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In recent years, in the process of drug research and development, insoluble drugs are faced with the problem of low bioavailability and poor absorption effect. Drug nanocrystals have attracted much attention due to their nano size and unique physical and chemical properties, which can effectively increase drug solubility and permeability, and have advantages such as low dosage of excipients, high drug load and few adverse reactions. However, instability limits their further development. Multieffect stabilizers can significantly improve their stability through steric hindrance, electrostatic repulsion and solvation. The author reviews the main characteristics and limitations of drug nanocrystals, the classification of multi-effect stabilizers and their applications in vivo and in vitro by reviewing and sorting out relevant literature, in order to provide reference for the research and development of drug nanocrystals.

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近年来,在药物研发过程中,难溶性药物面临其生物利用度低和吸收效果不佳的难题,药物纳米结晶以其纳米尺寸和独特的理化性质可有效增加药物溶解度和渗透性,且具有辅料用量少,载药量高和不良反应少等优势而备受关注,但不稳定性限制了其进一步发展,多效应稳定剂可以通过空间位阻、静电斥力及溶剂化等作用显著提高其稳定性。笔者通过查阅并整理相关文献,从药物纳米结晶的主要特性和局限性、多效应稳定剂的分类及其在体内外行为中应用进展3个方面进行综述,以期为药物纳米结晶及其制剂研发提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=张文君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张文君,女,博士,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:新型药物传输系统 Tel:(0451)84838207
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吕春艳和厚晓庆为共同第一作者

吕春艳,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:新型药物传输系统;

厚晓庆,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:新型药物传输系统。

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2 Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of Natural Antitumor Drugs, Harbin 150076, China
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2 抗肿瘤天然药物教育部工程研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
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吕春艳,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:新型药物传输系统;

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厚晓庆,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:新型药物传输系统。

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厚晓庆,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:新型药物传输系统。

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类别 作用原理 稳定剂 文献
表面活性剂
离子表面活性剂 静电斥力 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),十六烷基三甲基氯化铵,硫酸月桂酯钠(SLS),十二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠盐(DOSS) [12]
非离子表面活性剂 空间位阻 泊洛沙姆188、泊洛沙姆407(PLXs 188、PLXs 407),聚乙二醇维生素E琥珀酸酯(TPGS),聚山梨酯(Tween 80),聚山梨醇酯,脂肪酸山梨坦(span),皂苷, Plantacare 2000,脂肪酸甘油酯 [13]
聚合物
两性合成非离子聚合物 空间位阻 卵磷脂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),聚乙二醇(PEG),聚乙烯醇(PVA),聚乙烯亚胺 [14]
半合成非离子聚合物 空间位阻 羟丙基纤维素(HPC),羟丙甲纤维素(HPMC),羟乙基纤维素(HEC),甲基纤维素(MC) [15]
静电斥力 羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na) [16]
天然非离子聚合物 空间位阻 海藻酸钠
静电斥力/空间位阻 壳聚糖(CS) [17-18]
其他 空间位阻 分离乳清蛋白,大豆分离蛋白,β-Lactoglobulin [19]
), ArticleFig(id=1190364617059697648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352407151346478, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于静电斥力和空间位阻的单效应稳定剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 作用原理 稳定剂 文献
表面活性剂
离子表面活性剂 静电斥力 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),十六烷基三甲基氯化铵,硫酸月桂酯钠(SLS),十二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠盐(DOSS) [12]
非离子表面活性剂 空间位阻 泊洛沙姆188、泊洛沙姆407(PLXs 188、PLXs 407),聚乙二醇维生素E琥珀酸酯(TPGS),聚山梨酯(Tween 80),聚山梨醇酯,脂肪酸山梨坦(span),皂苷, Plantacare 2000,脂肪酸甘油酯 [13]
聚合物
两性合成非离子聚合物 空间位阻 卵磷脂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),聚乙二醇(PEG),聚乙烯醇(PVA),聚乙烯亚胺 [14]
半合成非离子聚合物 空间位阻 羟丙基纤维素(HPC),羟丙甲纤维素(HPMC),羟乙基纤维素(HEC),甲基纤维素(MC) [15]
静电斥力 羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na) [16]
天然非离子聚合物 空间位阻 海藻酸钠
静电斥力/空间位阻 壳聚糖(CS) [17-18]
其他 空间位阻 分离乳清蛋白,大豆分离蛋白,β-Lactoglobulin [19]
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基于多效应稳定剂改善药物纳米结晶稳定性研究进展
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吕春艳 1, 2, 3 , 厚晓庆 1, 3, 4 , 崔闻宇 1, 2, 3 , 张文君 1, 2, 3, * , 王文倩 1, 3 , 韩锐 1, 3
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(16): 1488-1494
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(16): 1488-1494
基于多效应稳定剂改善药物纳米结晶稳定性研究进展
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吕春艳1, 2, 3, 厚晓庆1, 3, 4, 崔闻宇1, 2, 3, 张文君1, 2, 3, *, 王文倩1, 3, 韩锐1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 2 抗肿瘤天然药物教育部工程研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 3 黑龙江省预防与治疗老年性疾病药物研究重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 4 庆阳市中医医院药剂科, 甘肃 庆阳 745000
  • 吕春艳,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:新型药物传输系统;

    厚晓庆,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:新型药物传输系统。

通讯作者:

* 张文君,女,博士,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:新型药物传输系统 Tel:(0451)84838207
Research Progress on Improving the Stability of Nanocrystals of Drugs Based on Multi-Effect Stabilizers
Chunyan LÜ1, 2, 3, Xiaoqing HOU1, 3, 4, Wenyu CUI1, 2, 3, Wenjun ZHANG1, 2, 3, *, Wenqian WANG1, 3, Rui HAN1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmaciutical Science, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education of Natural Antitumor Drugs, Harbin 150076, China
  • 3 Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Preventive and Therapeutic Drug Research of Senile Diseases, Harbin 150076, China
  • 4 Department of Pharmacy, Qingyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingyang 745000, China
出版时间: 2024-08-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.006
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近年来,在药物研发过程中,难溶性药物面临其生物利用度低和吸收效果不佳的难题,药物纳米结晶以其纳米尺寸和独特的理化性质可有效增加药物溶解度和渗透性,且具有辅料用量少,载药量高和不良反应少等优势而备受关注,但不稳定性限制了其进一步发展,多效应稳定剂可以通过空间位阻、静电斥力及溶剂化等作用显著提高其稳定性。笔者通过查阅并整理相关文献,从药物纳米结晶的主要特性和局限性、多效应稳定剂的分类及其在体内外行为中应用进展3个方面进行综述,以期为药物纳米结晶及其制剂研发提供借鉴。

药物纳米结晶  /  结晶稳定性  /  多效应稳定剂  /  难溶性药物  /  医药领域

In recent years, in the process of drug research and development, insoluble drugs are faced with the problem of low bioavailability and poor absorption effect. Drug nanocrystals have attracted much attention due to their nano size and unique physical and chemical properties, which can effectively increase drug solubility and permeability, and have advantages such as low dosage of excipients, high drug load and few adverse reactions. However, instability limits their further development. Multieffect stabilizers can significantly improve their stability through steric hindrance, electrostatic repulsion and solvation. The author reviews the main characteristics and limitations of drug nanocrystals, the classification of multi-effect stabilizers and their applications in vivo and in vitro by reviewing and sorting out relevant literature, in order to provide reference for the research and development of drug nanocrystals.

nanocrystal  /  crystal stability  /  multi-effect stabilizer  /  hydrophobic drug  /  pharmaceutical field
吕春艳, 厚晓庆, 崔闻宇, 张文君, 王文倩, 韩锐. 基于多效应稳定剂改善药物纳米结晶稳定性研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1488 -1494 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.006
Chunyan LÜ, Xiaoqing HOU, Wenyu CUI, Wenjun ZHANG, Wenqian WANG, Rui HAN. Research Progress on Improving the Stability of Nanocrystals of Drugs Based on Multi-Effect Stabilizers[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1488 -1494 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.006
目前,约60%的化学合成药和40%的新药是难溶性药物,其溶解度差导致吸收差、生物利用度低、起效延迟[1],是新药和制剂研发中的极大挑战。近年来,为了克服药物难溶性的问题,药物纳米结晶得到了广泛的研究[2]。药物纳米结晶是将颗粒粒径减小到纳米尺寸范围以增加其比表面积,进而提高溶解速率和饱和溶解度、增加细胞膜表面黏附性和生物利用度,但粒径小产生的高表面自由能导致热力学不稳定性阻碍了其进一步发展[3]。稳定剂能够降低药物颗粒的分子流动性,减小界面自由能,抑制药物纳米结晶的晶体生长和聚集,进而改善药物纳米结晶的稳定性。笔者通过检索中国知网、PubMed及ProQuest等对近年来药物纳米结晶进展进行综述,从药物纳米结晶的特性和局限性及改善途径,基于空间位阻和静电斥力的单效应稳定剂、基于耦合作用和结构修饰的多效应稳定剂改善药物纳米结晶的稳定性,药物纳米结晶在体内外行为中的应用进展进行综述,以期为研发更多低毒、安全、高效的药物纳米结晶及其制剂提供参考。
在pH 1~7.5的分散介质中,BCS Ⅱ类药物在最高剂量强度下溶解度低,导致药物释放速率低,限制了胃和肠道的吸收率[4]。药物纳米结晶给药途径多、靶向性高、低毒性和效率高的特点在药物传递、诊断和疾病治疗中发挥着关键作用[5]。因此,药物纳米结晶广泛应用于提高难溶性药物的溶解度和生物屏障渗透性,提高药物的生物利用度,增加治疗疾病的有效性,并且可以通过口服、注射等途径安全地给药。根据Noyes-Whitney方程dc/dt=KDA×(CS-CT),减小药物颗粒的尺寸是增加其溶解度的重要因素,当粒径减小至纳米尺寸时表面积增加,降低了药物颗粒周围的扩散层厚度,提高了溶解度和溶出速率,从而增加扩散梯度、被动吸收和溶解倾向[6]
其中,dc/dt为溶解速度;KD为溶出常数;A为药物比表面积;CS为饱和溶解度;CT为药物浓度。
Ige等[7]通过探针超声法制备非诺贝特纳米结晶(FBT-NCs)以提高溶解度和口服生物利用度,发现FBT-NCs粒径减小至(460±20) nm时,在0.01 mg·mL-1十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)介质中其饱和溶解度为(107±1.9) μg·mL-1,体外溶出度为73.89%,相较于原料药均提高了接近10倍,最优处方下FBT-NCs在新西兰大白兔体内的药动学研究表明,其相对生物利用度比原料药提高了近4.73倍,溶解度的提高增加了胃腔和血液之间的浓度梯度,导致加速被动吸收从而提高生物利用度。药物纳米结晶饱和溶解度的提高也增强了对皮肤的黏附性,有利于药物在皮肤黏膜上的转运以促进毛囊渗透性。Pelikh等[8]制备了约为300 nm的姜黄素纳米结晶(Cur-NCs)并将其掺入不同性质的凝胶中,在离体猪耳模型上评估其穿透毛囊的功效以及被动的皮肤渗透,发现黏度、亲脂性和极性等载体性质均不影响Cur纳米结晶毛囊的渗透性,且将Cur-NCs掺入含有湿润剂的水凝胶中表现出最高的药物递送效率和最好的被动渗透性。因此,将原料药制成纳米结晶为靶向药物进入毛囊提供了一种有效的途径。
药物纳米结晶由于药物颗粒粒径减小增大了比表面积,赋予了高吉布斯自由能,因而在热力学上不稳定并出现聚集现象,研究发现,纳米结晶的不稳定性阻碍了其发展和生产[9]。在纳米结晶生长体系中也观察到Ostwald成熟,这是一种晶体状态不断变化的现象,较小的颗粒在过饱和度下逐渐溶解并重新沉积形成尺寸较大的颗粒,从而导致静脉注射后血管阻塞和栓塞,血液循环缩短。因此,药物纳米结晶受聚集和Ostwald成熟等影响而产生稳定性问题。
药物纳米结晶的粒径小及粒度分布均匀,有助于提高溶解度、溶出速率和生物利用度,并促进药物通过人体内的生物屏障渗透到病变发生的地方,同时具有足够Zeta电位的粒子由于粒子之间的静电斥力或空间位阻而难以聚集。可见保持粒径小、粒度分布均匀及足够Zeta电位对于保证药物纳米结晶的稳定性至关重要。此外,固态药物纳米结晶在患者耐受性和稳定性方面比药物纳米结晶混悬液更有效,易于储存和运输。常用的改善药物纳米结晶稳定性的途径有减小粒径和多分散系数(PDI)、加入稳定剂、固化等(图1)。
基于DLVO理论,稳定剂可以迅速扩散吸附在新形成的纳米结晶表面,在结晶之间形成静电斥力和空间位阻,既能防止颗粒之间的聚集和熟化,又能阻碍结晶的生长,从而保持整体稳定性。Peltonen等[10]通过泊洛沙姆407(PLXs 407)和聚乙烯亚胺制备伊曲康唑纳米结晶(ITZ-NCs),发现以聚乙烯亚胺作稳定剂制备的ITZ-NCs稳定性增强更显著。可见,选择适宜的稳定剂对药物纳米结晶的形成和稳定性起关键作用。为达到最佳效果,稳定剂可以单独使用,也可以多种耦合及经过结构修饰后应用,相较于作用单一的单效应稳定剂,2种及以上单效应稳定剂耦合使用或经过修饰的多效应稳定剂具有空间位阻、静电斥力、溶剂化等多重效应,可以更有效地稳定药物纳米结晶,从而增强体系的稳定性。稳定剂根据作用机制分为基于静电斥力和空间位阻的单效应稳定剂、基于空间位阻和静电斥力耦合作用的多效应稳定剂以及基于结构修饰的多效应稳定剂。
基于静电斥力或空间位阻的单效应稳定剂有表面活性剂、聚合物等[11],见表1
非离子表面活性剂的润湿性可降低表面张力,聚合物的存在可以延缓药物分子向固体表面的扩散并减小颗粒表面可成核的表面积,二者耦合可减慢结晶过程,有效提高药物纳米结晶稳定性和再分散性。Patel等[20]以羟丙甲纤维素SSL(HPC SSL)耦合PLXs 407通过介质研磨法制备硝苯地平纳米结晶,发现HPC SSL和PLXs 407耦合增加润湿性,在研磨时有效地吸附在药物颗粒表面有助于减少聚集,对硝苯地平纳米结晶的稳定性更好。
表面活性剂可以降低药物与溶出介质之间的界面能垒,耦合非离子表面活性剂使用有助于药物溶解度和生物利用度的增强,并维持纳米结晶稳定性。Shubar等[21]通过制备以PLXs 188和SDS包裹的阿托伐醌纳米结晶(ATO-NCs),SDS和PLXs 188耦合使用既显著提高了ATO颗粒的Zeta电位,又改善了粒度分布,并与临床使用的ATO混悬液(Wellvone®)进行比较,发现ATO-NCs尺寸明显小于微粉ATO制剂,粒径分布更窄,在体内更稳定。Sharma等[22]进一步以SDS和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP K30)耦合制备的替米沙坦纳米结晶具有较高的Zeta电位,且由于SDS和PVP K30吸附在药物颗粒表面,药物颗粒之间形成较强的静电斥力和空间位阻从而阻碍了药物颗粒的聚集,同时药物颗粒尺寸减小和粒度分布均匀进而提高饱和溶解度和体系稳定性。
PLXs具有两亲性可与疏水表面相互作用,还可作为渗透增强剂,耦合同时具有空间位阻和静电斥力作用的壳聚糖(CS),可以获得更有效和更稳定的药物纳米结晶。Neamet等[23]以0.001 5 mg·mL-1 PLXs 188为空间稳定剂协同0.000 4 mg·mL-1 CS空间位阻/静电稳定剂制备更稳定的薯蓣皂苷纳米结晶(DSN-NCs),CS的加入对优化得到的DSN-NCs的粒径及PDI没有显著影响,室温下至第3个月,PLXs 188-CS-DSN-NCs比单独基于PLXs 188-DSN-NCs更稳定,可见静电和空间稳定剂耦合策略的重要意义。PVP K30是一种水溶性良好且高度无定形的聚合物,耦合CS通过影响难溶性药物的成核过程实现对药物纳米颗粒聚集的阻碍,进一步提升整体稳定性。Chen[24]通过对比加入CS前后对ITZ-NCs性质的影响,发现适宜的PVP浓度可以明显降低ITZ-NCs粒径和PDI,同时与单独使用PVP K30比,耦合CS对药物颗粒稳定性提升更显著,能够实现对药物的高效捕获作用和整体稳定性。
CS具有静电斥力和空间位阻作用,可有效防止纳米结晶的聚集和絮凝,从而提高药物纳米结晶的稳定性。但CS难溶于水限制了其有效利用。在不改变CS结构特征和功能特性的前提下,可以通过修饰CS分子提高CS的溶解性[25]。羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)是通过在CS基团上引入了 CH3COOH增加其水溶性,具有保湿性、促渗透性、生物相容性和体系稳定性,在医药领域应用广泛。Liu等[26]以带有 NH2COOH的CMCS作为多效应稳定剂制备阿瑞匹坦纳米结晶(APT-NCs),发现与羟丙基纤维素K4M(HPMC K4M)、PVP K30、CS、PLXs F68及SDS等单效应稳定剂相比,使用平均相对分子质量大的CMCS制备得到粒径更小和分布更均匀的APT-NCs,且稳定性实验表明,APT-NCs在1个月内粒径和PDI基本未发生变化,并通过体外溶出实验表明,相对于APT原料药和物理混合物,APT-NCs拥有较大的比表面积,因此拥有良好的稳定性和较高的体外释放。
近年来,HA因其生物相容性好,安全性较高,可特异性作用于CD44而受到广泛关注。Yang等[27]利用电荷吸附法制备HA修饰7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱纳米结晶(HA-S1C1-NCs),并于磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)和血清中进行稳定性考察,发现在PBS和血清中,相较于S1C1,HA-S1C1-NCs粒径几乎保持不变,水分散性和生物环境稳定性均得到提升,可见修饰后S1C1-HA能显著增强药物的稳定性,表现出更好的药物递送效果。
HA是人体组织细胞外基质中广泛分布的成分,具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,氧化透明质酸(OHA)中的活性醛基可以与CMCS的氨基自组装形成CMC-OHA水凝胶,自组装水凝胶具有优异的抗菌性能、生物降解性、无毒性及酸响应性,pH响应CMC-OHA水凝胶适合作为纳米结晶局部递送的多效应稳定剂。Tang等[28]基于CMCS和OHA的自组装利用介质研磨法构建pH响应的丹参酮纳米结晶给药系统(CMCS-OHA/TNCs),体外表征实验表明,纳米TE降低了其结晶度,TNCs可以作为纳米晶体包封在水凝胶中,CMC-OHA/TE-NCs具有良好的pH响应性和生物相容性,以响应方式释放药物在痤疮病变的皮肤中。另外CMC-OHA/TNCs可以提高丹参酮提取物的溶解度,增强其体外抑菌活性和体系稳定性,是一种很有前景的难溶性药物局部递送体系。
CS富含-NH2和-OH,可通过PEG改性增加其柔韧性和亲水性,PEG可以引起交联并在其共聚物的表面上形成亲水性外壳改善CS的水溶性。Yan等[29]合成了具有静电斥力、空间位阻及溶剂化作用的经PEG600修饰的CS偶联物多效应稳定剂,以构筑高效稳定的DL-四氢帕马汀纳米结晶(DL-THP-NCs),提高纳米结晶粒子间的空间位阻,同时保持DL-THP-NCs具有稳定的Zeta电位避免了粒子聚集,增加了体系稳定性。另外,利用甲氧基聚乙二醇(mPEG)对CS分子进行修饰可以增加其灵活性和亲水性。Du等[30]通过比较SDS、PVP K30与具有亲水性和疏水性两个末端的mPEG-CS多效应稳定剂的有效性和稳定性,发现以85/1k、85/2k、85/3k、85/4k、90/1k、90/2k、90/3k和90/4k下的mPEG-CS作为多效应稳定剂制备南强菌素纳米结晶(DM-NCs),有更高的Zeta电位和更小的粒子增长率,稳定性均显著高于单效应稳定剂SDS、PVP K30,且90/4k下的DM-NCs粒径增长最小,可见mPEG-CS多效应稳定剂维持了DM-NCs高稳定性。同时Liu等[31]在此基础上,以mPEG-CS为多效应稳定剂耦合可生物降解的甲氧基聚乙二醇-嵌段-聚己内酯(mPEG-b-PCD)载体制备水飞蓟宾纳米笼式纳米结晶(SLB-N-NCs),与单效应稳定剂相比,mPEG-CS和mPEG-CS耦合mPEG-b-PCL在3 d内粒径和PDI变化均较小,且mPEG-CS耦合mPEG-b-PCL纳米笼载体使用对水飞蓟宾纳米结晶(SLB-NCs)长期储存过程具有更好的稳定效果。可见,采用mPEG-CS耦合mPEG-b-PCL载体可以进一步提高纳米结晶的稳定性。
叶酸(FA)因其尺寸小和亲和力高,耦合有较好溶解性、渗透性和稳定性的维生素E琥珀酸聚乙二醇酯(TPGS)及高稳定性和可控药物释放性的PEG-二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(PEG2000-DSPE-NH2)成功地用于制备药物纳米结晶。Zhao[32]以PEG2000-DSPE-NH2接枝FA的FA-PEG2000-DSPE耦合TPGS制备得到粒径和PDI较小的南强菌素纳米结晶(FA-PEG2000-DSPE-TPGS-DM-NCs),发现其外观在短时间内未发生明显变化,说明FA-PEG2000-DPSE-TPGS与DM具有良好的亲和性,能够有效保证DM-NCs的稳定性。Wang[33]也以FA-PEG2000-DSPE耦合TPGS构建的白藜芦醇纳米结晶递药系统(FA-PEG2000-DSPE-TPGS-Res-NCs),发现最优处方下制备的白藜芦醇纳米结晶(Res-NCs)形态圆整且分散性较好,进一步验证了FA-PEG2000-DSPE-TPGS作为多效应稳定剂可保证Res-NCs的亲和性和稳定性。
磷脂具有很好的生物相容性,可以很容易地用于直接共价偶联,磷脂不仅能维持纳米结晶稳定性,而且可能影响溶解速率。Lizonova等[34]以7种空间位阻和离子稳定剂的组合(Tween 80,SDS,PLXs 188,HPMC,磷脂,PEG化磷脂及其组合)通过湿球磨法制备CUR-NCs,在缓冲液、细胞培养基(有或没有血清)和细胞存在下研究了CUR-NCs的稳定性,发现其在所有培养基中均具有很高的稳定性,使用中性、带负电荷和PEG-Pell磷脂组合6-二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱-二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油(6-DPPC+DPPG+PEG)的磷脂稳定效果最佳,并且表现出低巨噬细胞清除率,证明对健康细胞无毒。可见通过适当的表面稳定性,可以产生稳定的纳米结晶悬浮液,将常见天然存在化合物的生物活性提高到与临床批准的细胞抑制剂相当的水平。
由于纳米结晶和功能材料的理化性质不同,由单一聚合物或多种聚合物的物理混合物修饰的药物纳米晶在胃肠道中分离,不能同时到达胃肠道的同一部位,因此限制了功能材料的吸收增强能力,因此对CS基共聚物进行改性是提高纳米结晶口服吸收和稳定性的有效策略。Liu等[35]采用3种不同的单效应稳定剂来合成多功能SDS-CS-TPGS共聚物,并加入二甲基氨基吡啶乙醇溶液对其进行氨基改性,通过高压均质法制备SDS-CS-TPGS共聚物改性穿心莲内酯纳米晶(SDS-CS-TPGS-ADR-NCs)旨在提高穿心莲内酯(ADR)的口服吸收,发现与ADR-NCs、SDS-ADR-NCs、TPGS-ADR-NCs相比,SDS-CS-TPGS-ADR-NCs溶解度提高了约1.17倍,生物利用度增强了约4倍,并显著提高了体系稳定性,可见对含有不同功能稳定剂的合成共聚物进行改性是增强纳米结晶口服吸收能力的有效策略。
介孔SiO2是一种具有独特孔道结构,孔径大小可精确调控、生物相容性好和易于功能化的无机药物载体,表面富含羟基,使其具有良好的可控性和修饰性。介孔SiO2纳米颗粒因独特的孔道结构,可以为药物纳米结晶提供可靠的负载空间,依靠空间位阻效应保持纳米结晶的稳定性。Huang[36]通过制备mPEG修饰的ADR介孔SiO2纳米粒,实现ADR以纳米结晶形态负载于介孔SiO2的介孔中,发现ADR-NCs能够改善ADR溶出速率并解决ADR生物利用度低和不稳定性的问题。表面活性剂增加至一定量时形成液晶相胶束,硅源在液晶相胶束周围水解并相互交联,经焙烧除去表面活性剂形成多孔微粉硅胶(nSiO2),nSiO2具有高稳定性,比表面积大,可调节的孔径和丰富的表面功能化位点,表面活性剂在加速硅源缩聚时,硅源的缩聚又进一步促进表面活性剂胶束形成类液晶相结构,从而形成三维的多孔结构。Cheng[37]以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为表面活性剂,水解正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)作硅源,利用改良的Stöeber法制备出粒径不同的多孔微粉硅胶(MSN),分别约为100、450 nm和1 μm 的MSN2-2、MSN4-4和MSN6,以构建负载量、溶解度且相对生物利用度高的多孔微粉硅胶-伊曲康唑纳米结晶体系,发现约为100 nm的MSN2-2和450 nm的MSN4-4能更好地制备伊曲康唑(ITZ)纳米结晶,进一步改善ITZ的溶解性和稳定性,是较为理想的多效应稳定剂。
药物纳米结晶通过减小粒径增加比表面积,可以有效地提高难溶性药物的溶解速率和生物利用度,并在多种体内给药行为中具有良好的耐受性和安全性。然而,由于其不稳定性,限制了体内给药后停留的时间,因此体内和体外相关性研究备受关注[38],通常通过体外溶出度筛选最优处方,然后在体内研究药物释放,评价药物的生物利用度。
药物纳米结晶由于其尺寸优势可以提高药物饱和溶解度,同时通过疏水聚合物层控制溶解速率来改善体外溶出释放行为,并使其体外溶出度与体内药动学数据具有较高的相关性。Bi等[39]采用碱溶酸沉法联合高压均质法制备得到黄色的新型阿伦磷酸钠-聚多巴胺-羟基喜树碱纳米晶(ALN-PDA-HCPT-NCs),并对其在不同时间点和不同介质中的稳定性及体外释放进行研究,发现ALN-PDA-HCPT-NCs在5%葡萄糖等渗液和血浆中粒径基本稳定,具有一定的pH敏感性,pH降低至5.6时,96 h累积释放率达(90.04±2.02)%,可见ALN-PDA-HCPT-NCs可以在血浆等体液中(pH 7.4)释放较少,而进入肿瘤内部后大量释放。
纳米结晶粒径减小能够逃离网状内皮系统,在体内停留的时间也更长,深入人体组织,通过内吞作用被各种类型的细胞吸收,同时也会伴有有限的细胞毒性作用。Shen等[40]在以反溶剂沉淀结合高剪切法制备的PTX-NCs基础上通过超声孵育法将SMMC-7721肝癌细胞膜(CM)和FA-CM包裹在PTX-NCs上,得到CM包裹的紫杉醇纳米晶体(CM-PTX-NCs)和叶酸功能化CM包裹的紫杉醇纳米晶体(FA-CM-PTX-NCs),并通过MTT试验评价PTX、PTX-NCs、CM-PA-NCs和FA-CM-PTX-NCs对SMMC-7721肝癌细胞毒性,发现随着PTX浓度的增加,不同治疗组的细胞毒性逐渐增强,FA-CM-PTX-NCs组的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值最小,表现出最显著的肿瘤细胞毒性。因此,纳米结晶的调查研究不能只关注提高生物利用度和药效,还需注意可能带来的毒性问题。
口服给药是最可取和最安全的给药途径,稳定性是口服给药的关键因素。Wu等[41]采用介质研磨法以HPC SSL耦合TPGS制备非洛地平纳米晶(FLD-NCs)混悬液,并通过流化床层积上药工艺将FLD-NCs负载到蔗糖丸芯表面,考察FLD-NCs在流化床包衣上药前后粒径分布的变化情况,并通过大鼠灌胃给药比较FLD-NCs微丸与FLD混悬液的药动学和口服生物利用度,发现层积上药前、后FLD-NCs的粒径分布未发生显著变化,说明微丸层积上药工艺不会对FLD-NCs质量产生影响,且大鼠体内药动学结果显示,与FLD混悬液相比,FLD-NCs微丸可显著提高药物的达峰质量浓度,增加药物的口服生物利用度。因此,药物纳米结晶的稳定性对其在体内的命运很重要。
FA作为一种小分子维生素,安全经济、稳定性好,耦合FA修饰磷脂(FA-DSPE-PEG2000)使用对纳米晶的药效提升显著。药物可以通过静脉注射和腹腔注射等肠外途径给药,为了解决药物难溶性的问题,Wang等[42]采用反溶剂沉淀超声法研制出一种具有良好稳定性和显著肿瘤细胞靶向性的FA-DSPE-PEG2000包被的紫杉醇纳米晶(PTX-NCs @FA),并考察其稳定性和在裸鼠SGC-7901皮下肿瘤模型2种不同肿瘤体积100或300 mm3下单次瘤旁给药的缩瘤效果,发现PTX-NCs不稳定,在PBS中放置1 h后粒径已增长至近1 000 nm,2 h后目测可见明显絮状沉淀,相比之下PTX-NCs @FA在PBS或含血清PBS中均能稳定至少4 d,说明FA-DSPE-PEG2000包被能显著提高纳米结晶的稳定性,且单次瘤旁注射给药(20 mg·kg-1)后,PTX-NCs@FA抑瘤效果显著优于无FA修饰纳米晶和市售PXT注射液(Taxol),PTX-NCs @FA对注射部位组织亦无明显不良影响。因此,FA-DSPE-PEG2000作为新型主动靶向功能性辅料有广阔的应用前景。
肺部给药可用于克服首过肝脏代谢,从而减少剂量和副作用,并用于局部治疗呼吸系统疾病。药物纳米结晶可以附着在黏膜表面,其粒度分布可控制药物在肺部的沉积,以此维持整体稳定性。Zhang等[43]采用以PLXs 407耦合TPGS利用高压均质法制备环酯红霉素纳米晶(EC-NCs),以15 mg·kg-1 静脉注射EC注射液、肺部喷雾给予EC原料药和EC-NCs混悬液来研究肺部给药的药动学考察其肺部给药特点,发现大鼠肺部给药EC-NCs后可明显提高EC的生物利用度,纳米晶肺部给药在接近静脉注射给药的达峰时间的同时,实现了对肺部的靶向给药,可以对肺部疾病实现更为直接有效的治疗,可见纳米晶用于肺部制剂的可行性。
纳米结晶停留时间长,可有效治疗大多数眼科疾病,其性能取决于药物在泪液中的固有溶解度,从而提高生物利用度。羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的加入使纳米粒子表面具有较高的正电荷,形成较强的静电斥力,进一步增强了纳米混悬液的稳定性。Yan等[44]以0.01 mg·mL-1 PVA+0.01 mg·mL-1TPGS+0.000 5 mg·mL-1CMC、0.01 mg·mL-1PVA+0.001 mg·mL-1TPGS、0.01 mg·mL-1PLXs 407+0.000 5 mg·mL-1CMC和0.01 mg·mL-1PLXs 407通过反溶剂沉淀法制备环孢素A纳米晶混悬液(CsA-NCs)F1、F2、F3、F4,并采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜试验(HET-CAM)对4种CsA-NCs眼局部给药进行刺激性评价,发现4种CsA-NCs制剂给药后5 min内对角膜没有造成破坏,从而证明其在眼部给药的安全性良好,且具有黏液穿透性的CsA-NCs-F4和具有黏液黏附性的CsA-NCs-F3和CsA-NCs-F1均能提高药物在角膜中的生物利用度,而阳离子CsA-NCs-F3和CsA-NCs-F1生物利用度更高,是一种更有效的眼部药物递送系统。
纳米结晶可以显著提高药物溶解度,导致配方于皮肤间浓度梯度显著增加,减少药物进入体循环的量,从而增加渗透率和皮肤生物利用度,适当粒径的纳米结晶也可作为储层形成更好的皮肤渗透和沉积。Assem等[45]以0.001 mg·mL-1 SDC+0.005 5 mg·mL-1 HPMC+0.01 mg·mL-1 PLXs 407采用反溶剂沉淀法制备和优化了二丙酸倍氯米松纳米结晶(BDP-NCs),并通过小鼠皮肤进行体外沉积研究,使用荧光染料发现约为600 nm的BDP-NCs能形成更好的沉积,并与含有BDP的商业产品(Beclozone® cream)相比,BDP-NCs在皮肤层的通量明显更低,积累量更高,可以更好地渗透到不同的皮肤层,表明将药物制成纳米晶能够以最小的系统水平将药物局部传递到作用部位。
对药物纳米结晶进行粒径控制或表面修饰以改善难溶性药物的溶出度及对肝、脾、脑及肿瘤等组织的靶向性,尤其是在抗癌治疗中靶向修饰十分重要,而具有体内稳定性的纳米结晶,可以有效治疗局部疾病,同时限制对其他组织的不良影响并获得靶向递送机制[46]。Zhao[47]以PLXs 188和多库酯钠作稳定剂,包裹PDA并连接ALN为靶向分子制备得到新型紫杉醇纳米结晶(PTX-PDA-ALN-NCs),并对其稳定性、K7M2wt骨肉瘤细胞的体外细胞毒性(MTT)及荷K7M2wt骨肉瘤Balb/C小鼠药效学进行研究,发现PTX-PDA-ALN-NCs在37 ℃,5%葡萄糖,PBS缓冲盐及血浆中能稳定存在至少8 h,没有发生聚集和明显的粒径变大状况、PTX-PDA-ALN-NCs[IC50:(5.81±0.16) μg·mL-1]组比非靶向组PTX-NCs(18.22±2.23) μg·mL-1和PTX-PDA-NCs(14.9±0.23)μg·mL-1 有更高的肿瘤细胞抑制率及PTX-PDA-ALN-NCs有72.09%的抑瘤率和较低的肝肾毒性。此外,Zhao等[48]以“Bottom-up”法制备PTX-NCs基础上采用薄膜水化法制备PEG化耦合FA修饰的紫杉醇纳米结晶(FA-PEG-PTX-NCs),并对其稳定性和体内行为和体内抗4T1乳腺癌疗效进行研究,发现FA-PEG-PTX-NCs在PBS或PBS+FBS混合液中均可保持稳定,与游离PTX和PTX-NCs相比,FA-PEG-PTX-NCs能够延长PTX在体循环中的滞留时间(P<0.05)、促进PTX向4T1乳腺癌分布(P<0.05)及提高PTX对4T1乳腺癌生长的抑制性能,为优化其他多种纳米结晶使其具备靶向功能奠定了有效的理论基础。
多效应稳定剂可以实现对药物纳米结晶稳定性的控制,防止出现晶体聚集和Ostwald成熟导致不稳定性进而影响药物疗效和制剂质量。因此,多效应稳定剂成为填补传统药物制剂与具有真正转化应用于临床治疗潜力的创新药物制剂之间的空白桥梁。
近年来,药物纳米结晶研究对于制剂的研发和生产质量控制具有广阔的应用前景。但在研究过程中也面临着一些问题:第一,添加稳定剂可以通过界面张力来降低体系自由能,并通过静电或空间稳定来防止纳米颗粒聚集,但药物纳米结晶的稳定性还受到药物理化性质和分散介质等因素影响,因此需要进一步探索开发药物纳米结晶各种影响因素和稳定性间的相关性,扩大药物纳米结晶的应用范围;第二,药物纳米结晶有提高药物生物利用度、优化体内分布和低毒性的主要优势,但纳米结晶药物递送受到单核吞噬系统摄取的高度敏感性和颗粒尺寸增大导致纳米颗粒不稳定的限制,在体内和体外的不稳定性进一步降低了静脉给药的安全性,因此设计具有较高体内外稳定性的药物纳米结晶仍面临重大的挑战;第三,由于药物纳米结晶制剂的多样性和异质性及体内释放行为的复杂性,建立药物纳米结晶的体内外相关性来预测药物体内释放行为仍具有挑战性,还需在体内和体外评价方面不断探索考察潜在的影响和低毒效应,以制定科学的制备和评价方法。
  • 黑龙江省教育厅青年后备人才专项计划项目(2019CX41)
  • 2020年度黑龙江省博士后科研启动金(LBH-Q20102)
  • 哈尔滨商业大学博士科研启动基金项目(13DL023)
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2024年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.006
  • 接收时间:2023-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2024-08-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-05
基金
黑龙江省教育厅青年后备人才专项计划项目(2019CX41)
2020年度黑龙江省博士后科研启动金(LBH-Q20102)
哈尔滨商业大学博士科研启动基金项目(13DL023)
作者信息
    1 哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 哈尔滨 150076
    2 抗肿瘤天然药物教育部工程研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
    3 黑龙江省预防与治疗老年性疾病药物研究重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150076
    4 庆阳市中医医院药剂科, 甘肃 庆阳 745000

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* 张文君,女,博士,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:新型药物传输系统 Tel:(0451)84838207
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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