均瘤重为(7.88±1.22)g,而PTX@HSA-lipos为(3.126±0.68) g,瘤重数据变化具有显著差异(F=28.36,P<0.05)。结论 荷载紫衫醇的白蛋白修饰脂质体对肿瘤组织具有一定的靶向性,同时能够降低对正常细胞的影响。

, correspAuthors=李凌冰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李凌冰,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药物新剂型 Tel:(0531)88382015
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葛建君,女,硕士,高级技师 研究方向:药物新剂型

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J Controlled Release, 2019, 296: 93-106., articleTitle=Redox/pH dual-stimuli responsive camptothecin prodrug nanogels for “ondemand” drug delivery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193540777436475902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=18, issue=5, pageStart=1862, pageEnd=1894, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=SPADA A, EMAMI J, TUSZYNSKI J A, journalName=Mol Pharm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SPADA A, EMAMI J, TUSZYNSKI J A, et al. The uniqueness of albumin as a carrier in nanodrug delivery [J]. 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PTX-Paclitaxel;LEA-levulinic acid;EMCH- (ε-Maleimidocaproic acid) hydrazide.

, figureFileSmall=N07SonDnK04j7pzfhR4yYw==, figureFileBig=jetXQ3TJWXsV5HmGXQSs2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540773594493399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=CN, label=图1, caption=紫杉醇-马来酰亚胺己酰腙(PTX-LEA-EMCH)的合成路线

PTX -紫杉醇;LEA-乙酰丙酸;EMCH-6-马来酰亚胺己酰肼。

, figureFileSmall=N07SonDnK04j7pzfhR4yYw==, figureFileBig=jetXQ3TJWXsV5HmGXQSs2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540773695156696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=1H-NMR and MS spectra of prodrugs

A,B-1H-NMR and MS spectra of PTX-LEA; C,D-1H-NMR and MS spectra of PTX-LEA-EMCH.

, figureFileSmall=7T7SmC+4S7DW6l5RuK48LQ==, figureFileBig=gy7ghU8xEt7UafaPR4DUOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540773758071257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=CN, label=图2, caption=前体药物核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)图和质谱(MS)图

A,B-PTX-LEA的1H-NMR和MS图;C,D-PTX-LEA-EMCH 的1H-NMR和MS图。

, figureFileSmall=7T7SmC+4S7DW6l5RuK48LQ==, figureFileBig=gy7ghU8xEt7UafaPR4DUOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540774819230170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The changes of the amount of protein adsorption on the surface of albumin modified liposomes with time.n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=i1T0VfyzF0ANv4ONXrX5sQ==, figureFileBig=Jk0zpStgcMpgf5y8H249dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540774903116252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=CN, label=图3, caption=白蛋白修饰脂质体表面蛋白吸附量随时间变化曲线。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=i1T0VfyzF0ANv4ONXrX5sQ==, figureFileBig=Jk0zpStgcMpgf5y8H249dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540774978613725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Particle size and size distribution of blank liposomes, prodrug liposomes and HSA binding liposomes, figureFileSmall=1nKSorv0+EcqfdfPQTnAgQ==, figureFileBig=QOR/QT4XmTXFoOR1+Hrx2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540775037333982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=CN, label=图4, caption=空白脂质体,载药脂质体和白蛋白修饰脂质体的粒径分布图, figureFileSmall=1nKSorv0+EcqfdfPQTnAgQ==, figureFileBig=QOR/QT4XmTXFoOR1+Hrx2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540775108637151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cumulative release behavior of PTX@HSA-lipos. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=wYR7jVszILWZNYMiREW0bw==, figureFileBig=qhGgq5ntlIFJXbX84T+a+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540775179940320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PTX@HSA-lipos 释放曲线。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=wYR7jVszILWZNYMiREW0bw==, figureFileBig=qhGgq5ntlIFJXbX84T+a+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540775247049185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The in vitro cytotoxicity of PTX and PTX-loaded liposomes against B16F10 cells. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=lryMsRCDGX6E4o07A/nAqQ==, figureFileBig=G0Y0dF0uVevAG4FJ5p2d9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540775314158050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=CN, label=图6, caption=载药脂质体的对B16F10细胞的细胞毒性。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=lryMsRCDGX6E4o07A/nAqQ==, figureFileBig=G0Y0dF0uVevAG4FJ5p2d9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540775372878307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The B16F10 cellular uptake of C6 and C6-loaded formulations

A- the uptake of B16F10 cells for C6 and C6@HSA-lipos;B-the uptake of cells for C6@HSA-lipos preincubated or not incubated with HSA; C-the uptake of cell for C6@HSA-lipos preincubated or non-incubated measured by flow cytometry.

, figureFileSmall=0OEYOpueam4yrlH2PiVgew==, figureFileBig=87c1pD43MAa0+5XwO4sVgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193540775435792868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476455377105870, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同制剂处理 B16F10 细胞后体外摄取实验结果

A-C6和C6@HSA-lipos的细胞摄取;B-提前用白蛋白孵化后或没有孵化C6@HSA-lipos的细胞摄取;C-流式细胞仪测定提前用白蛋白孵化后或没有孵化C6@HSA-lipos的细胞摄取。

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基于紫杉醇前体药物构建白蛋白修饰脂质体及体内外抗肿瘤活性研究
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葛建君 1, 3 , 李园园 3 , 车洪勇 2 , 陈放 3 , 李颢鑫 3 , 李凌冰 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(4): 384-393
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(4): 384-393
基于紫杉醇前体药物构建白蛋白修饰脂质体及体内外抗肿瘤活性研究
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葛建君1, 3, 李园园3, 车洪勇2, 陈放3, 李颢鑫3, 李凌冰3, *
作者信息
  • 1 枣庄科技职业学院, 山东 枣庄 277500
  • 2 烟台市食品药品检验检测中心, 山东 烟台 264035
  • 3 山东大学齐鲁医学院药学院药剂教研室, 济南 250012
  • 葛建君,女,硕士,高级技师 研究方向:药物新剂型

通讯作者:

*李凌冰,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药物新剂型 Tel:(0531)88382015
Preparation of Albumin Modified Liposomes Based on Paclitaxel Prodrug and Study on Their Antitumor Activity in Vitro and in Vivo
Jianjun GE1, 3, Yuanyuan LI3, Hongyong CHE2, Fang CHEN3, Haoxin LI3, Lingbing LI3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Zaozhuang Vocational College of Science and Technology, Zaozhuang 277500, China
  • 2 Yantai Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, Yantai 264035, China
  • 3 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2025-02-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.008
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目的 制备白蛋白修饰脂质体,通过与白蛋白受体的结合,实现对肿瘤组织的靶向转运。方法 合成紫杉醇-马来酰亚胺前体药物,并以此为基础构建前体药物脂质体。然后利用马来酰亚胺与白蛋白结构中游离巯基的自发结合制备白蛋白修饰脂质体,并对其体内抗瘤活性和靶向性进行验证。结果 通过肿瘤细胞表面白蛋白受体介导,荷载香豆素6的白蛋白修饰脂质体的细胞摄取量比游离香豆素6明显提高。体内抗肿瘤活性评价表明,制剂人血清白蛋白修饰紫杉醇前药脂质体(PTX@HSA-lipos)组具有比较好地控制肿瘤体积的效果。给药后生理盐水组平均瘤重为(7.88±1.22)g,而PTX@HSA-lipos为(3.126±0.68) g,瘤重数据变化具有显著差异(F=28.36,P<0.05)。结论 荷载紫衫醇的白蛋白修饰脂质体对肿瘤组织具有一定的靶向性,同时能够降低对正常细胞的影响。

脂质体  /  人血清白蛋白修饰  /  前体药物  /  紫杉醇  /  肿瘤靶向性

OBJECTIVE To prepare human serum albumin(HSA) modified liposomes,realize thetargeting ability bybinding to albumin receptor and achieve targeting transportto tumor tissues. METHODS The paclitaxel-maleimide prodrug was synthesized, and the prodrug loaded liposomes were constructed based on it. Then, albumin modified liposomes were prepared by spontaneous binding between maleimide and free mercapto group in albumin structure, and their pharmacological properties were characterized. Moreover, cell and animal experiments were conducted to further investigate the uptake ability of albumin modified liposomes by tumor cells, as well as its anti-tumor activity and targeting in vivo. RESULTS The cell uptake of albumin-modified liposomes mediated by overexpression of albumin-binding protein on tumor cell surface was significantly increased. The cell intake of coumarin-6 loaded albumin-modified liposomes was significantly higher than that of free coumarin-6. The evaluation of antitumor activity in vivo showed that the PTX@HSA-lipos group had a better effect on tumor volume control. After administration, the average tumor weight in the saline group was(7.88±1.22) g, and that in the PTX@HSA-lipos group was (3.126±0.68)g, with significant difference(F=28.36, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Albumin modified liposomes are a kind of drug delivery system with high efficiency, low toxicity and targeting to tumor tissue.

liposome  /  human serum albumin modified  /  prodrug  /  paclitaxel  /  tumor targeting
葛建君, 李园园, 车洪勇, 陈放, 李颢鑫, 李凌冰. 基于紫杉醇前体药物构建白蛋白修饰脂质体及体内外抗肿瘤活性研究. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (4) : 384 -393 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.008
Jianjun GE, Yuanyuan LI, Hongyong CHE, Fang CHEN, Haoxin LI, Lingbing LI. Preparation of Albumin Modified Liposomes Based on Paclitaxel Prodrug and Study on Their Antitumor Activity in Vitro and in Vivo[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (4) : 384 -393 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.008
癌症仍是威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一,目前在临床上化疗仍然是被广泛采用的治疗手段。紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)作为微管抑制剂,在临床上作为一线化疗药物被广泛应用。但是由于PTX存在溶解度差、跨过生物膜的能力差以及体内选择性差[1]等多方面的问题,限制了其临床应用。安全高效地递送化疗药物至肿瘤部位是癌症治疗过程中的重要挑战。
近年来,纳米给药系统得到了快速发展。将化疗药物包载到纳米给药系统中,可以改善药物的体内分布,增加药物的水溶性,同时降低化疗药物的不良反应。脂质体是一种由磷脂构成的纳米粒,由于具有与生物膜类似的磷脂双分子层结构,因此具有很高的生物相容性。由于它的特殊结构,亲水药物可以进入脂质体的中间,疏水药物可以包在磷脂双分子层中,因此脂质体得到广泛应用[2]。为了提高脂质体的靶向能力人们尝试采用了不同的策略,如一些配体和抗体的应用,如叶酸(folic acid,FA)、转铁蛋白受体(transferrin,TFR)、表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)、血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)等[3],但是效果并不令人满意。近来研究表明,脂质体的体内分布受到表面所形成蛋白冠的影响。当脂质体进入体内后,血浆中的蛋白会吸附到脂质体表面形成蛋白冠,对脂质体体内分布产生影响。由于血浆中有多种蛋白,不同的蛋白具有不同的功能,因此严重影响了脂质体的靶向分布。因此近年来人们提出通过精确调控蛋白冠的成分从而控制脂质体的体内分布的方法[4-5]
人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin,HSA)是一种低免疫原性的天然配体载体[6],是人体血液中最丰富的蛋白质。因HSA独特的结构特点使其在结合、储存和运输许多内源性分子(如脂肪酸、血红素、胆红素) 以及外源性分子(如药物和各种过渡金属离子) 方面起着至关重要的作用[7]
白蛋白在体内通过主动靶向和被动靶向作用将运载药物转运至肿瘤部位,血液循环系统中白蛋白(40 mg·mL-1)和肿瘤间质中白蛋白(14 mg·mL-1)的质量浓度差可促进白蛋白在肿瘤部位的被动积累[8]。另外通过肿瘤细胞表面过表达白蛋白结合蛋白,如清蛋白激活蛋白/糖蛋白60(gp60)、酸性富含半胱氨酸分泌性蛋白(secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, SPARC)等,可以增加肿瘤细胞对白蛋白的主动摄取[9]。因此白蛋白修饰的纳米给药系统能够有效控制其体内分布,增加抗肿瘤药物的靶向吸收。基于此以白蛋白为靶点的前体药物得到广泛研究[10-12]
本研究设计制备白蛋白修饰脂质体,通过调控使白蛋白附着于脂质体表面形成蛋白冠,利用白蛋白对肿瘤细胞的靶向性实现脂质体对肿瘤细胞的靶向转运。为此利用PTX中的 2'-OH端的良好反应活性,引入与白蛋白中34位游离巯基具有主动结合性的6-马来酰亚胺己酰肼基团[N-(ε-maleimidocaproic acid) hydrazide,EMCH],合成紫杉醇-马来酰亚胺前体药物(PTX-EMCH)。为此以乙酰丙酸(levulinic acid,LEA)为连接臂,其羧基端与紫杉醇发生酯化反应生成紫杉醇-乙酰丙酸(PTX-LEA),羰基端与6-马来酰亚胺己酰肼的肼键反应形成具有pH敏感性酰腙键,最终得到紫杉醇-马来酰亚胺己酰腙(PTX-LEA-EMCH)。然后以PTX-LEA-EMCH,卵磷脂(egg phosphatidylcholine, EPC),胆固醇(cholesterol, Ch)为膜材,制备脂质体。在此基础上利用PTX-LEA-EMCH中的马来酰亚胺与白蛋白中的巯基的点击反应将白蛋白吸附于脂质体表面,制备了一种白蛋白修饰纳米脂质体递送系统。该给药系统可靶向肿瘤组织,到达肿瘤后,在肿瘤微环境下,酰腙键断裂,释放紫杉醇,达到化疗作用,并验证了白蛋白修饰脂质体的理化性质以及体内外抗肿瘤活性及靶向性。
超声波细胞粉碎机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司);核磁共振氢谱仪(600 MHz,美国瓦里安公司);紫外分光光度计(上海Unico仪器有限公司):马尔文激光粒度电位分析仪(英国马尔文仪器公司);高效液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司);细胞恒温培养箱(新加坡ESCO公司);小动物活体成像仪(美国IVIS Kinetic公司);荧光倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司);流式细胞仪(美国BD 公司):
PTX(A1210A,大连美仑生物科技有限公司);EPC[AVT,艾伟拓(上海)医药科技有限公司];Ch(美国Sigma-Aldrich贸易有限公司);HSA(Sigma-Aldrich贸易有限公司); EMCH(上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司);三氟乙酸(上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司);胎牛血清(杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司);3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt,MTT];无菌二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO);4%组织细胞固定液,细胞周期检测试剂盒(北京索莱宝公司)。
精密称取PTX 50 mg溶于无水二氯甲烷中,加入LEA(6 μL),DMAP(8.6 mg, 0.07 mmol), EDCI(22.4 mg, 0.16 mmol)。 加入磁子,氮气保护,4 ℃下反应过夜。点板看产物生成[展开剂:二氯甲烷-甲醇(25∶1)]。然后用稀盐酸洗3次,饱和食盐水洗3次,去除催化剂和脱水剂,旋转蒸发得到白色固体。将反应物准确称量,质谱验证相对分子质量。
PTX-LEA(100 mg, 0.105 mmol)溶解在10 mL无水甲醇中,然后加入EMCH(42.76 mg,0.126 mmol),三氟乙酸催化剂(7 μL),反应12 h。点板观察新的产物点,展开剂条件(二氯甲烷-甲醇=25∶1),旋蒸除去甲醇。加入二氯甲烷,饱和食盐水冲洗3次,旋蒸。产物通过硅胶柱洗脱纯化。质谱验证相对分子质量。
精密称取EPC(23 mg),Ch(6 mg),PTX-LEA-EMCH(8 mg),加入适量甲醇及二氯甲烷使完全溶解,30 ℃下旋蒸除去有机溶剂成膜。加入5 mL 30 ℃PBS,探头超声(400 w)3 min,制得脂质体混悬液,泛淡蓝色乳光。取0.5 mL上述脂质体混悬液,加入1.2 mL PBS,依次过0.45、0.22 μm微孔滤膜,3 000 r·min-1离心10 min,以除去游离不溶性药物。所得脂质体用于测粒径与电位,其余脂质体留存于4 ℃待用。
应用马来酰亚胺定量检测试剂盒对紫杉醇前药脂质体表面的马来酰亚胺基团进行定量测定。根据马来酰亚胺定量检测试剂盒指导方法配制储备液与工作液。方法如下:
第一步:取100 μL缓冲液,加入β-巯基乙胺 (β-Mercaptoethylamine,MEA)工作液(25 μL),室温下孵育20 min,于324 nm处测吸光度,记作OD0',加入4,4'-二硫代双吡啶(4,4'-dithiodipyridine,DTDP)储备液(2.5 μL),室温下孵育2 min,再次于324 nm处测吸光度,记作ODTSH
第二步:取100 μL稀释适度的脂质体溶液(0.25 mg·mL-1),加入MEA工作液(25 μL),其余步骤同“试样A”,测定结果记作OD0、OD。按照公式1,2计算单位重量脂质体表面马来酰亚胺摩尔数。
Moles per weight=$\frac{\frac{\Delta OD}{extinction coefficient of DTDP at 324 nm\times thickness of sample layer\left(cm\right)}\times sample volume}{weight of liposome\left(g\right)}$
ΔOD=(ODTSH-OD'0)-(OD-OD0)
取定量PTX@lipos脂质体溶液(已除去游离药物)稀释至前药含量为0.2 mg·mL-1。精密移取0.5 mL PTX@lipos(0.2 mg·mL-1)加入0.5 mL的HSA(4 mg.mL-1)溶液,于37 ℃恒温水浴下孵育8 h,13 000 r·min-1离心,倾去上清液,加入适量PBS混悬,得PTX@HSA-lipos脂质体混悬液。
通过马尔文粒径与Zate测定仪测定PTX@lipos、PTX@HSA-lipos的粒径和电位。
取0.5 mL“2.5”项下PTX@HSA-lipos混悬液,加入等体积无水甲醇混合3 min。混合物3 000 r·min-1离心5 min,收集上清液。用高效液相色谱法测定上清液中紫衫醇前体药物的含量。
色谱条件:色谱柱:依利特C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm);流动相:乙腈-水(55∶45);检测波长:227 nm;流速:1.0 mL·min-1;柱温: 25 ℃;进样量:20 μL。
为了评价PTX@lipos对白蛋白的结合能力,将HSA与 PTX@lipos共同孵化一定时间。利用高效液相色谱测定没有结合的游离蛋白的量,从而评价PTX@lipos对白蛋白的结合能力。具体方法如下:37 ℃条件下,取0.5 mL PTX@lipos(0.2 mg·mL-1)与0.5 mL HSA溶液(4 mg·mL-1)混合孵化。分别孵化10 min,2、4、6和8 h。在各时间段,分别将混合物13 000 r·min-1离心,收集上清液,0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤,高效液相色谱测定没吸附游离白蛋白含量。通过总量减去游离白蛋白的量得到吸附的量评价脂质体对白蛋白的吸附能力。
色谱条件:色谱柱:Hypersil ODS(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相:A相(含0.1%三氟乙酸的双蒸水):B相(含0.1%三氟乙酸的乙腈)=31.5∶68.5;流速:1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长:204 nm。
取1 mL PTX@HSA-lipos溶液于透析袋(MW 2000)中,将透析袋两端密封后分别放入到35 mL pH值7.4或5.5的PBS释放液中(介质中含有0.5%聚山梨酯80)。在37 ℃,100 r·min-1的条件下恒温水浴震荡。分别于0.5、1、2、4、6、8、12、24、48、72、96 h取释放介质1 mL,并补加1 mL相应的等温介质。将所取溶液经0.22 μm的滤膜过滤后,用HPLC检测PTX-LEA峰面积,并带入标准曲线中计算药物浓度,进一步换算成PTX计算累积释放量。每个样品平行3份。
采用 MTT法,以B16F10细胞为模型,考察荷载PTX脂质体的细胞毒性。取生长状态良好的B16F10细胞,加入胰蛋白酶消化并计数,按照每孔5×103个的密度将细胞悬液接种到含100 μL培养基的96孔板中,置于 37 ℃含体积分数5% CO2的培养箱中孵育,加入游离 PTX、PTX@lipos 脂质体和 PTX@HSA-lipos脂质体,孵育24 h,加入20 μL MTT溶液(5 mg·mL-1),继续培养4 h后,加入DMSO。以570 nm检测波长,用酶标仪测定光密度(A),计算细胞存活率。
本实验采用倒置荧光显微镜法考察PTX@HSA-lipos脂质体的体外细胞摄取能力。由于 PTX及前药无荧光,故包载荧光物质香豆素6(coumarin 6, C6)观察制剂在B16F10细胞中的摄取情况。取对数生长期的B16F10细胞,按照每孔1×105个接种于12孔板中,孵育过夜使细胞贴壁生长。弃去原有培养基,分别加入一定体积的游离 C6和包载 C6 的白蛋白修饰脂质体(C6@HSA-lipos),药物溶液中C6质量浓度均为2 μg·mL-1。将细胞板置于细胞培养箱中继续培养4 h后取出,移取培养基,用无菌 PBS 洗涤3次,每孔加入300 μL 4%多聚甲醛细胞固定液,4 ℃下固定 20 min,吸取固定液并用无菌PBS洗涤3 次,每孔加入150 μL DAPI 溶液室温下染色10 min后,用无菌PBS洗掉多余DAPI染液, 最后每孔加入300 μL PBS,使用倒置荧光显微镜观察摄取结果。
为了进一步验证HSA的主动靶向性,在实验前期加入5 mg·mL-1游离HSA溶液预先孵化细胞2 h,然后分别加入不同制剂,使用倒置荧光显微镜观察摄取结果。
19~22 g雌性昆明小鼠养于实验室适应环境约1周后,建立荷瘤小鼠模型。具体方法如下:用胰蛋白酶消化处于对数生长期的B16F10细胞,并制备得到密度为每毫升1×107个细胞的分散于培养基中的细胞悬液,在每只小鼠右侧腋下接种0.1 mL,用游标卡尺测量肿瘤的长径(L)与短径(W),并按照公式3计算肿瘤体积(V)。
V=$\frac{1}{2}$(L×W2)
为了评价PTX@HSA-lipos脂质体的抗肿瘤活性,当小鼠肿瘤长到80~100 mm3时,将小鼠随机分成3组:生理盐水组、Taxol组、PTX@HSA-lipos组,每组各5只小鼠。每间隔2 d给药1次,其中生理盐水给药0.1 mL,Taxol和PTX@HSA-lipos给药剂量以PTX原料药计算为相当于5 mg·kg-1 PTX。隔天测量小鼠的肿瘤体积与体质量,并绘制小鼠的瘤体积与体质量变化曲线。
为了观察制剂在体内的分布情况,选择荧光物质Dir作为荧光染料,将其包封于白蛋白修饰脂质体中,并命名为Dir@HSA-lipos。当荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长到 150~200 mm3时,分别通过尾静脉注射Dir,Dir@HSA-lipos,每种处方中Dir的剂量为100 μg·kg-1。将小鼠进行脱毛处理后,在给药后2、4、8、12 h对小鼠进行活体成像,选择745 nm为激发波长,ICG 为发射通道,观察药物在体内的分布。最后一次拍摄结束后,将小鼠处死,取出其主要器官与肿瘤组织进行体外成像。
PTX-LEA-EMCH的合成路线见图1。首先以LEA为连接基团,其羧基与PTX的2-位羟基进行酯化反应相连接,制得PTX-LEA。核磁共振图谱见图2A。7.0~8.1处出现紫杉醇特征吸收峰;2.56, 2.73处出现乙酰丙酸的亚甲基吸收峰。此外质谱图中测得质荷比969.8有[M+NH4]+这与所设计化合物的相对分子质量一致,说明所设计前药成功合成。在此基础上,通过PTX-LEA中的羰基与EMCH中的肼键形成酰腙键制备成PTX-LEA-EMCH。核磁共振图谱见图2C。7.0处出现马来酰亚胺的次甲基峰;7.0~8.1处为紫杉醇的特征吸收峰。通过核磁共振图谱初步估计前体药物中马来酰亚胺的含量为7.22%,与理论值(7.41%)基本一致。此外质谱(图2)证实在质荷比1 159.19有[M+H]+峰;质荷比1 181.39有[M+Na]+峰,这与所设计前体药物PTX-LEA-EMCH的相对分子质量一致,证明目标化合物成功合成。
为了制备PTX@HSA-lipos,首先利用PTX-LEA-EMCH,EPC和Ch为材料采用薄膜水化法制备了表面由马来酰亚胺修饰的PTX@lipos脂质体。在脂质体结构中,由于马来酰亚胺基团以及连接基团乙酰丙酸是亲水的,因此一部分马来酰亚胺基团处于脂质体外部表面。而紫杉醇是疏水的,所以处于脂质体磷脂双分子层中。然后将马来酰亚胺修饰的脂质体与HSA共同孵化,利用马来酰亚胺基团与HSA中游离巯基的点击反应使HSA结合在脂质体的表面,制备成PTX@HSA-lipos脂质体。
为了评价PTX@lipos脂质体对HSA的结合能力,采用试剂盒测定了脂质体表面马来酰亚胺基团的含量。结果表明单位质量脂质体中暴露于表面的马来酰亚胺基团毫摩尔数为0.12 mmol·g-1,相当于脂质体表面含有1.24%的马来酰亚胺基团,这就为脂质体与白蛋白的结合提供了保障。在此基础上采用HPLC对白蛋白修饰脂质体的表面蛋白含量随时间的变化进行测定,结果见图3。由图3可见,在孵化10 min后脂质体表面白蛋白的结合量达到(9.3±0.56)%,6 h后达到(12.3±0.43)%,8 h后达到稳态(12.4±0.45)%。这表明前体药物修饰脂质体能快速和白蛋白结合,最终在表面形成(12.4±0.45)%白蛋白修饰的脂质体(经过换算占用了不到1%的马来酰亚胺基团,这些白蛋白已经将脂质体表面空间占满了)。为了进一步验证白蛋白结合机理,笔者采用马来酰亚胺己酸提前与白蛋白结合,封闭白蛋白的巯基,然后与脂质体孵化。结果表明巯基被封闭后,脂质体表面蛋白修饰量只能达到0.4%,进一步证明巯基与马来酰亚胺结合的机理。
采用HPLC法对PTX@HSA-lipos中PTX的载药量进行测定。结果表明以PTX的原料药计算,载药量约为12.3%。脂质体粒径分布及Zeta电位结果见图4,所有脂质体PDI小于0.2,具有较好的粒径分布。PTX@HSA-lipos的Zeta电位为(-0.12±0.16) mV,显示出近中性。载药脂质体比空白脂质体粒径大,说明随着两亲性紫杉醇前药载入脂质体磷脂双分子层,粒径变大。从图4中可以看出空白脂质体、载药脂质体、白蛋白修饰脂质体的粒径分布均呈现单一的正态分布。
采用透析袋法研究了白蛋白修饰脂质体的体外释放。如图5所示,PTX@HSA-lipos的释放具有明显的pH敏感性,96 h后在pH值5.5和7.4时的累积释放率分别为(62.98±4.73)%和(33.52±4.87)%,表现出明显的pH敏感释放特性(F=27.64,P<0.05)。如图1所示,PTX-EMCH是以LEA为连接臂,其羧基端与PTX发生酯化反应生成PTX-LEA,羰基端与6-马来酰亚胺己酰肼的肼键反应形成具有pH敏感性酰腙键,最终得到紫杉醇-马来酰亚胺己酰腙。然后马来酰亚胺与白蛋白中的游离巯基结合形成白蛋白修饰脂质体。当白蛋白修饰脂质体进入pH值5.5释放介质时,pH敏感性酰腙键首先断裂,释放出小相对分子质量的PTX-LEA。因此本研究测定PTX-LEA的释放量和PTX的释放量,然后换算成PTX的总量。当在pH值7.4的条件下酰腙键与PTX-LEA中的酯键在溶液中发生少量断裂,药物释放。结果表明,白蛋白修饰脂质体的体外释放具有明显的pH敏感性,验证笔者的设想。
采用MTT法评价荷载PTX脂质体对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10细胞的抗癌活性。结果见图6,游离药物PTX,前体药物脂质体PTX@lipos和白蛋白修饰脂质体PTX@HSA-lipos对B16F10细胞都显示出剂量依赖性的细胞毒性,随着剂量的增大,细胞毒性增强。此外由图可推测PTX的IC50接近10 μg·mL-1(约11.7 μmol·L-1),与文献[15]报道比较接近。
此外,由图6可以看出,PTX@lipos和PTX@HSA-lipos的细胞毒性明显高于游离PTX,这可能是由于脂质体能增加PTX的溶解度,并进一步增加药物穿越细胞的能力。更为重要的是,白蛋白修饰脂质体PTX@HSA-lipos的细胞毒性比前体药物脂质体PTX@lipos强,这进一步说明白蛋白修饰脂质体的靶向性得到增强,增强了药物对B16F10细胞的穿透性,这与文献[16]报道一致。研究表明,白蛋白纳米粒注入到接种B16F10细胞的小鼠体内后,经血液循环到达肿瘤部位,一部分经增强渗透性和滞留(enhanced permeability and retention effect,EPR)效应流入肿瘤组织。白蛋白成分激活肿瘤血管内皮细胞膜表面的特异性白蛋白受体(gp60),使内皮细胞凹陷成窝,从而将白蛋白纳米粒转运至肿瘤细胞内。此外,因肿瘤细胞间隙中SPARC有一段与 gp60 同源的序列,可以和白蛋白纳米粒特异性高度结合。在肿瘤部位得到富集。从而实现肿瘤细胞的靶向摄取[16]
本实验中选择香豆素6(C6)作为荧光标记物以验证细胞对白蛋白修饰脂质体的摄取情况。从图7中可看到,不管是C6溶液还是C6@HSA-lipos,绿色荧光均匀分布在细胞核周围,表明制剂被成功摄取进入细胞质中。特别是对于C6@HSA-lipos,绿色荧光的强度明显强于C6溶液,表明C6@HSA-lipos被细胞摄取的量大于C6溶液。为了进一步验证白蛋白的靶向性,将细胞提前用游离白蛋白孵化,然后检验C6@HSA-lipos进入细胞的能力。结果表明提前用白蛋白孵化后,细胞中的荧光强度明显减弱,说明C6@HSA-lipos进入细胞的量明显减弱(图7B)。为了进一步证明白蛋白的作用,采用流式细胞仪进一步进行定量测定,结果表明白蛋白孵化后,细胞中的荧光强度减弱(图7C)。进一步证明白蛋白在C6@HSA-lipos制剂细胞摄取中具有重要作用,与文献[16]报道结果一致。
为了评价PTX@HSA-lipos脂质体的抗肿瘤活性,给小鼠接种B16F10细胞。当小鼠肿瘤长到80~100 mm3时,每间隔2 d分别对荷瘤小鼠注射生理盐水、Taxol、PTX@HSA-lipos,并每隔2 d监测小鼠肿瘤体积与体质量变化。其中生理盐水给药0.1 mL,结合前期研究和参考文献[17-18],Taxol和PTX@HSA-lipos给药剂量以PTX原料药计算为相当于5 mg·kg-1 PTX。
由小鼠肿瘤体积变化曲线(图8A)可以看出,生理盐水组的肿瘤体积不断增加,呈现不可控制的状态;有2只小鼠因肿瘤过大在第8天和第10天死亡,而Taxol和PTX@HSA-lipos显示出与生理盐水组明显不同,表现出对肿瘤的抑制作用。如图8A所示,与Taxol相比,制剂PTX@HSA-lipos组具有比Taxol好地控制肿瘤体积的效果,这既归功于载体的靶向作用,同时能够证明制剂到达肿瘤部位后,响应肿瘤弱酸性的微环境释放出紫杉醇前药,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。
由小鼠的体质量变化曲线可知(图8B),生理盐水组小鼠的体质量呈明显的上升趋势,原因是小鼠的肿瘤体积增大以致体质量增加;PTX@HSA-lipos组小鼠体质量较为平稳,而Taxol组小鼠体质量略微下降,可能是Taxol处方中的聚氧乙烯蓖麻油与乙醇导致的毒副作用。以上结果表明,蛋白制剂组具有较高疗效的同时,也具有较好的体内安全性。这与前面细胞实验结果一致。
在治疗的第12天后,处死小鼠,并剖出其肿瘤组织与主要脏器。对剖出的肿瘤组织进行称重并拍照。如图8C所示,其中生理盐水组平均瘤质量为(7.88±1.22)g,而 Taxol 和PTX@HSA-lipos组分别为(3.774±0.79)、(3.126±0.68) g,与生理盐水组相比给药组瘤质量数据变化具有显著差异。特别是PTX@HSA-lipos组,差异统计意义(F=28.36,P< 0.05),这与肿瘤体积变化结果相一致。综合以上结果表明,PTX@HSA-lipos具有较好的抗肿瘤活性。
为了评价白蛋白修饰脂质体在体内的靶向效果,通过小鼠尾静脉注射游离荧光物质Dir 和 Dir@HSA-lipos利用小动物活体成像仪来观察制剂在体内的分布情况。如图9A所示,在 12 h 内,游离Dir组几乎检测不到肿瘤组织的分布;而在第12 h时,Dir@HSA-lipos 的制剂组可明显观察到肿瘤部位的蓄积,这表明白蛋白修饰脂质体具有明显的肿瘤靶向作用,能够显著增加制剂在肿瘤部位的蓄积。在给药12 h后将小鼠处死,并剖出其主要器官及肿瘤组织进行体外荧光监测,结果见图9B
图9B所示,Dir@HSA-lipos制剂组肿瘤部位荧光强度与游离 Dir 组相比明显增强约 5.28 倍,实验结果与活体成像结果相一致。在12 h时,可观察到游离 Dir 组在肝脏中的荧光强度逐渐降低,而制剂组在肝脏部位仍具有一定的荧光强度(图9B),说明以白蛋白修饰能有利于延长制剂在体内的滞留时间,增加药物在肿瘤部位的积累。也进一步证明了已有的研究成果,证明白蛋白具有一定的肿瘤靶向性[16]
脂质体纳米给药系统已经获得广泛重视并被广泛研究。研究表明当脂质体进入体内后在表面会吸附血浆蛋白形成蛋白冠。表面蛋白冠的形成对靶向分布和免疫相容性具有非常大的影响。因此通过精确调控蛋白冠地成分从而达到控制脂质体的体内分布是一种潜在的方法[19]。本研究设计并制备了HSA修饰的包载PTX的脂质体。首先将EMCH与PTX通过LEA连接构建含有pH敏感酰腙键的PTX-LEA-EMCH,在此基础上以PTX-LEA-EMCH、磷脂和Ch为材料构建PTX前药脂质体。然后利用马来酰亚胺与白蛋白上巯基发生点击反应,以实现脂质体与白蛋白的结合,制得白蛋白修饰脂质体。利用肿瘤细胞表面过表达白蛋白结合蛋白,增加肿瘤细胞对白蛋白修饰脂质体的主动摄取,达到靶向分布的目的。
PTX前药脂质体的制剂学性质表征结果表明单位质量脂质体中暴露于表面的马来酰亚胺基团毫摩尔数为0.12 mmol·g-1,这就为脂质体与白蛋白的结合提供了保障。在此基础上对白蛋白修饰脂质体的表面蛋白含量与时间的变化进行测定。表明PTX前体药物修饰脂质体能快速和白蛋白结合,最终在表面形成含有白蛋白12.4%的白蛋白修饰的脂质体。这一切充分说明前体药物脂质体表面含有足够的马来酰亚胺基团,这些基团可以快速地和白蛋白结合,在脂质体表面形成稳定的白蛋白冠,这就为制备白蛋白修饰脂质体提供保障。白蛋白修饰脂质体载药量高,以PTX的原料药计算,载药量约为12.3%。表明PTX前体药物可以很好地被包裹在脂质体双分子层中,使马来酰亚胺伸展在脂质体表面。体外释放实验表明药物从白蛋白修饰脂质体中释放具有敏感性,这主要是PTX通过pH敏感性的酰腙键与白蛋白相连,在酸性环境中会断裂,导致PTX释放,增强肿瘤部位的毒性作用。研究表明,纳米给药系统在靶部位的聚集并不能保证更好的药物疗效产生,同时还要求药物在靶部位中释放出来。因此对肿瘤微环境刺激响应的给药系统得到广泛重视。将对肿瘤组织独特的生理信号响应的基团引入,构建对肿瘤微环境刺激响应的给药系统得到广泛重视[18,20]。本课题中在前体药物中引入pH敏感酰腙键可以确保药物在肿瘤部位释放,更好地发挥疗效。
细胞摄取表明细胞对荷载香豆素6的白蛋白修饰脂质体的摄取量比香豆素6溶液大很多。更为重要的是,B16F10 细胞经游离白蛋白预孵化后,对蛋白制剂的摄取有一定程度的减少,这说明游离白蛋白能特异性与细胞表面的蛋白受体结合,使其饱和,进而阻断了蛋白制剂与细胞表面受体的结合,减少了细胞对白蛋白修饰脂质体的摄取,说明荷载紫衫醇的白蛋白修饰脂质体能通过主动与白蛋白受体的结合,增加对肿瘤细胞的靶向性[21]
通过荷瘤小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水、Taxol、PTX@HSA-lipos评价了制剂的体内抑瘤效果。结果显示,给药组均有较好的抗肿瘤疗效。其中白蛋白修饰脂质体组相比Taxol,显示出高效低毒的抗肿瘤特性。这一切说明白蛋白修饰脂质体通过主动与白蛋白受体的结合,增加对肿瘤细胞的靶向性。这就减少了制剂对正常细胞的影响。利用小动物活体成像仪考察了游离 Dir 和 Dir@HSA-lipos 在体内的分布情况,结果表明,与游离的 Dir 相比,白蛋白修饰脂质体可通过被动或者主动的方式增加对肿瘤部位的靶向性。并且在体内具有长循环的效果,有利于增加药物在肿瘤部位的积累。
本研究构建白蛋白修饰脂质体,利用白蛋白与白蛋白受体的结合,增加对肿瘤细胞靶向性分布。合成了具有马来酰亚胺基团的紫杉醇前药PTX-LEA-EMCH,在此基础上制备表面含有马来酰亚胺基团的前体药物脂质体。利用马来酰亚胺与白蛋白的游离巯基发生点击反应,实现了前药与血清白蛋白的结合;结构中同时具有酸敏感的酰腙键,能够响应肿瘤的酸性微环境释放药物。更为重要的是,白蛋白修饰脂质体能主动与白蛋白受体结合,增加对肿瘤细胞的靶向性,减少了制剂对正常细胞的影响。
  • 山东省重大科技创新工程项目资助(2018CXGC1411)
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.008
  • 接收时间:2023-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-08
基金
山东省重大科技创新工程项目资助(2018CXGC1411)
作者信息
    1 枣庄科技职业学院, 山东 枣庄 277500
    2 烟台市食品药品检验检测中心, 山东 烟台 264035
    3 山东大学齐鲁医学院药学院药剂教研室, 济南 250012

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*李凌冰,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药物新剂型 Tel:(0531)88382015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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