Article(id=1190352405779812673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)16-1460-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.16.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761731729215, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1724256000000, pubDateStr=2024-08-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761731729215, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761731729215, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761731729215, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190352404290831102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='1453', pageEnd='1550', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761731728860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761732143204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190354142230053404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190354142230053405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1460, endPage=1465, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190352406031470915, articleId=1190352405779812673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Establishment of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Dendrobium officinale and Screening Analysis of 40 Commonly Used Pesticides, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To screen the commonly used pesticides in Dendrobium officinale to understand their pesticide residues, and explore the establishment of a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale and the development of limit standards in accordance with the requirements of GB 2763 Food Safety Standards for Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS LC-MS/MS methods were used to screen and risk assess 6 transformation pesticides in 53 batches of Dendrobium officinale, and the pesticide registration status and the maximum residue limit standards for Dendrobium officinale (dry) in GB 2763 were used to determine the indicators for the transformation of pesticides. RESULTS The pesticides in 53 batches of Dendrobium officinale were analyzed. The transformation pesticide were confirmed in accordance with GB 2763 and the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition, and a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale was established, along with the development of limit standards. CONCLUSION This study screened 40 commonly used pesticides and 6 transformation in 53 batches of Dendrobium officinale, established a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in accordance with GB 2763, and developed limit standards. This study is helpful for understanding the risk of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale, regulating the use of pesticides during its cultivation process, and improving its quality standards.

, correspAuthors=Hongyu JIN, Feng WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuanxi LIU, Ying WANG, Mingrui SHEN, Haonan WANG, Tingting ZHOU, Hongyu JIN, Shuangcheng MA, Feng WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190352441800495497, articleId=1190352405779812673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=铁皮石斛中农药最大残留限量标准方法研究及40种常用农药筛查分析, columnId=1190352405142274818, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=《中国药典》2025年版中药中农药标准前瞻研究专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 对铁皮石斛中常用农药进行筛查以了解其农药残留情况,并结合《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763)和《中国药典》2020年版四部农药限度及检测方法探索制定铁皮石斛中常用农药的测定方法和限量标准。方法 采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)法对铁皮石斛中拟转化的6种农药进行测定,其灵敏度、回收率、重现性及精密度等均符合痕量分析方法学要求。采用符合中药特点的风险评估模式对GB 2763中石斛(干)拟转化农药的最大残留限量值进行评估。结果 结合GB 2763及《中国药典》2020年版相关要求初步拟定了转化农药指标及限度,分别为:吡虫啉3 mg·kg-1、苯醚甲环唑2 mg·kg-1、噻呋酰胺10 mg·kg-1、烯酰吗啉20 mg·kg-1、精甲霜灵2 mg·kg-1。同时采用建立的方法对53批铁皮石斛中的40种常用和6种拟转化农药进行筛查分析,共检出农药37种,采用已建立的风险评估模型对检出农药进行慢性暴露评估,结果发现检出农药的慢性摄入风险均小于1,认为其慢性摄入风险可接受。结论 本研究对53批铁皮石斛中40种常用农药进行了筛查,结合GB 2763建立了转化农药残留测定方法及限量标准,有助于了解铁皮石斛农药残留风险,规范其种植过程中的农药使用并完善其质量标准。

, correspAuthors=金红宇, 魏锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 金红宇,男,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究 Tel:(010)53851413;
魏锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究 Tel:(010)53852020
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刘芫汐与王莹为共同第一作者

刘芫汐,女,药师 研究方向:中药农药残留检测与风险评估研究;

王莹,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究。

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刘芫汐,女,药师 研究方向:中药农药残留检测与风险评估研究;

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王莹,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究。

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王莹,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究。

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[2024-04-20]. http://www.chinapesticide.gov.cn/., articleTitle=China pesticide information network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190364373999780607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, awardId=2023SKLDRS0103, language=CN, fundingSource=药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题(2023SKLDRS0103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190364374050112256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, awardId=RS2024Z006-110, language=CN, fundingSource=国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190364374125609729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, awardId=2024Z01, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190364374180135682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, awardId=2024A6, language=CN, fundingSource=中国食品药品检定研究院中青年发展研究基金(2024A6), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364369323131572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364369335714485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, companyId=1190364369323131572, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364369348297398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, companyId=1190364369323131572, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190364369398629047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364369407017656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, companyId=1190364369398629047, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing 100061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364369411211961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, companyId=1190364369398629047, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 国家药典委员会, 北京 100061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190364369474126522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364369482515131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, companyId=1190364369474126522, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364369495098044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, companyId=1190364369474126522, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国药科大学, 南京, 210009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190364372791821041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Total ion chromatogram of 6 pesticides in Dendrobium officinale, figureFileSmall=YaO0TNVDcdkXXKsYa1ns/A==, figureFileBig=JLFC58baoT78A4SYqORJVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364372892484338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=CN, label=图1, caption=铁皮石斛中6种拟转化农药的总离子流图, figureFileSmall=YaO0TNVDcdkXXKsYa1ns/A==, figureFileBig=JLFC58baoT78A4SYqORJVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364372972176115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Statistics of maximum residue limits(MRL) in Dendrobium officinale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide MRL of Dendrobium officinale
(fresh)/mg·kg-1
MRL of Dendrobium officinale
(dried)/mg·kg-1
Registration
status
HQc
1 Difenoconazole 1 2 Registered 0.211 4
2 Imidacloprid 2 3 Registered 0.052 8
3 Jiangangmycin 0.1 1 Registered 0.010 6
4 Oxine-copper 3 3 Registered 0.158 5
5 Prochloraz and prochloraz-manganese chloride complex 151) 201) Registered 2.113 5
6 Thifluzamide 2 10 Registered 0.754 8
7 Metaldehyde 0.2 0.5 Registered 0.005 3
8 Metalaxyl 0.5 2 Registered 0.026 4
9 Dimethomorph 20 20 Registered 0.105 7
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373098005236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铁皮石斛中农药残留限量(MRL)标准统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide MRL of Dendrobium officinale
(fresh)/mg·kg-1
MRL of Dendrobium officinale
(dried)/mg·kg-1
Registration
status
HQc
1 Difenoconazole 1 2 Registered 0.211 4
2 Imidacloprid 2 3 Registered 0.052 8
3 Jiangangmycin 0.1 1 Registered 0.010 6
4 Oxine-copper 3 3 Registered 0.158 5
5 Prochloraz and prochloraz-manganese chloride complex 151) 201) Registered 2.113 5
6 Thifluzamide 2 10 Registered 0.754 8
7 Metaldehyde 0.2 0.5 Registered 0.005 3
8 Metalaxyl 0.5 2 Registered 0.026 4
9 Dimethomorph 20 20 Registered 0.105 7
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373249000181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

LC-MS/MS mobile phase gradient elution conditions

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t/min Mobile phaseA/% Mobile phaseB/%
0-1 70 30
1-12 70→0 30→100
12-14 0 100
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373303526134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)流动相梯度洗脱条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min Mobile phaseA/% Mobile phaseB/%
0-1 70 30
1-12 70→0 30→100
12-14 0 100
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373399995127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Information, retention time, monitoring ion pairs and collision energy (CE) of 6 pesticides in Dendrobium officinale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide tR/min Quantitative ion pairs (m/z) CE1/V Qualitative ion pairs (m/z) CE2/V
1 Imidacloprid 2.802 256.0>209.1 -23 256.0>175.1 -28
2 Difenoconazole 11.278 406.1>251.0 -30 406.1>337.0 -30
3 Thifluzamide 10.176 526.9>407.8 -40 526.9>486.8 -30
4 Metaldehyde 2.536 194.2>62.0 -7 194.2>106.2 -6
5 Dimethomorph 9.344 388.1>301.0 -19 388.1>165.05 -19
6 Metalaxyl 8.032 280.1>220.1 -30 280.1>248.1 -30
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373462909688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

铁皮石斛中6种农药的信息、保留时间、监测离子对及碰撞电压(CE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide tR/min Quantitative ion pairs (m/z) CE1/V Qualitative ion pairs (m/z) CE2/V
1 Imidacloprid 2.802 256.0>209.1 -23 256.0>175.1 -28
2 Difenoconazole 11.278 406.1>251.0 -30 406.1>337.0 -30
3 Thifluzamide 10.176 526.9>407.8 -40 526.9>486.8 -30
4 Metaldehyde 2.536 194.2>62.0 -7 194.2>106.2 -6
5 Dimethomorph 9.344 388.1>301.0 -19 388.1>165.05 -19
6 Metalaxyl 8.032 280.1>220.1 -30 280.1>248.1 -30
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373563572985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Linear equation, limit of quantitation, and recovery rate determination results of six pesticides in Dendrobium officinale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide Linear equation r2 Limit of quantitation/mg·kg-1 Average recovery/% Reproducibility/% Precision/%
1 Imidacloprid Y=400 275X-190 170 0.999 4 0.001 86.90 5.64 0.61
2 Difenoconazole Y=601 454X+210 043 0.995 7 0.002 101.93 7.13 0.60
5 Thifluzamide Y=1 138.91X+2 005.92 0.996 9 0.01 86.99 9.56 4.06
6 Metaldehyde Y=514.190X-121.988 0.999 9 0.02 87.93 3.92 2.30
7 Dimethomorph Y=1 375 120X-51 547.2 0.999 8 0.002 83.07 3.06 0.68
8 Metalaxyl Y=18 108.9X+57 626.7 0.995 5 0.005 94.97 8.12 1.07
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373626487546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

铁皮石斛中6种农药线性方程、定量限及回收率测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide Linear equation r2 Limit of quantitation/mg·kg-1 Average recovery/% Reproducibility/% Precision/%
1 Imidacloprid Y=400 275X-190 170 0.999 4 0.001 86.90 5.64 0.61
2 Difenoconazole Y=601 454X+210 043 0.995 7 0.002 101.93 7.13 0.60
5 Thifluzamide Y=1 138.91X+2 005.92 0.996 9 0.01 86.99 9.56 4.06
6 Metaldehyde Y=514.190X-121.988 0.999 9 0.02 87.93 3.92 2.30
7 Dimethomorph Y=1 375 120X-51 547.2 0.999 8 0.002 83.07 3.06 0.68
8 Metalaxyl Y=18 108.9X+57 626.7 0.995 5 0.005 94.97 8.12 1.07
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373685207803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Determination results of 6 pesticides in 53 batches of Dendrobium officinale samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide Detection rate/% Residual/mg·kg-1
1 Imidacloprid 92.45 0.004-0.204
2 Difenoconazole 64.15 0.005-1.907
3 Thifluzamide 16.98 0.031-0.875
4 Metaldehyde - -
5 Dimethomorph 100.00 0.007-5.788
6 Metalaxyl 9.43 0.090-2.015
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373748122364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

53批次铁皮石斛样品中6种农药测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide Detection rate/% Residual/mg·kg-1
1 Imidacloprid 92.45 0.004-0.204
2 Difenoconazole 64.15 0.005-1.907
3 Thifluzamide 16.98 0.031-0.875
4 Metaldehyde - -
5 Dimethomorph 100.00 0.007-5.788
6 Metalaxyl 9.43 0.090-2.015
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373806842621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Detection and risk assessment results of pesticides to be transformed and commonly used in Dendrobium officinale samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide ADI/mg·kg-1 Detection rate/% Residual/mg·kg-1 HQc
1 Tebuconazole 0.03 100.00 0.002 -41.081 0.180 65
2 Dimethomorph 0.2 100.00 0.007 -5.788 0.002 191
3 Imidacloprid 0.06 92.45 0.004 -0.204 0.000 684
4 Propamocarb 0.4 83.87 0.001 -8.172 0.002 15
5 Chlorantraniliprole 2 80.65 0.001 -0.339 0.000 02
6 Flumorph 0.16 74.19 0.001 -1.706 0.001 46
7 Chlorpyrifos 0.01 70.97 0.001 -0.346 0.002 93
8 Carbendazime 0.03 67.74 0.001 -0.133 0.001 32
9 Fluopicolide 0.08 64.52 0.009 -4.057 0.004 77
10 Difenoconazole 0.01 64.15 0.005 -1.907 0.039 018
11 Mandipropamid 0.2 61.29 0.001 -0.661 0.000 32
12 Acetamiprid 0.007 58.06 0.001 -0.018 0.000 7
13 Famoxadone 0.006 45.16 0.001 -3.729 0.109 09
14 Myclobutanil 0.03 35.48 0.002 -0.085 0.001 13
15 4-Hydroxy chlorothalonil - 35.48 0.002 -0.04 /
16 Diethofencarb 0.004 29.03 0.002 -0.113 0.004 69
17 Epoxiconazole 0.02 29.03 0.002 -0.062 0.001 28
18 Trifloxystrobin 0.04 25.81 0.001 -0.151 0.000 62
19 Clothianidin 0.1 22.58 0.008 -0.235 0.000 6
20 Thiamethoxam 0.08 19.35 0.007 -0.044 0.000 29
21 Prochloraz 0.01 19.35 0.005 -0.019 0.001 06
22 Thifluzamide 0.014 16.98 0.031 -0.875 0.026 871
23 Picoxystrobin 0.09 16.13 0.001 -0.022 0.000 06
24 Cyazofamid 0.2 12.90 0.002 -0.091 0.000 2
25 Hexaconazole 0.005 12.90 0.004 -0.041 0.004 48
26 Tolfenpyrad 0.006 12.90 0.009 -0.034 0.003 06
27 Tebufenozide 0.02 9.68 0.094 -0.748 0.019 53
28 Pyridaben 0.01 9.68 0.002 -0.004 0.000 3
29 Metalaxyl 0.08 9.43 0.090 -2.015 0.007 263
30 Flutriafol 0.01 6.45 0.013 -0.034 0.002 52
31 Flusilazole 0.007 6.45 0.003 -0.011 0.001 06
32 Bifenazate 0.01 6.45 0.025 -0.035 0.003 2
33 Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate 0.023 3.23 0.007 0.000 34
34 Thiacloprid 0.01 3.23 0.001 -0.001 0.000 07
35 Indoxacarb 0.01 3.23 0.002 0.000 23
36 Pyriproxyfen 0.1 3.23 0.001 0.000 01
37 Emamectin benzoate 0.000 5 3.23 0.001 0.001 35
38 Metaldehyde 0.1 - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1190364373869757182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405779812673, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

铁皮石斛样品中拟转化和常用农药检出情况及风险评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide ADI/mg·kg-1 Detection rate/% Residual/mg·kg-1 HQc
1 Tebuconazole 0.03 100.00 0.002 -41.081 0.180 65
2 Dimethomorph 0.2 100.00 0.007 -5.788 0.002 191
3 Imidacloprid 0.06 92.45 0.004 -0.204 0.000 684
4 Propamocarb 0.4 83.87 0.001 -8.172 0.002 15
5 Chlorantraniliprole 2 80.65 0.001 -0.339 0.000 02
6 Flumorph 0.16 74.19 0.001 -1.706 0.001 46
7 Chlorpyrifos 0.01 70.97 0.001 -0.346 0.002 93
8 Carbendazime 0.03 67.74 0.001 -0.133 0.001 32
9 Fluopicolide 0.08 64.52 0.009 -4.057 0.004 77
10 Difenoconazole 0.01 64.15 0.005 -1.907 0.039 018
11 Mandipropamid 0.2 61.29 0.001 -0.661 0.000 32
12 Acetamiprid 0.007 58.06 0.001 -0.018 0.000 7
13 Famoxadone 0.006 45.16 0.001 -3.729 0.109 09
14 Myclobutanil 0.03 35.48 0.002 -0.085 0.001 13
15 4-Hydroxy chlorothalonil - 35.48 0.002 -0.04 /
16 Diethofencarb 0.004 29.03 0.002 -0.113 0.004 69
17 Epoxiconazole 0.02 29.03 0.002 -0.062 0.001 28
18 Trifloxystrobin 0.04 25.81 0.001 -0.151 0.000 62
19 Clothianidin 0.1 22.58 0.008 -0.235 0.000 6
20 Thiamethoxam 0.08 19.35 0.007 -0.044 0.000 29
21 Prochloraz 0.01 19.35 0.005 -0.019 0.001 06
22 Thifluzamide 0.014 16.98 0.031 -0.875 0.026 871
23 Picoxystrobin 0.09 16.13 0.001 -0.022 0.000 06
24 Cyazofamid 0.2 12.90 0.002 -0.091 0.000 2
25 Hexaconazole 0.005 12.90 0.004 -0.041 0.004 48
26 Tolfenpyrad 0.006 12.90 0.009 -0.034 0.003 06
27 Tebufenozide 0.02 9.68 0.094 -0.748 0.019 53
28 Pyridaben 0.01 9.68 0.002 -0.004 0.000 3
29 Metalaxyl 0.08 9.43 0.090 -2.015 0.007 263
30 Flutriafol 0.01 6.45 0.013 -0.034 0.002 52
31 Flusilazole 0.007 6.45 0.003 -0.011 0.001 06
32 Bifenazate 0.01 6.45 0.025 -0.035 0.003 2
33 Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate 0.023 3.23 0.007 0.000 34
34 Thiacloprid 0.01 3.23 0.001 -0.001 0.000 07
35 Indoxacarb 0.01 3.23 0.002 0.000 23
36 Pyriproxyfen 0.1 3.23 0.001 0.000 01
37 Emamectin benzoate 0.000 5 3.23 0.001 0.001 35
38 Metaldehyde 0.1 - - -
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铁皮石斛中农药最大残留限量标准方法研究及40种常用农药筛查分析
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刘芫汐 1 , 王莹 1 , 申明睿 2 , 王皓南 1 , 周婷婷 3 , 金红宇 1, * , 马双成 2 , 魏锋 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 《中国药典》2025年版中药中农药标准前瞻研究专栏 2024,59(16): 1460-1465
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中国药学杂志 | 《中国药典》2025年版中药中农药标准前瞻研究专栏 2024, 59(16): 1460-1465
铁皮石斛中农药最大残留限量标准方法研究及40种常用农药筛查分析
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刘芫汐1, 王莹1, 申明睿2, 王皓南1, 周婷婷3, 金红宇1, *, 马双成2, 魏锋1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
  • 2 国家药典委员会, 北京 100061
  • 3 中国药科大学, 南京, 210009
  • 刘芫汐,女,药师 研究方向:中药农药残留检测与风险评估研究;

    王莹,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究。

通讯作者:

* 金红宇,男,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究 Tel:(010)53851413;
魏锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究 Tel:(010)53852020
Establishment of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Dendrobium officinale and Screening Analysis of 40 Commonly Used Pesticides
Yuanxi LIU1, Ying WANG1, Mingrui SHEN2, Haonan WANG1, Tingting ZHOU3, Hongyu JIN1, *, Shuangcheng MA2, Feng WEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
  • 2 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing 100061, China
  • 3 China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2024-08-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.002
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目的 对铁皮石斛中常用农药进行筛查以了解其农药残留情况,并结合《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763)和《中国药典》2020年版四部农药限度及检测方法探索制定铁皮石斛中常用农药的测定方法和限量标准。方法 采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)法对铁皮石斛中拟转化的6种农药进行测定,其灵敏度、回收率、重现性及精密度等均符合痕量分析方法学要求。采用符合中药特点的风险评估模式对GB 2763中石斛(干)拟转化农药的最大残留限量值进行评估。结果 结合GB 2763及《中国药典》2020年版相关要求初步拟定了转化农药指标及限度,分别为:吡虫啉3 mg·kg-1、苯醚甲环唑2 mg·kg-1、噻呋酰胺10 mg·kg-1、烯酰吗啉20 mg·kg-1、精甲霜灵2 mg·kg-1。同时采用建立的方法对53批铁皮石斛中的40种常用和6种拟转化农药进行筛查分析,共检出农药37种,采用已建立的风险评估模型对检出农药进行慢性暴露评估,结果发现检出农药的慢性摄入风险均小于1,认为其慢性摄入风险可接受。结论 本研究对53批铁皮石斛中40种常用农药进行了筛查,结合GB 2763建立了转化农药残留测定方法及限量标准,有助于了解铁皮石斛农药残留风险,规范其种植过程中的农药使用并完善其质量标准。

铁皮石斛  /  GB 2763  /  限量标准  /  转化原则  /  农药残留

OBJECTIVE To screen the commonly used pesticides in Dendrobium officinale to understand their pesticide residues, and explore the establishment of a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale and the development of limit standards in accordance with the requirements of GB 2763 Food Safety Standards for Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS LC-MS/MS methods were used to screen and risk assess 6 transformation pesticides in 53 batches of Dendrobium officinale, and the pesticide registration status and the maximum residue limit standards for Dendrobium officinale (dry) in GB 2763 were used to determine the indicators for the transformation of pesticides. RESULTS The pesticides in 53 batches of Dendrobium officinale were analyzed. The transformation pesticide were confirmed in accordance with GB 2763 and the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition, and a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale was established, along with the development of limit standards. CONCLUSION This study screened 40 commonly used pesticides and 6 transformation in 53 batches of Dendrobium officinale, established a method for determining the transformation of pesticide residues in accordance with GB 2763, and developed limit standards. This study is helpful for understanding the risk of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale, regulating the use of pesticides during its cultivation process, and improving its quality standards.

Dendrobium officinale  /  GB 2763  /  limit standard  /  conversion principle  /  pesticide residue
刘芫汐, 王莹, 申明睿, 王皓南, 周婷婷, 金红宇, 马双成, 魏锋. 铁皮石斛中农药最大残留限量标准方法研究及40种常用农药筛查分析. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1460 -1465 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.002
Yuanxi LIU, Ying WANG, Mingrui SHEN, Haonan WANG, Tingting ZHOU, Hongyu JIN, Shuangcheng MA, Feng WEI. Establishment of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Dendrobium officinale and Screening Analysis of 40 Commonly Used Pesticides[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1460 -1465 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.002
铁皮石斛为兰科植物铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)的干燥茎,具有益胃生津、滋阴清热之功效[1],民间称其为“救命仙草”,享有“药中黄金”之美誉[2]。近年来,铁皮石斛不仅作为传统中药使用,更因为其独特的保健价值而广泛应用于食品和保健品等行业[3-4]。由于野生铁皮石斛的自然繁殖能力低、生长缓慢,属于珍稀濒危野生植物,目前已十分稀少。随着人工栽培技术的突破,市场上流通的铁皮石斛几乎均为人工栽培生产[5]。然而,栽培过程中铁皮石斛易发生病虫害,常见病害有炭疽病、圆斑病,常见虫害有石斛篓象、叶螨、蓟马、蚜虫等[6]。由于铁皮石斛种植产业集约化程度低,栽培技术不规范,导致产品质量参差不齐[7],存在种植过程中不规范和过量使用农药等情况,影响了用药安全。
为解决我国中药材中的农药残留限量标准缺失问题,完善中药安全标准体系,本课题组前期提出了《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》中药品种限量标准转化原则[8]。本研究进一步以铁皮石斛为研究对象,通过确定铁皮石斛中常用农药指标,建立检测方法、风险评估以及样品筛查等步骤,探索GB 2763中石斛农药限量标准的转化,并初步制定配套检测方法,为铁皮石斛的标准完善及风险预警提供支持。
根据GB 2763-2021附录A分类,石斛(鲜)和石斛(干)皆属于药用植物[9]。与农业农村部沟通得知,GB 2763中石斛残留限量(maximum residue limit,MRL)标准制定采用铁皮石斛进行试验,而金钗、流苏等不同品种的石斛形态特征、种植方式等均与铁皮石斛存在差异,其农药残留和代谢情况可能有所不同,故本次标准转化拟将GB 2763中石斛的MRL值转化为《中国药典》中的铁皮石斛的MRL值。
对GB 2763-2021 及GB 2763-2021.1中石斛(鲜)和石斛(干)中农药 MRLs进行梳理可知,石斛农药MRLs标准共涉及9个农药指标,有MRL值18个,其中咪鲜胺和咪鲜胺锰盐为临时限量,见表1
表1中可看出,与大部分干、鲜药用植物相同,石斛(干)中的MRL大于或等于石斛(鲜)中的,这可能与铁皮石斛干燥后其农药残留量增加相关。最终根据前期拟定的标准转化原则,对石斛(干)的非临时限量值进行转化,拟转化的农药指标共有8个。
基于本课题组前期建立的中药中农药残留风险评估方法对石斛中拟转化的8个农药MRL值的慢性风险进行评价,计算见公式1~2。
EXPc= E F × E d × I × M R L A T × b w×PF
HQc=EXPc×100/ADI
式中:EXPc慢性膳食暴露量(mg·kg-1bw·d-1);EF为服用频率;Ed为一生的暴露年限;AT为平均寿命天数(d)=365天/年×70年;I为平均日消费量(kg·d-1);MRL为石斛中该农药的最大残留限量值(mg·kg-1);bw为人体平均体质量(kg),以60 kg计。式中EF、Ed根据前期调研分别为每年90 d、20年;I值根据《中国药典》2020年版一部规定石斛平均日消费量为9 g;故基于风险最大化考虑,本研究中PF值设定为1。HQc为慢性风险商,即慢性暴露量与健康指导值的比值,再乘以一定安全系数以评价其风险;ADI为每日允许摄入量,参考GB 2763标准中农药相关数值;100为安全因子。
通过以上公式计算石斛中8种农药MRL值的慢性风险商,所得结果见表1。结果发现:石斛中8种农药的慢性风险商均低于0.754 8,故认为此8种农药未产生不可接受的健康风险。
LCMS-TQ8050型液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱仪(日本岛津公司);电子分析天平(上海越平科学仪器有限公司);多孔涡旋仪(北京美正生物科技有限公司);高速离心机(美国Thermo Scientific公司)。
甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯);甲酸、甲酸铵、氯化钠(优级纯);亲水亲油平衡材料(HLB)固相萃取净化柱(上海安谱试验科技股份有限公司);苯醚甲环唑等8种农药对照物质(天津阿尔塔卡科技有限公司)。
精密吸取苯醚甲环唑等8种农药对照溶液各1~5 mL,用乙腈溶解并定容至50 mL,作为混合对照品储备溶液,于-20 ℃避光储存。取不含待测指标的铁皮石斛样品6 g,同供试品溶液制备方法处理成空白基质溶液。取空白基质溶液0.8 mL,精密加入对照品储备溶液5、10、20、50、100、200 μL后用乙腈稀释定容至1 mL,作为基质混合对照溶液。
将铁皮石斛样品粉碎后过3号筛,作为供试品粉末。取供试品粉末5 g,精密称定,加水10 mL后放置30 min,加氯化钠5 g,再加入乙腈50 mL,匀浆处理2 min(转速不低于12 000 r·min-1),离心5 min(4 000 r·min-1),分取上清液,沉淀再加乙腈50 mL,匀浆处理1 min,离心,合并两次提取的上清液,减压浓缩,放冷,用乙腈稀释至50 mL,摇匀,离心,取上清液4 mL,通过亲水亲油平衡材料(HLB)固相萃取净化柱(200 mg,6 mL)净化,收集全部净化液,混匀,即得。
根据课题组前期安排,本次铁皮石斛中转化农药指标应为可采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS) 电子轰击离子源(EI源)或液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)电喷雾离子源(ESI源)测定指标。井冈霉素需用LC-MS/MS 大气压化学电离离子源(APCI源)进行测定,喹啉铜难以使用有机质谱法进行分析,故暂不予以转化。最终建立吡虫啉、苯醚甲环唑等6种农药的LC-MS/MS测定方法,具体条件为液相色谱条件:Agilent XDB-C18色谱柱(1.8 mm×10 cm,2.1 μm);以体积分数0.1%甲酸溶液(含5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵)为流动相A,以体积分数95%甲醇溶液(含5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵和0.1%甲酸)为流动相B,按表2进行梯度洗脱;流速为0.3 mL·min-1,柱温40 ℃。
质谱条件:ESI源,正离子/负离子切换扫描模式,多反应监测(MRM);各化合物具体离子对及 CE 值见表3,总离子流图见图1
测定法:分别精密吸取对照品溶液和供试品溶液各1 mL,精密加入0.3 mL水,混匀,滤过,取续滤液,分别精密吸取上述2种溶液各1 μL,注入液质联用仪,测定,进样体积可根据仪器灵敏度适当调整。
6种农药在5~200 ng·mL-1内具有良好的线性关系(r2 >0.995),以10倍信噪比(S/N) 表示方法的定量限,各指标定量限均在0.001~0.02 mg·kg-1,满足农药残留分析要求。
在铁皮石斛空白样品中分别添加低、中、高(相当于各指标浓度:0.25 MRL、MRL、2.50 MRL) 3个浓度水平的加标回收率试验,每个浓度3次平行实验,低、中、高浓度每个平行重复测定3次,结果见表4
铁皮石斛富含多糖、黏液质等[10],遇水易团聚结块。本试验考察了纯乙腈提取、加水浸润后乙腈提取和快速样品处理(QuEChers)法3种提取方式。结果表明,采用纯乙腈提取时,对苯醚甲环唑和烯酰吗啉的提取效率较低,可能与农药的理化性质如水溶性(Ws)、辛醇-水分配系数(Kow)和蒸气压等相关[11-12];加水后铁皮石斛样品黏稠结块,且不同批次铁皮石斛性状差异大,采用QuEChers法震荡提取时对部分批次铁皮石斛的提取效果较差;加水浸润后乙腈匀浆提取对各批次铁皮石斛的提取效果一致性较好,故选择采用此方法作为样品提取方法。
提取后的铁皮石斛样品溶液需净化后进样,以降低基质效应并减少对仪器的污染。对于铁皮石斛农残检测时净化方法,包括了分散固相萃取(PSA、C18)、QuEChers法、HLB固相萃取柱和NH2固相萃取柱净化等[13-17]。根据课题组前期研究,不同批次的铁皮石斛在进行农残测定时基质效应存在差异,采用基质匹配法进行检测时,样品与空白的基质效应差异会对测定结果造成影响。降低样品的基质浓度和净化均有助于降低不同批次样品间的基质差异。结合铁皮石斛的MRL值并比较分散型净化材料、HLB固相萃取柱净化和多壁碳纳米管净化等不同方式,选择了操作简便且减少样品基质差异效果明显的HLB固相萃取柱净化。
按已拟定的标准转化原则,从贵州、云南、浙江等地收集了53批次样品,所收样品包括了生产企业、药材市场和线上经营企业等。所有样品均经中国食品药品检定研究院王莹副研究员鉴定为兰科植物铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)的干燥茎。53批次铁皮石斛转化农药检出结果见表5。吡虫啉、苯醚甲环唑和烯酰吗啉检出率均为50%以上,6种农药的残留量按拟定限量和《中国药典》2020年版的修约规则进行判定均未超标。
除此之外,对部分高风险禁用农药、石斛种植过程中可能使用农药和全草类中药材种植中常用的40种农药进行筛查和风险评估,采用的测定和风险评估方法参考课题组前期建立的方法[18-19],结果见表6。各指标灵敏度、回收率及精密度等均符合痕量分析要求。
铁皮石斛中检出除转化农药外的农药及代谢物32种,包括了有机氯、有机磷、三唑类等多种农药类型,检出农药均为杀虫剂和杀菌剂(表6)。在测定农药中,未检出百菌清原型,但是检出其毒性代谢产物4-羟基百菌清,可能与铁皮石斛加工过程中百菌清农药分解有关。从检出率来看,铁皮石斛中检出率在60%以上的农药分别为:烯酰吗啉、戊唑醇、吡虫啉、霜霉威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟吗啉、毒死蜱、多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、氟吡菌胺、双炔酰菌胺,共11种。11种农药中拟定转化的农药指标占其中3个,仅为27%,这与现有农药登记情况相关。查询中国农药信息网[20]可知,截至2024年4月20日,国内在铁皮石斛上共有40个农药登记产品,涉及农药的有效成分共有25种,涉及病虫害11种,其中百菌清和戊唑醇已有登记,但仍在进行对应的MRL制定中。通过本次多批样品农残筛查结果可看出:铁皮石斛中高检出率农药种类、数量远多于已登记的农药指标,种植过程中仍存在农药使用不当的情况,故为解决种植过程中盲目使用农药的现象,仍需积极推进铁皮石斛上农药登记工作并开展农药使用指导。同时,本研究采用课题组已建立的风险评估模型对检出的农药进行慢性暴露评估,结果表明,检出农药的慢性摄入风险均小于1,认为其慢性摄入风险可接受。
结合课题组5年来对铁皮石斛中农药残留的情况监测可知,铁皮石斛中禁用农药残留检出率呈逐年下降趋势,证明随着《中国药典》对禁用农药的监管,铁皮石斛中非法使用禁用农药的现象有所缓解;部分中低毒性农药如吡虫啉、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑等检出率有所上升,认为随着高毒剧毒农药退出市场,中低毒性农药可能成为了目前中药种植过程中使用最为广泛的品种。及时更新标准,对可能存在风险的农药进行监管,有助于规范铁皮石斛种植过程中的农药使用,保障其用药质量和安全。
本研究对53批铁皮石斛中的6种拟转化农药和40种其他农药进行检测,共计检出农药37种,无禁用农药检出。在拟转化的6种农药中,四聚乙醛在采用不同品牌的LC-MS/MS测定时灵敏度差异极大,结合四聚乙醛的检出及残留风险评估情况,在53批铁皮石斛中均未检出四聚乙醛,认为该农药残留风险较低,考虑到方法的耐用性,可暂不予以转化。根据中药中农药转化的原则,最终将GB 2763石斛(干)中5个农药残留限量标准转化为铁皮石斛药品标准,分别为:吡虫啉(3 mg·kg-1)、苯醚甲环唑(2 mg·kg-1)、噻呋酰胺(10 mg·kg-1)、烯酰吗啉(20 mg·kg-1)、精甲霜灵(2 mg·kg-1)。
  • 药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题(2023SKLDRS0103)
  • 国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110)
  • 2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01)
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院中青年发展研究基金(2024A6)
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2024年第59卷第16期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.002
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2024-08-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
基金
药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题(2023SKLDRS0103)
国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110)
2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01)
中国食品药品检定研究院中青年发展研究基金(2024A6)
作者信息
    1 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
    2 国家药典委员会, 北京 100061
    3 中国药科大学, 南京, 210009

通讯作者:

* 金红宇,男,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究 Tel:(010)53851413;
魏锋,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量与安全研究 Tel:(010)53852020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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