Article(id=1190375274240905700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)03-0214-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761737181482, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761737181482, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761737181482, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761737181482, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190375270847710190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='209', pageEnd='312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761737180673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761793989024, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=214, endPage=222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190375274492563942, articleId=1190375274240905700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Progress in the Application of Process Analytical Technology in the Drug 3D Printing Process, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of science and technology, the application of 3D printing technology in personalized drug manufacturing is becoming increasingly mature, providing innovative solutions for patients and the pharmaceutical industry. Due to the integration of the 3D printing process, there are more adjustable parameters, and the printing process needs to be analyzed and monitored so as to optimize the printing process and reduce the risk thus to ensure the quality of the product. Process analytical technology (PAT) can ensure the consistency between product quality and intended use through systematic control measures, solving the limitations, contingencies and lags associated with pharmaceutical batch sampling, so the pharmaceutical industry has begun to introduce PAT technology to co-manage the production process. Based on the above background, this paper aims to integrate current research findings, dentify the challenges and opportunities associated with the application of PAT, and provide references for industry practices and future research. This paper briefly introduces PAT-related regulations, model building methods, lists commonly used PAT tools, and summarizes the application of PAT in the process of drug 3D printing. Combined with the advantages of PAT and the current status of domestic and international applications, we also evaluates the current regulatory environment and analyzes the current challenges faced by 3D printed drugs and PAT.

, correspAuthors=Mingyuan LI, Aiping ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruyue DONG, Xiaolu HAN, Zengming WANG, Kun WAN, Xiaoxuan HONG, Hui ZHANG, Nan LIU, Mingyuan LI, Aiping ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190375767310700680, articleId=1190375274240905700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=过程分析技术在药物3D打印过程中的应用进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着科学技术的快速发展,3D打印技术在个性化药物制造的应用日益成熟,为患者和制药行业提供了创新的解决方案。由于3D打印过程的集成化,可调控参数较多,为保证产品质量,需要对打印过程进行分析监控,从而优化打印过程,降低风险。过程分析技术(process analytical technology, PAT)可通过系统控制措施来确保产品质量与预期用途之间的一致性,解决了制药生产批抽样检验带来的局限性、偶然性和滞后性等问题,因此制药工业界已开始引入PAT来共同管理生产过程。基于以上背景,为整合当前研究成果,识别PAT应用中的挑战与机遇,从而为行业的实践和未来研究提供参考,笔者简要介绍了PAT相关法规、模型建立方法,列举了常用的PAT工具,总结了PAT在药物3D打印过程中的应用,并结合PAT的优点和国内外应用现状,评估当前监管环境,分析了目前3D打印药物及PAT面临的挑战。

, correspAuthors=李明媛, 郑爱萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李明媛,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:药物制剂;
郑爱萍,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:纳米技术药物和3D打印药物 Tel:(8610)66931694
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董茹悦,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:3D打印药物

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董茹悦,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:3D打印药物

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J Light Sc (光散射学报), 2019, 31(2): 101-111., articleTitle=Research progress of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122435682608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=34, issue=null, pageStart=1023, pageEnd=1036, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=EDINGER M, BAR-SHALOM D, RANTANEN J, journalName=Pharm Res-Dordr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EDINGER M, BAR-SHALOM D, RANTANEN J, et al. Visualization and non-destructive quantification of inkjet-printed pharmaceuticals on different substrates using Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging[J]. Pharm Res-Dordr, 2017, 34: 1023-1036., articleTitle=Visualization and non-destructive quantification of inkjet-printed pharmaceuticals on different substrates using Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122502791473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=TRENFIELD S J, JANUSKAITE P, GOYANES A, journalName=Pharmaceutics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TRENFIELD S J, JANUSKAITE P, GOYANES A, et al. Prediction of solid-state form of SLS 3D printed medicines using NIR and Raman spectroscopy[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14(3): 589. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030589., articleTitle=Prediction of solid-state form of SLS 3D printed medicines using NIR and Raman spectroscopy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122569900338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=20, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=EDINGER M, IFTIMI L-D, MARKL D, journalName=AAPS Pharmscitech, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EDINGER M, IFTIMI L-D, MARKL D, et al. Quantification of inkjet-printed pharmaceuticals on porous substrates using Raman spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy[J]. AAPS Pharmscitech, 2019, 20: 1-10., articleTitle=Quantification of inkjet-printed pharmaceuticals on porous substrates using Raman spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122645397811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=92, issue=null, pageStart=105337, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=BENDICHO-LAVILLA C, RODRÍGUEZ-POMBO L, JANUSKAITE P, journalName=J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BENDICHO-LAVILLA C, RODRÍGUEZ-POMBO L, JANUSKAITE P, et al. Ensuring the quality of 3D printed medicines: Integrating a balance into a pharmaceutical printer for in-line uniformity of mass testing[J]. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, 2024, 92: 105337. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105337., articleTitle=Ensuring the quality of 3D printed medicines: Integrating a balance into a pharmaceutical printer for in-line uniformity of mass testing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122712506676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=WANG L, XU M E, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG L, XU M E. Method and device for monitoring structural-mechanical composite parameters in 3D Printing Process: China, 202310029191. 3[P]. 2023-05-23., articleTitle=Method and device for monitoring structural-mechanical composite parameters in 3D Printing Process: China, 202310029191. 3, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122775421237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=4, issue=null, pageStart=100133, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=DÍAZ-TORRES E, RODRÍGUEZ-POMBO L, ONG J J, journalName=Int J Pharm-X, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DÍAZ-TORRES E, RODRÍGUEZ-POMBO L, ONG J J, et al. Integrating pressure sensor control into semi-solid extrusion 3D printing to optimize medicine manufacturing[J]. Int J Pharm-X, 2022, 4: 100133. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100133., articleTitle=Integrating pressure sensor control into semi-solid extrusion 3D printing to optimize medicine manufacturing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122850918710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=35, pageStart=2814, pageEnd=2826, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=SAXENA A, MALVIYA R, journalName=Curr Pharm Design, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAXENA A, MALVIYA R. 3D printable drug delivery systems: next-generation healthcare technology and regulatory aspects[J]. Curr Pharm Design, 2023, 29(35): 2814-2826., articleTitle=3D printable drug delivery systems: next-generation healthcare technology and regulatory aspects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122926416183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=771, pageEnd=783, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=YU L X, AMIDON G, KHAN M A, journalName=AAPS J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU L X, AMIDON G, KHAN M A, et al. Understanding pharmaceutical quality by design[J]. AAPS J, 2014, 16: 771-783., articleTitle=Understanding pharmaceutical quality by design, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190959122997719352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=528, issue=1/2, pageStart=354, pageEnd=359, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=LAWRENCE X Y, KOPCHA M, journalName=Int J Pharm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LAWRENCE X Y, KOPCHA M. The future of pharmaceutical quality and the path to get there[J]. 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PAT-过程分析技术; API-药物活性成分; EMC-挤出-成型-包衣;A-从原料到产品的工艺流程、控制系统、过程分析技术和溶剂回收Ⅰ和Ⅱ;B-设施的俯视图和空间布置,包括工艺过程和外部设备。

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API-药物活性成分;NIR-近红外;RS-拉曼;R-反应器;C-结晶釜。

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近红外光谱: 1-密度预测,2-物理状态表征,3-药物释放,4-药物定量;紫外-可见吸收光谱:1-空间分布,2-药物定量;拉曼和显微共聚焦拉曼光谱:1-空间分布,2-药物定量,3-物理状态表征;其他技术:1-质量,2-通过压力传感器进行过程控制,3-孔隙测量。

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QbT:1-单元操作制造;2-过程测试;3-最终产品测试,QbD:1a-单元操作制造;1b-过程控制;2-最终产品测试; API-药物活性成分;CQA-关键质量属性;CPP-关键处理参数;CMA-关键材料属性;NMR-核磁共振;NIRS-近红外光谱。

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分析方法 优点 缺点 参考文献
近红外光谱法 重现性好 图谱复杂 [19]
拉曼光谱法 灵敏度高 价格昂贵,受样品颜色和荧光影响大 [20]
紫外可见光谱法 检测限低、成本低 所提供的化学信息少,选择性相对较低 [21]
), ArticleFig(id=1190959116303610100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

近红外、拉曼和紫外可见光谱分析方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析方法 优点 缺点 参考文献
近红外光谱法 重现性好 图谱复杂 [19]
拉曼光谱法 灵敏度高 价格昂贵,受样品颜色和荧光影响大 [20]
紫外可见光谱法 检测限低、成本低 所提供的化学信息少,选择性相对较低 [21]
), ArticleFig(id=1190959116366524661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
3D打印技术分类 特点 代表公司
热熔挤出沉积(MED) ①精度高
②材料普适
③无需后处理
三迭纪
熔融沉积成型(FDM) ①打印材料局限
②载药局限性
FabRx
默沙东
半固体挤出(SSE) ①剂量灵活
②打印耗时
FabRx
默沙东
黏结剂喷射(BJ) ①载药量大
②粉末难回收
APRECIA
选择性激光烧结(SLS) ①粉末难回收 FabRx
光固化成型(SLA) ①适合做微针
②精度高
FabRx
默沙东
), ArticleFig(id=1190959116421050614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375274240905700, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

药物3D打印技术分类、特点及代表公司

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
3D打印技术分类 特点 代表公司
热熔挤出沉积(MED) ①精度高
②材料普适
③无需后处理
三迭纪
熔融沉积成型(FDM) ①打印材料局限
②载药局限性
FabRx
默沙东
半固体挤出(SSE) ①剂量灵活
②打印耗时
FabRx
默沙东
黏结剂喷射(BJ) ①载药量大
②粉末难回收
APRECIA
选择性激光烧结(SLS) ①粉末难回收 FabRx
光固化成型(SLA) ①适合做微针
②精度高
FabRx
默沙东
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过程分析技术在药物3D打印过程中的应用进展
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董茹悦 1, 2 , 韩晓璐 1 , 王增明 1 , 万鲲 3 , 洪晓轩 1 , 张慧 1 , 刘楠 1 , 李明媛 2, * , 郑爱萍 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025,60(3): 214-222
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2025, 60(3): 214-222
过程分析技术在药物3D打印过程中的应用进展
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董茹悦1, 2, 韩晓璐1, 王增明1, 万鲲3, 洪晓轩1, 张慧1, 刘楠1, 李明媛2, *, 郑爱萍1, *
作者信息
  • 1 军事医学研究院国家安全特需药品全国重点实验室, 北京 100850
  • 2 天津科技大学生物工程学院, 天津 300457
  • 3 解放军总医院医疗保障中心, 北京 100089
  • 董茹悦,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:3D打印药物

通讯作者:

*李明媛,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:药物制剂;
郑爱萍,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:纳米技术药物和3D打印药物 Tel:(8610)66931694
Progress in the Application of Process Analytical Technology in the Drug 3D Printing Process
Ruyue DONG1, 2, Xiaolu HAN1, Zengming WANG1, Kun WAN3, Xiaoxuan HONG1, Hui ZHANG1, Nan LIU1, Mingyuan LI2, *, Aiping ZHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of National Security Specially Needed Medicines, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
  • 2 College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
  • 3 Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100089, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.002
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随着科学技术的快速发展,3D打印技术在个性化药物制造的应用日益成熟,为患者和制药行业提供了创新的解决方案。由于3D打印过程的集成化,可调控参数较多,为保证产品质量,需要对打印过程进行分析监控,从而优化打印过程,降低风险。过程分析技术(process analytical technology, PAT)可通过系统控制措施来确保产品质量与预期用途之间的一致性,解决了制药生产批抽样检验带来的局限性、偶然性和滞后性等问题,因此制药工业界已开始引入PAT来共同管理生产过程。基于以上背景,为整合当前研究成果,识别PAT应用中的挑战与机遇,从而为行业的实践和未来研究提供参考,笔者简要介绍了PAT相关法规、模型建立方法,列举了常用的PAT工具,总结了PAT在药物3D打印过程中的应用,并结合PAT的优点和国内外应用现状,评估当前监管环境,分析了目前3D打印药物及PAT面临的挑战。

3D打印  /  个性化  /  药物制造  /  过程分析技术

With the rapid development of science and technology, the application of 3D printing technology in personalized drug manufacturing is becoming increasingly mature, providing innovative solutions for patients and the pharmaceutical industry. Due to the integration of the 3D printing process, there are more adjustable parameters, and the printing process needs to be analyzed and monitored so as to optimize the printing process and reduce the risk thus to ensure the quality of the product. Process analytical technology (PAT) can ensure the consistency between product quality and intended use through systematic control measures, solving the limitations, contingencies and lags associated with pharmaceutical batch sampling, so the pharmaceutical industry has begun to introduce PAT technology to co-manage the production process. Based on the above background, this paper aims to integrate current research findings, dentify the challenges and opportunities associated with the application of PAT, and provide references for industry practices and future research. This paper briefly introduces PAT-related regulations, model building methods, lists commonly used PAT tools, and summarizes the application of PAT in the process of drug 3D printing. Combined with the advantages of PAT and the current status of domestic and international applications, we also evaluates the current regulatory environment and analyzes the current challenges faced by 3D printed drugs and PAT.

3D printing  /  personalization  /  drug manufacturing  /  process analytical technology
董茹悦, 韩晓璐, 王增明, 万鲲, 洪晓轩, 张慧, 刘楠, 李明媛, 郑爱萍. 过程分析技术在药物3D打印过程中的应用进展. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (3) : 214 -222 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.002
Ruyue DONG, Xiaolu HAN, Zengming WANG, Kun WAN, Xiaoxuan HONG, Hui ZHANG, Nan LIU, Mingyuan LI, Aiping ZHENG. Progress in the Application of Process Analytical Technology in the Drug 3D Printing Process[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (3) : 214 -222 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.002
过程分析技术(process analytical technology,PAT)最初在精细化工产品的分析与制备中发挥了关键作用,近年来,其在全球范围内正逐步应用于制药工业中。PAT是依据生产过程中的周期性检测、关键质量参数的控制、原材料和中间产品的质量控制及监管,确保最终产品质量达到认可标准的一种程序,可以对生产过程进行分析和控制。PAT已经成为规范生产过程中最具优势的有效工具,从PAT中得到产品成分的实时数据可以改进人们对生产过程的认知程度和控制程度。PAT通过实行“质量源于设计(quality by design, QbD)”原则来确保生产过程结束时的产品质量,在提高效率的同时避免次品与废料的产生,进而提升经济效益。
近年来,3D打印在制药领域中展现出了巨大潜力,不仅能够精确构建药物结构,还能灵活调整药物剂量和释放模式[1],为患者提供更多个性化治疗方案。经历多年发展,药物3D打印行业已衍生出不同技术种类,如黏结剂喷射(binder jet,BJ)、熔融沉积(fused deposition modeling,FDM)、半固体挤出(semi solid extrusion,SSE)、选择性激光烧结(selective laser sintering,SLS)和光固化成型(stereo lithography apparatus,SLA)等[2-6]。基于3D打印的基本原理,输入的物料可以被持续转化为药品,因而3D打印自带连续制造工艺的属性,这使得其在药物连续化生产(continuous manufacturing, CM)上极具优势。然而,3D打印药物在应用中亦面临挑战,即打印过程中众多可调控参数需要精细控制,而当前实时的监测系统仍处于早期的发展阶段,在3D打印药物中的应用尚不成熟,如何更好地应用PAT来促进3D打印药物的发展至关重要。
PAT是以实时监测原材料、中间体和过程关键质量和性能特征为手段,建立起来的一种设计、分析和控制生产的系统[7]。PAT在研发、工艺开发,以及制药生产中具有技术价值。PAT有助于更深入地理解工艺过程,有效减少工艺风险,并有力支持工艺验证、监测和监控工作。在制药生产过程中PAT可以减轻化验工作量,节约化验成本,并提供实时数据。2004年,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)早期指南中提出了PAT策略,以鼓励药品生产商利用创新技术来提高产品质量。PAT策略着重于深化对生产过程理解,同时融合工程原理、制药科学以及质量保证的相关技术,以优化生产工艺设计。所需的PAT系统可在生产工艺期间监测关键质量属性,并操纵生产线以确保产品质量。在新提出的生产策略“连续生产”中,PAT是一项关键技术[8],它强调了从原材料到最终产品的及时连续生产,见图1,该工厂操作过程包括溶解、反应结晶、过滤、干燥、挤出成型包衣、溶剂回收以及相关的过程控制软件DeltaV数字自动化系统(distributed control system,DCS)和PAT,过程控制系统可用于过程监控操作,通过实时调整过程参数来确保产品质量。PAT是该实验工厂的另一重要组成,见图2,介绍了实验工厂中运用的PAT相关设计,可允许实时在线监测关键质量属性和关键物料属性,当存在偏差时,控制系统可根据参数选择是否保留或转移物料,防止不合格物料进入下游制造过程,从而确保最终药物活性成分(active pharmaceutical ingredient, API)或药品的质量,实现实时放行测试。采用PAT替代传统质量控制方法,更加契合QbD理念,可以提高产品的一致性。
自2004年FDA发布关于PAT的制药工业指导原则,越来越多的制药企业开始重视QbD理念,并开始引入PAT以实现药品生产过程的全程监控,以更好地保证药品的质量[11]。2006年FDA发布动态药品生产管理规范工业指南,2011年发布改版的工艺验证指南,均阐述了PAT的重要性,以及相关技术规范及要求。人用药品技术要求国际协调理事会(The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH)发布了多个相关文件ICH Q8、Q9、Q10、Q12,表达QbD和PAT理念的重要性,细化了PAT在生产过程中需深刻理解的具体范围和要求。2015年FDA发布工业界开发和申报近红外分析方法指导原则草案,2017年发布口服固体制剂的连续生产指南公开征求意见,阐述了口服固体制剂连续生产的相关概念。2023年国家药监局药审中心发布《化药口服固体制剂连续制造技术指导原则(试行)》,表明我国药品连续制造进入实质性推动阶段,PAT已从构思、实验室阶段逐渐向制药工业应用化发展。PAT正在制药领域尤其是3D打印药物方向发挥越来越重要的作用。例如,三迭纪公司(Triastek)的热熔挤出沉积工艺(melt extrusion deposition, MED)即应用了多种PAT工具对工艺关键质量属性实时监测。如采用失重秤控制落料流量,确保处方比例一致性,利用NIR连续控制混合均匀度,保证成品含量均匀性,利用照相模块逐片控制药片外观和颜色,以及利用在线检重秤来逐片控制片重。
PAT工具用于制药过程监测时,由于物料体系复杂,待测关键工艺参数或关键质量属性的谱图信息可能相互重叠或被其他干扰信息掩盖,无法从中直接获取所需信息。因此,通常需要使用化学计量学方法提取有用信息,并选择合适的算法建立多元定性或定量分析模型,以实现分析目的[11]。解决定性分析问题需要用到化学计量学中的模式识别方法。模式识别方法根据学习过程可分为有监督和无监督模式识别方法。常用的有监督模式识别方法有:距离判别(如马氏距离、欧式距离)、K-最邻近(k-nearest neighbor, KNN)、线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)等;常用的无监督模式识别方法有:主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)、聚类分析(cluster analysis, CA)等。常用的定量分析方法有PCA、偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)、人工神经网络(artificial neural network, ANN)和支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)等。此外,PLS、SVM也被用于定性分析。
作为无监督技术,PCA可以减少数据的维数并对高光谱图像中的信息进行分类[12]。PCA可以将复杂的光谱数据集简化为可理解的信息,识别数据中的重复模式进行数据降维,从而消除原变量中的重叠信息,能较好地表征原变量数据结构特征,可用于分析近红外(near infrared, NIR)、傅里叶变换红外(fourier transform infrared, FTIR)和激光诱导击穿光谱(laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)等[13]。PCA还可用于生产过程结束时的例行质量检查。例如,Myakalwar等[14]利用LIBS和PCA相结合,获得了有关不同药物组成的定性信息。
PLS算法可以同时分解自变量矩阵和因变量矩阵,然后将获得的自变量和因变量的得分矩阵进行多元线性回归,既达到了降维的目的,又具有模型简单稳健、预测精度高、计算量小等优点[15]。PLS通常与光谱相结合,以开发快速且无损的方法来定量配方中的活性成分。例如,Bautista等[16]通过在PLS校准模型的辅助下,使用紫外-可见吸收光谱法(ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,UV-Vis)定量了其合成三元混合物和不同配方中的三种目标分析物。Mazurek等[17]提出了两种基于傅里叶变换拉曼光谱(Fourier transform-raman spectra, FT-RS)与PLS和主成分回归分析(principle component regression, PCR)校准耦合的方法,用于估计片剂以及注射液中的API含量。Xie等[18]使用NIR光谱结合PLS和PCR来量化液体制剂中的API。
光谱法是一种基于物质与辐射能作用时,分子能级跃迁产生的发射、吸收、或散射的波长或强度进行分析的方法。光谱法分为原子发射光谱法(atomic emission spectrometry,AES)、原子吸收光谱法(atomic absorption spectroscopy,AAS)、UV-Vis、红外光谱法(infrared spectroscopy,IR)等。目前在PAT领域已有拉曼(Raman spectra, RS)、UV-Vis、NIR等技术开展了应用与探索,不同分析方法特点见表1
NIR[22]可用于活性物质的含量测定,聚焦光束反射测量(focused beam reflectance measurement, FBRM)[23]可用于粒度检测,RS可用于测量制剂中的均一性,并考察药物分布情况[24]。目前,RS以非侵入性和快速特性已经证明其在获取固体口服剂型含量均匀性检测等分布空间信息的优势性[25-29]
在线获取药物分布的信息还可以利用太赫兹(tera-hertz, THZ)等远红外长波长光谱技术来实现。太赫兹波在固体样品中的分散特性能够反映样品折射率的变化,这一特性使其在包衣或多层片的监测中具有广阔的应用前景。当片层厚度在所使用技术的穿透能力范围内时,该技术将展现出特别的优势。
有研究将PAT系统应用于片剂连续生产线,可以接收来自检测器发射的NIR光谱,并控制物料进料[30]。该系统是基于460个具有不同药物浓度的光谱开发的。经过验证,该PAT设备能够精准检测进料的误差,并在发现异常时立即停止生产。在持续28 h的生产试验中,该系统展现出了强大的监测能力,所生产出的片剂标示量稳定在(100.86±0.4)%的范围内,充分证明了其精确控制生产的能力。
色谱法是一种常用的分析方法,其主要包括气相色谱(gas chromatography,GC)和液相色谱(liquid chromatography,LC)两种类型。色谱在PAT中的应用主要有:①气相色谱分析,依靠温度程序、压力程序与显示器的应用,常用于杂质监测、溶剂残留测定;②液相色谱分析,主要通过有等强度与梯度来分析,常用于杂质检测、含量测定、聚集体测定、电荷异质性测定;③凝胶渗透色谱分析;④生物色谱分析。
目前,高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)在生物发酵自动检测领域开展了应用,并逐步发展形成了在线生物高效液相色谱分析方法,这种方法可以解决生物发酵中蛋白浓度的在线检测问题,并在改善处理过程的无菌状况方面发挥了作用,进而实现从实验到生产的演变。
将一些成熟的技术进行适应性调整后也可以运用到PAT领域中,如应用X射线进行非破坏性监测泡罩包装中产品是否存在或外来异物检测(如干燥和粉碎过程中API的污染情况)。X射线也可作为层析源来获取片剂中API的分布的空间信息。激光诱导荧光技术(laser induced fluorescence, LIF)可以选择药物制剂中荧光材料(通常是有效成分),作为一种非破坏性的过程分析工具,可用于分析混合过程中的动力学和均匀性,以及药片中有效成分的含量。
3D打印技术即快速成型技术的一种,又称增材制造[31],它是一种以数字模型文件为基础,通过将材料逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术[32]。3D打印技术的应用为制药领域注入了新动力,根据层叠方法和使用材料的不同,可以分为不同的种类(表2)。
自20世纪80年代3D打印技术出现以来,它已经彻底改变了包括制药行业在内的许多研究领域。其通过创新生产方式,降低了制造成本,同时满足市场对多样化、个性化产品不断增长的需求[33]。2015年,首个3D打印药品获批,2020年南京三迭纪公司的T19新药临床试验申请获得批准[1],3D打印药物进入临床研究的数量正不断增长。在过去十年中,已经尝试了多种3D打印技术用于制造药品[34-36]。3D打印已被证明在片剂、胶囊、植入物、透皮给药系统等方面具有广泛的应用[37]
3D打印技术实现了更为便捷和个性化的医疗方式,其主要优势源于其设计和制造各种医疗产品的灵活性[38-40]。不同于传统制药技术,需要复杂的下游工艺来进行大规模生产[41],3D打印技术可以低成本生产个性化剂量[42],因此更加高效和经济[43]。随着计算机辅助设计的进步,研究人员可以采取更为精细的策略,不仅可以调整打印参数灵活调控剂量,更能够通过复杂结构设计来定制药物在体内释放曲线,甚至可以实现多种活性药物成分在同一剂量中的精确组合,从而确保药物效果最大化,满足患者的个性化需求[44-45]。这种新方法为个性化医疗开辟了新可能[46-49]。目前,FDA鼓励药品制造商以患者为中心开发生产固体口服制剂,以满足口服药物递送对API的生物利用度和药物释放特性日益增长的需求[50],3D打印技术的应用具有广阔的前景。
目前,PAT在监测3D打印药物中的重要性已经得到了广泛的认可[51]。进一步研究PAT和无损分析工具,有利于保障3D打印药物的质量,促进3D打印药物领域进一步发展。图3中内圈描述了分析技术的工作原理,外圈突出了该技术在药物3D打印中的应用。NIR(红色部分)已应用于药物的定量和定性,以及密度和药物释放预测。UV-Vis(绿色部分)与NIR结合,用于药物定量和打印药物的空间分布。RS和显微共聚焦拉曼(confocal Raman microscopy, CCRM)(蓝色部分)已被用于药物定量和鉴定结晶和非晶体含量,以及药物在打印过程中的空间分布。其他技术(黄色部分)包括用于孔隙测量的X射线微断层扫描(X-ray micro computerized tomography, Micro-CT),实时监测重量的质量分析仪,以及用于基于挤出型的3D打印工艺控制的压力传感器。
NIR技术无需任何采样或者样品制备,可透过透明包装对固体样品进行检测,快速准确地同时保持样品真实性。该技术具有分析应用广泛、速度快、非破坏性、样品预处理简单和分析效率高等特点,在药品检测领域得到了广泛的应用和认可。Trenfield等[52]提出一种基于NIR对氨氯地平赖诺普利复方3D打印片含量进行测定的方法,结果发现该种检测方法可以对3D打印片当中的药物含量进行无损测定,同时具有非常好的检测特异性、准确度及线性,可以用于控制基于3D打印技术所生产制剂的质量。该研究成功采用NIR,实现了对单一3D打印药品中两种活性成分的无损质量控制,从而突破了3D打印技术在临床应用中的一大难题。
Trenfield等[53]还研究证明了使用反射傅里叶变换-近红外(Fourier transform-near infrared, FT-NIR)光谱作为一种非破坏性方法来预测2和4 h时的打印密度和药物释放的可行性。对比不同激光扫描速度下的打印药物产品,Trenfield发现采用更高激光速度进行配制时,所得的药物产品展现出更为迅速的药物释放速度以及较低的密度。基于第三泛音区域光谱随物理性质变化的基线偏移,建立了单变量校准模型。在密度预测方面,建立的单变量模型线性度高(r2值=0.933 5),准确度高(误差<0.029 mg·mm-3)。对于2和4 h的药物释放预测,所建立的单变量模型具有良好的线性相关性(r2分别为0.938 3和0.916 7)和准确性(误差<4.4%)。所有测试片的预测和实际溶出情况在统计学上相似(f2>50)。展示了SLS 3D打印在一系列药物释放行为中生产含有窄治疗指数药物的产品可行性,以及FT-NIR光谱作为一种非破坏性的质量控制方法预测SLS 3D打印药物产品的物理特性(药物释放和密度)的潜力。
Yang等[19]利用3D打印的咖啡因片来验证NIR模型作为定量分析程序和剂量验证方法的可行性。采用聚乙烯醇和FDM 3D打印技术制备咖啡因片剂(0~40%)。在线性和精度方面验证了NIR模型的预测性能。证明了低成本近红外模型作为一种无损、简便、快速的分析剂量验证方法的可行性,能够实时释放,促进临床3D打印药物生产。
Yang等[54]使用FDM 3D打印技术开发速释氢化可的松片剂,并使用低成本的NIR作为PAT,评估作为关键质量属性的药物含量。利用PLS回归建立了单独的校准模型,以检测药物含量较低、配方相对复杂的3D打印片剂中的药物含量。模型证明了在较宽的浓度范围(0~15%)内预测碳氢化合物浓度的能力,并使用HPLC进行了验证。最终,NIR模型在片剂的剂量验证方面表现出色,具有线性(r2=0.981)和准确性(RMSECV=0.46%)。未来,3D打印技术与非破坏性PAT技术的整合将加速按需个性化剂量在临床中的应用。
Stranzinger等[55]评估了近红外高光谱成像(near infrared hyperspectral imaging, NIR-HSI)在喷墨打印剂型中定量测定药物含量的潜在应用,选择盐酸二甲双胍作为API,并使用喷墨打印系统将其打印到明胶薄膜上。通过打印递增的药物剂量,校准NIR-HSI系统。经过光谱预处理,应用PCA和PLS回归建立预测模型,用于打印盐酸二甲双胍样品的定量。建立的HSI模型所提供的浓度分布图能够预测制剂中的药物含量。结果强调了NIR-HSI作为药物打印中API定量和质量控制的快速、非破坏性方法的能力。作为PAT工具,NIR-HSI可以测量每个打印步骤(即每个打印层)的API含量,确保最终产品的质量,从而大大提高生产效率。
近年来得益于光谱仪设计的改进和FT-RS的出现增加了RS分析的速度和安全性。RS侧重于非极性键的测定,特别适用于监测水溶液中的反应或者形态变化,且样品前处理较为简单,可快速无损分析,检测灵敏度较高,检测数据及结果可靠,目前在药物分析领域发挥了重要作用[56],适合分析固体、混悬液和液体样品等各种样品。RS在固体制剂生产中的应用包括:原料鉴别、反应检测和多晶型筛选。
Edinger等[57]采用喷墨打印技术将氟哌啶醇墨水应用于3种不同的基底上,通过HPLC测定成品剂型中的氟哌啶醇含量,使用拉曼化学成像结合PCA可视化氟哌啶醇在剂型上的分布,采用RS结合PLS回归建模,建立了氟哌啶醇含量的定量模型,对氟哌啶醇含量预测良好,验证了RS在喷墨打印药物的可视化和定量中的适用性。
各种在线分析设备在监测药品物理化学性质时,虽各有优势,但也存在各自的局限性,难以提供全面详尽的关键质量属性数据。采用不同在线分析技术相结合的手段,通过综合运用这些工具,可以获取较全面的药品质量信息,进而深入理解并优化工艺过程。
Trenfield等[58]利用PAT,包括NIR和RS,对伊曲康唑负载制剂中的非晶态含量进行了定性和定量预测。使用PLS回归建立了校准模型,成功地预测了0~20%范围内的非晶态含量。NIR和RS模型分别具有良好的线性度(r2=0.998和0.998)和准确度(RMSEP=1.04%和0.63%)。该研究深入探讨了NIR与RS技术在量化非晶态含量方面的应用潜力,凸显了这两种技术在非破坏性质量控制中的重要价值。经过详尽的实验和分析,最终确认NIR与RS为极具前景的无损且快速的技术手段,不仅适用于粉末样品的检测,还能有效应用于SLS 3D打印过程中非晶态药物转化量的定性与定量分析。这些发现为非晶态药物的质量控制与监测提供了新的视角和方法。
Edinger等[59]使用喷墨打印技术制造个性化剂型,并结合NIR和RS作为补充分析技术,对喷墨打印的剂型进行API定量分析。3种原料药,普萘洛尔(0.5~4.1 mg),孟鲁司特(2.1~12.1 mg)和氟哌啶醇(0.6~4.1 mg)在多孔基板上以1 cm2的面积喷墨打印。通过透射NIR和RS(透射和后向散射)对打印的剂量进行非破坏性分析。X射线微计算机断层扫描分析了衬底的孔隙度测量。采用HPLC确定原料药的含量,采用PLS回归建立NIR和RS模型。HPLC分析显示,打印层数与原料药含量呈线性相关。所得PLS模型的NIR和RS的r2值在0.95和0.99之间。NIR预测模型最佳,RS次之。综上所述,NIR和RS技术可以作为喷墨打印药物API快速定量的互补工具。
SSE 3D打印在临床环境中具有巨大的集成潜力,使用预填充和一次性药用注射器符合药品生产质量管理规范(good manufacturing practice, GMP)要求。片重差异是一个重要的质量控制指标,需要称重单个批次中的特定剂量单位计算平均片重来评估偏差。然而,对于小批量3D打印药物的测试可能需要称重整个生产批次。Bendicho-Lavilia等[60]为了克服这一限制,在GMP制药3D打印机内部实现了在线分析,通过配备专门的软件控制称重系统,对整个打印批次进行自动片重差异测试。3D打印3个不同剂量批次(n=28)的氢化可的松药片,并进行在线片重差异测试,通过开发的软件记录所有单个药片的重量,并在可接受的范围内准确检测偏差。重量结果与外部分析天平进行比较无显著差异。这项研究首次将分析天平集成到药物打印机中,自动化片重差异测试,可以节省时间、劳动力和资源,同时改善3D打印药物的质量控制测试。
Wang等[61]开发了一种先进的3D打印结构-力学综合参数监测方案及其配套设备,应用于三维成像检测器,与3D打印平台连接,可以获取3D打印平台在打印过程中的过程参数,将过程参数输入至预先建立的计算模型中,通过计算模型计算过程参数对应的力学特性参数。这种技术可以对3D打印材料力学特性进行实时监测,为生物3D打印领域中结构力学环境的精准控制提供技术支持。
对于挤出型3D打印技术,如SSE和FDM,监测挤压压力可能有助于确保材料特性和加工条件。Díaz-Torres等[62]开发了一种集成在SSE打印机内的在线压力传感器,可以精确监测原料属性,如流变性、可塑性和黏弹性,同时还提供实时工艺信息(例如喷嘴堵塞)。压力传感器可能是一种有价值的PAT工具,用于基于挤出型3D打印技术的工艺和材料评估。
3D打印的发展引起了医药领域的革命性转变。通过3D打印可以实现对药物释放动力学的精确控制,提高治疗效果和患者依从性。3D打印促进了多种药物的共同给药,简化了治疗方案。先进算法和人工神经网络的无缝集成增强了3D打印的精度和功效,推动我们走向个性化医疗的前沿[63]。尽管3D打印药物具有巨大的发展潜力,但在实际应用中仍面临诸多挑战,如临床转化的进程缓慢、监管指导的缺失以及设备的复杂性等。为确保3D打印药物的安全性和有效性,监管机构必须出台更为明确和全面的规范指导,以规范其生产和临床应用。随着技术和监管的不断进步,在未来3D打印药物将更广泛地应用于临床实践,为患者提供更加精准有效的治疗方案。
在药品生产领域中,PAT的应用在实现工艺监控与质量保证方面发挥着巨大的作用。这种技术的引入,不仅极大地提升了生产过程的透明度和可预测性,而且有效确保了药品的质量和安全性,为药品生产的整体效率和品质控制提供了强有力的支撑。然而将PAT完全集成到3D打印过程中仍面临挑战,首先是硬件要求,为了保持3D打印药物的可及性,需在减少性能权衡基础上减小PAT工具的尺寸,且目前PAT的应用在很大程度上仍依赖于进口设备,存在维护难度大、探头昂贵且种类繁杂等问题。此外,目前没有任何一种分析工具足以作为分析所有关键质量属性的措施,因此,多种分析工具的物理集成、不同格式的数据提取以及提供全面分析等方面也面临挑战。
实施PAT和QbD的主要目的之一是实现实时放行测试,在没有破坏性最终产品测试的情况下确保药品质量[64-65]。然而目前也存在着一些问题,在PAT和QbD工具仅部分用于过程控制的情况下,仍需进行广泛的最终产品测试。图4描述了目前通过质量源于测试(quality by testing,QbT)和QbD在制药生产中的工作流程。在QbT(蓝色)中,通过在批次放行前根据药典测试和分析方法进行广泛的最终产品测试来确保药品质量(第3部分)。生产过程通过每个单元操作后的在线测试来监控,以评估各种特性(第2部分)。如果测试失败,产品将在生产线的任一阶段被舍弃。在QbD(黄色)中,通过PAT(1a和1b)对整个生产过程中预定义的关键质量属性进行监控,确保药品质量。在部分采用QbD制造工作流程的情况下,如果测试失败导致产品被舍弃,则需要对最终产品进行测试。而目前PAT全面实施的程度仍然有限,这意味着最终产品测试不可避免。而目前PAT相关的法规、技术指导原则和药品生产质量管理规范的要求仍不全面,缺少相关的注册审批规定。在未来,相信通过政府、行业和科研机构的共同努力,国内PAT在药品生产中的应用会逐步得到推广和完善,为提升药品质量和生产效率做出更大贡献。
随着3D打印技术持续进步,新型材料和设备不断涌现,为这一领域带来了更为广阔的应用前景。然而其中的挑战与问题也同样值得研究者们高度重视,3D打印技术为患者和制药行业提供创新的解决方案的同时,也存在着一些弊端。打印过程缺乏对后处理工艺的了解,以及在打印过程中监控和识别缺陷的能力不足,对过程控制和监测至关重要的区域缺乏实时传感器,并缺乏可用于现场监测和性能指示的无损检测方法,限制了对打印过程的精确调控,也阻碍了生产效率与产品质量的进一步提升。在制药等对产品质量要求极高的行业中,无损检测技术能够在不破坏产品完整性的前提下,对其内部结构与性能进行全面评估。然而,目前可用于现场监测和性能指示的无损检测方法尚不完善,难以满足实际生产的需求。因此,将PAT更好地融入3D打印过程中,是解决上述问题的关键所在。PAT通过集成先进的传感器、数据分析与模型预测等技术手段,可以实现对打印过程的全面监控与实时反馈。这不仅有助于及时发现并纠正打印过程中的偏差与缺陷,还能够根据实时数据调整工艺参数,优化打印策略。对于PAT在3D打印药物领域的未来发展,应侧重于在保持分辨率和灵敏度的同时使分析设备微型化,以及将这些设备物理集成到一起并应用于3D打印系统。软件开发工作需要包括建立能够处理以不同格式存储的信息的综合数据处理管道、用于多模态分析的机器学习算法以及直观的用户界面。在未来只有将PAT更好地融入进3D打印过程中,才能进一步提高产品质量,推动药物研发与生产模式的创新升级,为制药行业带来更加广阔的发展前景。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助(2023YFC2706100)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.002
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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国家重点研发计划资助(2023YFC2706100)
作者信息
    1 军事医学研究院国家安全特需药品全国重点实验室, 北京 100850
    2 天津科技大学生物工程学院, 天津 300457
    3 解放军总医院医疗保障中心, 北京 100089

通讯作者:

*李明媛,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:药物制剂;
郑爱萍,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:纳米技术药物和3D打印药物 Tel:(8610)66931694
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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