Article(id=1193476454907343817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193476452629836735, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)04-0422-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762476560570, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1740153600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762476560570, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762476560570, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762476560570, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193476452629836735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='313', pageEnd='438', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762476560027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762482957432, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193503285370913518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193476452629836735, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193503285370913519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193476452629836735, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=422, endPage=427, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193476455142224843, articleId=1193476454907343817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Comparison of Criteria for Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of the Identification of Analytes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To compare technical documents on criteria for chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of the identification of analytes in major international organizations,and provide suggestion for updates of corresponding technical specifications in Chinese Pharmacopeia. METHODS Chinese Pharmacopeia volume Ⅳ,the guidance or technical documents in European Commission,Food and Drug Administration,and World Anti-Doping Agency were reviewed.The key parameters in relevant technical documents were compared. RESULTS The criteria in different organizations were updated following the repaid development of analytical techniques.Existing technical documents also vary in their requirements for specific technical parameters. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the criteria for chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of the identification of analytes in Chinese Pharmacopeia general chapter 0431 mass spectrometry should be specified to provide more detailed guidance and ensure relevant methods executed scientifically and standardly.

, correspAuthors=Yi HE, Feng WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fengyan HE, Yanan ZHOU, Rixin GUO, Jing LIU, Yi HE, Feng WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193476455435826127, articleId=1193476454907343817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准比较, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 比较国际主流机构色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的技术文件,为完善《中国药典》2020年版相关技术要求提出建议。方法 通过查阅《中国药典》2020年版四部以及欧盟委员会、美国食品药品监督管理局、世界反兴奋剂组织相关指导原则和技术文件,比较关键参数的差异。结果 随着分析技术的发展,不同机构对于色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准处于不断更新之中;现有技术文件对具体技术参数的要求也不尽相同。结论 建议《中国药典》2020年版在通则0431质谱法中明确色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准,以便提供更详细的指导,保证相关方法更加科学、规范地执行。

, correspAuthors=何轶, 魏锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*何轶,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制 Tel:(010)67079569;
魏锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制 Tel:(010)53852020
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何风艳,女,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价

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何风艳,女,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价

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何风艳,女,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价

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Commission Implementing Regulation(EU) 2021/808 of 22 March 2021on the performance of analytical methods for residues of pharmacologically active substances usedin food-producing animals and on the interpretation of results as well as on the methods to be usedfor sampling and repealing Decisions 2002/657/EC and 98/179/EC[EB/OL]. (2021-05-21) [2023-12-08]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R0808., articleTitle=Commission Implementing Regulation(EU) 2021/808 of 22 March 2021on the performance of analytical methods for residues of pharmacologically active substances usedin food-producing animals and on the interpretation of results as well as on the methods to be usedfor sampling and repealing Decisions 2002/657/EC and 98/179/EC, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193540353782415930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.fda.gov/media/70154/download, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Food, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Food and Drug Administration.CVM GFI#118:mass spectrometry for confirmation of identification of animal drug residues[EB/OL]. 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(2015-09-24) [2023-12-20]. https://www.fda.gov/media/96499/download?attachment., articleTitle=Acceptance Criteria for Confirmation of Identity of Chemical Residues using Exact Mass Data for the FDA FVM Program, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193540353904050748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/td2023idcrv1.1_eng_final.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=World Anti-Doping Agency, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Anti-Doping Agency. Minimum criteria for chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of the identity of analytes for doping control purposes[EB/OL]. (2023-12-04)[2023-12-20]. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/td2023idcrv1.1_eng_final.pdf., articleTitle=Minimum criteria for chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of the identity of analytes for doping control purposes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193540353954382397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=HJ 77.1-2008. Water determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs)isotope dilution HRGC-HRMS(水质二噁英类的测定同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法), refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ 77.1-2008. Water determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs)isotope dilution HRGC-HRMS(水质二噁英类的测定同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法)[S]. 2008:1-23., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193540354017296958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=HJ 77.2-2008. Ambient air and waste gas determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs)isotope dilution HRGC-HRMS(环境空气和废气二噁英类的测定同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法), refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ 77.2-2008. Ambient air and waste gas determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs)isotope dilution HRGC-HRMS(环境空气和废气二噁英类的测定同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法)[S]. 2008:1-26., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193540354067628607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=HJ 77.3-2008. Solid waste determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs) isotope dilution HRGC-HRMS(固体废物二噁英类的测定同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法), refType=null, unstructuredReference=HJ 77.3-2008. Solid waste determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs) isotope dilution HRGC-HRMS(固体废物二噁英类的测定同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法)[S]. 2008: 1-21., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193540347616788976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193540347625177585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, companyId=1193540347616788976, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193540347637760498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, companyId=1193540347616788976, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1193540347721646579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193540347730035188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, companyId=1193540347721646579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing 100061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193540347738423797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, companyId=1193540347721646579, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国家药典委员会, 北京 100010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1193540351098061340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文件 色谱分离的要求
EU 2021/808 ①最小可接受的保留时间为色谱柱空体积对应保留时间的2倍
②保留时间允许偏差为±0.1 min
③相对保留时间最大偏差为0.5%(GC)或1%(LC、SFC)
CVM GFI #118 保留时间偏差:≤2%(GC/MS)或≤5%(LC/MS)
OFVM准则 保留时间偏差满足下列限度之一:
①≤0.2 min;
②±2.5%以内,不超过0.5 min;
③在验证方法的实验误差之内(标准偏差的倍数),不超过0.5 min。
TD2023IDCR ①保留时间偏差应不超过1%或±0.1 min(以较大者为准,不得超过半峰宽)1)
②相对保留时间偏差不得过±1%(色谱参考化合物为分析物的稳定同位素内标)或±0.5%(色谱参考化合物是分析物的稳定同位素内标)1)
), ArticleFig(id=1193540351244861981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各技术文件对于色谱分离的要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文件 色谱分离的要求
EU 2021/808 ①最小可接受的保留时间为色谱柱空体积对应保留时间的2倍
②保留时间允许偏差为±0.1 min
③相对保留时间最大偏差为0.5%(GC)或1%(LC、SFC)
CVM GFI #118 保留时间偏差:≤2%(GC/MS)或≤5%(LC/MS)
OFVM准则 保留时间偏差满足下列限度之一:
①≤0.2 min;
②±2.5%以内,不超过0.5 min;
③在验证方法的实验误差之内(标准偏差的倍数),不超过0.5 min。
TD2023IDCR ①保留时间偏差应不超过1%或±0.1 min(以较大者为准,不得超过半峰宽)1)
②相对保留时间偏差不得过±1%(色谱参考化合物为分析物的稳定同位素内标)或±0.5%(色谱参考化合物是分析物的稳定同位素内标)1)
), ArticleFig(id=1193540351307776542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术 鉴别点
分离(GC,LC,SFC,CE) 1
LR-MS离子 1
<±0.5质量范围的前体离子选择 1(间接)
LR-MSn产物离子 1.5
HR-MS离子 1.5
HR-MSn产物离子 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1193540351366496799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193476454907343817, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

EU 2021/808每种技术的鉴别点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术 鉴别点
分离(GC,LC,SFC,CE) 1
LR-MS离子 1
<±0.5质量范围的前体离子选择 1(间接)
LR-MSn产物离子 1.5
HR-MS离子 1.5
HR-MSn产物离子 2.5
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在标准样品色谱中
的相对丰度1)/%
在样品色谱中的相对
丰度最大允许范围/%
示例(在样品色谱中)
在标准样品色谱中的相对丰度2)/% 在样品色谱中的相对丰度最大允许范围/%
>50~100 ±10(绝对值) 1002) 1002)
95 8~105
60 50~70
>25~50 ±20%(相对值) 40 32~48
1~25 ±5(绝对值)3) 10 5~15
3 >03)~8
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TD2023IDCR对于确保适当鉴别可信度的相对丰度最大允许范围规定

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在标准样品色谱中
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示例(在样品色谱中)
在标准样品色谱中的相对丰度2)/% 在样品色谱中的相对丰度最大允许范围/%
>50~100 ±10(绝对值) 1002) 1002)
95 8~105
60 50~70
>25~50 ±20%(相对值) 40 32~48
1~25 ±5(绝对值)3) 10 5~15
3 >03)~8
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MS模式 MS结构重要的离子数量 MS质量准确度/×10-6
MS1 最少2 ≤5
MS/MS 最少2 ≤10
MS1和MS/MS 总计最少2 MS1: ≤5;MS/MS:≤10
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OFVM准则的质谱鉴别要求

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MS模式 MS结构重要的离子数量 MS质量准确度/×10-6
MS1 最少2 ≤5
MS/MS 最少2 ≤10
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文件 信号 要求
EU 2021/808 诊断离子 信噪比≥3∶1
CVM GFI #118 色谱峰 信噪比应>3∶1
OFVM准则 提取离子色谱图 信噪比应≥3或与比对标准的相对强度≥规定阈值1)
TD2023IDCR 诊断离子 信噪比>3∶1
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不同技术文件对于信号的要求

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文件 信号 要求
EU 2021/808 诊断离子 信噪比≥3∶1
CVM GFI #118 色谱峰 信噪比应>3∶1
OFVM准则 提取离子色谱图 信噪比应≥3或与比对标准的相对强度≥规定阈值1)
TD2023IDCR 诊断离子 信噪比>3∶1
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编号 名称 检测方法 判定要求
2341 农药残留测定法 气相色谱-串联质谱法 保留时间相同
扣除背景的质谱图中,2对监测离子均可检出,且峰面积比满足:相对比例>50%,允许±20%偏差;相对比例20%~50%,允许±25%偏差;相对比例10%~20%,允许±30%偏差;相对比例≤10%,允许±50%偏差
液相色谱-串联质谱法
2351 真菌毒素测定法 液相色谱-串联质谱法 同上
9303 色素测定法指导原则 高效液相色谱-质谱联用法 同上
9305 中药中真菌毒素测定指导原则 高效液相色谱-质谱联用法 同上
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《中国药典》2020年版四部对色谱-质谱定性的判定要求

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编号 名称 检测方法 判定要求
2341 农药残留测定法 气相色谱-串联质谱法 保留时间相同
扣除背景的质谱图中,2对监测离子均可检出,且峰面积比满足:相对比例>50%,允许±20%偏差;相对比例20%~50%,允许±25%偏差;相对比例10%~20%,允许±30%偏差;相对比例≤10%,允许±50%偏差
液相色谱-串联质谱法
2351 真菌毒素测定法 液相色谱-串联质谱法 同上
9303 色素测定法指导原则 高效液相色谱-质谱联用法 同上
9305 中药中真菌毒素测定指导原则 高效液相色谱-质谱联用法 同上
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色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准比较
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何风艳 1 , 周亚楠 1 , 郭日新 1 , 刘静 1 , 何轶 2, * , 魏锋 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(4): 422-427
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(4): 422-427
色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准比较
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何风艳1, 周亚楠1, 郭日新1, 刘静1, 何轶2, *, 魏锋1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
  • 2 国家药典委员会, 北京 100010
  • 何风艳,女,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价

通讯作者:

*何轶,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制 Tel:(010)67079569;
魏锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制 Tel:(010)53852020
Comparison of Criteria for Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of the Identification of Analytes
Fengyan HE1, Yanan ZHOU1, Rixin GUO1, Jing LIU1, Yi HE2, *, Feng WEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing 100061, China
出版时间: 2025-02-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.012
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目的 比较国际主流机构色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的技术文件,为完善《中国药典》2020年版相关技术要求提出建议。方法 通过查阅《中国药典》2020年版四部以及欧盟委员会、美国食品药品监督管理局、世界反兴奋剂组织相关指导原则和技术文件,比较关键参数的差异。结果 随着分析技术的发展,不同机构对于色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准处于不断更新之中;现有技术文件对具体技术参数的要求也不尽相同。结论 建议《中国药典》2020年版在通则0431质谱法中明确色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准,以便提供更详细的指导,保证相关方法更加科学、规范地执行。

色谱-质谱法  /  定性确证  /  标准  /  指导原则

OBJECTIVE To compare technical documents on criteria for chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of the identification of analytes in major international organizations,and provide suggestion for updates of corresponding technical specifications in Chinese Pharmacopeia. METHODS Chinese Pharmacopeia volume Ⅳ,the guidance or technical documents in European Commission,Food and Drug Administration,and World Anti-Doping Agency were reviewed.The key parameters in relevant technical documents were compared. RESULTS The criteria in different organizations were updated following the repaid development of analytical techniques.Existing technical documents also vary in their requirements for specific technical parameters. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the criteria for chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation of the identification of analytes in Chinese Pharmacopeia general chapter 0431 mass spectrometry should be specified to provide more detailed guidance and ensure relevant methods executed scientifically and standardly.

chromatographic-mass spectrometry  /  identification confirmation  /  criteria  /  issued guidance
何风艳, 周亚楠, 郭日新, 刘静, 何轶, 魏锋. 色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的标准比较. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (4) : 422 -427 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.012
Fengyan HE, Yanan ZHOU, Rixin GUO, Jing LIU, Yi HE, Feng WEI. Comparison of Criteria for Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of the Identification of Analytes[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (4) : 422 -427 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.012
色谱-质谱技术集合了色谱强大、高效的分离能力和质谱的特异性强、专属性好的特点,在药物成分鉴别[1-2]、复杂基质中微量成分的含量测定[3-5]、外源性污染物检测[6-7]、内源性毒性成分检查[8]、掺伪染色[9-13]等研究中具有广泛应用。质谱检测灵敏度较高,在残留检测中独具优势,但受基质干扰等因素影响,可能产生假阳性结果。如何在色谱-质谱定性分析是国际上普遍关注的技术问题之一。
目前,《中国药典》2020年版四部质谱法(通则0431)项下尚未对色谱-质谱技术用于分析物定性确证给出具体技术要求;《中国药典》2020年版四部农药残留测定法、真菌毒素测定法、色素测定法指导原则、中药中真菌毒素测定指导原则项下均涉及使用色谱-质谱技术对分析物进行筛查测定,同时在正文中给出了定性判断方法,但相关规定较为简单且不够系统[14]
鉴于此,本研究查阅欧盟委员会(EC)、美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)、世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)的相关技术文件,对色谱-质谱技术用于分析物确证的关键参数和具体要求进行比较,以期为科学、合理地完善我国相关技术要求提供参考。
2002年,EC发布了关于分析方法性能和结果解释的非强制性法案2002/657/EC[15],在附录《分析方法性能标准、其他要求和步骤》中,对色谱-质谱法确证分析物的技术要求作了详细规定。2002/657/EC首次引入鉴别点系统并规定了相对离子强度的允许偏差,被世界上广泛接受[16]。我国也有多个检测领域建立的标准中参考使用[17]。《中国药典》2020年版四部农药残留测定法(通则2341)、真菌毒素测定法(通则2351)、色素测定法指导原则(9303)、中药中真菌毒素测定指导原则(9305)中监测离子相对比例的允许偏差也参照了2002/657/EC[14]
随着分析技术的发展,为保证法规的确定性和完整性,2021年EC发布了新的欧盟委员会执行条例(EU)2021/808《食品动物用药理活性物质残留分析方法的性能、结果解释和采样方法》,同时废止了决议2002/657/EC和98/179/EC[18]。EU 2021/808仍然沿用2002/657/EC的鉴别点系统,但对色谱分离保留时间、鉴别点、监测离子相对比例允许偏差的具体要求与2002/657/EC有所不同。EU 2021/808适用于低分辨质谱(LR-MS,单位质量分辨率)和高分辨质谱(HR-MS)数据。
2003年5月,FDA兽药中心发布了动物药残留物鉴别的质谱确证指导原则(CVM GFI#118 Mass Spectrometry for Confirmation of Identity of Animal Drug Residues)[19],旨在为开发、评估和应用质谱方法确证动物药残留提供具体指导。CVM GFI#118不使用鉴别点系统,对不同质谱扫描模式获得的数据提出了具体的要求。
随着 HR-MS 技术的不断进步及其在食品和兽药分析中的应用日益广泛,2021年9月,FDA食品和兽药办公室(OFVM)发布了食品和兽药计划使用精确质量数据用于化学残留物鉴别确证的接受准则(Acceptance Criteria for Confirmation of Identity of Chemical Residues Using Exact Mass Data for the FDA FVM Program,以下简称OFVM准则)[20],作为对CVM GFI#118的补充。此准则主要用于HR-MS数据的目标分析,在附件中对非目标分析的情况进行了讨论。
2020年12月21日,WADA发布技术文件TD2021IDCR“兴奋剂检测中色谱-质谱法分析物定性确证的最低标准(Minimum Criteria for Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of the Identity of Analytes for Doping Control Purposes)。2023年2月14日,WADA发布该文件的最新版本TD2023 IDCR[21],并于即日起实施。
TD2023IDCR主要基于同一分析批样品、标准样品的保留时间(retention time,RT)或相对保留时间(relative retention time,RRT)和诊断离子相对丰度(relative abundances,RAs)的比较进行分析物定性确证。
良好的色谱分离是获得可靠质谱数据的重要前提和先决条件。色谱分离要求的参数为保留时间(RT)或相对保留时间(RRT)。EU 2021/808中相对保留时间为分析物保留时间与内标保留时间之比;TD2023IDCR中相对保留时间为分析物保留时间与色谱参考化合物保留时间之比。如果基质导致分析物保留时间漂移,应使用基质匹配标准或标准加入法。TD2023IDCR强调样品分析物的色谱峰应与同一分析批中标准样品分析物的色谱峰保留时间相比较。不同技术文件、指导原则中对色谱分离的规定见表1
EU 2021/808采用鉴别点系统来选择适当的采集模式和评价标准。鉴别点可视为使用不同色谱、质谱检测技术获得的用于鉴定的分数,每种技术产生的鉴别点见表2。对于已设定最大残留限量的成分,需要至少4个鉴别点;对于非授权或禁用的成分,需要至少5个鉴别点。为了满足质谱鉴别的鉴别点要求,可将不同技术获得的鉴别点进行累加;最多可组合使用3种单独的技术以达到所需的最少鉴别点;不同电离模式视为不同的技术。
TD2023IDCR直接规定了诊断离子的数量和相对丰度的比值。诊断离子,即分子离子、碎片离子或产物离子,来自一个已被验证为分析物特征的跃迁,其存在和丰度有助于分析物的识别。当碎片的原子组成具有特殊性时(例如存在氯、溴或其他具有丰富同位素离子的元素),同一同位素簇中的第二个离子也可以作为诊断离子使用。诊断离子的相对丰度比应满足表3规定。诊断离子最低数量为3个(单级质谱)或2个(多级质谱)。无法获得最低数量的诊断离子时,应制备第二种化学衍生物,或在第1次分析之外使用第2种电离或解离技术。
CVM GFI#118与TD2023IDCR、(EU)2021/808相差较大,质谱确证标准因所用的质谱数据采集技术而不同,以下按扫描技术分别列出。
①单级质谱(MS1)全扫描:质谱谱图须包括至少3个结构特异性离子。可疑样品的质谱目视应与同期标准的质谱图一致。由于全扫描数据可能包括数百个用于比较的重要数据点,因此不需要严格的数字标准(主要离子相对丰度±20%的可接受范围是一条有用的经验法则,但不是必需的)。谱库检索算法不能用于鉴别确证。使用MS1全扫描数据时,以下要素应适用:全部结构特异性离子应超过规定水平,方法开发人员应规定一个基于相对丰度或信噪比的适宜的最低水平;样品和标准的相对丰度或等级丰度应基本对应;可以解释目标分析物以外的其他突出离子(如在空白、空白基质中存在);如果使用了背景扣除,应在标准操作流程(SOP)中进行规定。作为背景的范围应在图谱中标注。
②MS1选择离子监测(SIM):3个结构特异离子的相对丰度应在比对标准的±10%。这一可接受范围可通过加减计算得到。比如相对丰度50%时,可接受范围为40%~60%,而非45%~55%。4个或以上结构特异离子,相对丰度应在比对标准的±15%。多于3个离子、但包含同位素或失水离子,相对丰度应在比对标准的±10%。
③MS1扫描采集,SIM处理:如果采集的是扫描数据,可按SIM采集数据的方式处理。
④MS1部分扫描:准则与全扫描相同。所有结构特异性离子在扫描范围内都应出现。
⑤多级质谱(MSn)全扫描:可疑样品的质谱目视应与同期标准的质谱图一致。由于全扫描数据可能包括数百个用于比较的重要数据点,因此不需要严格的数字标准。所有结构特异性离子应高于 SOP中规定的相对丰度;样品和标准的相对丰度或等级丰度应基本对应;如果1个结构特异性前体离子在MSn之后完全裂解为产物离子,则MSn+1中出现至少另外2个额外的结构特异性产物离子即可;可以解释目标分析物以外的其他突出离子(如在空白、空白基质中存在);如果使用了背景扣除,作为背景使用的范围应予规定。
⑥MSn部分扫描:准则与MSn全扫描相同。所有结构特异性离子在扫描范围内都应出现。
⑦MSn选择反应监测(SRM):如果1个MSn中选择的前体离子完全裂解,在MSn+1中只监测到2个结构特异性产物离子,相对丰度比应在比对标准的±10%以内;如果监测到3个或更多结构特异性离子,相对丰度比应在比对标准的±20%以内。
⑧MSn扫描采集,SRM处理:如果采集的是MSn扫描数据,可按SRM采集数据的方式处理。
OFVM准则主要依据质量偏差、离子数量和质量准确度,符合HR-MS数据的特点,具体鉴别标准见表4。如果测得的2个或更多离子的精确质量符合质量准确度标准,则无需计算和报告离子丰度比。如果测量的质量误差大于质量准确度标准,则应按照CVM GFI#118所述的名义质量数据的离子比标准计算和报告离子比。
(EU)2021/808质谱检测可选择以下方式:①全扫描;②选择离子监测(SIM);③多级质谱(MSn),如选择反应监测(SRM);④单级质谱(MS1)或多级质谱(MSn)与适当电离模式的组合。
CVM GFI#118规定以下图谱的任意一种可使用:总离子流图(TIC);提取离子流图(EIC);所有单个离子图谱[来自扫描(scan)、选择离子监测(SIM)或者选择反应监测(SRM)]。
TD2023IDCR适用于通过扫描(例如,全扫描、产物离子扫描)或非扫描(例如,选择离子监测、选择反应监测)技术获得的数据。
各技术文件按照质谱鉴别标准要求的检测项目,对检测信号的要求见表5
EU 2021/808可用于LR-MS数据或HR-MS数据;高分辨质谱用于分析物确证时,所有诊断离子的质量偏差应在5×10-6以下(m/z<200时,低于1×10-3),其有效分辨率,通常在整个质谱范围内10%峰谷处大于10 000或半峰宽处大于 20 000。全扫描模式时(低分辨或高分辨),只有校准标准、基质匹配标准或基质添加标准参考图谱中相对强度在10%以上的诊断离子是适宜的。诊断离子应包含分子离子(若强度不低于基峰的10%)、特征性碎片离子或产物离子。前体离子应选择分子离子、分子离子的特征加合物、特征产物离子或其中一种同位素离子。前体离子的质量选择窗口大于1时(如数据非依赖型采集),所用技术视同全扫描确证分析。碎片或产物离子应选择分析物/分析产物的特征性碎片。非选择性反应(如卓鎓离子或失水)应可能避免。
CVM GFI#118要求谱图的数据应基于至少3个结构特异性离子(包括或不包括母体离子)。如果包含非特异性离子,则数目应更多。不鼓励使用失水离子和同位素离子。
OFVM准则中对HR-MS的定义指在感兴趣的峰(m/z)上,半峰宽分辨能力始终大于10 000的仪器。质量准确度≤5×10-6(MS1模式)或≤10×10-6(MS/MS模式)。在使用 HR-MS 进行全扫描质谱测量时,对特定分析物的选择性取决于所使用的MEW的窄度。选择过窄的MEW可能会导致峰值失真,最坏情况下得到假阴性结果;过宽的MEW可能会导致较高的假阳性结果率。当存在质量几乎完全相同的共流出离子时,2种情况都可能发生。当检测复杂基质中低浓度的分析物时,出现以上情况的可能性会增加。因此,在选择MEW时必须仔细考虑仪器的分辨率、质量轴的漂移和基质的复杂性。建议使用方法中相同的色谱条件和供试品制备步骤,对基质加标进行分析,从而实验得出最佳MEW。
TD2023IDCR规定,根据分析方法不同,分析物在样品和标准样品中的浓度需要具有可比性(即分析物的信号在一个数量级内),以确保分析物的鉴别。用于鉴别的每个测量质量,应在其对应的同一分析批标准样品相同诊断离子质量的±0.5范围内。除分子质量和电荷状态有特殊要求外,母离子的隔离宽度(isolation width)应不超过m/z 1.3。
EU 2021/808规定离子比由比较图谱或对提取离子色谱图积分来确定,诊断离子的离子比用相对于最强离子或反应的百分比表示。
TD2023IDCR要求诊断离子的丰度由提取离子色谱图积分后的峰面积或峰高计算(全扫描模式鉴别也适用)。TD2023IDCR强调标准样品中获得的丰度最高的诊断离子为参考诊断离子,用于相对丰度的计算;样品色谱应使用相同的离子作为参考诊断离子,用于其他诊断离子相对丰度的计算,即便该离子不是样品色谱中丰度最高的诊断离子。
EU 2021/808规定待确证分析物的离子比应与浓度相当的基质匹配标准、基质添加标准或标准溶液中分析物的离子比一致,相对偏差应≤40%。对于所有的质谱分析,至少应计算1个离子比。离子最好由单次扫描得到,也可由相同进样的不同扫描得到(如全扫描和碎片扫描)。
TD2023IDCR对诊断离子的相对丰度比规定见表4
《中国药典》2020年版四部质谱法(通则0431)项下对色谱-质谱定性的描述较为简单,仅见“复杂供试品中待测成分的鉴定,应采用色谱-质谱联用仪或串联质谱仪”[14],并无具体技术参数的详细规定。
《中国药典》2020年版四部农药残留测定法(通则2341)、真菌毒素测定法(通则2351)、色素测定法指导原则(9303)、中药中真菌毒素测定指导原则(9305)涉及使用色谱-质谱技术对分析物进行筛查测定,同时在正文中给出了定性的判断方法。通则2341、2351、9303、9305参考了2002/657/EC对于诊断离子的要求,基于保留时间和监测离子对的峰面积比进行定性确证[14],具体要求见表6。通则2341等旨在为具体的检测项目提供指导,判定标准主要针对实验使用的三重四级杆质谱-多反应监测模式,对其他检测方式(如全扫描、选择离子检测等)、HR-MS数据等没有涉及。
国际上不同机构对色谱-质谱技术分析物定性的确证标准,核心参数分为色谱、质谱2个部分。色谱参数上,《中国药典》2020年版通则0431项下无具体参数要求,通则2341等项下仅要求保留时间相同。考虑到色谱-质谱检测经常使用内标法(如同位素内标等),建议《中国药典》参照各论中特征图谱、指纹图谱等项目下的相关规定,增加对相对保留时间及其允许偏差的要求。
《中国药典》2020年版通则0431对质谱定性的要求较为笼统,缺少具体的参数指标;通则2341等仅对SRM模式数据进行规定,缺少其他扫描模式的数据要求。随着分析技术的发展,新型HR-MS仪器使得分辨复杂基质中的共流出同质异位素成为可能,生成的全谱数据可直接用于回顾性分析而无需再次进样,在分析物定性中的应用越来越受到关注。原环境保护部发布了二噁英类成分检测的HRGC-HRMS方法[22-24],由于该类成分的特殊性,标准中定性确证标准对药品分析的参考性有限。《中国药典》尚未对HR-MS数据定性确证做出规定,有待完善和补充。
笔者查阅文献发现,各个机构对于色谱-质谱定性的确证标准都随着分析技术的发展而经历了不断完善的过程。针对目前《中国药典》对色谱-质谱分析物定性确证的标准较为简单的情况,建议综合分析国际现有技术文件、指导原则,结合国内药品分析特点,在通则0431质谱法项下增加对具体技术参数的要求,可包括保留时间、相对保留时间、信号要求、数据要求(如不同扫描模式下所需的离子个数、质量偏差范围、相对强度偏差范围)、HR-MS数据的特殊规定等,以确保相关方法在实际操作过程中更具科学性和规范性。
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.04.012
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
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    1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
    2 国家药典委员会, 北京 100010

通讯作者:

*何轶,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制 Tel:(010)67079569;
魏锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制 Tel:(010)53852020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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