Article(id=1190352407507862320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)16-1504-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.16.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706198400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761731729628, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1724256000000, pubDateStr=2024-08-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761731729628, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761731729628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761731729628, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190352404290831102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='1453', pageEnd='1550', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761731728860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761732143204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190354142230053404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190354142230053405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1504, endPage=1512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190352408388666168, articleId=1190352407507862320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Identification of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus and Citri Fructus based on HPLC fingerprint coupled with multivariate data analysis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of performing identification of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus (CSF) and Citri Fructus (CF) based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint coupled with multivariate data analysis. METHODS HPLC method was applied to establish the fingerprints of CSF and CF. Similarity evaluation of 12 batches of CSF samples and 10 batches of CF samples was performed by Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System (2004A edition). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for data analysis. RESULTS HPLC fingerprints of CSF and CF were established, respectively. The fingerprint similarities of CSF samples, as well as the fingerprint similarities of CF samples, were all greater than 0.9. The similarities between the fingerprints of CSF samples and the control fingerprint of CF, as well as the similarities between the fingerprints of CF samples and the control fingerprint of CSF, were all less than 0.9, which indicated significant differences in chemical composition between CSF and CF. The total 22 samples were divided into two groups by HCA, PCA and OPLS-DA, which was consistent with the two varieties. Three differential markers were screened by OPLS-DA and two of them were identified as 5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin and hesperidin by reference substances. The statistical analysis indicated that the ratio of absolute peak area (APA) of hesperidin and 5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin can distinguish CSF and CF from each other simply and accurately. CONCLUSION HPLC fingerprint coupled with multivariate data analysis can be used to identify CSF and CF.

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目的 探讨采用高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合多元数据分析对佛手与枸橼进行品种鉴别的可行性。方法 采用高效液相色谱法分别建立佛手与枸橼的指纹图谱,采用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)”分别对12批佛手、10批枸橼进行相似度评价,并结合系统聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析进行考察。结果 分别建立了佛手与枸橼的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,12批佛手、10批枸橼与各自对照指纹图谱的相似度均>0.9,12批佛手与枸橼对照指纹图谱的相似度、10批枸橼与佛手对照指纹图谱的相似度均<0.9,表明佛手与枸橼的化学成分存在显著的差异;系统聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析均将22批样品分为两类,与品种区分一致;正交偏最小二乘判别分析筛选得到3个差异标志物,经与对照品比对,确认其中2个差异性成分分别为5,7-二甲氧基香豆素、橙皮苷;统计分析提示根据橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的绝对峰面积的比值可简便而准确地区分佛手与枸橼。结论 高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合多元数据分析可用于佛手与枸橼的鉴别。

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吴笛,男,博士,高级工程师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药药效物质、作用机制与质量控制 Tel:15111055139

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吴笛,男,博士,高级工程师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药药效物质、作用机制与质量控制 Tel:15111055139

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吴笛,男,博士,高级工程师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药药效物质、作用机制与质量控制 Tel:15111055139

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Chin Tradit Herb Drugs(中草药), 2023, 54(12): 3990-3998., articleTitle=Identification of Bletilla striata and Bletilla ochracea by HPLC coupled with chemometrics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364977979560500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=1038, pageEnd=1048, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=XIAO X J, QIU J J, LIU J M, journalName=天然产物研究与开发, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO X J, QIU J J, LIU J M, et al. Identification of UPLC characteristics spectrum of four original plants of Rabdosiae Herba[J]. 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1-hesperidin; 2-diosmin; 3-neohesperidin; 4-oxypeucedanin hydrate; 5-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin; 6-bergapten; 7-limonin; 8-oxypeucedanin; 9-nomilin.

, figureFileSmall=+DM8LrVm9BeI3/c8IffYWg==, figureFileBig=AUHIEDxRPu+8NDcPDM2J9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364974393430514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=图1, caption=佛手与枸橼共有成分混合对照品色谱图

1-橙皮苷;2-香叶木苷;3-新橙皮苷;4-水合氧化前胡素;5-5,7-二甲氧基香豆素;6-佛手柑内酯;7-柠檬苦素;8-氧化前胡素;9-诺米林。

, figureFileSmall=+DM8LrVm9BeI3/c8IffYWg==, figureFileBig=AUHIEDxRPu+8NDcPDM2J9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364974481510901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=HPLC fingerprint overlay and reference of 12 batches of CSF samples, figureFileSmall=m4ozAL4pDBheD0ldfP1cPw==, figureFileBig=BRqSgTbL+N9KYpuv7gkywQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364974548619767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=图2, caption=12批佛手HPLC指纹图谱叠加图谱和对照指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=m4ozAL4pDBheD0ldfP1cPw==, figureFileBig=BRqSgTbL+N9KYpuv7gkywQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364974712197625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=HPLC fingerprint overlay and reference of 10 batches of CF samples, figureFileSmall=Y1wFlZE19NCSIBhxXDcBXg==, figureFileBig=fUzV7NKLjDDr4wEtlVLuJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364974909329915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=图3, caption=10批枸橼HPLC指纹图谱叠加图谱和对照指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=Y1wFlZE19NCSIBhxXDcBXg==, figureFileBig=fUzV7NKLjDDr4wEtlVLuJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364974972244476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Common peaks in HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of CSF samples

14-hesperidin; 15-diosmin; 16-neohesperidin; 19-oxypeucedanin hydrate; 22-5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin; 24-limonin; 26-nomilin;Other peak components unidentified.

, figureFileSmall=5RR0qGX0lkKZR1mGV072fA==, figureFileBig=b7V1Bt5nYKm7QWgt7uL1DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364975043547646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=图4, caption=12批佛手HPLC指纹图谱共有峰

14-橙皮苷;15-香叶木苷;16-新橙皮苷;19-水合氧化前胡素;22-5,7-二甲氧基香豆素;24-柠檬苦素;26-诺米林;其他峰成分未知。

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18-hesperidin; 19-diosmin; 22-5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin; 23-limonin; 24-nomilin; Other peak components unidentified.

, figureFileSmall=eKZhoK+hU0fqdaLZZxm/Hg==, figureFileBig=df3vl7Gm2dNgTw+NBnph6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364975198736897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=图5, caption=10批枸橼HPLC指纹图谱共有峰

18-橙皮苷;19-香叶木苷;22-5,7-二甲氧基香豆素;23-柠檬苦素;24-诺米林;其他峰成分未知。

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13-hesperidin; 14-diosmin; 17-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin; 18-limonin; 19-nomilin; Other peak components unidentified.

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13-橙皮苷;14-香叶木苷;17-5,7-二甲氧基香豆素;18-柠檬苦素;19-诺米林;其他峰成分未知。

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Sample information of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus (CSF) and Citri Fructus (CF)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample ID Sample Ripeness Place of origin(in Chinese) Collected time
F1 CSF Green fruit Zhaoqing, Guangdong(广东肇庆) Jul 2023
F2 CSF Yellow fruit Zhaoqing, Guangdong(广东肇庆) Sep 2023
F3 CSF Yellow and green fruit Yunfu, Guangdong(广东云浮) Aug 2023
F4 CSF Yellow fruit Yulin, Guangxi(广西玉林) Oct 2022
F5 CSF Green fruit Yunyang, Chongqing(重庆云阳) Jul 2022
F6 CSF Yellow fruit Wanzhou, Chongqing(重庆万州) Sep 2023
F7 CSF Yellow and green fruit Dazhou, Sichuan(四川达州) Aug 2023
F8 CSF Yellow fruit Leshan, Sichuan(四川乐山) Sep 2023
F9 CSF Yellow fruit Ya'an, Sichuan(四川雅安) Oct 2023
F10 CSF Green fruit Chuxiong, Yunnan(云南楚雄) Jul 2023
F11 CSF Yellow and green fruit Jinhua, Zhejiang(浙江金华) Aug 2022
F12 CSF Yellow fruit Jinhua, Zhejiang(浙江金华) Oct 2023
J1 CF Yellow fruit Lincang, Yunnan(云南临沧) Nov 2022
J2 CF Yellow fruit Chuxiong, Yunnan(云南楚雄) Oct 2022
J3 CF Yellow fruit Chuxiong,Yunnan(云南楚雄) Nov 2023
J4 CF Yellow fruit Baoshan, Yunnan(云南保山) Oct 2023
J5 CF Yellow fruit Lijiang, Yunnan(云南丽江) Oct 2023
J6 CF Yellow fruit Luzhou, Sichuan(四川泸州) Sep 2023
J7 CF Yellow fruit Chengdu, Sichuan(四川成都) Oct 2022
J8 CF Yellow fruit Chengdu, Sichuan(四川成都) Nov 2023
J9 CF Yellow fruit Wuzhou, Guangxi(广西梧州) Sep 2023
J10 CF Yellow fruit Zhaoqing, Guangdong(广东肇庆) Sep 2023
), ArticleFig(id=1190364976184398365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

佛手与枸橼样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample ID Sample Ripeness Place of origin(in Chinese) Collected time
F1 CSF Green fruit Zhaoqing, Guangdong(广东肇庆) Jul 2023
F2 CSF Yellow fruit Zhaoqing, Guangdong(广东肇庆) Sep 2023
F3 CSF Yellow and green fruit Yunfu, Guangdong(广东云浮) Aug 2023
F4 CSF Yellow fruit Yulin, Guangxi(广西玉林) Oct 2022
F5 CSF Green fruit Yunyang, Chongqing(重庆云阳) Jul 2022
F6 CSF Yellow fruit Wanzhou, Chongqing(重庆万州) Sep 2023
F7 CSF Yellow and green fruit Dazhou, Sichuan(四川达州) Aug 2023
F8 CSF Yellow fruit Leshan, Sichuan(四川乐山) Sep 2023
F9 CSF Yellow fruit Ya'an, Sichuan(四川雅安) Oct 2023
F10 CSF Green fruit Chuxiong, Yunnan(云南楚雄) Jul 2023
F11 CSF Yellow and green fruit Jinhua, Zhejiang(浙江金华) Aug 2022
F12 CSF Yellow fruit Jinhua, Zhejiang(浙江金华) Oct 2023
J1 CF Yellow fruit Lincang, Yunnan(云南临沧) Nov 2022
J2 CF Yellow fruit Chuxiong, Yunnan(云南楚雄) Oct 2022
J3 CF Yellow fruit Chuxiong,Yunnan(云南楚雄) Nov 2023
J4 CF Yellow fruit Baoshan, Yunnan(云南保山) Oct 2023
J5 CF Yellow fruit Lijiang, Yunnan(云南丽江) Oct 2023
J6 CF Yellow fruit Luzhou, Sichuan(四川泸州) Sep 2023
J7 CF Yellow fruit Chengdu, Sichuan(四川成都) Oct 2022
J8 CF Yellow fruit Chengdu, Sichuan(四川成都) Nov 2023
J9 CF Yellow fruit Wuzhou, Guangxi(广西梧州) Sep 2023
J10 CF Yellow fruit Zhaoqing, Guangdong(广东肇庆) Sep 2023
), ArticleFig(id=1190364976255701535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Wavelength schedule of HPLC detection of CSF and CF samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min wavelength/nm
0.00 254
35.00 254
35.01 310
40.00 310
40.01 254
55.00 254
55.01 220
90.00 220
), ArticleFig(id=1190364976327004705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

佛手与枸橼样品高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测波长时间表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min wavelength/nm
0.00 254
35.00 254
35.01 310
40.00 310
40.01 254
55.00 254
55.01 220
90.00 220
), ArticleFig(id=1190364976402502179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Statistical results of absolute peak areas (APA) of 3 distinguishing markers of 12 batches of CSF samples and 10 batches of CF samples. $\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample APA or APA ratio
Peak 11 Peak 13 Peak 17 Peak 11/Peak 17 Peak 13/Peak 17
CSF 454.6 ±212.3 1 125.3 ±407.9 3 814.5 ±1 508.6 0.12 ±0.06 0.32 ±0.13
CF 138.4 ±37.8 1 723.9 ±725.7 426.7 ±176.4 0.43 ±0.35 5.03 ±3.54
), ArticleFig(id=1190364976507359780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407507862320, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

12批佛手、10批枸橼的3个差异标志物的绝对峰面积(APA)的统计结果。$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample APA or APA ratio
Peak 11 Peak 13 Peak 17 Peak 11/Peak 17 Peak 13/Peak 17
CSF 454.6 ±212.3 1 125.3 ±407.9 3 814.5 ±1 508.6 0.12 ±0.06 0.32 ±0.13
CF 138.4 ±37.8 1 723.9 ±725.7 426.7 ±176.4 0.43 ±0.35 5.03 ±3.54
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高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合多元数据分析用于佛手与枸橼的鉴别
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吴笛 1, 2, 3 , 蔺晓源 1, 2 , 刘凯 1, 2 , 陈宇航 4
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(16): 1504-1512
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(16): 1504-1512
高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合多元数据分析用于佛手与枸橼的鉴别
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吴笛1, 2, 3, 蔺晓源1, 2, 刘凯1, 2, 陈宇航4
作者信息
  • 1 湖南中医药大学第一附属医院, 长沙 410007
  • 2 中医内科重大疾病防治研究及转化教育部重点实验室, 长沙 410007
  • 3 区域特色中药资源与生态农业湖南省普通高等学校重点实验室, 长沙 410219
  • 4 湖南中医药大学药学院, 长沙 410208
  • 吴笛,男,博士,高级工程师,硕士生导师 研究方向:中药药效物质、作用机制与质量控制 Tel:15111055139

Identification of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus and Citri Fructus based on HPLC fingerprint coupled with multivariate data analysis
Di WU1, 2, 3, Xiaoyuan LIN1, 2, Kai LIU1, 2, Yuhang CHEN4
Affiliations
  • 1 The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases in Chinese Internal Medicine and Transformation of Achievements of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410007, China
  • 3 Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ecological Agriculture, Changsha 410219, China
  • 4 School of pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
出版时间: 2024-08-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.008
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目的 探讨采用高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合多元数据分析对佛手与枸橼进行品种鉴别的可行性。方法 采用高效液相色谱法分别建立佛手与枸橼的指纹图谱,采用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)”分别对12批佛手、10批枸橼进行相似度评价,并结合系统聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析进行考察。结果 分别建立了佛手与枸橼的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,12批佛手、10批枸橼与各自对照指纹图谱的相似度均>0.9,12批佛手与枸橼对照指纹图谱的相似度、10批枸橼与佛手对照指纹图谱的相似度均<0.9,表明佛手与枸橼的化学成分存在显著的差异;系统聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析均将22批样品分为两类,与品种区分一致;正交偏最小二乘判别分析筛选得到3个差异标志物,经与对照品比对,确认其中2个差异性成分分别为5,7-二甲氧基香豆素、橙皮苷;统计分析提示根据橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的绝对峰面积的比值可简便而准确地区分佛手与枸橼。结论 高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合多元数据分析可用于佛手与枸橼的鉴别。

佛手  /  枸橼  /  高效液相色谱指纹图谱  /  系统聚类分析  /  主成分分析  /  正交偏最小二乘判别分析  /  品种鉴别

OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of performing identification of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus (CSF) and Citri Fructus (CF) based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint coupled with multivariate data analysis. METHODS HPLC method was applied to establish the fingerprints of CSF and CF. Similarity evaluation of 12 batches of CSF samples and 10 batches of CF samples was performed by Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System (2004A edition). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used for data analysis. RESULTS HPLC fingerprints of CSF and CF were established, respectively. The fingerprint similarities of CSF samples, as well as the fingerprint similarities of CF samples, were all greater than 0.9. The similarities between the fingerprints of CSF samples and the control fingerprint of CF, as well as the similarities between the fingerprints of CF samples and the control fingerprint of CSF, were all less than 0.9, which indicated significant differences in chemical composition between CSF and CF. The total 22 samples were divided into two groups by HCA, PCA and OPLS-DA, which was consistent with the two varieties. Three differential markers were screened by OPLS-DA and two of them were identified as 5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin and hesperidin by reference substances. The statistical analysis indicated that the ratio of absolute peak area (APA) of hesperidin and 5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin can distinguish CSF and CF from each other simply and accurately. CONCLUSION HPLC fingerprint coupled with multivariate data analysis can be used to identify CSF and CF.

Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus  /  Citri Fructus  /  high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint  /  hierarchical cluster analysis  /  principal component analysis  /  orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis  /  variety identification
吴笛, 蔺晓源, 刘凯, 陈宇航. 高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合多元数据分析用于佛手与枸橼的鉴别. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1504 -1512 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.008
Di WU, Xiaoyuan LIN, Kai LIU, Yuhang CHEN. Identification of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus and Citri Fructus based on HPLC fingerprint coupled with multivariate data analysis[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1504 -1512 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.008
中药佛手(Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus,CSF)具疏肝理气、和胃止痛、燥湿化痰之功效,用于肝胃气滞、胸胁胀痛、胃脘痞满、食少呕吐、咳嗽痰多,其来源于芸香科植物佛手(Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle)的干燥果实[1]。同科同属植物枸橼(Citrus medica L.)为佛手的原变种,其干燥成熟果实为中药香橼(Citri Fructus,CF)的来源之一。中药香橼具疏肝理气、宽中、化痰之功效,用于肝胃气滞、胸胁胀痛、脘腹痞满、呕吐噫气、痰多咳嗽[2]。佛手与香橼的功效主治相似,为常用药对,在中医处方、中药成分中常同时出现。
据考证,历史上曾认为佛手与香橼(枸橼)为同一物,存在二者混用的现象[3-4],元代以后,从形态、性味及功效主治方面逐渐将二者区分开来[4],但在实际使用中,迄今仍存在二者混淆或互相代替使用的情况,现广东一带常以佛手代替香橼(枸橼)使用[5]。本研究调查发现,国内药材市场销售的佛手饮片,切小薄片或切丝者,常为其混淆品枸橼,难以通过性状、显微、薄层色谱等常规方法鉴别,仅业内经验丰富者可凭个人经验鉴别。
中药化学指纹图谱能较全面地反映中药的化学成分信息,已成为对中药质量进行全面控制的一种重要的技术手段。化学指纹图谱结合多元数据分析可用于不同基原、不同产地、不同采收期的中药或中药的不同炮制品的差异评价,并可筛选得到差异标志物[6-17]
鉴于佛手与枸橼药材分别来源于同科同属亲缘关系相近的2种植物,二者功效主治相似,在市场流通、临床使用方面存在混淆或互相代替使用的情况,且迄今尚无确切的方法对易混淆的佛手与枸橼饮片进行有效的鉴别,本研究拟采用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法建立佛手与枸橼的化学指纹图谱,分别对具有代表性的12批佛手、10批枸橼的HPLC指纹图谱进行相似度评价,并结合系统聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis,HCA)、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)进行考察,探讨采用HPLC指纹图谱结合多元数据分析对佛手与枸橼进行品种鉴别的可行性。
Agilent 1260 Infinity Ⅱ型高效液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦公司);Waters 2695型高效液相色谱仪(美国沃特世公司);ELGA LA612型超纯水机(英国ELGA公司);OHAUS SPX2201ZH型电子天平[奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司];OHAUS PX224ZH型电子天平[奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司];OHAUS STARTER 3100型酸度计[奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司];SK5200H型超声波清洗器(上海科导超声仪器有限公司)。
对照品香叶木苷(批号:23081001)、佛手柑内酯(批号:21031001)、氧化前胡素(批号:23041205)、水合氧化前胡素(批号:22112201)、诺米林(批号:22022806)(成都普菲德生物技术有限公司);5,7-二甲氧基香豆素(批号:MUST-23050413,成都曼思特生物科技有限公司);橙皮苷(批号:M02J9S64781)、新橙皮苷(批号:Z31J6L2067)(上海源叶生物科技有限公司);柠檬苦素(批号:110800-201707,中国药品生物制品检定研究院),以上对照品经HPLC检测,纯度均>98%;色谱纯甲醇(批号:18025069)、色谱纯乙腈(批号:18035191)(美国Tedia公司);色谱纯磷酸(批号:20180111,天津市光复精细化工研究所);分析纯甲醇(批号:20220824,国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
佛手与枸橼样品均从各产地采集,经湖南中医药大学生药学教研室刘塔斯教授鉴定,分别来源于芸香科植物佛手(Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle)的干燥果实、芸香科植物枸橼(Citrus medica L.)的干燥成熟果实。所有样品均先切片(厚0.2~0.5 cm),再切丝(宽0.2~1 cm),室温晾干7 d,再于60 ℃烘干4 h,密封,常温保存。佛手与枸橼样品信息见表1
采用Kromasil ODS1(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相为体积分数0.2%磷酸水溶液(A)和甲醇-乙腈(1:1,B),梯度洗脱(0~25 min,5%~20%B;25~65 min,20%~35%B;65~85 min,35%~65%B;85~90 min,65%~95%B);检测波长时间表见表2;流速为1.0 mL·min-1;柱温为25 ℃;进样量为10 μL。
精密称取橙皮苷、香叶木苷、新橙皮苷、水合氧化前胡素、5,7-二甲氧基香豆素、佛手柑内酯、柠檬苦素、氧化前胡素、诺米林对照品(均干燥至恒重)适量,加甲醇制成每1 mL各含约40 μg的混合溶液,即得混合对照品溶液。混合对照品色谱图见图1
分别取佛手与枸橼样品,粉碎(过5号筛),取粉末约2 g,精密称定,置具塞锥形瓶中,精密加入甲醇20 mL,密塞,称定质量,超声处理(功率200 W,频率53 kHz)60 min,放冷,再称定质量,用甲醇补足减失的质量,摇匀,用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤,取续滤液,即得供试品溶液。
选择在佛手与枸橼中均能检测到且分离度好、峰形良好、含量稳定的5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的峰作为参照峰。①精密度试验:按照“2.1.3”项下方法制备1份佛手供试品溶液,按照“2.1.1”项下色谱条件连续进样测定6次,计算得到30个共有峰的相对保留时间的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)≤1.89%,相对峰面积的RSD≤1.24%,表明仪器精密度良好;②重复性试验:取“2.1.3”项制备的同一佛手粉末6份,每份称取约2 g,精密称定,按照“2.1.3”项下方法平行制备供试品溶液,按照“2.1.1”项下色谱条件进样测定,计算得到30个共有峰的相对保留时间RSD≤1.77%,相对峰面积RSD≤1.63%,表明方法重复性良好;③稳定性试验:取上述“重复性试验”制备的同一供试品溶液,按照“2.1.1”项下色谱条件,分别于0、8、16、24、32、40、48 h连续进样测定7次,计算得到30个共有峰的相对保留时间的RSD≤1.96%,相对峰面积的RSD≤1.87%,表明室温条件下供试品溶液在48 h内稳定性良好。
分别将12批佛手、10批枸橼按照“2.1.3”项下制备供试品溶液,按照“2.1.1”项下色谱条件进样测定,记录各批样品的色谱数据。分别将12批佛手、10批枸橼的色谱数据导入“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)”,设定参照图谱,将谱峰自动匹配,生成指纹图谱叠加图谱和对照指纹图谱(图23)。通过与对照品色谱图(图1)比对,确认佛手指纹图谱中的共有峰14、15、16、19、22、24、26分别为橙皮苷、香叶木苷、新橙皮苷、水合氧化前胡素、5,7-二甲氧基香豆素、柠檬苦素、诺米林(图4),枸橼指纹图谱中的共有峰18、19、22、23、24分别为橙皮苷、香叶木苷、5,7-二甲氧基香豆素、柠檬苦素、诺米林(图5)。
分别将12批佛手、10批枸橼的色谱数据导入“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)”进行相似度分析,结果显示每批佛手的指纹图谱与其对照指纹图谱的相似度分别为0.978、0.986、0.980、0.985、0.986、0.983、0.931、0.969、0.934、0.988、0.965、0.967,每批枸橼的指纹图谱与其对照指纹图谱的相似度分别为0.993、0.950、0.926、0.964、0.907、0.965、0.912、0.975、0.995、0.963,均>0.9,表明12批佛手、10批枸橼的化学成分差异均较小;每批佛手的指纹图谱与枸橼的对照指纹图谱的相似度分别为0.470、0.475、0.534、0.491、0.495、0.674、0.687、0.746、0.515、0.632、0.573、0.551,每批枸橼的指纹图谱与佛手的对照指纹图谱的相似度分别为0.723、0.644、0.600、0.490、0.477、0.616、0.552、0.468、0.510、0.635,均<0.9,表明佛手与枸橼的化学成分存在显著性差异。
将12批佛手、10批枸橼的指纹图谱的20个共有峰(图6)的峰面积组成20×22阶矩阵,导入SPSS 22.0软件进行HCA。以共有峰的峰面积作为变量,采用Ward聚类方法,以平方欧氏距离作为度量标准,以Z得分对原始数据进行标准化,按样本聚类,得到HCA树状图(图7)。结果显示当度量距离为5~25时,12批佛手、10批枸橼均各自聚为一类,可有效区分2个品种。
将12批佛手、10批枸橼的指纹图谱的20个共有峰(图6)的峰面积组成20×22阶矩阵,导入SIMCA 14.1软件,建立PCA模型,采用UV法对数据进行缩放,得到5个主成分,模型解释参数R2X为0.825,预测能力参数Q2为0.541,显示5个主成分可以解释82.5%的原始变量,模型预测能力为54.1%,说明模型拟合良好。22批样品的PCA得分图(图8),横坐标代表第一主成分,能够解释原始变量31.3%的信息,纵坐标代表第二主成分,能够解释原始变量19.4%的信息,22批样品分为两类(图8中枸橼分布于左侧象限,佛手分布于右侧象限),与HCA结果一致,说明佛手与枸橼的化学成分存在显著的差异。PCA X/Y概览图(图9)反映每个自变量对总体解释能力和预测能力的影响,R2代表解释能力,Q2代表预测能力,其中峰2、5、11、12、13(橙皮苷)、17(5,7-二甲氧基香豆素)、18(柠檬苦素)(峰号同图6)的R2Q2均>0.5,提示此7个共有峰可能是PCA区分佛手与枸橼的特征峰。
HCA和PCA均属“无监督”分析,即原始数据无分类、分组信息,仅根据数据的特征进行分析以确定样本的类别、组别,不具有预测功能(即判定新样本归属的类、组)[6]。OPLS-DA属“有监督”分析,即在对原始数据进行分析时,已知其分类、分组信息,通过建立一组判别函数,可更好地筛选区分各类、组的特征变量,确定样本之间的关系,并具有预测功能[6,18]。将12批佛手、10批枸橼的指纹图谱的20个共有峰(图6)的峰面积组成20×22阶矩阵,导入SIMCA 14.1软件,采用Par法对数据进行缩放,建立OPLS-DA模型,模型解释参数R2XR2Y分别为0.710、0.828,预测能力参数Q2为0.674,说明模型拟合良好。22批样品的OPLS-DA得分图(图10),横坐标代表第一主成分,能够解释原始变量52.8%的信息,纵坐标代表第二主成分,能够解释原始变量18.2%的信息,22批样品分为两类(图10中佛手分布于左侧象限,枸橼分布于右侧象限),与HCA、PCA分析结果一致,同样说明佛手与枸橼的化学成分存在显著的差异。变量投影重要性(variable importance in the projection,VIP)值是筛选差异性成分的重要指标,变量的VIP值越大,说明其对组间差异的影响越大[8]。以VIP值>1为阈值,筛选出3个共有峰,即峰17(5,7-二甲氧基香豆素)、13(橙皮苷)、11(峰号同图6),此3个共有峰是引起佛手与枸橼之间差异的主要变量,代表3个有效区分佛手与枸橼的差异标志物(图11)。
“2.3”项PCA提示峰17(5,7-二甲氧基香豆素)、13(橙皮苷)、11(峰号同图6)可能是区分佛手与枸橼的特征峰,“2.4”项OPLS-DA进一步确认峰17、13、11(峰号同图6)代表3个有效区分佛手与枸橼的差异标志物。在上述多元数据分析的基础上,对此3个共有峰的APA进行统计、分析,探讨佛手与枸橼可能存在的种间差异。
统计结果(表3)显示佛手与枸橼中3个共有峰的APA均存在显著性差异;以峰17为参照,12批佛手峰13与峰17的APA比值全部<1,而10批枸橼峰13与峰17的APA比值全部>1。结果提示橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA比值具有重要的鉴别意义,可更为简便地区分佛手与枸橼,且具有预测功能:某佛手或枸橼样品,如果其橙皮苷的APA<5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA,可判定其为佛手;反之,则可判定其为枸橼。
本研究选择的橙皮苷、5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的检测波长均为220 nm。经验证,在检测波长一致(220 nm)的前提下,不同的色谱条件(流动相、洗脱程序、流速等)、不同的色谱柱、不同的高效液相色谱仪对橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA比值无影响,表明根据橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA比值鉴别佛手与枸橼的方法对高效液相色谱检测条件具有较好的普遍适用性。
本研究使用的佛手与枸橼样品均为在传统采收期从各产地采集,其中佛手的采收期为7~10月,根据果实的成熟度分为青果、青黄果、黄果,枸橼的采收期为9~11月,均为黄果。实验结果显示不同产地、采收期、成熟度的佛手与不同产地、采收期的枸橼中橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA比值均符合上述规律,表明根据橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA比值鉴别佛手与枸橼的方法对不同产地、采收期、成熟度的佛手与不同产地、采收期的枸橼具有较好的普遍适用性。
佛手与枸橼同属柑橘类中药,此类中药大多来源于柑橘类植物的果实,均属“理气”药,在中药性效、化学成分、功能主治、药理作用等方面存在共性,在实际使用中均存在混淆或互相代替使用的可能。除佛手与香橼外,《中国药典》2020年版一部收载的柑橘类中药还有香圆、陈皮、青皮、橘红、化橘红、枳壳、枳实。按照本研究的样品处理方法及色谱条件将采集到的陈皮(包括“陈皮”“广陈皮”)、青皮(包括“个青皮”“四花青皮”)、橘红、化橘红{包括来源于化州柚(Citrus grandis‘Tomentosa’)的“毛橘红”、来源于柚[Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck]的“光七爪”或“光五爪”}、枳壳、枳实样品制备供试品溶液并进样测定,结果显示此7种柑橘类中药均不含5,7-二甲氧基香豆素(或含量极低未检测到),表明根据橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA比值鉴别佛手与枸橼的方法对佛手与枸橼具有较好的专属性。
对流动相进行了详细的考察,发现3个主要的黄酮类成分(橙皮苷、香叶木苷、新橙皮苷)的峰保留时间相近(图1),在甲醇-水系统、乙腈-水系统中均互有重叠且严重拖尾,改用体积分数0.1%、0.2%的磷酸水溶液作为水相,3个峰的峰形、分离度均显著改善。甲醇-磷酸水系统对部分高极性成分的分离效果不理想,而乙腈-磷酸水系统对部分低级性成分的分离效果亦不理想,改用甲醇-乙腈(1:1)溶液作为有机相,高极性成分、低级性成分的分离效果均显著改善。经比较,确定流动相为:有机相甲醇-乙腈(1:1),水相体积分数0.2%磷酸水溶液。
为对供试品溶液中的成分进行全面的检测,尽量避免成分被遗漏,将供试品溶液进样,在190~400 nm内进行全波长扫描,并比较各波长下的色谱图。最终选择绝大多数成分均有紫外吸收的220、254、310 nm共3个波长,按“2.1.1”项下的梯度洗脱程序和检测波长时间表(表2)进样检测,此色谱条件下图谱信息量大,可检测到最多的色谱峰,且峰的分离度均可达到要求。
考察不同浓度的甲醇溶液及不同提取方法对11个主要的共有峰(图3中峰8、10、11、12、14、15、16、17、22、24、26)的提取效率的影响,结果显示,甲醇的综合提取效率最高,超声60 min的综合提取效率显著高于超声15、30、45 min及静置12 h,故采用超声60 min处理样品。
前期研究显示佛手与枸橼的HPLC图谱具有高度相似性,二者的化学成分的种类基本一致,但部分成分(如橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、水合氧化前胡素、5,7-二甲氧基香豆素、佛手柑内酯、诺米林)的含量存在显著的差异,这可能与二者的基原植物虽然同科同属亲缘关系相近但毕竟不同种有关。本研究针对来源于2个近缘种的佛手与枸橼药材建立了HPLC指纹图谱,结合HCA、PCA、OPLS-DA多元数据分析技术对12批不同产地、采收期、成熟度的佛手、10批不同产地、采收期的枸橼进行了系统的分析,发现HCA、PCA、OPLS-DA均可有效区分佛手与枸橼,并通过OPLS-DA筛选得到了佛手与枸橼的主要差异标志物5,7-二甲氧基香豆素和橙皮苷;进一步的研究发现根据橙皮苷与5,7-二甲氧基香豆素的APA比值可更为简便地区分佛手与枸橼,且具有预测功能。本研究结果表明佛手与枸橼的化学组成存在显著的差异,HPLC指纹图谱结合多元数据分析可用于佛手与枸橼的品种鉴别。鉴于迄今仍存在佛手与枸橼混淆或互相代替使用的情况,本研究结果可为二者的质量控制和临床使用提供参考。
本研究采集的样品虽然具有较好的代表性,但批次有限,未采集到产于福建的“建佛手”[19],存储一年及以上的样品数较少(表1)。下一步拟继续采集“建佛手”、不同存储年限的佛手与枸橼样品,进一步验证本研究结果。
  • 湖南省中医药科研重点指导课题(C2023009)
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2024年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.008
  • 接收时间:2024-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2024-08-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-26
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湖南省中医药科研重点指导课题(C2023009)
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    1 湖南中医药大学第一附属医院, 长沙 410007
    2 中医内科重大疾病防治研究及转化教育部重点实验室, 长沙 410007
    3 区域特色中药资源与生态农业湖南省普通高等学校重点实验室, 长沙 410219
    4 湖南中医药大学药学院, 长沙 410208
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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