Article(id=1190375275918627315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)03-0234-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761737181882, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761737181882, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761737181882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761737181882, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190375270847710190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='209', pageEnd='312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761737180673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761793989024, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=234, endPage=243, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190375276082205174, articleId=1190375275918627315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Determination of 22 Inorganic Elements in Broussonetia papyrifera Leaves from Different Habitats and Health Risk Assessment by ICP-MS, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To establish an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 22 kinds inorganic elements in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, analyze the differences of inorganic elements in leaves from different origins, and evaluate the safety and health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements, so as to provide a reference for the quality evaluation of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves and the effective development of resources. METHODS After microwave digestion of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, 22 elements were analyzed by ICP-MS using Relative molecular mass similar elements as internal standards. After methodological investigations, samples were analyzed, and the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) method was utilized to compare variability of inorganic elements from diverse sources. Safety was evaluated by individual pollution index(Pi) and comprehensive pollution index(Pc), while health risk was assessed by calculating maximum daily intake of heavy metals (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR). RESULTS The linearity of the 22 elements determined was excellent with a correlation coefficient r2≥0.991. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of precision, stability, and reproducibility tests met analytical requirements. The detection limit of each element was between 0.000 6 to 1.687 3 μg·L-1, and recovery rate was between 83.63% and 106.58%. The contents of K, Ca, Mg, and P in 24 batches of leaf samples from different origin were higher, which were 19 098, 5 258, 4 882 and 2 904 mg·kg-1, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed 5 key factors, identifying Co, Al, Fe, Ni, Sr, Mg, and K as the main characteristic elements of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves. Pi and Pc had excellent safety ratings. EDI and CR results indicated no potential health risks from heavy metals and harmful elements in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, but THQ suggests that the as element in the leaves may have an impact on human health. CONCLUSION The Broussonetia papyrifera leaves are rich in inorganic elements, heavy metals and harmful elements have less impact on human health, the content of essential elements such as K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na and Zn are high. This method is sensitive, rapid and accurate for the quantitative analysis of the inorganic elements in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, which has important value for the study of its inorganic elements.

, correspAuthors=Peizhi DONG, Xinhua XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pengcheng MA, Buwen Liang, Guohua Shen, Peizhi DONG, Xinhua XIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190375477958251307, articleId=1190375275918627315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同产地构树叶22种无机元素及健康风险评估, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立同时测定构树叶中22种无机元素含量的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用方法,分析不同产地构树叶无机元素的差异性,并对重金属及有害元素的安全性和健康风险进行评估,为构树叶的质量评价与资源的有效开发提供参考。 方法 构树叶微波消解后,22种元素以其相对分子质量相近的元素为内标,采用ICP-MS法测定,进行方法学考察后,测定样品,利用正交偏最小二乘法(OPLS-DA)比较不同产地无机元素的差异性,以单项污染指数(Pi)和综合污染指数(Pc)进行安全性评价,并通过计算每日摄入的最大重金属量(EDI)、靶标危害系数(THQ)和致癌风险(CR)对其进行健康风险评估。 结果 22种元素测定的线性关系良好,相关系数r2≥0.991,精密度、稳定性、重复性试验相对标准差(RSD)值均符合分析要求,各元素的检出限在0.000 6~1.687 3 μg·L-1之间,回收率在83.63%~106.58%之间。测定不同产地的24批构树叶样品,构树叶中元素K、Ca、Mg、P的含量较高,分别为19 098、5 258、4 882、2 904 mg·kg-1。主成分分析得到5个主因子,共筛选出Co、Al、Fe、Ni、Sr、Mg、K为构树叶的主要特征性元素。Pi和Pc均为优良安全等级,EDI和CR结果表明,构树叶重金属及有害元素对人体健康没有潜在的风险,但THQ提示构树叶样品中的As元素可能对人体健康有影响。 结论 构树叶中含有丰富的无机元素,重金属及有害元素对人体健康影响较小,人体所必需的K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Na、Zn等元素的含量均较高。此方法灵敏度高、快速、准确,可用于构树叶无机元素的定量分析,对其无机元素的研究具有重要价值。

, correspAuthors=董培智, 项新华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*董培智,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:食品药品质量控制及标准研究 Tel:(0351)2021138;
项新华,男,主任技师 研究方向:药品质量控制 Tel:(010)53851353
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马鹏程,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量标准研究

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马鹏程,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量标准研究

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马鹏程,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量标准研究

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journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Source and batch number of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Origin (in Chinese) Medicinal position No. Origin (in Chinese) Medicinal position
S1 Shanxi Jinzhong(山西晋中) Leaf S13 Guangdong Huizhou(广东惠州) Leaf
S2 Shanxi Jinzhong(山西晋中) Leaf S14 Guangdong Huizhou(广东惠州) Leaf
S3 Hebei Anguo(河北安国) Leaf S15 Sichuan Meishan(四川眉山) Leaf
S4 Hebei Anguo(河北安国) Leaf S16 Sichuan Meishan(四川眉山) Leaf
S5 Shandong Weifang(山东潍坊) Leaf S17 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S6 Shandong Weifang(山东潍坊) Leaf S18 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S7 Shandong Taian(山东泰安) Leaf S19 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S8 Shandong Taian(山东泰安) Leaf S20 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S9 Guangxi Wuzhou(广西梧州) Leaf S21 Jiangsu Xuzhou(江苏徐州) Leaf
S10 Guangxi Wuzhou(广西梧州) Leaf S22 Jiangsu Xuzhou(江苏徐州) Leaf
S11 Guangdong Yunfu(广东云浮) Leaf S23 Hubei Enshi(湖北恩施) Leaf
S12 Guangdong Yunfu(广东云浮) Leaf S24 Hubei Enshi(湖北恩施) Leaf
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871448531069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

构树叶来源及批号信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Origin (in Chinese) Medicinal position No. Origin (in Chinese) Medicinal position
S1 Shanxi Jinzhong(山西晋中) Leaf S13 Guangdong Huizhou(广东惠州) Leaf
S2 Shanxi Jinzhong(山西晋中) Leaf S14 Guangdong Huizhou(广东惠州) Leaf
S3 Hebei Anguo(河北安国) Leaf S15 Sichuan Meishan(四川眉山) Leaf
S4 Hebei Anguo(河北安国) Leaf S16 Sichuan Meishan(四川眉山) Leaf
S5 Shandong Weifang(山东潍坊) Leaf S17 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S6 Shandong Weifang(山东潍坊) Leaf S18 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S7 Shandong Taian(山东泰安) Leaf S19 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S8 Shandong Taian(山东泰安) Leaf S20 Henan Nanyang(河南南阳) Leaf
S9 Guangxi Wuzhou(广西梧州) Leaf S21 Jiangsu Xuzhou(江苏徐州) Leaf
S10 Guangxi Wuzhou(广西梧州) Leaf S22 Jiangsu Xuzhou(江苏徐州) Leaf
S11 Guangdong Yunfu(广东云浮) Leaf S23 Hubei Enshi(湖北恩施) Leaf
S12 Guangdong Yunfu(广东云浮) Leaf S24 Hubei Enshi(湖北恩施) Leaf
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871519834238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Microwave digestion program

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Step Climbing time/min Retention time/min T/℃ Power/W
1 6 10 120 800
2 5 10 150 1 000
3 5 10 180 1 000
4 3 20 190 1 200
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871582748799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微波消解程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Step Climbing time/min Retention time/min T/℃ Power/W
1 6 10 120 800
2 5 10 150 1 000
3 5 10 180 1 000
4 3 20 190 1 200
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871645663360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Results of linear relationship determination of 22 kinds element in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Element Linear regression equation r2 Linear range/ng·mL-1 Detection limit/μg·L-1 Quantification limit/μg·L-1
Mg Y=335.809X+9 315.002 0.992 5-100 0.310 6 1.035 2
Al Y=106.223X+1 373.664 0.998 10-100 1.106 4 3.688 0
Ca Y=115.436X+6 800.423 0.991 10-100 0.611 5 2.038 3
Cr Y=10 035.259X+8 385.348 0.999 5-60 0.010 9 0.036 3
Co Y=19 044.097X+3 542.515 0.999 1-50 0.000 6 0.002 0
Ni Y=5 285.409X+4 619.323 0.999 1-50 0.005 7 0.018 9
Cu Y=14 549.139X+47 443.188 0.999 10-500 0.003 3 0.010 9
Zn Y=2 198.857X+46 701.241 0.999 10-500 0.034 7 0.115 5
As Y=1 030.856X+871.866 0.999 1-50 0.013 1 0.043 8
Se Y=45.756X+14.690 0.999 1-50 0.024 5 0.081 5
Cd Y=6 628.947X+186.673 1.000 1-50 0.000 5 0.001 7
Pb Y=111 973.709X+74 716.094 0.999 1-50 0.003 0 0.009 9
Sr Y=6 789.477X+1 516.519 1.000 5-100 0.013 7 0.045 6
Mo Y=9 667.835X+1 004.183 0.999 5-100 0.001 2 0.003 9
I Y=353.062X+1 185.295 0.999 5-100 0.076 6 0.255 2
Re Y=78 368.492X-54 133.500 0.999 5-100 0.000 2 0.000 8
Hg Y=15 524.408X+4 136.106 1.000 2-100 0.005 5 0.018 4
Mn Y=5 388.031X-20 989.468 0.999 10-800 0.008 9 0.029 8
K Y=261.979X+47 454.364 1.000 100-4 000 0.451 6 1.505 4
P Y=4.885X+150.476 1.000 200-5 000 0.331 7 1.105 8
Na Y=786.377X+167 842.223 0.997 500-4 000 1.687 3 5.624 3
Fe Y=235.341X+17 167.719 1.000 500-6 000 0.253 4 0.844 6
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871725355137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

构树叶22种元素线性关系测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Element Linear regression equation r2 Linear range/ng·mL-1 Detection limit/μg·L-1 Quantification limit/μg·L-1
Mg Y=335.809X+9 315.002 0.992 5-100 0.310 6 1.035 2
Al Y=106.223X+1 373.664 0.998 10-100 1.106 4 3.688 0
Ca Y=115.436X+6 800.423 0.991 10-100 0.611 5 2.038 3
Cr Y=10 035.259X+8 385.348 0.999 5-60 0.010 9 0.036 3
Co Y=19 044.097X+3 542.515 0.999 1-50 0.000 6 0.002 0
Ni Y=5 285.409X+4 619.323 0.999 1-50 0.005 7 0.018 9
Cu Y=14 549.139X+47 443.188 0.999 10-500 0.003 3 0.010 9
Zn Y=2 198.857X+46 701.241 0.999 10-500 0.034 7 0.115 5
As Y=1 030.856X+871.866 0.999 1-50 0.013 1 0.043 8
Se Y=45.756X+14.690 0.999 1-50 0.024 5 0.081 5
Cd Y=6 628.947X+186.673 1.000 1-50 0.000 5 0.001 7
Pb Y=111 973.709X+74 716.094 0.999 1-50 0.003 0 0.009 9
Sr Y=6 789.477X+1 516.519 1.000 5-100 0.013 7 0.045 6
Mo Y=9 667.835X+1 004.183 0.999 5-100 0.001 2 0.003 9
I Y=353.062X+1 185.295 0.999 5-100 0.076 6 0.255 2
Re Y=78 368.492X-54 133.500 0.999 5-100 0.000 2 0.000 8
Hg Y=15 524.408X+4 136.106 1.000 2-100 0.005 5 0.018 4
Mn Y=5 388.031X-20 989.468 0.999 10-800 0.008 9 0.029 8
K Y=261.979X+47 454.364 1.000 100-4 000 0.451 6 1.505 4
P Y=4.885X+150.476 1.000 200-5 000 0.331 7 1.105 8
Na Y=786.377X+167 842.223 0.997 500-4 000 1.687 3 5.624 3
Fe Y=235.341X+17 167.719 1.000 500-6 000 0.253 4 0.844 6
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871792464002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Test table of recovery rate of 22 kinds element in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves adding sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Element m(Original)/μg m(Added)/μg m(Measured)/μg Average recovery /% RSD/%
Cu 2.54 2.50 5.10 102.40 1.83
As 0.16 0.16 0.30 87.50 1.25
Cd 0.02 0.02 0.04 90.50 3.01
Hg 0.01 0.01 0.02 92.00 1.07
Pb 0.78 0.80 1.45 83.63 0.73
Na 16.41 16.40 33.09 101.70 1.13
Mg 2 441.01 2 440.00 4 776.35 95.70 2.89
Al 160.79 160.00 318.23 98.40 3.44
P 1 451.92 1 500.00 2 844.29 92.80 1.95
K 9 549.12 9 500.00 19 674.53 106.58 0.91
Ca 2 628.92 2 600.00 5 103.22 95.20 4.79
Cr 0.55 0.55 1.03 87.30 3.14
Mn 19.32 19.00 39.07 103.90 1.27
Fe 171.83 170.00 340.95 99.50 0.65
Co 0.08 0.08 0.15 92.50 3.18
Ni 0.47 0.47 0.92 95.74 4.05
Zn 9.37 9.00 17.10 85.90 2.76
Se 0.11 0.11 0.21 90.00 1.19
Sr 29.34 29.00 57.93 98.60 1.82
I 1.89 2.00 3.57 83.85 4.37
Re 0.04 0.04 0.08 87.50 1.59
Mo 0.84 0.84 1.61 91.67 2.17
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871888932995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

构树叶22种元素加样回收率试验表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Element m(Original)/μg m(Added)/μg m(Measured)/μg Average recovery /% RSD/%
Cu 2.54 2.50 5.10 102.40 1.83
As 0.16 0.16 0.30 87.50 1.25
Cd 0.02 0.02 0.04 90.50 3.01
Hg 0.01 0.01 0.02 92.00 1.07
Pb 0.78 0.80 1.45 83.63 0.73
Na 16.41 16.40 33.09 101.70 1.13
Mg 2 441.01 2 440.00 4 776.35 95.70 2.89
Al 160.79 160.00 318.23 98.40 3.44
P 1 451.92 1 500.00 2 844.29 92.80 1.95
K 9 549.12 9 500.00 19 674.53 106.58 0.91
Ca 2 628.92 2 600.00 5 103.22 95.20 4.79
Cr 0.55 0.55 1.03 87.30 3.14
Mn 19.32 19.00 39.07 103.90 1.27
Fe 171.83 170.00 340.95 99.50 0.65
Co 0.08 0.08 0.15 92.50 3.18
Ni 0.47 0.47 0.92 95.74 4.05
Zn 9.37 9.00 17.10 85.90 2.76
Se 0.11 0.11 0.21 90.00 1.19
Sr 29.34 29.00 57.93 98.60 1.82
I 1.89 2.00 3.57 83.85 4.37
Re 0.04 0.04 0.08 87.50 1.59
Mo 0.84 0.84 1.61 91.67 2.17
), ArticleFig(id=1190958871972819076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Results of determination of 22 kinds element in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves of 24 batches. mg·kg-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample Cu As Cd Hg Pb Na Mg Al P K Ca
S1 5.10 0.45 0.02 0.02 1.43 36.6 7 063 366 1 960 16 646 6 284
S2 4.56 0.38 0.02 0.03 1.42 34.3 6 905 378 2 057 17 376 6 427
S3 4.66 0.51 0.07 0.01 2.75 45.5 4 182 689 2 086 17 095 4 665
S4 4.48 0.48 0.07 0.01 2.74 46.6 4 403 689 2 087 17 436 4 656
S5 5.47 0.13 0.02 - 0.75 35.6 5 130 168 3 119 17 222 4 373
S6 4.84 0.11 0.02 - 0.73 39.7 5 851 168 3 118 17 501 4 420
S7 4.19 0.36 0.02 - 1.55 60.0 3 879 400 2 203 11 146 5 621
S8 3.94 0.35 0.02 - 1.53 53.8 3 700 403 2 214 11 333 5 660
S9 5.79 0.54 0.04 - 1.94 20.7 4 226 411 2 728 21 411 4 117
S10 5.42 0.51 0.04 - 2.16 20.4 4 373 419 2 784 22 027 4 175
S11 5.37 0.29 0.02 - 1.09 25.5 3 916 237 2 943 21 346 5 721
S12 5.00 0.26 0.02 - 1.07 26.8 4 236 239 2 974 21 661 5 723
S13 5.84 0.31 0.02 - 1.29 29.0 5 455 331 2 532 20 539 4 570
S14 5.51 0.29 0.03 - 1.26 24.2 5 089 344 2 621 21 332 4 721
S15 5.57 0.34 0.06 0.02 1.57 21.8 5 564 166 2 315 18 754 6 772
S16 4.95 0.32 0.05 0.01 1.45 18.6 5 241 155 2 183 17 637 6 300
S17 4.86 0.30 0.06 0.01 1.98 35.2 4 051 264 4 834 18 637 4 769
S18 4.57 0.29 0.06 0.01 1.96 33.5 4 160 283 5 131 19 840 5 071
S19 6.00 0.18 0.02 - 0.68 28.0 5 243 126 2 657 20 318 6 445
S20 5.71 0.15 0.02 - 0.67 27.9 5 512 129 2 694 20 731 6 488
S21 5.64 0.33 0.03 - 1.75 38.4 4 022 499 3 821 22 696 5 137
S22 4.92 0.26 0.02 - 1.60 30.9 3 537 474 3 528 21 645 4 851
S23 4.83 0.31 0.06 - 2.08 28.6 5 746 179 3 478 21 482 4 499
S24 4.46 0.28 0.06 - 2.05 25.9 5 673 189 3 614 22 537 4 712
Sample Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Zn Se Sr I Re Mo
S1 3.08 57.7 375 0.18 0.86 21.4 0.48 49.9 3.40 0.10 0.65
S2 2.96 57.8 365 0.16 0.82 20.2 0.52 57.0 4.01 0.10 0.62
S3 1.96 64.1 673 0.36 2.01 19.3 0.34 84.3 4.62 0.08 0.36
S4 1.90 63.6 646 0.35 1.94 19.2 0.25 87.5 4.98 0.08 0.34
S5 0.63 55.1 214 0.10 0.97 20.7 0.09 55.2 2.32 0.07 0.95
S6 0.60 54.4 203 0.09 0.86 19.0 0.13 57.3 2.41 0.07 0.90
S7 1.04 41.3 411 0.20 1.16 15.9 0.20 36.1 3.76 0.07 0.33
S8 0.94 40.7 389 0.18 1.09 15.4 0.20 37.4 3.81 0.07 0.30
S9 0.88 21.2 433 0.13 0.44 17.7 0.19 33.8 5.34 0.07 5.33
S10 0.81 20.7 411 0.12 0.41 17.2 0.25 34.6 5.50 0.07 5.01
S11 0.86 21.9 266 0.11 0.50 17.4 0.29 48.4 4.79 0.07 1.92
S12 0.77 21.5 255 0.10 0.47 16.8 0.18 49.9 4.80 0.07 1.80
S13 1.04 41.1 435 0.18 0.67 23.3 0.26 52.6 3.45 0.08 1.97
S14 1.00 41.7 426 0.17 0.64 23.2 0.16 53.3 3.50 0.08 1.80
S15 0.64 38.7 194 0.18 1.17 18.3 0.11 81.2 4.36 0.08 1.47
S16 0.54 35.5 171 0.16 1.04 16.9 0.13 78.2 4.24 0.08 1.31
S17 0.99 19.6 298 0.14 1.27 17.9 0.15 69.5 2.48 0.07 2.37
S18 0.96 19.9 297 0.13 1.18 17.6 0.13 71.2 2.71 0.07 2.28
S19 0.33 30.8 149 0.06 0.39 15.4 0.32 49.3 2.21 0.18 2.72
S20 0.30 29.9 144 0.06 0.38 15.3 0.26 51.9 2.17 0.18 2.58
S21 1.79 38.6 552 0.26 1.38 25.4 0.23 71.5 5.79 0.07 1.38
S22 1.56 35.5 487 0.22 1.19 22.8 0.20 67.1 5.26 0.07 1.23
S23 0.54 38.0 227 0.09 0.96 17.0 0.14 64.8 2.46 0.07 1.41
S24 0.51 37.9 222 0.08 0.88 16.3 0.17 66.2 2.53 0.07 1.33
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872060899461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

24批构树叶中22种元素含量测定结果。mg·kg-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample Cu As Cd Hg Pb Na Mg Al P K Ca
S1 5.10 0.45 0.02 0.02 1.43 36.6 7 063 366 1 960 16 646 6 284
S2 4.56 0.38 0.02 0.03 1.42 34.3 6 905 378 2 057 17 376 6 427
S3 4.66 0.51 0.07 0.01 2.75 45.5 4 182 689 2 086 17 095 4 665
S4 4.48 0.48 0.07 0.01 2.74 46.6 4 403 689 2 087 17 436 4 656
S5 5.47 0.13 0.02 - 0.75 35.6 5 130 168 3 119 17 222 4 373
S6 4.84 0.11 0.02 - 0.73 39.7 5 851 168 3 118 17 501 4 420
S7 4.19 0.36 0.02 - 1.55 60.0 3 879 400 2 203 11 146 5 621
S8 3.94 0.35 0.02 - 1.53 53.8 3 700 403 2 214 11 333 5 660
S9 5.79 0.54 0.04 - 1.94 20.7 4 226 411 2 728 21 411 4 117
S10 5.42 0.51 0.04 - 2.16 20.4 4 373 419 2 784 22 027 4 175
S11 5.37 0.29 0.02 - 1.09 25.5 3 916 237 2 943 21 346 5 721
S12 5.00 0.26 0.02 - 1.07 26.8 4 236 239 2 974 21 661 5 723
S13 5.84 0.31 0.02 - 1.29 29.0 5 455 331 2 532 20 539 4 570
S14 5.51 0.29 0.03 - 1.26 24.2 5 089 344 2 621 21 332 4 721
S15 5.57 0.34 0.06 0.02 1.57 21.8 5 564 166 2 315 18 754 6 772
S16 4.95 0.32 0.05 0.01 1.45 18.6 5 241 155 2 183 17 637 6 300
S17 4.86 0.30 0.06 0.01 1.98 35.2 4 051 264 4 834 18 637 4 769
S18 4.57 0.29 0.06 0.01 1.96 33.5 4 160 283 5 131 19 840 5 071
S19 6.00 0.18 0.02 - 0.68 28.0 5 243 126 2 657 20 318 6 445
S20 5.71 0.15 0.02 - 0.67 27.9 5 512 129 2 694 20 731 6 488
S21 5.64 0.33 0.03 - 1.75 38.4 4 022 499 3 821 22 696 5 137
S22 4.92 0.26 0.02 - 1.60 30.9 3 537 474 3 528 21 645 4 851
S23 4.83 0.31 0.06 - 2.08 28.6 5 746 179 3 478 21 482 4 499
S24 4.46 0.28 0.06 - 2.05 25.9 5 673 189 3 614 22 537 4 712
Sample Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Zn Se Sr I Re Mo
S1 3.08 57.7 375 0.18 0.86 21.4 0.48 49.9 3.40 0.10 0.65
S2 2.96 57.8 365 0.16 0.82 20.2 0.52 57.0 4.01 0.10 0.62
S3 1.96 64.1 673 0.36 2.01 19.3 0.34 84.3 4.62 0.08 0.36
S4 1.90 63.6 646 0.35 1.94 19.2 0.25 87.5 4.98 0.08 0.34
S5 0.63 55.1 214 0.10 0.97 20.7 0.09 55.2 2.32 0.07 0.95
S6 0.60 54.4 203 0.09 0.86 19.0 0.13 57.3 2.41 0.07 0.90
S7 1.04 41.3 411 0.20 1.16 15.9 0.20 36.1 3.76 0.07 0.33
S8 0.94 40.7 389 0.18 1.09 15.4 0.20 37.4 3.81 0.07 0.30
S9 0.88 21.2 433 0.13 0.44 17.7 0.19 33.8 5.34 0.07 5.33
S10 0.81 20.7 411 0.12 0.41 17.2 0.25 34.6 5.50 0.07 5.01
S11 0.86 21.9 266 0.11 0.50 17.4 0.29 48.4 4.79 0.07 1.92
S12 0.77 21.5 255 0.10 0.47 16.8 0.18 49.9 4.80 0.07 1.80
S13 1.04 41.1 435 0.18 0.67 23.3 0.26 52.6 3.45 0.08 1.97
S14 1.00 41.7 426 0.17 0.64 23.2 0.16 53.3 3.50 0.08 1.80
S15 0.64 38.7 194 0.18 1.17 18.3 0.11 81.2 4.36 0.08 1.47
S16 0.54 35.5 171 0.16 1.04 16.9 0.13 78.2 4.24 0.08 1.31
S17 0.99 19.6 298 0.14 1.27 17.9 0.15 69.5 2.48 0.07 2.37
S18 0.96 19.9 297 0.13 1.18 17.6 0.13 71.2 2.71 0.07 2.28
S19 0.33 30.8 149 0.06 0.39 15.4 0.32 49.3 2.21 0.18 2.72
S20 0.30 29.9 144 0.06 0.38 15.3 0.26 51.9 2.17 0.18 2.58
S21 1.79 38.6 552 0.26 1.38 25.4 0.23 71.5 5.79 0.07 1.38
S22 1.56 35.5 487 0.22 1.19 22.8 0.20 67.1 5.26 0.07 1.23
S23 0.54 38.0 227 0.09 0.96 17.0 0.14 64.8 2.46 0.07 1.41
S24 0.51 37.9 222 0.08 0.88 16.3 0.17 66.2 2.53 0.07 1.33
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872136396934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Specific adjustment information of 22 kinds element in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Expansion Element Minification Element
X5 Cu,Cr ÷6 Al,Fe
X10 As,Cd,Hg,Pb,I ÷35 P
X15 Co,Ni ÷75 Ca,Mg
X20 Se,Re,Mo ÷100 K
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872195117191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

构树叶22种元素含量具体调整信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Expansion Element Minification Element
X5 Cu,Cr ÷6 Al,Fe
X10 As,Cd,Hg,Pb,I ÷35 P
X15 Co,Ni ÷75 Ca,Mg
X20 Se,Re,Mo ÷100 K
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872258031752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Principal component characteristic values and contribution rates of 22 kinds element in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Principal
component
Eigenvalue Variance contribution
rate /%
Cumulative variance
contribution /%
1 7.116 32.343 32.343
2 4.695 21.340 53.683
3 2.977 13.531 67.214
4 1.938 8.811 76.025
5 1.667 7.578 83.604
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872329334921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

构树叶22种元素主成分特征值及贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Principal
component
Eigenvalue Variance contribution
rate /%
Cumulative variance
contribution /%
1 7.116 32.343 32.343
2 4.695 21.340 53.683
3 2.977 13.531 67.214
4 1.938 8.811 76.025
5 1.667 7.578 83.604
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872421609610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Composition matrix of 22 kinds element in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Element 1 2 3 4 5
Co 0.935 -0.042 0.062 -0.090 0.023
Al 0.913 -0.144 0.235 -0.158 -0.128
Fe 0.883 -0.196 0.273 -0.244 -0.029
Ni 0.810 -0.109 -0.357 0.165 0.230
Pb 0.729 -0.412 0.112 0.491 0.000
Cr 0.719 0.491 0.303 -0.042 0.151
As 0.688 -0.128 0.456 0.313 -0.334
Mn 0.589 0.526 -0.226 -0.163 0.331
Sr -0.056 0.898 0.255 0.176 0.043
Mg -0.218 0.727 0.113 0.246 0.410
Se 0.320 0.709 0.448 -0.011 -0.162
Ca -0.212 0.704 -0.027 0.178 -0.317
Hg 0.373 0.597 0.131 0.517 0.156
Re -0.425 0.581 0.164 0.047 -0.193
P -0.278 -0.545 -0.137 0.171 0.415
Cu -0.509 -0.013 0.649 -0.233 0.158
K -0.393 -0.363 0.841 0.079 0.384
Mo -0.459 -0.435 0.620 0.157 -0.242
Na 0.591 0.167 -0.602 -0.284 -0.194
I 0.520 -0.294 0.535 -0.180 -0.315
Cd 0.358 -0.397 -0.069 0.764 0.205
Zn 0.369 0.025 0.377 -0.497 0.641
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872488718475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

构树叶22种元素成分矩阵

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Element 1 2 3 4 5
Co 0.935 -0.042 0.062 -0.090 0.023
Al 0.913 -0.144 0.235 -0.158 -0.128
Fe 0.883 -0.196 0.273 -0.244 -0.029
Ni 0.810 -0.109 -0.357 0.165 0.230
Pb 0.729 -0.412 0.112 0.491 0.000
Cr 0.719 0.491 0.303 -0.042 0.151
As 0.688 -0.128 0.456 0.313 -0.334
Mn 0.589 0.526 -0.226 -0.163 0.331
Sr -0.056 0.898 0.255 0.176 0.043
Mg -0.218 0.727 0.113 0.246 0.410
Se 0.320 0.709 0.448 -0.011 -0.162
Ca -0.212 0.704 -0.027 0.178 -0.317
Hg 0.373 0.597 0.131 0.517 0.156
Re -0.425 0.581 0.164 0.047 -0.193
P -0.278 -0.545 -0.137 0.171 0.415
Cu -0.509 -0.013 0.649 -0.233 0.158
K -0.393 -0.363 0.841 0.079 0.384
Mo -0.459 -0.435 0.620 0.157 -0.242
Na 0.591 0.167 -0.602 -0.284 -0.194
I 0.520 -0.294 0.535 -0.180 -0.315
Cd 0.358 -0.397 -0.069 0.764 0.205
Zn 0.369 0.025 0.377 -0.497 0.641
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872572604556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

EDI and CR of heavy metals in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample EDI/×10-4 mg·kg-1·d-1 CR/×10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1
Pb Cd As Cu Hg Pb Cd As
S1 7.67 0.11 2.42 27.4 0.11 0.23 2.31 12.7
S2 7.62 0.11 2.04 24.5 0.16 0.23 2.31 10.7
S3 14.8 0.38 2.74 25.0 0.05 0.44 8.07 14.5
S4 14.7 0.38 2.58 24.0 0.05 0.44 8.07 13.6
S5 4.03 0.11 0.70 29.4 - 0.12 2.31 3.70
S6 3.92 0.11 0.59 25.9 - 0.12 2.31 3.12
S7 8.32 0.11 1.93 22.5 - 0.25 2.31 10.2
S8 8.21 0.11 1.88 21.1 - 0.25 2.31 9.92
S9 10.4 0.21 2.90 31.1 - 0.31 4.61 15.3
S10 11.6 0.21 2.74 29.1 - 0.35 4.61 14.4
S11 5.85 0.11 1.56 28.8 - 0.18 2.31 8.22
S12 5.74 0.11 1.40 26.8 - 0.17 2.31 7.37
S13 6.92 0.11 1.66 31.3 - 0.21 2.31 8.79
S14 6.76 0.16 1.56 29.6 - 0.20 3.46 8.22
S15 8.43 0.32 1.82 29.9 0.11 0.25 6.92 9.64
S16 7.78 0.27 1.72 26.6 0.05 0.23 5.77 9.07
S17 10.6 0.32 1.61 26.1 0.05 0.32 6.92 8.51
S18 10.5 0.32 1.56 24.5 0.05 0.31 6.92 8.22
S19 3.65 0.11 0.97 32.2 - 0.11 2.31 5.10
S20 3.60 0.11 0.81 30.6 - 0.11 2.31 4.25
S21 9.39 0.16 1.77 30.3 - 0.28 3.46 9.36
S22 8.59 0.11 1.40 26.4 - 0.26 2.31 7.37
S23 11.2 0.32 1.66 25.9 - 0.33 6.92 8.79
S24 11.0 0.32 1.50 23.9 - 0.33 6.92 7.94
), ArticleFig(id=1190958872639713421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375275918627315, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

构树叶中重金属的最大金属量(EDI)和致癌风险(CR)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample EDI/×10-4 mg·kg-1·d-1 CR/×10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1
Pb Cd As Cu Hg Pb Cd As
S1 7.67 0.11 2.42 27.4 0.11 0.23 2.31 12.7
S2 7.62 0.11 2.04 24.5 0.16 0.23 2.31 10.7
S3 14.8 0.38 2.74 25.0 0.05 0.44 8.07 14.5
S4 14.7 0.38 2.58 24.0 0.05 0.44 8.07 13.6
S5 4.03 0.11 0.70 29.4 - 0.12 2.31 3.70
S6 3.92 0.11 0.59 25.9 - 0.12 2.31 3.12
S7 8.32 0.11 1.93 22.5 - 0.25 2.31 10.2
S8 8.21 0.11 1.88 21.1 - 0.25 2.31 9.92
S9 10.4 0.21 2.90 31.1 - 0.31 4.61 15.3
S10 11.6 0.21 2.74 29.1 - 0.35 4.61 14.4
S11 5.85 0.11 1.56 28.8 - 0.18 2.31 8.22
S12 5.74 0.11 1.40 26.8 - 0.17 2.31 7.37
S13 6.92 0.11 1.66 31.3 - 0.21 2.31 8.79
S14 6.76 0.16 1.56 29.6 - 0.20 3.46 8.22
S15 8.43 0.32 1.82 29.9 0.11 0.25 6.92 9.64
S16 7.78 0.27 1.72 26.6 0.05 0.23 5.77 9.07
S17 10.6 0.32 1.61 26.1 0.05 0.32 6.92 8.51
S18 10.5 0.32 1.56 24.5 0.05 0.31 6.92 8.22
S19 3.65 0.11 0.97 32.2 - 0.11 2.31 5.10
S20 3.60 0.11 0.81 30.6 - 0.11 2.31 4.25
S21 9.39 0.16 1.77 30.3 - 0.28 3.46 9.36
S22 8.59 0.11 1.40 26.4 - 0.26 2.31 7.37
S23 11.2 0.32 1.66 25.9 - 0.33 6.92 8.79
S24 11.0 0.32 1.50 23.9 - 0.33 6.92 7.94
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电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同产地构树叶22种无机元素及健康风险评估
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马鹏程 1 , 梁卜文 2 , 申国华 2 , 董培智 2, * , 项新华 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(3): 234-243
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(3): 234-243
电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同产地构树叶22种无机元素及健康风险评估
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马鹏程1, 梁卜文2, 申国华2, 董培智2, *, 项新华3, *
作者信息
  • 1 山西中医药大学, 山西 晋中 030619
  • 2 山西省检验检测中心药品检验技术研究所 食品药品安全防控山西省重点实验室, 太原 030031
  • 3 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 马鹏程,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量标准研究

通讯作者:

*董培智,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:食品药品质量控制及标准研究 Tel:(0351)2021138;
项新华,男,主任技师 研究方向:药品质量控制 Tel:(010)53851353
Determination of 22 Inorganic Elements in Broussonetia papyrifera Leaves from Different Habitats and Health Risk Assessment by ICP-MS
Pengcheng MA1, Buwen Liang2, Guohua Shen2, Peizhi DONG2, *, Xinhua XIANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
  • 2 Shanxi Key Laboratory of Food and Drug Safety Prevention and Control, Institute of Drug Inspection Technology, Inspection and Testing Center of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, China
  • 3 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.005
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目的 建立同时测定构树叶中22种无机元素含量的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用方法,分析不同产地构树叶无机元素的差异性,并对重金属及有害元素的安全性和健康风险进行评估,为构树叶的质量评价与资源的有效开发提供参考。 方法 构树叶微波消解后,22种元素以其相对分子质量相近的元素为内标,采用ICP-MS法测定,进行方法学考察后,测定样品,利用正交偏最小二乘法(OPLS-DA)比较不同产地无机元素的差异性,以单项污染指数(Pi)和综合污染指数(Pc)进行安全性评价,并通过计算每日摄入的最大重金属量(EDI)、靶标危害系数(THQ)和致癌风险(CR)对其进行健康风险评估。 结果 22种元素测定的线性关系良好,相关系数r2≥0.991,精密度、稳定性、重复性试验相对标准差(RSD)值均符合分析要求,各元素的检出限在0.000 6~1.687 3 μg·L-1之间,回收率在83.63%~106.58%之间。测定不同产地的24批构树叶样品,构树叶中元素K、Ca、Mg、P的含量较高,分别为19 098、5 258、4 882、2 904 mg·kg-1。主成分分析得到5个主因子,共筛选出Co、Al、Fe、Ni、Sr、Mg、K为构树叶的主要特征性元素。Pi和Pc均为优良安全等级,EDI和CR结果表明,构树叶重金属及有害元素对人体健康没有潜在的风险,但THQ提示构树叶样品中的As元素可能对人体健康有影响。 结论 构树叶中含有丰富的无机元素,重金属及有害元素对人体健康影响较小,人体所必需的K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Na、Zn等元素的含量均较高。此方法灵敏度高、快速、准确,可用于构树叶无机元素的定量分析,对其无机元素的研究具有重要价值。

构树叶  /  电感耦合等离子体质谱  /  无机元素  /  微波消解法  /  健康风险评估

OBJECTIVE To establish an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 22 kinds inorganic elements in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, analyze the differences of inorganic elements in leaves from different origins, and evaluate the safety and health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements, so as to provide a reference for the quality evaluation of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves and the effective development of resources. METHODS After microwave digestion of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, 22 elements were analyzed by ICP-MS using Relative molecular mass similar elements as internal standards. After methodological investigations, samples were analyzed, and the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) method was utilized to compare variability of inorganic elements from diverse sources. Safety was evaluated by individual pollution index(Pi) and comprehensive pollution index(Pc), while health risk was assessed by calculating maximum daily intake of heavy metals (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR). RESULTS The linearity of the 22 elements determined was excellent with a correlation coefficient r2≥0.991. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of precision, stability, and reproducibility tests met analytical requirements. The detection limit of each element was between 0.000 6 to 1.687 3 μg·L-1, and recovery rate was between 83.63% and 106.58%. The contents of K, Ca, Mg, and P in 24 batches of leaf samples from different origin were higher, which were 19 098, 5 258, 4 882 and 2 904 mg·kg-1, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed 5 key factors, identifying Co, Al, Fe, Ni, Sr, Mg, and K as the main characteristic elements of Broussonetia papyrifera leaves. Pi and Pc had excellent safety ratings. EDI and CR results indicated no potential health risks from heavy metals and harmful elements in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, but THQ suggests that the as element in the leaves may have an impact on human health. CONCLUSION The Broussonetia papyrifera leaves are rich in inorganic elements, heavy metals and harmful elements have less impact on human health, the content of essential elements such as K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na and Zn are high. This method is sensitive, rapid and accurate for the quantitative analysis of the inorganic elements in Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, which has important value for the study of its inorganic elements.

Broussonetia papyrifera Leaf  /  ICP-MS  /  inorganic element  /  microwave digestion process  /  health risk assessment
马鹏程, 梁卜文, 申国华, 董培智, 项新华. 电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同产地构树叶22种无机元素及健康风险评估. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (3) : 234 -243 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.005
Pengcheng MA, Buwen Liang, Guohua Shen, Peizhi DONG, Xinhua XIANG. Determination of 22 Inorganic Elements in Broussonetia papyrifera Leaves from Different Habitats and Health Risk Assessment by ICP-MS[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (3) : 234 -243 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.005
构树叶为桑科植物构树[Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.]的干燥叶,别名构叶、楮叶、楮桃叶、谷黄叶等,广泛分布于我国南北各地,资源十分丰富[1] 。构树叶入药最早记载于汉代《名医别录》,其曰“习作浴汤,又主恶疮生肉”,《山东省中药材标准》载:构树叶味甘,性凉,归肝、脾、肺经,主四肢风痹,赤白下痢,具有清热,凉血,利湿,杀虫之功效,用于吐血、血崩、外伤出血、鼻衄,肠炎,水肿、疝气、痢疾、癣疮等疾病。有研究表明,构树叶含有丰富的化学成分,主要有酚酸类、生物碱、木脂素类、糖苷类、萜类以及大量的黄酮类化合物,其在抑菌、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤、缓解高血压症状等方面具有重要作用[2-3]
构树叶虽在我国有着丰富的资源,但医药应用方面尚未得到有效的开发利用,每年有大量构树叶过剩而浪费[4] 。目前关于构树叶的研究主要集中于化学成分的分离与鉴定、药理作用等方面,对不同产地的构树叶无机元素尚未有报道[5],本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对不同产地构树叶中的Mg等22种元素进行测定,并探讨不同产地构树叶在生长过程中的无机元素差异性,较为全面地研究了构树叶中无机元素的种类,有助于进一步研究无机元素对其功效的作用,为更好地开发利用构树叶提供一定的依据。
电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(iCAP Qc 四级杆,美国赛默飞世尔公司),Mars 6 微波消解仪(上海屹尧仪器科技发展有限公司),SQP型万分之一电子天平(德国赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司),EDH-24型赶酸器(东方科创生物技术有限公司),EH45C型电热板(郑州今时迈科技有限公司),UF110型干燥箱(合测实业上海有限公司),PURELAB超纯水仪(英国埃尔格ELGA公司)。
Bi、Ge、In、Li、Sc、Tb、Y多元素混合标准溶液(10.0 μg·mL-1,批号:20230819,国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心),Mg、Al、Ca、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Pb、Sr、Mo、Hg、Mn、K、P、Na、Fe、I、Re、Au各单元素标准溶液(1 000 μg·mL-1,国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心),标准调谐液(含Ba、Bi、Ce、Co、In、Li、U,美国赛默飞世尔公司),优级纯硝酸(体积分数65%,批号:20230409,国药集团化学试剂有限公司),氦气、氩气(99.999%,山西宜虹气体工业有限公司),24批构树叶供试药材来源信息见表1,经山西省食品药品检验所主任药师崔宇宏鉴定为桑科植物构树[Broussonetia papyrifera(L.) L'Hér.ex Vent]的叶。
精密吸取Bi、Ge、In、Li、Sc、Tb、Y多元素标准溶液0.5 mL,加体积分数2%的硝酸配制成质量浓度为20 ng·mL-1的混合内标溶液。以Li内标测定Mg、Na元素,以Sc内标测定Al、Ca、K、Cr、Mn、P、Fe元素,以Ge内标测定Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se元素,以Y内标测定Sr、Mo元素,以In内标测定Cd、I元素,以Bi内标测定Pb、Hg、Re元素。
精密吸取各元素标准溶液适量,加体积分数为2%的硝酸定容至50 mL,配制成含Mg、Al、Ca、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Pb、Sr、Mo、Hg、Mn、K、P、Na、Fe、I、Re元素质量浓度为1~6 000 ng·mL-1的系列标准溶液,并加200 μL的Au标准溶液(质量浓度为1 μg·mL-1)作为稳定液。
精密称取构树叶粉末0.500 g,置于四氟乙烯消解罐中,加硝酸10 mL,摇匀,浸泡过夜,密闭,置于微波消解仪中,按表2中进行消解,消解完毕后冷却至室温,取出消解罐并缓慢释放压力,置于赶酸仪中,在160 ℃下赶酸至约1 mL,用纯化水分2~3次定容至50 mL,并同法制备空白溶液。
等离子体功率1 500 W;雾化室温度2.7 ℃;KED碰撞模式;冷却气流速14.0 L·min-1;辅助气流速0.8 L·min-1;雾化器流速1.03 L·min-1;采样深度5.00 mm;蠕动泵泵速40.0 r·min-1;检测器电压(脉冲)1 263 V;全定量分析模式。
取“2.2”项下系列标准溶液,以“2.4”项下所设方法进行测定,以各元素的浓度为横坐标(X),各元素峰强度为纵坐标(Y)绘制标准曲线,各元素线性方程、相关系数和线性范围见表3
按《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0412,在最佳实验条件下,测定11份的空白样品溶液,以连续测定空白样品溶液响应值的3倍标准偏差(3SD)所对应的待测元素浓度作为检测限;以连续测定空白溶液响应值的10倍标准偏差(10SD)所对应的待测元素浓度作为定量限,结果见表3
取“2.2”项下配制的混合标准溶液,按“2.4”项下方法连续测定6次,各元素峰强度相对标准偏差(RSD)值在0.83%~3.75%之间,表明该仪器精密度良好。
取供试品溶液(S7),按“2.4”项下方法每隔1 h测定一次,测定6次,各元素峰强度RSD值在1.42%~3.62%之间,表明该供试品溶液在6 h内较为稳定。
取同一批样品(S1),按“2.3”项下方法平行制备6份供试品溶液,各元素峰强度RSD值在0.96%~3.22%之间,表明该供试品重复性良好。
称取6份已知各元素含量的构树叶粉末0.250 g,分别精密加入各元素混合标准溶液适量,按“2.3”项下方法制备供试品溶液,同法测得22种无机元素的平均加样回收率在83.63%~106.58%之间,RSD值均小于4.79%,表明该方法适合构树叶无机元素的分析,各元素加样回收率试验结果见表4
取收集的24批不同产地样品,按“2.3”项下方法制备供试品溶液,按“2.4”项下方法进行测定,结果见表5
对不同产地构树叶22种无机元素含量数据进行标准化处理后[6],为绘图的方便与美观,在保持元素含量不变的前提下,将元素含量相差较大的数据缩小或扩大一定的倍数,各元素含量具体调整信息见表6,利用Hiplot(https://hiplot.com.cn)绘图系统进行热图分析,见图1,尽管24批不同产地的构树叶各元素含量之间存在差异,但也呈现出一定的规律性,均含有丰富的K、Ca、Mg、P等元素,有害元素Hg、As、Cd、Pb含量均较低。K、Ca、Mg和P是植物生长发育所必需的元素,它们参与了植物体内的许多生物化学反应和代谢过程,对植物的生长发育起着至关重要的作用[7] 。构树叶多为野生植物在自然环境中生长,很少受到人为的干扰与污染,因此有害元素含量均较低。
为了探究不同产地构树叶样品中各元素的分布情况,采用SPSS软件对24批不同产地构树叶所含的22种无机元素进行主成分分析。其特征值、方差贡献率见表7,共提取到5个主成分,一般认为特征值大于1或累计方差贡献率大于80%的主成分具有一定代表性[8] 。由表7图2可知,前5个主成分的特征值均大于1且累积方差贡献率为83.6%,表明这5个主成分可代表构树叶药材中无机元素83.6%的变量信息。因此,对这5个主成分进行因子分析,结果见表8,由表8可知,第1主成分中Co、Al、Fe、Ni的载荷量较大,第2主成分中Sr、Mg的载荷量较大,第3主成分中K的载荷量较大,第4、5主成分中无载荷量较大的元素,因此可确定Co、Al、Fe、Ni、Sr、Mg、K为构树叶的主要特征性元素[9] 。从Co、Al、Fe、Ni、Sr、Mg、K主要特征性元素的含量差异来看,其不同地域之间具有一定的差异性,Mg、Al在北部地区的含量高于中部与南部地区,K元素含量中部与南部地区相差不大,北部地区最低,Fe、Ni元素的含量在北部地区最高,南部地区次之,中部地区最低,可见构树叶中Mg、Al、K、Fe、Ni元素有明显的地域性差异,而Co、Sr元素含量3个地区相差不大,没有明显的差异性。
运用SIMCA 14.1软件,对24批不同产地构树叶无机元素含量进行OPLS-DA分析,此次分析中,模型参数R2X=0.942,R2Y=0.880,Q2 =0.596,均大于0.5,表明该模型为有效模型。得分图及VIP值见图3,不同产地样品可明显分为3类,表明不同产地构树叶含有的无机元素含量有所不同。以VIP值>1为标准,共筛选出Mn、Mg、I、K、Cr、As、Zn、P、Mo为构树叶无机元素的质量差异性成分[10] 。为验证该模型是否过于拟合,经200次的置换检验图(图4)可知,OPLS-DA分析模型有效,不存在过拟合情况(以Q2截距<0.05为标准)。由图3A可知,24批不同产地构树叶分为了3类,S1~S8来源于山西、山东、河北地区,归属于北部地区,此为第1类;S9~S16来源于广西、广东、四川地区,归属于南部地区,此为第2类; S17~S24来源于河南、江苏、湖北地区,归属于中部地区,此为第3类。从测定结果来看,3个不同地域构树叶药材中,重金属及有害元素含量均低于《中国药典》2020年版标准,且含量较为接近,常量元素Mg、Ca、K、P、Na的含量均较高,Al、Zn、Sr、Mn、Na、Fe元素含量次之,不同地域之间元素含量具有一定的相似性。
《中国药典》2020年版中5种重金属及有害元素的限度为Pb≤5 mg·kg-1,Cd≤1 mg·kg-1,Hg≤0.2 mg·kg-1,As≤2 mg·kg-1,Cu≤20 mg·kg-1。据表5结果可知,24批构树叶样品中Hg元素仅有8批样品中检测到,其余Pb、Cd、As、Cu的含量均未超标[11-12]
构树叶的安全性评价可采用单项污染指数(Pi)和综合污染指数(Pc),见公式1~2。
Pi= C i S i
Pc= P 2 m a x + P 2 a v e 2
公式1中Ci为构树叶中Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Hg的含量(mg·kg-1),Si为Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Hg的限量指标。公式2中,Pmax为各元素Pi的最大值,Pave为各元素Pi的平均值[13] 。由图5可知,24批构树叶样品的PiPc值均小于0.7,处于优良水平,样品等级为安全(当Pi≤0.7 时,为优良;当Pc≤0.7 时,为安全级、清洁)。综上所述,24批构树叶重金属及有害元素的安全性均符合相关规定。
EDI= C × I R D B A
C为药材中重金属的含量(mg·kg-1),BA为成年人的平均体质量,国际通用标准为55.9 kg,IRD为每日摄入量药材,《山东省中药材标准》规定构树叶用量10~30 g,此处构树叶每日最大摄入量以30 g计。当EDI值低于PTDI(每日暂定可耐摄入量)时,则可认为服用构树叶富集的重金属对人体健康不存在明显影响,经查阅相关文献[14],Pb、Cd、Cu、As、Hg的PTDI 分别为3.57×10-3、0.83×10-3、0.5、2.14×10-3、0.57×10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1。24批构树叶样品的EDI结果见表9,其EDI值均低于PTDI,因此,服用构树叶样品后不会产生明显的健康风险。
THQ与CR是评价人体摄入重金属风险的有效手段,见公式4~5。
THQ= C × E F × E D × I R D B A × A T × R F D
CR= C ×   I R D ×   E F ×   E D ×   C S F B A × A T×10-6
公式4~5中,EF指一年中接触重金属和有害元素的天数的,按30 d计;ED指接触重金属和有害元素的年限,按30年计;AT指暴露于含重金属及有害元素中草药中的平均时间,以人的平均寿命70年×365计。美国环保局(USEPA)规定 Pb、Cd、Cu、As、Hg的RFD参考值为0.004、0.001、0.04、0.000 3、0.000 3 mg·kg-1。CSF是致癌斜率因子,Pb、Cd和As具有一定的致癌毒性[15],其CSF分别为8.5×10-3、6.1、1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1,成年人每天的食物摄入量按1.5 kg计,若THQ<0.01,则可认为构树叶对成年人的健康没有显著影响。由图6可知,24批构树叶样品中As的THQ值均>0.01,表明若长期服用构树叶可能会对人体健康产生一定的负面影响。CR是指生物体因暴露于致癌因素中而患癌的概率,USEPA指出,CR值可接受的范围在10-6~10-4之间,若CR值>10-4,则视为危害较严重,当CR值<10-6时,危害则可忽略不计,由表9可知,Pb、Cd和As的CR值远小于10-4,表明构树叶无明显的致癌风险[16-17]
实验结果表明,不同产地之间构树叶中无机元素含量有所不同,这种差异性受诸多方面的影响,如地质结构、气候条件、土壤类型和人类活动等。《新修本草》谓“离其本土,则质同而效异”[18],《本草纲目》曰“性从地变,质与物仟”,土壤是中药材无机元素的来源之一,不同中药对土壤无机元素的富集程度有所不同,这些无机元素在中草药中既可以独立作为活性成分,也可能影响药物的活性和效果[19-20]
在预实验中,笔者分别考察了不同定容溶剂(纯化水、体积分数1%HNO3、2%HNO3、3%HNO3、5%HNO3)与不同消解体系(HNO3与HNO3-H2O2)对构树叶元素含量的影响,结果表明,以纯化水作为定容溶剂的元素含量均高于其他定容溶剂,可能原因是HNO3浓度越高,解离程度不完全,且高浓度的HNO3对锥的损伤较大;HNO3消解体系的元素含量高于HNO3-H2O2消解体系,HNO3-H2O2消解体系不适合构树叶元素的分析,更适合根类、根茎类等质地坚硬的药材。
ICP-MS法测定Hg元素时存在明显的记忆效应,汞标准溶液在不加任何稳定剂的情况下较不稳定,RSD也随之增大,而加入Au元素后能形成稳定的金汞齐络合物,因此,在配制Hg标准溶液的过程中,加200 μL浓度为1 μg·mL-1的Au标准溶液作为稳定液,既能够降低记忆效应,也能保证其稳定性。另外,汞元素标准溶液单独配制与其他元素混合配制并无区别。
本实验建立了ICP-MS同时分析不同产地构树叶中22种无机元素的方法,测定了构树叶中22种无机元素的含量,结果显示构树叶中人体所需的K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Na等元素含量较高。健康风险评估结果表明,日常服用构树叶对人体健康并无明显影响,有害元素As的含量虽在安全范围内,但THQ值显示As的暴露可能对人体健康有一定的影响。结合化学计量方法分析,结果表明,不同产地之间构树叶含量存在一定的差异性。此方法灵敏度高、分析速度快,适于构树叶无机元素的含量分析。
  • 食品药品安全防控山西省重点实验室项目资助(202204010931006)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.005
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
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食品药品安全防控山西省重点实验室项目资助(202204010931006)
作者信息
    1 山西中医药大学, 山西 晋中 030619
    2 山西省检验检测中心药品检验技术研究所 食品药品安全防控山西省重点实验室, 太原 030031
    3 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629

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*董培智,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:食品药品质量控制及标准研究 Tel:(0351)2021138;
项新华,男,主任技师 研究方向:药品质量控制 Tel:(010)53851353
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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