首页 期刊 论文 学科刊群 资讯 加盟 关于
EN
image
Article(id=1190352405410713914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)16-1478-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761731729127, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1724256000000, pubDateStr=2024-08-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761731729127, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761731729127, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761731729127, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190352404290831102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='16', pageStart='1453', pageEnd='1550', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761731728860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761732143204, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190354142230053404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190354142230053405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190352404290831102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1478, endPage=1487, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190352405620429119, articleId=1190352405410713914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Panax notoginseng and Transformation of Pesticide Residue Limit Standards, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To carry out screening of pesticide residues in Panax notoginseng for the pesticide residues commonly used in Panax notoginseng,understand the pesticide residues situation and carry out the related risk assenssment study. METHODS GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS methods were used to establish detection methods for commonly used pesticides in Panax notoginseng, as well as those regulated by laws and regulations; the methods were used to conduct a comprehensive screening and risk assessment of the collected Panax notoginseng samples; and the indexes of the transformed pesticides were confirmed in accordance with the pesticide residue limits of Panax notoginseng in the GB 2763 standard. RESULTS In this study, the residue determination methods for about 40 commonly used pesticides and pesticides regulated by regulations in Panax notoginseng were successfully established, and the corresponding limits were set according to the GB 2763 standard. Eight pesticides including tebuconazole, phenyl ether metronidazole and carbendazim were finally recognized as transformed pesticide indicators. CONCLUSION The pesticide residue detection method for Panax notoginseng established in this study is characterized by simple and rapid operation, high specificity and high sensitivity, and the related risk assessment and limit setting provide technical support for the improvement of the quality standard of Panax notoginseng.

, correspAuthors=Qing HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wenting LI, Yanfang CHEN, Xinhua YANG, Lan LAN, Shui MIAO, Xiuhong MAO, Qing HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190352438625407317, articleId=1190352405410713914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=三七中农药残留风险评估与农药残留限量标准转化的研究, columnId=1190352405142274818, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=《中国药典》2025年版中药中农药标准前瞻研究专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 针对三七药材种植过程中农药施用的情况,对三七中常用农药及法规监管的农药进行全面筛查,摸清其农药残留污染情况,并进行相关风险评估研究。根据《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》和《中国药典》2020年版的相关技术要求,制订相关农药的限量标准,并建立相应农药残留测定方法。方法 采用气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)和液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),建立三七中法规监管的常用农药检测方法;依法对收集的三七样本进行全面筛查和风险评估;并根据GB 2763限量标准中三七涉及的农药转化农药指标。结果 本研究成功建立了三七中115种常用农药及法规规定的禁用农药的残留测定方法,并根据我国食品中农药最大残留限量标准GB 2763转化相应的限量标准。最终确认了包括戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑及多菌灵等在内的8种农药作为转化农药指标。结论 本研究建立的三七农药残留检测方法具有操作简便快速、专属性强和灵敏度高的特点,相关风险评估及限量制订工作为三七质量标准的完善提供技术支持。

, correspAuthors=胡青, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 胡青,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及有害残留物检测 Tel:(021)38839900-26605
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1JnVHsZOp1OMYoF+Cn9xyA==, magXml=bajkpVFt+IPf9OGPZA+7JQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3Os3IHk9JvBm+Crq+Dapfg==, pdfFileSize=1221041, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=INDxkAj93QuVrD8LsIrMaQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PMBva1wBlubhua3P1p0T7w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李雯婷,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及有害残留物检测

, authorsList=李雯婷, 陈艳芳, 杨新华, 兰岚, 苗水, 毛秀红, 胡青)}, authors=[Author(id=1190364382522610093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190364382589718959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364382522610093, language=EN, stringName=Wenting LI, firstName=Wenting, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190364382644244912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364382522610093, language=CN, stringName=李雯婷, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio={"content":"

李雯婷,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及有害残留物检测

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李雯婷,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及有害残留物检测

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1190364382723936690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190364382812017077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364382723936690, language=EN, stringName=Yanfang CHEN, firstName=Yanfang, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
2 Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190364382937846198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364382723936690, language=CN, stringName=陈艳芳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203
2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190364382447112617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382451306922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382447112617, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382459695531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382447112617, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1190364382996566456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383055286714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364382996566456, language=EN, stringName=Xinhua YANG, firstName=Xinhua, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383118201275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364382996566456, language=CN, stringName=杨新华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1190364383176921533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383248224703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383176921533, language=EN, stringName=Lan LAN, firstName=Lan, middleName=null, lastName=LAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383306944960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383176921533, language=CN, stringName=兰岚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1190364383361470914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383415996868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383361470914, language=EN, stringName=Shui MIAO, firstName=Shui, middleName=null, lastName=MIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383474717125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383361470914, language=CN, stringName=苗水, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1190364383541825991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383613129161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383541825991, language=EN, stringName=Xiuhong MAO, firstName=Xiuhong, middleName=null, lastName=MAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383671849418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383541825991, language=CN, stringName=毛秀红, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)])]), Author(id=1190364383747346892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383835427278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383747346892, language=EN, stringName=Qing HU, firstName=Qing, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190364383898341839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, authorId=1190364383747346892, language=CN, stringName=胡青, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1190364384024170960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Panax notoginseng), Keyword(id=1190364384087085521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=pesticide residue), Keyword(id=1190364384158388690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=detection method), Keyword(id=1190364384225497555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=risk assessment), Keyword(id=1190364384296800724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=transformation of limit standards), Keyword(id=1190364384355520981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=三七), Keyword(id=1190364384414241238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=农药残留), Keyword(id=1190364384464572887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=检测方法), Keyword(id=1190364384514904536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=风险评估), Keyword(id=1190364384569430489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=限量标准转化)], refs=[Reference(id=1190364386653999599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=12, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=中国药典2020年版. 一部, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ch.P(2020) Vol Ⅰ(中国药典2020年版. 一部)[S]. 2020:12-13., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364386742079984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=6, pageStart=1438, pageEnd=1444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHENG K, GUO L P, ZHANG X B, journalName=中国中药杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG K, GUO L P, ZHANG X B, et al. Research progress on pesticide residues of Panaxnotoginseng[J]. China J Chin Mater Med(中国中药杂志), 2022, 47 (6):1438-1444., articleTitle=Research progress on pesticide residues of Panaxnotoginseng, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364386813383153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=17, issue=2, pageStart=119, pageEnd=127, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=YANG G, CHEN C, WANG Q, journalName=农药学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG G, CHEN C, WANG Q, et al. Risk assessment for combined exposure of multiresidue of pesticides[J]. Chin J Pestic(农药学学报), 2015, 17(2):119-127., articleTitle=Risk assessment for combined exposure of multiresidue of pesticides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364386880492018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=12, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=QIAO X, journalName=农药学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAO X. A critical review of dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues in foods[J]. Chin J Pestic(农药学学报), 2023, 25(1):12-22., articleTitle=A critical review of dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues in foods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364386939212275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=2, pageStart=402, pageEnd=413, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=TIAN G, BAI X, LIU X, journalName=核农学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN G, BAI X, LIU X, et al. Study on the application of a risk assessment method of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits and edible fungus monitiring[J]. J Nucl Agric Sci(核农学报), 2022, 36(2):402-413., articleTitle=Study on the application of a risk assessment method of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits and edible fungus monitiring, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364387031486964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=44, issue=7, pageStart=1327, pageEnd=1333, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=WANG Y, WANG Z, YUE Z H, journalName=中国中药杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, WANG Z, YUE Z H, et al. Rish assessment of pesticide residues in domestic ginsengs[J]. China J Chin Mater Med(中国中药杂志), 2019, 44(7):1327-1333., articleTitle=Rish assessment of pesticide residues in domestic ginsengs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364387098595829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=53, issue=3, pageStart=182, pageEnd=186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=WANG Y, JIN H Y, SUI H X, journalName=中国药学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, JIN H Y, SUI H X, et al. Analysis of pesticide residues in wolfberry and dietary exposure risk assessment[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2018, 53(3):182-186., articleTitle=Analysis of pesticide residues in wolfberry and dietary exposure risk assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364387161510390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=370, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=LI C, XIONG Y, GU L H, journalName=分析测试学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI C, XIONG Y, GU L H, et al. Analysis of pesticide residues in citrireticulataepericarpiumandtheir risk assessments[J]. J Instrum Anal(分析测试学报), 2021, 40(3):370-376., articleTitle=Analysis of pesticide residues in citrireticulataepericarpiumandtheir risk assessments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364387211842039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB 2763-2021, National food safety standard:Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food(食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量)[S]. 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364387266367992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=15, pageStart=1416, pageEnd=1421, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=WANG Y, LIU Y X, ZHENG Z T, journalName=中国药学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, LIU Y X, ZHENG Z T, et al. A Preliminary study on the principle of conversion of limit standards of traditional chinese medicine in “GB2763 National Food Safety Standard-Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food”[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2023, 58(15):1416-1421., articleTitle=A Preliminary study on the principle of conversion of limit standards of traditional chinese medicine in “GB2763 National Food Safety Standard-Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food”, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190364387346059769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=19, issue=4, pageStart=275, pageEnd=281, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=MAO W F, WANG Y B N, ZUO T T, journalName=中国药品标准, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAO W F, WANG Y B N, ZUO T T, et al. Risk assessment of lead exposure of Chinese medicinal herbs in Chinese population[J]. Drug Stand China(中国药品标准), 2018, 19(4):275-281., articleTitle=Risk assessment of lead exposure of Chinese medicinal herbs in Chinese population, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190364386238763498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, awardId=RS2024Z006-110, language=CN, fundingSource=国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190364386297483755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, awardId=2023SKLDRS0103, language=CN, fundingSource=药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题(2023SKLDRS0103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190364386372981228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, awardId=2024Z01, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190364386440090093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, awardId=2024Z03, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z03), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190364386519781870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, awardId=21DZ2290200, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市中药和保健食品品质与安全检测专业技术服务平台(21DZ2290200), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190364382312894886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382321283495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382329672104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382312894886, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190364382447112617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382451306922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382447112617, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190364382459695531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, companyId=1190364382447112617, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190364384774951386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Ranking of residue risk of 26 pesticides in Panax notoginseng, figureFileSmall=pYopB389/ebkBnK8Kh4B0w==, figureFileBig=GTvEFxNH7/QPQbCcRoAqJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364384829477339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=图1, caption=三七中26种中高风险农药的残留风险得分排序, figureFileSmall=pYopB389/ebkBnK8Kh4B0w==, figureFileBig=GTvEFxNH7/QPQbCcRoAqJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190364384917557724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

LC-MS/MS mobile phase gradient elution conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0 -0.5 95 5
0.5 -1.5 95 →40 5 →60
1.5 -3.5 40 →36 60 →64
3.5 -3.8 36 →32 64 →68
3.8 -4 32 →25 68 →75
4 -7 25 →5 75 →95
7 -10.5 5 95
10.5 -10.6 5 →95 95 →5
10.6 -14 95 5
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385039192541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)流动相梯度洗脱条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0 -0.5 95 5
0.5 -1.5 95 →40 5 →60
1.5 -3.5 40 →36 60 →64
3.5 -3.8 36 →32 64 →68
3.8 -4 32 →25 68 →75
4 -7 25 →5 75 →95
7 -10.5 5 95
10.5 -10.6 5 →95 95 →5
10.6 -14 95 5
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385106301406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Information on 70 pesticides detected by LC-MS/MS, retention time, monitoring ion pairs, declustering potential and collision energy (CE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide tR/min Quantitative ion pair(m/z) Qualitative ion pair(m/z) Declustering potential/V CE/eV
1 Abamectin 9.7 895.5 >751.3 895.5 >448.8 100 64/72
2 Acephate 3.3 184.0 >143.0 184.0 >125.0 120 13/24
3 Acetamiprid 4.0 223.5 >126.0 223.5 >90.0 120 17/43
4 Aldicarb 4.5 213.2 >89.2 213.2 >116.2 60 24/17
5 Aldicarb-sulfone 3.5 223.1 >86.2 223.1 >76.1 120 18/15
6 Aldicarb-sulfoxide 3.5 207.1 >89.2 207.1 >132.4 110 17/10
7 Boscalid 6.5 343.0 >307.1 343.0 >140.0 190 26/25
8 Cadusafos 8.0 271.1 >97.1 271.1 >159.2 81 40/21
9 Carbendazim 4.0 192.1 >160.1 192.1 >132.1 130 21/40
10 Carbofuran 4.9 222.0 >165.2 222.0 >123.2 110 14/27
11 Carbofuran-3-hydroxy 4.0 238.1 >181.1 238.1 >163.2 100 18/21
12 Carbosulfan 9.8 381.2 >160.1 381.2 >118.1 150 18/26
13 Chlordimeform 3.8 197.2 >46.2 197.2 >117.2 45 41/40
14 Chlorsulfuron 5.0 358.0 >141.3 358.0 >167.3 130 28/28
15 Coumaphos 7.6 363.0 >227.2 363.0 >307.1 180 37/28
16 Demeton 6.3 259.1 >89.2 259.1 >61.1 60 18/46
17 Diazinon 7.6 305.1 >169.1 305.1 >277.1 130 29/19
18 Difenoconazole 7.9 406.1 >251.0 406.1 >337.0 150 36/24
19 Dimethoate 4.1 230.0 >199.0 230.0 >125.0 110 13/29
20 Dimethomorph 6.4,6.6 388.1 >301.1 388.1 >165.1 90 29/42
21 Emamectin-benzoate 8.5 886.3 >157.8 886.3 >302.1 190 51/38
22 Epoxiconazole 7.1 330.1 >121.0 330.1 >123.0 90 27/24
23 Ethametsulfuron-methyl 5.2 411.1 >196.3 411.1 >168.3 120 23/41
24 Ethoprophos 7.1 243.2 >97.0 243.2 >131.1 120 25/30
25 Fenamiphos 7.2 304.0 >217.2 304.0 >234.3 140 31/28
26 Fenamiphos-sulfone 4.9 336.0 >266.2 336.0 >188.3 160 27/37
27 Fenamiphos-sulfoxide 4.8 320.0 >233.2 320.0 >171.3 140 31/31
28 Fenpyroximate 9.1 422.2 >366.1 422.2 >215.1 120 24/35
29 Fipronil 7.2 435.0 >330.0 435.0 >250.0 -100 -16/-26
30 Fipronil-desulfinyl 7.0 387.0 >351.0 387.0 >282.0 -100 -17/-32
31 Fipronil-sulfide 7.3 419.0 >262.0 419.0 >383.0 -100 -29/-13
32 Fipronil-sulfone 7.4 451.0 >415.0 451.0 >282.0 -100 -17/-27
33 Fluazinam 8.5 463.0 >397.9 463.0 >369.9 -200 -24/-48
34 Fludioxonil 6.6 266.0 >228.9 266.0 >185.3 50 25/31
35 Flumorph 6.0 371.7 >285.2 371.7 >165.1 171 32/42
36 Flusilazole 7.2 316.1 >247.1 316.1 >165.1 100 25/37
37 Hexaconazole 7.7 314.1 >159.0 314.1 >185.0 130 41/30
38 Imidacloprid 3.9 256.0 >209.1 256.0 >175.1 130 23/28
39 Isazofos 6.8 314.0 >162.3 314.0 >120.2 110 25/41
40 Mandipropamid 6.5 412.1 >328.1 412.1 >356.1 130 20/14
41 Metalaxyl 5.8 280.2 >220.1 280.2 >192.1 120 19/25
42 Methamidophos 3.1 142.1 >94.1 142.1 >125.1 100 17/16
43 Methomyl 3.7 163.1 >88.0 163.1 >106.0 100 12/13
44 Metsulfuron-methyl 4.7 382.0 >167.3 382.0 >199.2 120 22/29
45 Monocrotophos 3.7 224.1 >193.1 224.1 >127.1 120 15/17
46 Omethoate 3.4 214.0 >183.0 214.0 >155.0 110 15/21
47 Phorate 7.8 260.9 >75.0 260.9 >47.0 60 17/53
48 Phorate-sulfone 5.7 293.0 >247.1 293.0 >115.1 130 12/33
49 Phorate-sulfoxide 5.5 277.0 >199.0 277.0 >97.1 80 15/44
50 Phosfolan 4.3 256.0 >140.1 256.0 >168.1 120 30/24
51 Phosfolan-methyl 3.7 228.0 >168.1 228.0 >108.9 100 19/33
52 Phosphamidon 4.4 300.0 >127.1 300.0 >174.1 150 25/25
53 Prochloraz 7.7 376.0 >308.0 376.0 >70.0 86 17/45
54 Propamocarb 3.5 188.7 >102.1 188.7 >144.2 64 26/18
55 Propargite 8.9 368.2 >231.2 368.2 >175.1 80 14/23
56 Propiconazole 7.6 342.1 >159.0 342.1 >205.0 170 35/25
57 Pymetrozin 3.5 217.9 >105.1 217.9 >78.0 155 40/59
58 Pyraclostrobin 7.7 388.1 >194.1 388.1 >296.1 100 17/19
59 Pyraoxystrobin 7.6 412.7 >145.2 412.7 >205.2 34 32/19
60 Pyrethrin 8.0 373.3 >160.9 373.3 >133.0 70 32/17
61 Pyridaben 9.4 365.0 >309.0 365.0 >147.0 86 19/31
62 Spinetoram 8.1 748.6 >142.2 748.6 >98.1 100 35/90
63 Spirotetramat 6.9 374.2 >302.2 374.2 >330.2 100 24/21
64 Sulfluramid 8.8 526.0 >169.0 526.0 >219.0 -100 -27/-25
65 Tebuconazole 7.5 308.1 >125.0 308.1 >70.0 190 55/27
66 Tebufenozide 7.2 353.2 >297.2 353.2 >133.1 90 11/25
67 Terbufos-sulfone 6.3 321.1 >171.2 321.1 >97.0 140 16/55
68 Terbufos-sulfoxide 6.3 305.1 >187.2 305.1 >97.0 100 17/56
69 Thifluzamide 7.1 526.9 >486.8 526.9 >407.8 83 40/49
70 Triazophos 6.8 314.1 >162.1 314.1 >178.0 100 25/29
IS Atrazine-D5 5.8 221.0 >178.8 221.0 >101.1 100 35/35
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385274073567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测的70种农药信息、保留时间、监测离子对、去簇电压及碰撞电压(CE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide tR/min Quantitative ion pair(m/z) Qualitative ion pair(m/z) Declustering potential/V CE/eV
1 Abamectin 9.7 895.5 >751.3 895.5 >448.8 100 64/72
2 Acephate 3.3 184.0 >143.0 184.0 >125.0 120 13/24
3 Acetamiprid 4.0 223.5 >126.0 223.5 >90.0 120 17/43
4 Aldicarb 4.5 213.2 >89.2 213.2 >116.2 60 24/17
5 Aldicarb-sulfone 3.5 223.1 >86.2 223.1 >76.1 120 18/15
6 Aldicarb-sulfoxide 3.5 207.1 >89.2 207.1 >132.4 110 17/10
7 Boscalid 6.5 343.0 >307.1 343.0 >140.0 190 26/25
8 Cadusafos 8.0 271.1 >97.1 271.1 >159.2 81 40/21
9 Carbendazim 4.0 192.1 >160.1 192.1 >132.1 130 21/40
10 Carbofuran 4.9 222.0 >165.2 222.0 >123.2 110 14/27
11 Carbofuran-3-hydroxy 4.0 238.1 >181.1 238.1 >163.2 100 18/21
12 Carbosulfan 9.8 381.2 >160.1 381.2 >118.1 150 18/26
13 Chlordimeform 3.8 197.2 >46.2 197.2 >117.2 45 41/40
14 Chlorsulfuron 5.0 358.0 >141.3 358.0 >167.3 130 28/28
15 Coumaphos 7.6 363.0 >227.2 363.0 >307.1 180 37/28
16 Demeton 6.3 259.1 >89.2 259.1 >61.1 60 18/46
17 Diazinon 7.6 305.1 >169.1 305.1 >277.1 130 29/19
18 Difenoconazole 7.9 406.1 >251.0 406.1 >337.0 150 36/24
19 Dimethoate 4.1 230.0 >199.0 230.0 >125.0 110 13/29
20 Dimethomorph 6.4,6.6 388.1 >301.1 388.1 >165.1 90 29/42
21 Emamectin-benzoate 8.5 886.3 >157.8 886.3 >302.1 190 51/38
22 Epoxiconazole 7.1 330.1 >121.0 330.1 >123.0 90 27/24
23 Ethametsulfuron-methyl 5.2 411.1 >196.3 411.1 >168.3 120 23/41
24 Ethoprophos 7.1 243.2 >97.0 243.2 >131.1 120 25/30
25 Fenamiphos 7.2 304.0 >217.2 304.0 >234.3 140 31/28
26 Fenamiphos-sulfone 4.9 336.0 >266.2 336.0 >188.3 160 27/37
27 Fenamiphos-sulfoxide 4.8 320.0 >233.2 320.0 >171.3 140 31/31
28 Fenpyroximate 9.1 422.2 >366.1 422.2 >215.1 120 24/35
29 Fipronil 7.2 435.0 >330.0 435.0 >250.0 -100 -16/-26
30 Fipronil-desulfinyl 7.0 387.0 >351.0 387.0 >282.0 -100 -17/-32
31 Fipronil-sulfide 7.3 419.0 >262.0 419.0 >383.0 -100 -29/-13
32 Fipronil-sulfone 7.4 451.0 >415.0 451.0 >282.0 -100 -17/-27
33 Fluazinam 8.5 463.0 >397.9 463.0 >369.9 -200 -24/-48
34 Fludioxonil 6.6 266.0 >228.9 266.0 >185.3 50 25/31
35 Flumorph 6.0 371.7 >285.2 371.7 >165.1 171 32/42
36 Flusilazole 7.2 316.1 >247.1 316.1 >165.1 100 25/37
37 Hexaconazole 7.7 314.1 >159.0 314.1 >185.0 130 41/30
38 Imidacloprid 3.9 256.0 >209.1 256.0 >175.1 130 23/28
39 Isazofos 6.8 314.0 >162.3 314.0 >120.2 110 25/41
40 Mandipropamid 6.5 412.1 >328.1 412.1 >356.1 130 20/14
41 Metalaxyl 5.8 280.2 >220.1 280.2 >192.1 120 19/25
42 Methamidophos 3.1 142.1 >94.1 142.1 >125.1 100 17/16
43 Methomyl 3.7 163.1 >88.0 163.1 >106.0 100 12/13
44 Metsulfuron-methyl 4.7 382.0 >167.3 382.0 >199.2 120 22/29
45 Monocrotophos 3.7 224.1 >193.1 224.1 >127.1 120 15/17
46 Omethoate 3.4 214.0 >183.0 214.0 >155.0 110 15/21
47 Phorate 7.8 260.9 >75.0 260.9 >47.0 60 17/53
48 Phorate-sulfone 5.7 293.0 >247.1 293.0 >115.1 130 12/33
49 Phorate-sulfoxide 5.5 277.0 >199.0 277.0 >97.1 80 15/44
50 Phosfolan 4.3 256.0 >140.1 256.0 >168.1 120 30/24
51 Phosfolan-methyl 3.7 228.0 >168.1 228.0 >108.9 100 19/33
52 Phosphamidon 4.4 300.0 >127.1 300.0 >174.1 150 25/25
53 Prochloraz 7.7 376.0 >308.0 376.0 >70.0 86 17/45
54 Propamocarb 3.5 188.7 >102.1 188.7 >144.2 64 26/18
55 Propargite 8.9 368.2 >231.2 368.2 >175.1 80 14/23
56 Propiconazole 7.6 342.1 >159.0 342.1 >205.0 170 35/25
57 Pymetrozin 3.5 217.9 >105.1 217.9 >78.0 155 40/59
58 Pyraclostrobin 7.7 388.1 >194.1 388.1 >296.1 100 17/19
59 Pyraoxystrobin 7.6 412.7 >145.2 412.7 >205.2 34 32/19
60 Pyrethrin 8.0 373.3 >160.9 373.3 >133.0 70 32/17
61 Pyridaben 9.4 365.0 >309.0 365.0 >147.0 86 19/31
62 Spinetoram 8.1 748.6 >142.2 748.6 >98.1 100 35/90
63 Spirotetramat 6.9 374.2 >302.2 374.2 >330.2 100 24/21
64 Sulfluramid 8.8 526.0 >169.0 526.0 >219.0 -100 -27/-25
65 Tebuconazole 7.5 308.1 >125.0 308.1 >70.0 190 55/27
66 Tebufenozide 7.2 353.2 >297.2 353.2 >133.1 90 11/25
67 Terbufos-sulfone 6.3 321.1 >171.2 321.1 >97.0 140 16/55
68 Terbufos-sulfoxide 6.3 305.1 >187.2 305.1 >97.0 100 17/56
69 Thifluzamide 7.1 526.9 >486.8 526.9 >407.8 83 40/49
70 Triazophos 6.8 314.1 >162.1 314.1 >178.0 100 25/29
IS Atrazine-D5 5.8 221.0 >178.8 221.0 >101.1 100 35/35
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385362153952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Information on 45 pesticides detected by GC-MS/MS, retention time, monitoring ion pairs, declustering potential and collision energy (CE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide tR/min Quantitative ion pair(m/z) Qualitative ion pair(m/z) Qualitative ion pair(m/z) CE/eV
1 2,4-D-butyl 8.2 276.0 >184.9 174.9 >111.0 174.9 >109.0 5,10,30
2 Aldrin 9.3 262.9 >192.9 262.9 >190.9 264.9 >192.9 35,35,35
3 α-BHC 6.0 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.0 >145.0 5,5,15
4 β-BHC 6.6 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.0 >145.0 5,5,15
5 δ-BHC 7.3 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.1 >145.1 5,5,15
6 γ-BHC 6.7 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.0 >145.0 5,5,15
7 Bifenthrin 14.4 181.2 >165.2 181.2 >166.2 166.2 >165.2 25,10,20
8 cis-Chlordane 11.4 372.9 >265.9 271.9 >236.9 20,15
9 oxy-Chlordane 10.4 184.9 >85.0 386.7 >262.7 30,15
10 trans-Chlordane 11.0 372.8 >265.8 374.8 >265.8 15,15
11 Chlorobenzilate 12.7 251.1 >139.1 251.1 >111.1 253.1 >141.1 15,35,15
12 Chlorothalonil 7.4 263.8 >133.0 265.8 >133.1 263.8 >168.0 40,40,25
13 Chlorpyrifos 9.6 196.9 >169.0 198.9 >171.0 313.8 >257.8 15,15,15
14 λ-Cyhalothrin 15.2,15.4 208.0 >181.0 197.0 >161.0 181.1 >152.0 5,5,25
15 Cypermethrin 16.4,16.6 164.9 >127.0 163.0 >127.0 181.0 >152.1 5,5,25
16 Cyprodinil 10.3 224.2 >208.2 225.2 >210.3 224.2 >131.1 20,15,15
17 p,p'-DDD 12.9 234.9 >165.1 236.9 >165.2 234.9 >199.1 20,20,15
18 p,p'-DDE 12.0 245.8 >175.9 315.8 >246.0 317.8 >248.0 30,15,15
19 o,p'-DDT 12.9 234.9 >165.1 236.9 >165.2 234.9 >199.1 20,20,15
20 p,p'-DDT 13.5 235.0 >165.2 237.0 >165.2 234.9 >198.9 20,20,18
21 Dieldrin 11.9 262.9 >193.0 277.0 >241.0 345.0 >262.7 35,5,5
22 α-Endosulfan 11.3 240.8 >205.6 194.9 >160.0 276.7 >241.9 15,5,15
23 β-Endosulfan 12.6 206.9 >172.0 194.8 >124.7 276.7 >240.9 15,30,5
24 Endosulfan sulfate 13.4 271.9 >237.0 273.8 >238.9 386.6 >288.7 15,15,5
25 Fenvalerate 17.15,17.4 167.0 >125.1 225.0 >119.0 167.0 >89.0 5,18,40
26 Fonofos 6.9 245.9 >109.0 245.9 >137.0 15,5
27 Heptachlor 8.4 271.7 >236.9 273.7 >238.9 15,15
28 Heptachlor endo-epoxide 10.5 352.8 >262.9 354.8 >264.9 15,15
29 Heptachlor exo-epoxide 10.4 352.8 >262.9 354.8 >264.9 15,15
30 Hexachlorobenzene 6.2 283.8 >213.9 283.8 >248.8 30,15
31 Isocarbophos 9.8 135.9 >108.0 135.9 >69.0 229.9 >212.0 15,30,10
32 Isofenphos-methyl 10.6 240.9 >198.9 240.9 >120.8 240.9 >166.7 5,20,10
33 Kresoxim-methyl 12.5 206.0 >116.0 116.0 >89.0 206.0 >131.1 5,15,10
34 Metaldehyde 2.5 117.0 >45.0 89.0 >45.1 10,15
35 Methidathion 11.0 144.9 >85.0 144.9 >58.1 85.0 >58.0 5,15,5
36 Mirex 14.9 271.8 >236.8 273.8 >238.8 15,15
37 Nitrofen 12.4 202.0 >139.1 282.8 >252.9 282.9 >202.0 20,10,10
38 Dicofol 8.8,9.6 251.0 >139.0 250.0 >215.0 139.0 >111.0 10,3,15
39 Octachlorodipropyl ether (S421) 8.7 129.9 >94.9 108.9 >73.0 108.9 >83.0 20,15,10
40 Parathion 9.6 290.9 >109.0 290.9 >80.9 139.0 >109.0 10,25,10
41 Parathion-methyl 8.3 262.9 >109.0 125.0 >47.0 263.1 >136.2 10,10,5
42 Pyrimethanil 7.1 198.0 >118.1 198.0 >158.1 198.0 >183.1 35,20,15
43 Quintozene 6.9 295.0 >237.0 237.0 >143.0 18,30
44 Sulfotep 5.9 321.8 >145.8 321.8 >201.9 237.8 >145.9 25,10,10
45 Terbufos 6.9 230.9 >129.0 230.9 >175.0 230.9 >185.0 20,10,5
IS Fenthion-D6 9.5 284.0 >115.0 284.0 >169.0 20,15
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385471205857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

气相色谱-串联质谱法检测的45种农药信息、保留时间、监测离子对及碰撞电压(CE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide tR/min Quantitative ion pair(m/z) Qualitative ion pair(m/z) Qualitative ion pair(m/z) CE/eV
1 2,4-D-butyl 8.2 276.0 >184.9 174.9 >111.0 174.9 >109.0 5,10,30
2 Aldrin 9.3 262.9 >192.9 262.9 >190.9 264.9 >192.9 35,35,35
3 α-BHC 6.0 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.0 >145.0 5,5,15
4 β-BHC 6.6 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.0 >145.0 5,5,15
5 δ-BHC 7.3 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.1 >145.1 5,5,15
6 γ-BHC 6.7 217.0 >181.0 219.0 >183.0 181.0 >145.0 5,5,15
7 Bifenthrin 14.4 181.2 >165.2 181.2 >166.2 166.2 >165.2 25,10,20
8 cis-Chlordane 11.4 372.9 >265.9 271.9 >236.9 20,15
9 oxy-Chlordane 10.4 184.9 >85.0 386.7 >262.7 30,15
10 trans-Chlordane 11.0 372.8 >265.8 374.8 >265.8 15,15
11 Chlorobenzilate 12.7 251.1 >139.1 251.1 >111.1 253.1 >141.1 15,35,15
12 Chlorothalonil 7.4 263.8 >133.0 265.8 >133.1 263.8 >168.0 40,40,25
13 Chlorpyrifos 9.6 196.9 >169.0 198.9 >171.0 313.8 >257.8 15,15,15
14 λ-Cyhalothrin 15.2,15.4 208.0 >181.0 197.0 >161.0 181.1 >152.0 5,5,25
15 Cypermethrin 16.4,16.6 164.9 >127.0 163.0 >127.0 181.0 >152.1 5,5,25
16 Cyprodinil 10.3 224.2 >208.2 225.2 >210.3 224.2 >131.1 20,15,15
17 p,p'-DDD 12.9 234.9 >165.1 236.9 >165.2 234.9 >199.1 20,20,15
18 p,p'-DDE 12.0 245.8 >175.9 315.8 >246.0 317.8 >248.0 30,15,15
19 o,p'-DDT 12.9 234.9 >165.1 236.9 >165.2 234.9 >199.1 20,20,15
20 p,p'-DDT 13.5 235.0 >165.2 237.0 >165.2 234.9 >198.9 20,20,18
21 Dieldrin 11.9 262.9 >193.0 277.0 >241.0 345.0 >262.7 35,5,5
22 α-Endosulfan 11.3 240.8 >205.6 194.9 >160.0 276.7 >241.9 15,5,15
23 β-Endosulfan 12.6 206.9 >172.0 194.8 >124.7 276.7 >240.9 15,30,5
24 Endosulfan sulfate 13.4 271.9 >237.0 273.8 >238.9 386.6 >288.7 15,15,5
25 Fenvalerate 17.15,17.4 167.0 >125.1 225.0 >119.0 167.0 >89.0 5,18,40
26 Fonofos 6.9 245.9 >109.0 245.9 >137.0 15,5
27 Heptachlor 8.4 271.7 >236.9 273.7 >238.9 15,15
28 Heptachlor endo-epoxide 10.5 352.8 >262.9 354.8 >264.9 15,15
29 Heptachlor exo-epoxide 10.4 352.8 >262.9 354.8 >264.9 15,15
30 Hexachlorobenzene 6.2 283.8 >213.9 283.8 >248.8 30,15
31 Isocarbophos 9.8 135.9 >108.0 135.9 >69.0 229.9 >212.0 15,30,10
32 Isofenphos-methyl 10.6 240.9 >198.9 240.9 >120.8 240.9 >166.7 5,20,10
33 Kresoxim-methyl 12.5 206.0 >116.0 116.0 >89.0 206.0 >131.1 5,15,10
34 Metaldehyde 2.5 117.0 >45.0 89.0 >45.1 10,15
35 Methidathion 11.0 144.9 >85.0 144.9 >58.1 85.0 >58.0 5,15,5
36 Mirex 14.9 271.8 >236.8 273.8 >238.8 15,15
37 Nitrofen 12.4 202.0 >139.1 282.8 >252.9 282.9 >202.0 20,10,10
38 Dicofol 8.8,9.6 251.0 >139.0 250.0 >215.0 139.0 >111.0 10,3,15
39 Octachlorodipropyl ether (S421) 8.7 129.9 >94.9 108.9 >73.0 108.9 >83.0 20,15,10
40 Parathion 9.6 290.9 >109.0 290.9 >80.9 139.0 >109.0 10,25,10
41 Parathion-methyl 8.3 262.9 >109.0 125.0 >47.0 263.1 >136.2 10,10,5
42 Pyrimethanil 7.1 198.0 >118.1 198.0 >158.1 198.0 >183.1 35,20,15
43 Quintozene 6.9 295.0 >237.0 237.0 >143.0 18,30
44 Sulfotep 5.9 321.8 >145.8 321.8 >201.9 237.8 >145.9 25,10,10
45 Terbufos 6.9 230.9 >129.0 230.9 >175.0 230.9 >185.0 20,10,5
IS Fenthion-D6 9.5 284.0 >115.0 284.0 >169.0 20,15
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385550897634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Scoring criteria of risk ranking for pesticide residues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Item Indicator Index value Score
A Toxicity Microtoxic 1
Low 2
Moderate 3
High 4
Hypertoxic 5
Oncogenic 6
B Potency/mg·g-1 >1×10-2 0
1×10-4-1×10-2 1
1×10-6-1×10-4 2
<1×10-6,No ADI 3
C Daily dose/kg·g-1 1×10-4-1×10-3 0
1×10-3-1×10-2 1
0.01-0.1 2
>0.1 3
D Use frequency/% <2.5 0
2.5-20 1
20-50 2
50-100 3
E High exposure population No 0
Medicinal only 1
Medicinal and edible 2
Medicinal, edible and tea 3
F Residue level/mg·kg-1 Not detected 1
<1 MRL 2
≥1 MRL 3
≥10 MRL 4
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385618006499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

农药残留风险排序指标得分赋值标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Item Indicator Index value Score
A Toxicity Microtoxic 1
Low 2
Moderate 3
High 4
Hypertoxic 5
Oncogenic 6
B Potency/mg·g-1 >1×10-2 0
1×10-4-1×10-2 1
1×10-6-1×10-4 2
<1×10-6,No ADI 3
C Daily dose/kg·g-1 1×10-4-1×10-3 0
1×10-3-1×10-2 1
0.01-0.1 2
>0.1 3
D Use frequency/% <2.5 0
2.5-20 1
20-50 2
50-100 3
E High exposure population No 0
Medicinal only 1
Medicinal and edible 2
Medicinal, edible and tea 3
F Residue level/mg·kg-1 Not detected 1
<1 MRL 2
≥1 MRL 3
≥10 MRL 4
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385693503972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Determination results of 55 pesticides in 434 batches of Panax notoginseng samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide Toxicity Detected rate/% Residue level/mg·kg-1 Average residue/mg·kg-1
1 Dimethomorph Low 95.4 0.009-18.646 0.626
2 Tebuconazole Low 86.6 0.005-1.545 0.151
3 Pyraclostrobin Microtoxic 84.6 0.005-3.293 0.186
4 Boscalid Low 65.4 0.006-2.443 0.107
5 Pyrimethanil Low 58.8 0.004-0.790 0.068
6 Propiconazole Low 54.6 0.008-2.075 0.079
7 Difenoconazole Low 53.9 0.005-1.658 0.085
8 Quintozene Low 50.5 0.005-5.680 0.175
9 Flusilazole Low 47.2 0.005-1.453 0.083
10 Chlorpyrifos Moderate 46.5 0.005-1.892 0.055
11 Carbendazim Low 39.4 0.005-0.324 0.053
12 λ-Cyhalothrin Moderate 38.9 0.004-1.051 0.052
13 Metalaxyl Low 16.4 0.005-0.608 0.038
14 Mandipropamid Low 16.4 0.005-2.111 0.135
15 Imidacloprid Moderate 15 0.005-0.092 0.012
16 Epoxiconazole Low 13.4 0.007-0.989 0.069
17 Thifluzamide Low 12.2 0.005-0.144 0.039
18 Hexachlorobenzene Hypertoxic 11.1 0.005-0.172 0.025
19 Cyprodinil Low 10.8 0.005-0.321 0.030
20 Diazinon Low 9.9 0.006-0.170 0.039
21 Phorate Hypertoxic 6.7 0.005-0.947 0.171
22 Chlorothalonil Microtoxic 6.7 0.006-6.624 0.491
23 Bifenthrin Moderate 6.2 0.007-0.236 0.035
24 Terbufos Hypertoxic 5.1 0.006-0.092 0.030
25 Flumorph Low 4.8 0.005-0.070 0.013
26 Carbofuran High 3.9 0.005-0.060 0.015
27 Fludioxonil Low 3.9 0.006-0.093 0.026
28 Ethoprophos High 2.3 0.053-0.404 0.155
29 Hexaconazole Low 2.3 0.006-0.080 0.031
30 Prochloraz Low 2.3 0.007-0.047 0.025
31 Fluazinam Low 2.1 0.009-0.047 0.023
32 Heptachlor Moderate 1.6 0.006-0.078 0.054
33 Chlordane Moderate 1.6 0.006-0.019 0.015
34 Dieldrin Moderate 1.6 0.011-0.080 0.040
35 HCH Moderate 1.6 0.006-0.023 0.013
36 DDT Moderate 1.6 0.021-0.052 0.036
37 Propargite Low 1.6 0.022-0.049 0.038
38 Cypermethrin Moderate 1.6 0.013-0.045 0.036
39 Fipronil Moderate 1.4 0.024-0.052 0.039
40 Parathion Hypertoxic 1.2 0.006-0.009 0.007
41 Nitrofen Low 1.2 0.008-0.014 0.011
42 Aldrin Moderate 1.2 0.005-0.008 0.007
43 Endosulfan High 1.2 0.014-0.042 0.022
44 Fenvalerate Moderate 0.9 0.010-0.016 0.013
45 Propamocarb Low 0.9 0.006-0.025 0.015
46 Mirex Moderate 0.7 0.007-0.007 0.007
47 Isofenphos-methyl High 0.7 0.005-0.006 0.006
48 Dicofol Low 0.7 0.006-0.009 0.007
49 Tebufenozide Low 0.7 0.054-0.133 0.088
50 Octachlorodipropyl ether (S421) Low 0.5 0.007-0.211 0.109
51 Parathion-methyl High 0.5 0.006-0.007 0.007
52 Pyridaben Moderate 0.5 0.013-0.015 0.014
53 Acetamiprid Moderate 0.5 0.005-0.012 0.008
54 Aldicarb Hypertoxic 0.2 0.055-0.055 0.055
55 Fenpyroximate Moderate 0.2 0.019-0.019 0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385773195749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

434批次三七样品中55种农药测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide Toxicity Detected rate/% Residue level/mg·kg-1 Average residue/mg·kg-1
1 Dimethomorph Low 95.4 0.009-18.646 0.626
2 Tebuconazole Low 86.6 0.005-1.545 0.151
3 Pyraclostrobin Microtoxic 84.6 0.005-3.293 0.186
4 Boscalid Low 65.4 0.006-2.443 0.107
5 Pyrimethanil Low 58.8 0.004-0.790 0.068
6 Propiconazole Low 54.6 0.008-2.075 0.079
7 Difenoconazole Low 53.9 0.005-1.658 0.085
8 Quintozene Low 50.5 0.005-5.680 0.175
9 Flusilazole Low 47.2 0.005-1.453 0.083
10 Chlorpyrifos Moderate 46.5 0.005-1.892 0.055
11 Carbendazim Low 39.4 0.005-0.324 0.053
12 λ-Cyhalothrin Moderate 38.9 0.004-1.051 0.052
13 Metalaxyl Low 16.4 0.005-0.608 0.038
14 Mandipropamid Low 16.4 0.005-2.111 0.135
15 Imidacloprid Moderate 15 0.005-0.092 0.012
16 Epoxiconazole Low 13.4 0.007-0.989 0.069
17 Thifluzamide Low 12.2 0.005-0.144 0.039
18 Hexachlorobenzene Hypertoxic 11.1 0.005-0.172 0.025
19 Cyprodinil Low 10.8 0.005-0.321 0.030
20 Diazinon Low 9.9 0.006-0.170 0.039
21 Phorate Hypertoxic 6.7 0.005-0.947 0.171
22 Chlorothalonil Microtoxic 6.7 0.006-6.624 0.491
23 Bifenthrin Moderate 6.2 0.007-0.236 0.035
24 Terbufos Hypertoxic 5.1 0.006-0.092 0.030
25 Flumorph Low 4.8 0.005-0.070 0.013
26 Carbofuran High 3.9 0.005-0.060 0.015
27 Fludioxonil Low 3.9 0.006-0.093 0.026
28 Ethoprophos High 2.3 0.053-0.404 0.155
29 Hexaconazole Low 2.3 0.006-0.080 0.031
30 Prochloraz Low 2.3 0.007-0.047 0.025
31 Fluazinam Low 2.1 0.009-0.047 0.023
32 Heptachlor Moderate 1.6 0.006-0.078 0.054
33 Chlordane Moderate 1.6 0.006-0.019 0.015
34 Dieldrin Moderate 1.6 0.011-0.080 0.040
35 HCH Moderate 1.6 0.006-0.023 0.013
36 DDT Moderate 1.6 0.021-0.052 0.036
37 Propargite Low 1.6 0.022-0.049 0.038
38 Cypermethrin Moderate 1.6 0.013-0.045 0.036
39 Fipronil Moderate 1.4 0.024-0.052 0.039
40 Parathion Hypertoxic 1.2 0.006-0.009 0.007
41 Nitrofen Low 1.2 0.008-0.014 0.011
42 Aldrin Moderate 1.2 0.005-0.008 0.007
43 Endosulfan High 1.2 0.014-0.042 0.022
44 Fenvalerate Moderate 0.9 0.010-0.016 0.013
45 Propamocarb Low 0.9 0.006-0.025 0.015
46 Mirex Moderate 0.7 0.007-0.007 0.007
47 Isofenphos-methyl High 0.7 0.005-0.006 0.006
48 Dicofol Low 0.7 0.006-0.009 0.007
49 Tebufenozide Low 0.7 0.054-0.133 0.088
50 Octachlorodipropyl ether (S421) Low 0.5 0.007-0.211 0.109
51 Parathion-methyl High 0.5 0.006-0.007 0.007
52 Pyridaben Moderate 0.5 0.013-0.015 0.014
53 Acetamiprid Moderate 0.5 0.005-0.012 0.008
54 Aldicarb Hypertoxic 0.2 0.055-0.055 0.055
55 Fenpyroximate Moderate 0.2 0.019-0.019 0.019
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385848693222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The residual results of 8 pesticide residues,chronic and acute risk assessment for pesticide residues in Panax notoginseng

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide MRL
/mg·kg-1		 Detected
rate/%		 Exceeding
rate/%		 Residue level
/mg·kg-1		 ArfD
/mg·kg-1·bw		 HQa ADI
/mg·kg-1·bw		 HQc
1 Abamectin 0.1 0.0 0.0 - 0.01 0.001 5 0.001 0.070 5
2 Carbendazim 1 39.4 0.0 0.005-0.324 0.02 0.007 5 0.03 0.023 5
3 Chlorothalonil 10 6.7 0.0 0.006-6.624 0.05 0.030 0 0.02 0.352 3
4 λ-Cyhalothrin 2 38.9 0.0 0.004-1.051 0.005 0.060 0 0.02 0.070 5
5 Difenoconazole 5 53.9 0.0 0.005-1.658 0.16 0.004 7 0.01 0.352 3
6 Fluazinam 1 2.1 0.0 0.009-0.047 0.07 0.002 1 0.01 0.070 5
7 Fludioxonil 3 3.9 0.0 0.006-0.093 notdetected notdetected 0.4 0.005 3
8 Tebuconazole 3 86.6 0.0 0.005-1.545 0.03 0.015 0 0.03 0.070 5
), ArticleFig(id=1190364385940967911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

三七限量转化涉及的8种农药的残留水平及急慢性风险评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Pesticide MRL
/mg·kg-1		 Detected
rate/%		 Exceeding
rate/%		 Residue level
/mg·kg-1		 ArfD
/mg·kg-1·bw		 HQa ADI
/mg·kg-1·bw		 HQc
1 Abamectin 0.1 0.0 0.0 - 0.01 0.001 5 0.001 0.070 5
2 Carbendazim 1 39.4 0.0 0.005-0.324 0.02 0.007 5 0.03 0.023 5
3 Chlorothalonil 10 6.7 0.0 0.006-6.624 0.05 0.030 0 0.02 0.352 3
4 λ-Cyhalothrin 2 38.9 0.0 0.004-1.051 0.005 0.060 0 0.02 0.070 5
5 Difenoconazole 5 53.9 0.0 0.005-1.658 0.16 0.004 7 0.01 0.352 3
6 Fluazinam 1 2.1 0.0 0.009-0.047 0.07 0.002 1 0.01 0.070 5
7 Fludioxonil 3 3.9 0.0 0.006-0.093 notdetected notdetected 0.4 0.005 3
8 Tebuconazole 3 86.6 0.0 0.005-1.545 0.03 0.015 0 0.03 0.070 5
), ArticleFig(id=1190364386003882472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison of L for 19 high-risk pesticides with MRLs of the current standards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pesticide Standard
limit		 MRL
/mg·kg-1		 L
/mg·kg-1
Heptachlor - - 0.10
Hexachlorobenzene USP42 0.1 -
Phorate CHP2020 0.02 0.70
Terbufos CHP2020 0.02 0.60
Quintozene - - 9.94
Ethoprophos CHP2020 0.02 0.40
Octachlorodipropyl ether (S421) USP42 0.02 -
Chlorothalonil GB 2763-2021 10 19.87
Parathion CHP2020 0.02 3.97
Parathion-methyl CHP2020 0.02 2.98
HCH CHP2020 0.1 4.97
Chlordane - - 0.50
Mirex - - 0.20
Difenoconazole GB 2763-2021 5 9.94
Fluazinam GB 2763-2021 1 9.94
Cyhalothrin GB 2763-2021 2 19.87
Carbendazim GB 2763-2021 1 29.81
Fludioxonil GB 2763-2021 3 397.44
Tebuconazole GB 2763-2021 3 29.81
), ArticleFig(id=1190364386075185641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190352405410713914, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

19种高风险农药的最大残留限量估算值(L)与现行标准最大残留限量值的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pesticide Standard
limit		 MRL
/mg·kg-1		 L
/mg·kg-1
Heptachlor - - 0.10
Hexachlorobenzene USP42 0.1 -
Phorate CHP2020 0.02 0.70
Terbufos CHP2020 0.02 0.60
Quintozene - - 9.94
Ethoprophos CHP2020 0.02 0.40
Octachlorodipropyl ether (S421) USP42 0.02 -
Chlorothalonil GB 2763-2021 10 19.87
Parathion CHP2020 0.02 3.97
Parathion-methyl CHP2020 0.02 2.98
HCH CHP2020 0.1 4.97
Chlordane - - 0.50
Mirex - - 0.20
Difenoconazole GB 2763-2021 5 9.94
Fluazinam GB 2763-2021 1 9.94
Cyhalothrin GB 2763-2021 2 19.87
Carbendazim GB 2763-2021 1 29.81
Fludioxonil GB 2763-2021 3 397.44
Tebuconazole GB 2763-2021 3 29.81
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1190317596361715715, delFlag=0, nameCn=中国药学杂志, nameEn=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1001-2494, eissn=null, cn=11-2162/R, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=hRN1R6HnoNwYkve/JRn0DA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761723430007, updatedTime=1761735858241, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=C, firstLetterEn=C, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=hRN1R6HnoNwYkve/JRn0DA==, picEn=xSRntM4yOh2wVIE2w+OjYg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369724262355196, language=CN, name=中国药学杂志, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735858264, updatedTime=1761735858264, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://zgyxzzauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://zgyxzzeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://zgyxzzauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369724358824189, language=EN, name=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735858287, updatedTime=1761735858287, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://zgyxzzauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://zgyxzzeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://zgyxzzauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1190317699101192196, websiteList=[Website(id=1190317834875011552, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1190317699101192196, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761723486870, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761723510130, updateBy=18614031015, name=中国药学杂志-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=中国药学杂志, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1190318144041353703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761723560581, updateTime=1761723560581, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144016187876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761723560575, updateTime=1761723560575, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144062325226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761723560586, updateTime=1761723560586, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144007799267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/file/pic?fileId=puyAm9wIHqZks7K8hj8APQ==, createTime=1761723560573, updateTime=1761723560573, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144074908140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761723560589, updateTime=1761723560589, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144032965094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761723560579, updateTime=1761723560579, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144070713835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761723560588, updateTime=1761723560588, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144024576485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761723560577, updateTime=1761723560577, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144049742312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761723560583, updateTime=1761723560583, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318144053936617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834875011552, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761723560584, updateTime=1761723560584, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1190317834937926113, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1190317699101192196, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761723486885, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761723527689, updateBy=18614031015, name=中国药学杂志-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1190318170478051825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761723566884, updateTime=1761723566884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170461274606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761723566880, updateTime=1761723566880, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170494829044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761723566888, updateTime=1761723566888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170452885997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/EN/file/pic?fileId=puyAm9wIHqZks7K8hj8APQ==, createTime=1761723566878, updateTime=1761723566878, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170507411958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761723566891, updateTime=1761723566891, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170473857520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761723566883, updateTime=1761723566883, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170503217653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761723566890, updateTime=1761723566890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170465468911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761723566881, updateTime=1761723566881, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170482246130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761723566885, updateTime=1761723566885, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1190318170486440435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1190317834937926113, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761723566886, updateTime=1761723566886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=中国药学杂志, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.zgyxzz.com.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, journalPhotoCn=hRN1R6HnoNwYkve/JRn0DA==, journalPhotoEn=xSRntM4yOh2wVIE2w+OjYg==, journalFirstLetter=C, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/EN/10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/PDF/10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/EN/PDF/10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
三七中农药残留风险评估与农药残留限量标准转化的研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
李雯婷 1 , 陈艳芳 1, 2 , 杨新华 1 , 兰岚 1 , 苗水 1 , 毛秀红 1 , 胡青 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 《中国药典》2025年版中药中农药标准前瞻研究专栏 2024,59(16): 1478-1487
收起
收藏切换
中国药学杂志 | 《中国药典》2025年版中药中农药标准前瞻研究专栏 2024, 59(16): 1478-1487
三七中农药残留风险评估与农药残留限量标准转化的研究
全屏
李雯婷1, 陈艳芳1, 2, 杨新华1, 兰岚1, 苗水1, 毛秀红1, 胡青1, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203

    • 李雯婷,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及有害残留物检测

通讯作者:

* 胡青,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及有害残留物检测 Tel:(021)38839900-26605
Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Panax notoginseng and Transformation of Pesticide Residue Limit Standards
Wenting LI1, Yanfang CHEN1, 2, Xinhua YANG1, Lan LAN1, Shui MIAO1, Xiuhong MAO1, Qing HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2 Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2024-08-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005
文章导航
收藏切换
摘要
收起

目的 针对三七药材种植过程中农药施用的情况,对三七中常用农药及法规监管的农药进行全面筛查,摸清其农药残留污染情况,并进行相关风险评估研究。根据《GB 2763-2021食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》和《中国药典》2020年版的相关技术要求,制订相关农药的限量标准,并建立相应农药残留测定方法。方法 采用气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)和液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),建立三七中法规监管的常用农药检测方法;依法对收集的三七样本进行全面筛查和风险评估;并根据GB 2763限量标准中三七涉及的农药转化农药指标。结果 本研究成功建立了三七中115种常用农药及法规规定的禁用农药的残留测定方法,并根据我国食品中农药最大残留限量标准GB 2763转化相应的限量标准。最终确认了包括戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑及多菌灵等在内的8种农药作为转化农药指标。结论 本研究建立的三七农药残留检测方法具有操作简便快速、专属性强和灵敏度高的特点,相关风险评估及限量制订工作为三七质量标准的完善提供技术支持。

三七  /  农药残留  /  检测方法  /  风险评估  /  限量标准转化

OBJECTIVE To carry out screening of pesticide residues in Panax notoginseng for the pesticide residues commonly used in Panax notoginseng,understand the pesticide residues situation and carry out the related risk assenssment study. METHODS GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS methods were used to establish detection methods for commonly used pesticides in Panax notoginseng, as well as those regulated by laws and regulations; the methods were used to conduct a comprehensive screening and risk assessment of the collected Panax notoginseng samples; and the indexes of the transformed pesticides were confirmed in accordance with the pesticide residue limits of Panax notoginseng in the GB 2763 standard. RESULTS In this study, the residue determination methods for about 40 commonly used pesticides and pesticides regulated by regulations in Panax notoginseng were successfully established, and the corresponding limits were set according to the GB 2763 standard. Eight pesticides including tebuconazole, phenyl ether metronidazole and carbendazim were finally recognized as transformed pesticide indicators. CONCLUSION The pesticide residue detection method for Panax notoginseng established in this study is characterized by simple and rapid operation, high specificity and high sensitivity, and the related risk assessment and limit setting provide technical support for the improvement of the quality standard of Panax notoginseng.

Panax notoginseng  /  pesticide residue  /  detection method  /  risk assessment  /  transformation of limit standards
李雯婷, 陈艳芳, 杨新华, 兰岚, 苗水, 毛秀红, 胡青. 三七中农药残留风险评估与农药残留限量标准转化的研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1478 -1487 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005
Wenting LI, Yanfang CHEN, Xinhua YANG, Lan LAN, Shui MIAO, Xiuhong MAO, Qing HU. Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Panax notoginseng and Transformation of Pesticide Residue Limit Standards[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (16) : 1478 -1487 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005
正文
收起
三七为五加科植物三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk.) F. H. Chen]的干燥根和根茎,具有散淤止血、消肿定痛等功效[1]。作为一种喜阴性的宿根性植物,特殊的生长环境以及较长的驯化栽培历史使得三七在栽培过程中面临着诸多挑战,病虫害问题较为严重,在3年的种植过程中需使用多种农药进行防治,相应造成农药残留安全风险,给三七的药用价值和安全性带来了潜在威胁[2]。因此,对三七中农药残留的风险评估与安全控制研究显得尤为重要。
在食品安全领域,农药残留风险评估主要从慢性膳食摄入、急性膳食摄入和累积风险评估等角度开展研究[3-5]。此研究不仅为农作物的安全生产提供了有力保障,也为最大残留限量的标准制订提供了重要参考。
近年来,植物类中药作为小品种的农作物,在农药残留风险评估方面也取得了一些进展。人参[6]、枸杞[7]、金银花[8]等药食两用品种中,已有一些关于农药残留风险评估的积极探索。然而,对于三七中法规监管农药及常用农药的残留风险评估研究尚显不足。
本研究基于气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)及液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),对434批三七中禁用农药与《GB 2763-2021食品中农药最大残留限量标准》[9](GB 2763)中药用植物规定的常用农药进行残留检测。采用点评估方式对三七残留农药的急性摄入风险和慢性摄入风险进行计算。同时,借鉴英国兽药残留委员会提出的风险排序矩阵法,对三七中农药残留风险进行综合排序,为三七农药残留风险评估提供参考。根据三七药材与饮片的市场监测数据,对GB 2763三七中规定的8种常用农药开展相关残留限量转化研究工作,对我国药品标准的科学性和适用性进行验证[10]。
1 材料与试药
收起
1.1 样品信息
收集了全国流通领域的三七药材及饮片共434批次,其中生产企业的样品共113批,覆盖了全国17个省(市),涉及39家生产企业;另外,来自于云南省文山市三七交易市场、河北省安国数字中药都及广西壮族自治区玉林市中药材专业市场等药材批发市场的自采购样品共计41批次;此外,还收集了280批次来自云南省三七主产区药材基地的样品,主要源自云南省下辖的文山壮族苗族自治州、红河哈尼族彝族自治州、昆明市及曲靖市等6个自治州(市)。种植基地、生产企业与经营企业所收集的样品分别占比为64.5%、26.0%和9.1%。所有样品均经上海市食品药品检验研究院杨新华主管药师鉴定为五加科植物三七[Panax notoginseng (Burk.)F. H. Chen]的干燥根和根茎。
1.2 仪器与试药
SCIEX Triple Quad6500+型超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(美国AB SCIEX公司);7890N-7000B型气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪、Poroshell 120 EC-C18液相柱、HP-5 MS UI毛细管色谱柱(美国Agilent公司);IKA KS260C型振荡器(德国IKA公司);N-EVAPTM 112型氮吹仪(美国Organomation公司);5810R型离心机(德国Eppendorf公司)。
农药对照品(天津阿尔塔科技有限公司,100 μg·mL-1);甲醇、乙腈为色谱纯;甲酸、甲酸铵为色谱级;乙酸为分析纯;提取管(50 mL,预装有6 g无水硫酸镁,1.5 g无水醋酸钠)、分散固相萃取净化管[无水硫酸镁900 mg,N-丙基乙二胺吸附剂(PSA)300 mg、十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶300 mg、硅胶100 mg、石墨化碳黑45 mg] (北京迪马科技有限公司)。
2 方法
收起
2.1 溶液的制备
采用《中国药典》2020年版四部通则2341农药残留测定法第四法。
2.2 LC-MS/MS检测条件
色谱条件:Poroshell 120 EC-C18液相柱(3.0 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm);以体积分数0.05%甲酸(含10 mmo·L-1甲酸铵)溶液为流动相A,以体积分数0.05%甲酸的甲醇溶液(含10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵)为流动相B,按表1进行梯度洗脱;柱温为35 ℃,流速为0.4 mL·min-1,进样量2 μL。
质谱条件:离子源为电喷雾(ESI)离子源,选择正离子或负离子扫描模式,正离子模式电喷雾电压5 500 V,负离子模式电喷雾电压-4 500 V;离子源温度500 ℃;气帘气压2.76×105 Pa;雾化气压3.45×105 Pa;加热辅助气压3.79×105 Pa;碰撞气压5.52×104 Pa;质谱检测模式为多重反应监测(MRM),质谱参数见表2。
2.3 GC-MS/MS检测条件
色谱条件:HP-5 MS UI型毛细管色谱柱(15 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm);进样口温度240 ℃;程序升温:初始温度70 ℃,保持1 min,先以50 ℃·min-1升温至150 ℃,再以6 ℃·min-1升温至200 ℃,最后以16 ℃·min-1升温至280 ℃,保持10 min;载气为高纯氦气(He);进样口为恒压模式,柱前压力为146 kPa;进样量1 μL;进样方式为不分流进样。
质谱条件:离子源为电子轰击离子源(EI);离子源温度280 ℃;电子能量70 eV;质谱传输接口温度280 ℃;溶剂延迟时间为1.5 min;碰撞气为氮气,流速1.5 mL·min-1;质谱监测模式为多反应监测(MRM),质谱参数见表3。
2.4 膳食风险评估法
中药材中农药残留量的暴露评估分为慢性暴露评估和急性暴露评估。慢性暴露评估是针对整个生命周期内平均每日暴露情况进行评估,急性暴露评估主要是针对24 h内中药材中农药暴露情况进行评估。本研究采用欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)点评估方法分别计算急性和慢性暴露水平,见公式1~4。
EXPa=(LP×MRL)/bw
HQa=EXPa/ARfD
公式1中,EXPa为急性膳食暴露量(mg·kg-1 bw·d-1) ;LP为某品种中药最大日消费量(kg·d-1) ;根据《中国药典》2020年版规定三七最大日消费量为9 g;MRL为三七中该农药的最大残留限量值(mg·kg-1);bw为平均体质量(kg),以60 kg 计。
公式2中,HQa为急性风险商,即急性暴露量与急性参考剂量的比值;ARfD 为急性参考剂量,指人类在24 h 或更短时间内,摄入某物质不产生可观察到的危害健康的估计量。
EXPc=(EF×Ed×I×MRL)/(AT×bw)×PF
HQc=EXPc×100/ADI
公式3中,EXPc为慢性膳食暴露量(mg·kg-1 bw·d-1) ;EF为服用频率,以每年90 d计;Ed为一生的暴露年限,以20年计;AT为平均寿命天数,以365天/年×70 年计;I为平均日消费量(kg·d-1),根据《中国药典》2020年版规定三七平均日消费量为6 g;MRL为三七中该农药的最大残留限量值(mg·kg-1);bw为平均体质量(kg),以60 kg计;PF值为农药加工因子,即农药在中药加工过程中从原料到终产品的转移率。由于农药性质各异,在不同加工方式下其加工因子差距较大,故基于风险最大化考虑,本研究中PF 值设定为1。
公式4中,HQc为慢性风险商,即慢性暴露量与健康指导值的比值,再乘以一定安全系数以评价其风险;ADI为每日允许摄入量(mg·kg-1·bw),参考GB 2763 标准中农药相关数值;100为安全因子,表示每日从中药材及其制品中摄取的农药的量不大于日总暴露量(包括食物和饮用水)的1%,此数值参考《中国药典》2020 年版四部“9302 中药有害残留物限量制定指导原则”农药限量制定安全因子数值。
2.5 风险排序法
借鉴英国兽药残留委员会兽药残留风险排序矩阵法,采用农药毒性、农药毒效(即ADI值)、药材每日服用剂量、农药使用频率、是否存在高暴露人群及残留水平共6项指标对农药风险排序,各指标的赋值标准见表4。农药毒性根据经口半数致死量LD50分为微毒、低毒、中毒、高毒、剧毒5类,各农药LD50值从中国农药信息网查得;农药毒效是指农药的ADI值,ADI从GB 2763限量标准中获取;农药使用频率由施药次数除以种植天数计算;样品中各农药的残留风险得分用公式5计算。其中农药残留水平以该农药在所有样品中的残留平均值计。最终获得的风险得分越高,则表示此农药的风险越大。
S=(A+B)×(C+D+E)×F
式中,A为毒性得分;B为毒效得分;C为每日服用剂量得分;D为农药使用频率得分;E为高暴露人群得分;F为残留水平得分。
2.6 最大残留限量的计算
目前,《中国药典》2020年版四部“0212药材与饮片检定通则”针对植物药种33种禁用农药做最大残留规定,GB 2763中也仅针对药用植物三七(干)中的8种常用农药进行了限量规定。针对本研究检出的未有限量规定的农药,按《中国药典》2020年版四部通则“9302”中药有害残留物限量制定指导原则”采用公式6推导最大残留限量。
L= A × b w M × 100× A T E F × E d× 1 t
公式6中,L为最大残留限量理论值(mg·kg-1);A为每日允许摄入量(mg·kg-1·bw-1);bw为人体平均体质量(kg),一般按60 kg计;M为三七每日人均可服用的最大剂量,即9 g;AT为平均寿命天数,一般为365天/年×70年;EF为中药材或饮片服用频率(天/年);Ed为一生的服用中药的暴露年限;国家食品安全风险评估中心中药消费情况调查结果显示中药年消费频率(P95)值为90 d,常规使用年限为20年[11],本文采纳EF为每年90 d,Ed为20年;t为中药材及饮片经煎煮或提取后农药的转移率(%),为更好地保障三七用药的安全性,考虑到在三七的实际使用过程中存在粉末直接吞服或温水冲服的情况,所以暂以转移率为100%进行评估;100为安全因子,表示每日从中药材及其制品中摄取的农药残留量不大于日总暴露量(包括食物和饮用水)的1%。
3 结果与分析
收起
3.1 方法学考察
3.1.1 线性关系及检测限
根据仪器最佳检测范围、各成分检测灵敏度,参考各农药风险评估毒性数据,确定各农药线性范围。采用加权校正方式进行线性回归,结果各农药在1~200 μg·L-1内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.99。以定量离子3倍信噪比计算检测限(LOD),检测限在0.005~0.02 mg·kg-1。
3.1.2 准确度及精密度
在5、10、50 μg·kg-1 3个水平进行准确度(回收率)及精密度(n=6)考察,结果90%以上的农药回收率在60%~120%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于20%,表明各农药的方法准确度和精密度良好,满足痕量分析要求。
3.2 色谱条件的优化
为缩短液相色谱-质谱联用仪的分析时间,对不同长度(5、10、15 cm)C18核壳型色谱柱进行考察,以选择尽可能短的色谱柱作为本研究的色谱柱。结果显示,使用5 cm色谱柱时,色谱峰较为集中,部分农药受到基质干扰,基质抑制效应增强,难以准确定性定量。10和15 cm色谱柱的化合物分离效果满足农药残留测定要求,使用10 cm色谱柱的分析时间为15 cm色谱柱的一半,大幅提升了仪器检测通量。综上,最终选择10 cm色谱柱。
目前《中国药典》2020年版四部通则2341农药残留测定法第四法的气相色谱-串联质谱法的程序升温时间为约41 min,成为阻碍检测效率的主要瓶颈。在此基础上对色谱条件进行优化,将原来30 m柱长的色谱柱换为15 m柱长,并对升温程序进行优化,最终大幅缩短分析时间至20 min。
3.3 三七中农药残留情况分析
434批三七中共有427批检出农药,总体检出率达98.4%。共检出55种农药(涉及78种化合物),其中24种为禁用农药,31种为限用及常用农药。根据我国农药毒性分类规则进行分析,其中2种为微毒农药,26种为低毒农药,17为中毒农药,10种为高剧毒农药。
检出的55种农药的残留水平见表5。由表5可知,有8种农药的检出率大于50%,分别为烯酰吗啉、戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧霉胺、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑及五氯硝基苯。其中,烯酰吗啉的检出率最高为95.4%,其次为戊唑醇(86.6%)和吡唑醚菌酯(84.6%),高检出率农药按用途分均为杀菌剂。共有77批样品检出禁用农药,总体检出率为17.7%。其中,检出率最高的3种禁用农药分别为甲拌磷(6.7%)、特丁硫磷(5.1%)及克百威(3.9%)。按照《中国药典》2020年版四部0212限量标准进行判定,有54批次不符合规定,总体超标率为12.4%。超标农药主要包括甲拌磷(5.5%)、特丁硫磷(2.5%)、灭线磷(2.3%)及氟虫腈(1.4%)等。
3.4 三七中农药残留风险排序情况
按公式5对55种农药的风险得分进行计算,按表4对各农药参数赋值。其中膳食比例根据《中国药典》2020年版中三七项下最大用量为9 g,同时参考我国城乡居民的每日食物摄入量,每人每日总摄入量为1.03 kg,计算三七摄入量占总膳食的比例为0.9%,根据表4确定其膳食比例得分为0。农药使用频率的得分与三七种植过程中农药施用频率有关,经调研市场上三七多为三至五年生,三七生长过程中病虫害多发,尤其自第3年起更甚,需要使用多种农药,其中,杀菌剂需要定期反复使用,使用频率较高,针对此类农药按公式5计算的使用频率设定为2.5%~20%,确定农药使用频率得分为1;而杀虫剂等其他农药,相较蔬菜水果的使用频率低,故该类农药按公式5计算的使用频率均小于2.5%,确定农药使用频率得分为0。同时由于三七属于药食同源且可茶饮品种,故根据表4确定高暴露人群得分为3。最终55种农药的残留风险得分排序。
根据各农药的风险得分,将55种农药分为3类。第一类为高风险农药(风险得分大于56),共有13种,分别为七氯、六氯苯、甲拌磷、特丁硫磷、五氯硝基苯、灭线磷、八氯二丙醚、百菌清、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、六六六、氯丹和灭蚁灵,上述13种农药多为毒性较高且有致癌性的高毒和高残留类农药,在种植、生产和安全监管中应予以重点关注。第2类为中风险农药(风险得分为32~48),共13种;第3类为低风险农药,共29种,风险得分均≤30。26种中高风险农药的残留风险得分排序见图1。
3.5 三七农药残留限量标准转化
根据《中国药典》2020 年版四部“9302 中药有害残留物限量制定指导原则”中转化限量标准的要求,对GB 2763中三七块根(干)及三七须根(干)项下的8种常用农药的限量规定进行转化,并结合三七药材及饮片农药残留、风险评估等情况,对其转化成国家药品限量标准的科学性和适用性进行了验证。
首先,针对需转化限量标准的8种常用农药,参考《中国药典》2020年版四部通则2341农药残留测定法,根据药材及饮片的基质特点建立了适用三七的检测方法。采用该方法对434批三七样品进行了筛查,结果显示,除阿维菌素外,其余7种农药均被检出。其中检出率最高的4种农药分别为戊唑醇(86.6%)、苯醚甲环唑(53.9%)、多菌灵(39.4%)以及氯氟氰菊酯(38.9%),而百菌清、氟啶胺及咯菌腈等3种农药的检出率均低于10%。按GB 2763限量标准进行判定,434批次样品均未超过限量规定。通过对残留结果进行急慢性风险评估,发现8种拟转化农药残留水平的安全风险均为可接受,具体结果见表6。综合以上农药监测及风险评估的结果,结合限量标准转化的参考原则[10],表明可将GB 2763三七项下的相关限量转化为我国国家药品标准。
3.6 现有最大残留限量的适用性评估
按公式5计算风险排序中13种高风险农药及GB 2763三七项下涉及的7种有限量规定的农药的MRL,结果见表7。结果显示,所有农药的 MRL值远低于计算得出的L值,限量更趋严格,能满足风险评估的要求。这也进一步验证了《中国药典》2020年版及GB 2763食品国标限量标准对于禁用农药及常用农药的规定是合理且必要的,对于三七生产过程中农药残留的控制具有实际的指导意义。
4 结论
收起
本研究对434批三七样品中的115种农药残留进行测定,共计检出55种农药,其中包括24种禁用农药,总检出率高达98.4%。按《中国药典》2020年版禁用农药的限度判定,不合格率为12.4%,表明三七种植过程中存在违规使用禁用农药的问题。此外,约有54%的样品中检出6~10种农药,反映出部分三七种植过程中存在农药使用不合理的现象。
三七作为一种药食两用的大宗药材品种,其安全性至关重要。研究表明,GB 2763三七项下规定的8种常用农药限量可转化为我国国家药品标准。相关限量标准转化有效解决了我国药品标准中三七药材常用农药限量标准缺失的问题,对于引导种植人员合理规范施用农药、保证人民用药安全具有重要意义,也为其他中药的相关限量转化工作提供重要参考。与基于农药登记制度的规范限量制订相比,限量转化大幅缩短了限量制订的时间和成本,减少了资源浪费。同时,三七具有农产品和药品的双重属性,探索中药中农药MRL标准转化对于促进部门间监管衔接、统一市场产品监管也具有深远意义[10]。
虽然三七中农药的检出率较高,但大部分农药残留处于痕量水平,急慢性风险评估结果显示膳食暴露风险相对安全,基本处于可控状态。根据风险排序结果,建议在日常检验中加强对七氯、六氯苯、甲拌磷、特丁硫磷、五氯硝基苯、灭线磷、八氯二丙醚和百菌清等高风险农药的监控。此外,相关部门有必要加强对农药使用的引导与宣传,提高种植户的农药规范使用,同时加强农药政策执行、监督和管理,从源头上减少农药残留的风险。《中国药典》对禁用农药及相关高检出率品种农药的检测标准和限量规定的制订,对控制三七的农药残留具有积极意义,可有效保障中药材质量安全与促进中药产业可持续健康发展。
基金
收起
  • 国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110)
  • 药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题(2023SKLDRS0103)
  • 2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01)
  • 2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z03)
  • 上海市中药和保健食品品质与安全检测专业技术服务平台(21DZ2290200)
文献
收起
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式：
[1]
Ch.P(2020) Vol Ⅰ(中国药典2020年版. 一部)[S]. 2020:12-13.
[2]
ZHENG K, GUO L P, ZHANG X B, et al. Research progress on pesticide residues of Panaxnotoginseng[J]. China J Chin Mater Med(中国中药杂志), 2022, 47 (6):1438-1444.
[3]
YANG G, CHEN C, WANG Q, et al. Risk assessment for combined exposure of multiresidue of pesticides[J]. Chin J Pestic(农药学学报), 2015, 17(2):119-127.
[4]
QIAO X. A critical review of dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues in foods[J]. Chin J Pestic(农药学学报), 2023, 25(1):12-22.
[5]
TIAN G, BAI X, LIU X, et al. Study on the application of a risk assessment method of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits and edible fungus monitiring[J]. J Nucl Agric Sci(核农学报), 2022, 36(2):402-413.
[6]
WANG Y, WANG Z, YUE Z H, et al. Rish assessment of pesticide residues in domestic ginsengs[J]. China J Chin Mater Med(中国中药杂志), 2019, 44(7):1327-1333.
[7]
WANG Y, JIN H Y, SUI H X, et al. Analysis of pesticide residues in wolfberry and dietary exposure risk assessment[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2018, 53(3):182-186.
[8]
LI C, XIONG Y, GU L H, et al. Analysis of pesticide residues in citrireticulataepericarpiumandtheir risk assessments[J]. J Instrum Anal(分析测试学报), 2021, 40(3):370-376.
[9]
GB 2763-2021, National food safety standard:Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food(食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量)[S]. 2021.
[10]
WANG Y, LIU Y X, ZHENG Z T, et al. A Preliminary study on the principle of conversion of limit standards of traditional chinese medicine in “GB2763 National Food Safety Standard-Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food”[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2023, 58(15):1416-1421.
[11]
MAO W F, WANG Y B N, ZUO T T, et al. Risk assessment of lead exposure of Chinese medicinal herbs in Chinese population[J]. Drug Stand China(中国药品标准), 2018, 19(4):275-281.
2024年第59卷第16期
PDF下载
168
70
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005
  • 接收时间：2024-04-29
  • 首发时间：2025-10-29
  • 出版时间：2024-08-22
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2024-04-29
基金
国家药品监督管理局药品监管科学体系建设重点项目(RS2024Z006-110)
药品监管科学全国重点实验室课题(2023SKLDRS0103)
2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z01)
2024年度国家药品标准制修订研究课题(2024Z03)
上海市中药和保健食品品质与安全检测专业技术服务平台(21DZ2290200)
作者信息
    1 上海市食品药品检验研究院,国家药品监督管理局中药质量控制重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

* 胡青,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:中药质量控制及有害残留物检测 Tel:(021)38839900-26605
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.16.005
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏
相关链接
论文
最新文章
热读文章
热点专题
内参
蓝皮书
产业发展报告
传播力报告
期刊分级目录
资讯
学术新闻
行业新闻
学术会议
行业会议
关于
关于我们
联系我们
北京市海淀区学院南路86号
100081
010-62199257
qkjq@cast.org.cn

中国科学技术协会版权所有 京ICP 备10216604号-4 海淀分局备案 1101084647
科技导报社主办 中国科协信息中心技术支持