Article(id=1194344010098634870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)10-1064-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.10.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762683401846, onlineDateStr=2025-11-09, pubDate=1746028800000, pubDateStr=2025-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762683401846, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762683401846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762683401846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194344006382486063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='1005', pageEnd='1102', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1762683400960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762844794786, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195020941253128794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1194344006382486063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1064, endPage=1070, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194344010299961463, articleId=1194344010098634870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Simultaneous Determination of Verapamil and Norverapamil Concentrations in Human Breast Milk by LC-MS/MS, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To establish a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of verapamil and norverapamil in human breast milk and apply it in clinical practice. METHODS Milk samples(100 μL) were precipitated with 300 μL of methanol containing internal standard(5 ng·mL-1 verapamil-d3), and the supernatant was taken for analysis after vortexing and centrifugation. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY BEH C18 column with gradient elution at 0.4 mL·min-1, where mobile phases A and B were 0.1% formic acid-10 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate-water and methanol, respectively. The injection volume was 2 μL, and the analysis time was 4 min. The detection of the analytes was performed by electrospray ionization in positive mode by multiple reaction monitoring with the transition of m/z 455.3→165.2(verapamil), m/z 441.5→165.3(norverapamil) and m/z 458.3→165.0(verapamil-d3). The established LC-MS/MS method was validated, and the method was used to determine the drug concentrations in breast milk of lactating patients. RESULTS The calibration curves for verapamil and norverapamil exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 0.5 to 100 ng·mL-1 (r=0.999). The intra-assay and inter-assay accuracies were both within ±15% of the labeled values, and the relative standard deviations were less than 15%. The extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability all met the acceptance criteria for bioanalytical method validation. This analytical method was effectively employed to quantify drug concentrations in the breast milk of a lactating patient. The verapamil concentration in the breast milk of the patient ranged from 1.80 ng·mL-1 to 10.73 ng·mL-1, while norverapamil concentrations varied from 2.15 ng·mL-1 to 5.15 ng·mL-1. The relative infant dose of verapamil in this patient was approximately 0.15%. CONCLUSION The established method is simple, rapid, and sensitive. It is suitable for monitoring drug concentrations in clinical milk and can provide reference for safe drug use during lactation.

, correspAuthors=Qian SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengru BAI, Yong WU, Shuixian ZHANG, Qian SHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1194344155276079343, articleId=1194344010098634870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的浓度, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立一种同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和代谢物去甲维拉帕米浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法并应用于临床。方法 向100 μL乳汁样本中加入300 μL含内标(5 ng·mL-1氘代维拉帕米)的甲醇,涡旋沉淀蛋白后离心取上清液进样分析。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY BEH C18柱,流动相为体积分数0.1%甲酸-10 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(A相)和甲醇(B相),采用梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 mL·min-1,进样量为2 μL,分析时间为4 min。采用电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测模式扫描,定量分析离子对分别为m/z 455.3→165.2(维拉帕米)、m/z 441.5→165.3(去甲维拉帕米)和m/z 458.3→165.0(氘代维拉帕米)。对所建LC-MS/MS法进行完整方法学考察,并用于检测哺乳期患者乳汁中的药物浓度。结果 维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米在0.5~100 ng·mL-1线性关系良好(r=0.999)。维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米质控样本的批内、批间准确度均在标示值的±15%以内,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于15%,提取回收率、基质效应和稳定性均符合生物样品定量分析方法验证要求。该方法成功应用于1例哺乳期患者乳汁中的药物浓度检测,该患者乳汁中维拉帕米质量浓度为1.80~10.73 ng·mL-1,去甲维拉帕米质量浓度为2.15~5.15 ng·mL-1,推算出维拉帕米相对婴儿剂量约为0.15%。结论 该方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米浓度的同时测定,可为临床哺乳期的安全用药提供参考。

, correspAuthors=申潜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*申潜,男,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:药物质量与安全性 Tel:(0571)87180340
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白梦如,女,博士,主管药师 研究方向:临床药学、体内药物分析

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白梦如,女,博士,主管药师 研究方向:临床药学、体内药物分析

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=液相色谱-串联质谱)], refs=[Reference(id=1194372249802207257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=55, issue=3, pageStart=506, pageEnd=511, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=DING C X, GENGG Y J, LIU J Y, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin(药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING C X, GENGG Y J, LIU J Y, et al. 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Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2001, 36(8):537-539., articleTitle=Simultaneous determination of verapamil and norverapamil in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorometric detection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250301329441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=762, pageEnd=768, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=MATEUS F H, LEPERA J S, MARQUES M P, journalName=J Pharm Biomed Anal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MATEUS F H, LEPERA J S, MARQUES M P, et al. Simultaneous analysis of the enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2007, 45(5):762-768., articleTitle=Simultaneous analysis of the enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250355855394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=50, issue=9, pageStart=839, pageEnd=848, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=SINGHAL P, YADAV M, WINTER S, journalName=J Chromatogr Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SINGHAL P, YADAV M, WINTER S, et al. Enantiomeric separation of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil, and simultaneous quantification in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS-MS[J]. J Chromatogr Sci, 2012, 50(9):839-848., articleTitle=Enantiomeric separation of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil, and simultaneous quantification in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS-MS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250435547171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=50, issue=6, pageStart=713, pageEnd=721, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=YAO H, WANG C, LU W, journalName=Xenobiotica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAO H, WANG C, LU W, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of low and high dose verapamil by UPLC-MS/MS[J]. Xenobiotica, 2020, 50(6):713-721., articleTitle=Comparative pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of low and high dose verapamil by UPLC-MS/MS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250494267428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=35, issue=11, pageStart=1363, pageEnd=1368, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=BAI M R, SHEN Q, MA Z Y, journalName=J China Pharm(中国药房), refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI M R, SHEN Q, MA Z Y, et al. Simultaneous determination of bepotastine and hydroxychloroquine concentrations in human breast milk by LC-MS/MS[J]. J China Pharm(中国药房), 2024, 35(11):1363-1368., articleTitle=Simultaneous determination of bepotastine and hydroxychloroquine concentrations in human breast milk by LC-MS/MS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250561376293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=11, pageStart=1015, pageEnd=1019, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=XIONG X, YING Y Q, ZHANG X H, journalName=Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIONG X, YING Y Q, ZHANG X H, et al. Simultaneous determination of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir and baricitinib concentrations in human plasma by LC-MS/MS[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2023, 58(11):1015-1019., articleTitle=Simultaneous determination of nirmatrelvir, ritonavir and baricitinib concentrations in human plasma by LC-MS/MS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250636873766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=17, pageStart=1620, pageEnd=1628, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=WANG Y Y, HUANG H, GAO Y H, journalName=Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y Y, HUANG H, GAO Y H, et al. Simultaneous determination of three organic acids of Anshen Buxin Liuwei Pills in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic study[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2024, 59(17): 1620-1628., articleTitle=Simultaneous determination of three organic acids of Anshen Buxin Liuwei Pills in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250695594023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=Ch.P (2020) Vol Ⅳ(中国药典2020年版.四部), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ch.P (2020) Vol Ⅳ(中国药典2020年版.四部)[S]. 2020:466-472., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250771091496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=881084, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=NAUWELAERTS N, CEULEMANS M, DEFERM N, journalName=Front Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NAUWELAERTS N, CEULEMANS M, DEFERM N, et al. Case report: bosentan and sildenafil exposure in human milk - a contribution from the conception project[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:881084. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881084., articleTitle=Case report: bosentan and sildenafil exposure in human milk - a contribution from the conception project, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250834006057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=22, issue=7, pageStart=472, pageEnd=478, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=WEI K, GUO H, XIN H W, journalName=Chin J Perinat Med(中华围产医学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI K, GUO H, XIN H W. Rational use of medications and risk assessment during lactation[J]. Chin J Perinat Med(中华围产医学杂志), 2019, 22(7):472-478., articleTitle=Rational use of medications and risk assessment during lactation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194372250888532010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=26, issue=8, pageStart=889, pageEnd=913, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=ZHOU H, LIU X D, journalName=Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther(中国临床药理学与治疗学), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU H, LIU X D. Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in drug development and several questions being thought[J]. Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther(中国临床药理学与治疗学), 2021, 26(8):889-913., articleTitle=Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in drug development and several questions being thought, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1194372249378582550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, awardId=82003838, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目资助(82003838), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194372249475051543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, awardId=LY22H310006, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金项目资助(LY22H310006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1194372249621852184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, awardId=2023KY174, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省卫生健康科技计划项目资助(2023KY174), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194372246564205534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileSmall=0M8UoyW3GwRad4Gm/pjFZw==, figureFileBig=VeNLXhrBaZqEp0r9ekrsFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372248376143880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Chromatograms of verapamil (1), norverapamil (2), and IS (3) in blank human milk (A), lower limit of quantification milk sample (B), and patient milk sample (C), figureFileSmall=PZP8HpI5Pb5OH3Vso3hZBA==, figureFileBig=s1MD7EzXzFAf5GpQ7Wbb3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372248426475529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, label=图2, caption=人空白乳汁样本(A)、定量下限质控乳汁样本(B)及患者乳汁样本(C)中维拉帕米(1)、去甲维拉帕米(2)和内标(3)的色谱图, figureFileSmall=PZP8HpI5Pb5OH3Vso3hZBA==, figureFileBig=s1MD7EzXzFAf5GpQ7Wbb3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372248481001482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The concentrations of verapamil and norverapamil in the breast milk of the lactating patient, figureFileSmall=YhQoJJc5hjhC5FX8fbQGrg==, figureFileBig=4nyzwLxZTSL1Ntx65QBl3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372248531333131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, label=图3, caption=该哺乳期患者乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的浓度, figureFileSmall=YhQoJJc5hjhC5FX8fbQGrg==, figureFileBig=4nyzwLxZTSL1Ntx65QBl3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194372248585859084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mass spectrometry parameters and retention time(tR) of verapamil, norverapamil, and verapamil-d3(IS)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte m/z(precursor ion) m/z(product ion) Declustering potential/V Collision energy/eV tR/min
Verapamil 455.3 165.2 120 37 2.0
Norverapamil 441.5 165.3 127 35 2.0
Verapamil-d3(IS) 458.3 165.0 132 38 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1194372248661356557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

维拉帕米、去甲维拉帕米和氘代维拉帕米(内标)的质谱参数及保留时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte m/z(precursor ion) m/z(product ion) Declustering potential/V Collision energy/eV tR/min
Verapamil 455.3 165.2 120 37 2.0
Norverapamil 441.5 165.3 127 35 2.0
Verapamil-d3(IS) 458.3 165.0 132 38 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1194372248724271118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The accuracy and precision of the method for verapamil and norverapamil in human milk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte ρ(spiked)
/ng·mL-1
Intra-day(n=6) Inter-day(n=3)
RSD(Accuracy)/% RSD(Precision)/% RSD(Accuracy)/% RSD(Precision)/%
Verapamil 0.5 101.66 5.50 99.57 3.89
1.5 100.75 2.76 100.58 0.96
10 100.95 1.71 99.26 2.51
80 99.95 1.66 98.87 2.64
Norverapamil 0.5 95.45 7.36 95.10 3.96
1.5 100.17 3.80 97.95 4.06
10 101.39 2.47 96.44 6.29
80 97.81 1.50 95.79 3.41
), ArticleFig(id=1194372248787185679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的准确度和精密度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte ρ(spiked)
/ng·mL-1
Intra-day(n=6) Inter-day(n=3)
RSD(Accuracy)/% RSD(Precision)/% RSD(Accuracy)/% RSD(Precision)/%
Verapamil 0.5 101.66 5.50 99.57 3.89
1.5 100.75 2.76 100.58 0.96
10 100.95 1.71 99.26 2.51
80 99.95 1.66 98.87 2.64
Norverapamil 0.5 95.45 7.36 95.10 3.96
1.5 100.17 3.80 97.95 4.06
10 101.39 2.47 96.44 6.29
80 97.81 1.50 95.79 3.41
), ArticleFig(id=1194372248854294544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Extraction recovery and matrix effect of verapamil, norverapamil and IS in human milk.n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte ρ(Spiked)
/ng·mL-1
Extraction recovery Matrix effect
Mean
/%
RSD
/%
Mean
/%
RSD
/%
Verapamil 1.5 112.30 1.34 66.21 7.28
10 116.30 1.46 61.29 3.40
80 110.74 1.36 63.16 3.23
Norverapamil 1.5 110.62 2.40 76.03 6.58
10 113.62 2.13 72.27 2.97
80 107.01 0.83 74.44 3.07
Verapamil-d3(IS) 5 111.94 0.70 62.56 2.48
), ArticleFig(id=1194372248913014801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

人乳汁中维拉帕米、去甲维拉帕米和内标氘代维拉帕米的提取回收率与基质效应。n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte ρ(Spiked)
/ng·mL-1
Extraction recovery Matrix effect
Mean
/%
RSD
/%
Mean
/%
RSD
/%
Verapamil 1.5 112.30 1.34 66.21 7.28
10 116.30 1.46 61.29 3.40
80 110.74 1.36 63.16 3.23
Norverapamil 1.5 110.62 2.40 76.03 6.58
10 113.62 2.13 72.27 2.97
80 107.01 0.83 74.44 3.07
Verapamil-d3(IS) 5 111.94 0.70 62.56 2.48
), ArticleFig(id=1194372248984317970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Stability of verapamil and norverapamil in human milk under different conditions.n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte ρ(Spiked)
/ng·mL-1
Long-term(38 d,-20 ℃) Three freeze-thaw cycles Autosampler(24 h, 15 ℃)
Mean/% RSD/% Mean/% RSD/% Mean/% RSD/%
Verapamil 1.5 101.13 3.40 98.60 3.20 98.21 1.42
10 100.71 1.83 99.65 2.81 98.83 1.24
80 99.20 2.03 94.94 2.36 97.79 1.14
Norverapamil 1.5 107.16 1.86 108.42 3.12 101.96 2.35
10 110.55 2.62 110.32 1.70 102.06 0.45
80 109.57 1.57 104.19 2.48 103.25 1.94
), ArticleFig(id=1194372249038843923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

人乳汁中维拉帕米与去甲维拉帕米的稳定性试验结果。n=6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Analyte ρ(Spiked)
/ng·mL-1
Long-term(38 d,-20 ℃) Three freeze-thaw cycles Autosampler(24 h, 15 ℃)
Mean/% RSD/% Mean/% RSD/% Mean/% RSD/%
Verapamil 1.5 101.13 3.40 98.60 3.20 98.21 1.42
10 100.71 1.83 99.65 2.81 98.83 1.24
80 99.20 2.03 94.94 2.36 97.79 1.14
Norverapamil 1.5 107.16 1.86 108.42 3.12 101.96 2.35
10 110.55 2.62 110.32 1.70 102.06 0.45
80 109.57 1.57 104.19 2.48 103.25 1.94
), ArticleFig(id=1194372249105952788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Literature summary of verapamil and norverapamil concentrations in human milk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Age
/year
Post-delivery
time
Verapamil
dosage
ρ(Mother serum)/ng·mL-1 ρ(Milk)/ng·mL-1 ρ(Infant serum)/ng·mL-1 RID
/%
Reference
Verapamil Norverapamil Verapamil Norverapamil Verapamil Norverapamil
25 3-5 d 80 mg tid 20-220 - 19-38 - 2.1 - - [3]
27 13 d 80 mg qid 100-300 - 100-300 - - - - [4]
26 8 week 120 mg tid 160-359 120-262 113-205 45-65 ND ND <0.5 [5]
32 3 month 80 mg tid 10.3-141.7 14-182 10-78.9 3-22 ND ND <0.01 [6]
), ArticleFig(id=1194372249206616085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1194344010098634870, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

人乳汁中维拉帕米与去甲维拉帕米浓度文献汇总

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Age
/year
Post-delivery
time
Verapamil
dosage
ρ(Mother serum)/ng·mL-1 ρ(Milk)/ng·mL-1 ρ(Infant serum)/ng·mL-1 RID
/%
Reference
Verapamil Norverapamil Verapamil Norverapamil Verapamil Norverapamil
25 3-5 d 80 mg tid 20-220 - 19-38 - 2.1 - - [3]
27 13 d 80 mg qid 100-300 - 100-300 - - - - [4]
26 8 week 120 mg tid 160-359 120-262 113-205 45-65 ND ND <0.5 [5]
32 3 month 80 mg tid 10.3-141.7 14-182 10-78.9 3-22 ND ND <0.01 [6]
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液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的浓度
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白梦如 1 , 吴湧 1 , 张水仙 2 , 申潜 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(10): 1064-1070
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(10): 1064-1070
液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的浓度
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白梦如1, 吴湧1, 张水仙2, 申潜3, *
作者信息
  • 1 杭州市第一人民医院药学部, 杭州 310006
  • 2 杭州市第一人民医院产科, 杭州 310006
  • 3 浙江省食品药品检验研究院, 国家药品监督管理局仿制药评价关键技术重点实验室, 杭州 310052
  • 白梦如,女,博士,主管药师 研究方向:临床药学、体内药物分析

通讯作者:

*申潜,男,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:药物质量与安全性 Tel:(0571)87180340
Simultaneous Determination of Verapamil and Norverapamil Concentrations in Human Breast Milk by LC-MS/MS
Mengru BAI1, Yong WU1, Shuixian ZHANG2, Qian SHEN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
  • 2 Department of Obstetrics, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
  • 3 NMPA Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
出版时间: 2025-05-01 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.009
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目的 建立一种同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和代谢物去甲维拉帕米浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法并应用于临床。方法 向100 μL乳汁样本中加入300 μL含内标(5 ng·mL-1氘代维拉帕米)的甲醇,涡旋沉淀蛋白后离心取上清液进样分析。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY BEH C18柱,流动相为体积分数0.1%甲酸-10 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(A相)和甲醇(B相),采用梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 mL·min-1,进样量为2 μL,分析时间为4 min。采用电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测模式扫描,定量分析离子对分别为m/z 455.3→165.2(维拉帕米)、m/z 441.5→165.3(去甲维拉帕米)和m/z 458.3→165.0(氘代维拉帕米)。对所建LC-MS/MS法进行完整方法学考察,并用于检测哺乳期患者乳汁中的药物浓度。结果 维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米在0.5~100 ng·mL-1线性关系良好(r=0.999)。维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米质控样本的批内、批间准确度均在标示值的±15%以内,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于15%,提取回收率、基质效应和稳定性均符合生物样品定量分析方法验证要求。该方法成功应用于1例哺乳期患者乳汁中的药物浓度检测,该患者乳汁中维拉帕米质量浓度为1.80~10.73 ng·mL-1,去甲维拉帕米质量浓度为2.15~5.15 ng·mL-1,推算出维拉帕米相对婴儿剂量约为0.15%。结论 该方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米浓度的同时测定,可为临床哺乳期的安全用药提供参考。

维拉帕米  /  去甲维拉帕米  /  乳汁  /  药物浓度  /  液相色谱-串联质谱

OBJECTIVE To establish a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of verapamil and norverapamil in human breast milk and apply it in clinical practice. METHODS Milk samples(100 μL) were precipitated with 300 μL of methanol containing internal standard(5 ng·mL-1 verapamil-d3), and the supernatant was taken for analysis after vortexing and centrifugation. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY BEH C18 column with gradient elution at 0.4 mL·min-1, where mobile phases A and B were 0.1% formic acid-10 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate-water and methanol, respectively. The injection volume was 2 μL, and the analysis time was 4 min. The detection of the analytes was performed by electrospray ionization in positive mode by multiple reaction monitoring with the transition of m/z 455.3→165.2(verapamil), m/z 441.5→165.3(norverapamil) and m/z 458.3→165.0(verapamil-d3). The established LC-MS/MS method was validated, and the method was used to determine the drug concentrations in breast milk of lactating patients. RESULTS The calibration curves for verapamil and norverapamil exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 0.5 to 100 ng·mL-1 (r=0.999). The intra-assay and inter-assay accuracies were both within ±15% of the labeled values, and the relative standard deviations were less than 15%. The extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability all met the acceptance criteria for bioanalytical method validation. This analytical method was effectively employed to quantify drug concentrations in the breast milk of a lactating patient. The verapamil concentration in the breast milk of the patient ranged from 1.80 ng·mL-1 to 10.73 ng·mL-1, while norverapamil concentrations varied from 2.15 ng·mL-1 to 5.15 ng·mL-1. The relative infant dose of verapamil in this patient was approximately 0.15%. CONCLUSION The established method is simple, rapid, and sensitive. It is suitable for monitoring drug concentrations in clinical milk and can provide reference for safe drug use during lactation.

verapamil  /  norverapamil  /  breast milk  /  drug concentration  /  LC-MS/MS
白梦如, 吴湧, 张水仙, 申潜. 液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的浓度. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1064 -1070 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.009
Mengru BAI, Yong WU, Shuixian ZHANG, Qian SHEN. Simultaneous Determination of Verapamil and Norverapamil Concentrations in Human Breast Milk by LC-MS/MS[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (10) : 1064 -1070 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.009
维拉帕米是非二氢吡啶类钙离子通道阻滞剂,可以延缓房室结的传导,临床上常用于治疗心律失常、心绞痛、高血压、阵发性室上性心动过速等[1]。维拉帕米口服后迅速吸收,0.5~2 h达峰,首过效应明显,在肝脏中经多种细胞色素P450酶广泛代谢产生多种代谢产物,其中仅去甲维拉帕米具有药理活性[2]
维拉帕米可通过乳汁分泌,部分说明书注明在治疗期间应停止哺乳,也有部分说明书表明维拉帕米的婴儿相对剂量较低可能可予母乳喂养,说法不一致,这对临床上指导哺乳期女性安全用药及母乳喂养造成了较大困扰。目前仅国外有少量临床案例报道[3-6],且乳汁中药物浓度个体差异大,国内则暂无该方面的研究。维拉帕米的个体代谢差异大、血药浓度可相差10倍以上[7],而乳药浓度与母亲的血药浓度密切相关,推测乳汁药物浓度波动也较大。因此,获得确切的人乳汁中维拉帕米和代谢物去甲维拉帕米的浓度数据对于评估婴儿安全性至关重要。
虽然有2项研究进行了母乳中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的测定,但并未描述具体方法,更无方法开发和验证相关的细节[5-6]。目前仅有人和大鼠血浆中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的浓度测定方法报道,包括高效液相色谱法和液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法等[1-2,8-11]。乳汁成分复杂且所含药物浓度较低,而LC-MS/MS技术结合了液相色谱高效的分离能力和串联质谱的选择性质量分析能力,具有高灵敏度、高特异性及多指标同时检测等优势[12-14],更适合于乳汁药物浓度检测。
因此,本研究在已报道的血浆样品检测方法的基础上进行优化,使前处理更简便、分析时间更短、进样体积更小、流动相更简单,开发出一种简单快速且灵敏度高的同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米浓度的LC-MS/MS方法,并进行完整方法学验证,可为开展维拉帕米的哺乳期安全性研究提供支持。
Jasper高效液相色谱仪(日本Shimadzu公司);Triple Quad 4500MD型三重四极杆串联质谱仪(美国AB SCIEX公司);GBL-88B型涡旋震荡仪(江苏其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司);Centrifuge 5425R型高速冷冻离心机(德国Eppendorf公司);Quintix125D-1CN型电子分析天平(德国Sartorius公司);KQ5200V型超声仪(江苏昆山市超声仪器有限公司)。
维拉帕米对照品(批号231934,纯度99.53%)、盐酸去甲维拉帕米对照品(批号144416,纯度99.47%)均购自上海陶术生物科技有限公司;盐酸氘代维拉帕米对照品(内标,批号264037,纯度99.57%)购自美国MedChemExpress;乙酸铵为质谱纯,甲醇、甲酸均为色谱纯,水为蒸馏水。
空白乳汁由近6个月未使用维拉帕米及结构类似药物的健康哺乳期女性志愿者提供,患者乳汁由服用维拉帕米的哺乳期患者提供,提供者均签署了知情同意书,且本研究获得了杭州市第一人民医院伦理委员会审核批准(批件号为ZN-2024362-01)。
色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm);流动相A为体积分数0.1%甲酸-10 mmol·L-1乙酸铵-水溶液,B为甲醇,梯度洗脱(0~1.0 min,10%B→90%B;1.0~2.5 min,90%B;2.5~2.6 min, 90%B→10%B;2.6~4.0 min,10%B);流速为0.4 mL·min-1;分析时间为4 min;柱温为35 ℃;自动进样器温度为15 ℃;进样量为2 μL。
采用电喷雾离子源,以正离子多反应监测模式扫描;离子源温度为550 ℃;离子源电压为5 500 V;雾化气压为3.79×105 Pa;涡轮气压为3.79×105 Pa;气帘气压为1.72×105 Pa;碰撞气压为6.21×104 Pa。维拉帕米、去甲维拉帕米和氘代维拉帕米(内标)的母离子质量、子离子质量、去簇电压、碰撞电压等质谱参数及保留时间见表1;各化合物的二级碎片全扫描质谱图见图1
精密称取维拉帕米、盐酸去甲维拉帕米对照品适量,用体积分数50%甲醇溶解并定容于10 mL量瓶中,得质量浓度分别为1、2 mg·mL-1的储备液,于-20 ℃保存。取上述储备液各适量,按一定比例混合后,用甲醇稀释成系列质量浓度的混合标准曲线工作溶液,两药的质量浓度分别为25、50、100、250、1 000、2 500、5 000 ng·mL-1
同法配制维拉帕米、盐酸去甲维拉帕米质量浓度分别为75、500、4 000 ng·mL-1的低、中、高浓度质控溶液。
精密称取盐酸氘代维拉帕米对照品,用甲醇溶解并定容于10 mL量瓶中,得质量浓度为2 mg·mL-1的内标储备液,于-20 ℃保存。取内标储备液适量,逐步用甲醇稀释至5 ng·mL-1,作为本研究的内标溶液。
精密吸取乳汁样品100 μL,置于1.5 mL离心管中,加入“2.2”项下内标溶液300 μL,涡旋3 min,于15 ℃下以12 000 r·min-1离心10 min,取上清液按“2.1”项下条件进样分析。
根据《中国药典》2020年版四部通则9012“生物样品定量分析方法验证指导原则”[15],对本方法的专属性、标准曲线、定量下限、准确度与精密度、提取回收率、基质效应和稳定性进行验证。
取6份来自不同健康志愿者的乳汁,各吸取100 μL作为空白乳汁样本;另取空白乳汁98 μL加入维拉帕米、去甲维拉帕米定量下限混合工作溶液2 μL,作为定量下限质控乳汁样本;再取患者乳汁样本100 μL。上述样本均按“2.3”项下方法前处理后,按“2.1”项下条件进样分析,所得图谱见图2
图2结果显示,不同来源的乳汁样本中,内源性物质对于维拉帕米、去甲维拉帕米以及内标氘代维拉帕米的测定均无干扰,色谱峰峰形较好,方法专属性良好。
精密吸取健康志愿者空白乳汁98 μL至1.5 mL离心管中,加入2 μL混合标准曲线工作溶液,涡旋混匀,得到标准曲线乳汁样本(维拉帕米、去甲维拉帕米的质量浓度分别为0.5、1、2、5、20、50、100 ng·mL-1),按“2.3”项下方法前处理后,按“2.1”项下条件进样分析。以待测化合物的质量浓度(X)为横坐标,待测物与内标峰面积的比值(Y)为纵坐标,加权(W=1/X)进行回归分析,得回归方程:维拉帕米为Y=0.083 14X+0.001 568(r=0.999),去甲维拉帕米为Y=0.084 10X+0.008 38(r=0.999),线性范围均为0.5~100 ng·mL-1,定量下限均为0.5 ng·mL-1
精密吸取健康志愿者空白乳汁98 μL,按“2.4.2”项下方法制备定量下限、低、中、高质量浓度的质控乳汁样本(维拉帕米、去甲维拉帕米均为0.5、1.5、10、80 ng·mL-1),各质量浓度均平行制备6份,按“2.3”项下方法前处理后,按“2.1”项下条件进样分析,考察批内精密度,并以测得浓度/真实浓度×100%计算其准确度。采用同法在3 d内制备并测定3批次样品,考察批间精密度和准确度。结果见表2
表2结果显示,在定量下限、低、中、高质量浓度下,维拉帕米的批内和批间准确度为98.87%~101.66%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤5.50%;去甲维拉帕米的批内和批间准确度为95.10%~101.39%,RSD≤7.36%;均符合《中国药典》2020年版四部通则9012的相关要求。
以人空白乳汁为基质,按“2.4.2”项下方法配制成低、中、高质量浓度的质控样本,各质量浓度均平行制备6份,按“2.3”项下方法前处理后,再按“2.1”项下条件进样分析,得待测化合物峰面积A1;另取来自不同供体的人空白乳汁6批,加甲醇沉淀蛋白后,分别于上清液中加入低、中、高质量浓度的质控工作液,各质量浓度平行制备6份,得待测化合物峰面积A2;按公式1计算提取回收率。
提取回收率(%)=A1/A2×100%
另以纯水代替人空白乳汁作为基质,按“2.4.2”项下方法配制成低、中、高质量浓度的质控样本,各质量浓度均平行制备6份,按“2.3”项下方法前处理后再按“2.1”项下条件进样检测,得待测化合物峰面积A3;按公式2计算基质因子。
基质因子(%)=A2/A3×100%
同法测定内标氘代维拉帕米的提取回收率与基质效应。结果见表3
表3结果显示,在低、中、高质量浓度下,维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的平均提取回收率分别为110.74%~116.30%、107.01%~113.62%,内标氘代维拉帕米的平均提取回收率为111.94%,其RSD均≤2.40%。
维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米的基质因子分别为61.29%~66.21%、72.27%~76.03%,内标的基质因子为62.56%,可见待测物的基质效应较为明显,不过内标的基质效应与待测物接近,内标归一化的基质因子的RSD均<15%。上述结果表明,本研究的样品前处理方法适用于待测化合物的提取分析,且基质中的内源性物质对测定结果的影响不明显。
以人空白乳汁为基质,按“2.4.2”项下方法配制成低、中、高质量浓度的质控样本,分别于-20 ℃放置38 d、-20 ℃反复冻融3次、样本按“2.3”项下方法前处理后于自动进样器(15 ℃)中放置24 h,每个条件下每个质量浓度平行制备6份,考察待测化合物在上述各条件下的稳定性。结果见表4
表4结果显示,在上述各条件下,维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米低、中、高质量浓度质控样本的测得值与理论值的偏差均在±15%范围内,表明人乳汁中各待测化合物在上述实验条件下稳定性良好。
本研究采集了1例患有室性心动过速、服用维拉帕米的哺乳期患者的乳汁样本。患者35岁,女,产后54 d,体重75 kg,给药方案为盐酸维拉帕米片40 mg,每日2次口服,于第7天服药前(谷浓度)及服药后2 h(理论的血药峰浓度)、4、8 h用电动吸乳器采集患者全部乳汁,混匀后精密吸取100 μL,按“2.3”项下方法前处理后,再按“2.1”项下条件进样分析,并按公式3计算相对婴儿剂量(relative infant dose,RID)。婴儿平均吃乳量通常为150 mL·kg-1·d-1[16]
RID(%)=药物乳汁质量浓度(mg·mL-1)×婴儿吃乳量(mL·kg-1·d-1)/[乳母用药剂量(mg·d-1)/乳母体质量(kg)]×100%
结果显示(图3),该患者乳汁中维拉帕米质量浓度为1.80~10.73 ng·mL-1,去甲维拉帕米质量浓度为2.15~5.15 ng·mL-1,服药后4 h乳汁中维拉帕米浓度最高,若以峰浓度计算维拉帕米的RID约为0.15%。
本研究在已报道的血浆样品的检测方法基础上进行优化,首次建立了一种简单快速灵敏度高的同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米浓度的LC-MS/MS方法。
大多数研究采用液液萃取法[9-11],先碱化样品再加入有机溶剂如乙醚、正己烷、异丁醇等进行萃取,最后还需干燥复溶,步骤烦琐耗时,而最近有文献[1]表明甲醇沉淀法的灵敏度也较高、基质效应无干扰,因此本研究尝试甲醇沉淀蛋白法对乳汁样品进行预处理,两药的回收率均较好,且无明显的基质效应影响,表明该前处理方法简便、快速、可靠。
已报道的方法进样量均较大[1-2,9-11],为5~130 μL,而本研究通过对质谱的去簇电压、碰撞电压等条件进行优化使质谱响应达到最佳,所需进样量仅2 μL,有助于减少仪器的污染,保障仪器使用寿命。
已报道的方法分析时间较长[1-2,9-11],为6~15 min不等,流动相组成也较为复杂,如体积分数0.1%甲酸-体积分数5%乙腈-10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水、体积分数50%甲醇-体积分数50%乙腈、体积分数0.05%三氟乙酸水-乙腈(70∶30)、正己烷:异丙醇-乙醇-二乙胺(88∶6∶6∶0.1),而本研究优化了流动相组成、增加流速,使得分析时间减少到4 min,流动相配制也更便捷。
乳汁与血浆成分较为不同,含有脂肪、蛋白质较多,研究维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米在该基质中的稳定性至关重要,这将有助于确保样品保存和处理过程的准确性。结果表明,人乳汁样品中两种药物成分在-20 ℃下稳定38 d,3次冻融循环稳定,样品前处理后在进样器中稳定24 h,为临床试验提供了有用的信息,特别是在短时间内无法分析样品的情况下。
本研究首次报道了中国女性乳汁中维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米浓度,但由于病例数仅1例,尚不足以得出可靠结论,因此笔者对国外文献报道的人乳汁中维拉帕米的浓度进行了整理,见表5。4名哺乳期女性服用维拉帕米剂量为240~360 mg·d-1,其母乳中维拉帕米质量浓度约为19~300 ng·mL-1,去甲维拉帕米约为3~65 ng·mL-1[3-6],个体差异较大。本例患者乳药浓度低于文献数据,可能是因为该患者服药剂量(80 mg·d-1)小于文献所用剂量(240~360 mg·d-1)。目前5例患者服用维拉帕米的RID均<0.5%,而世界卫生组织认为,一般RID<10%的药物对于婴儿是相对安全的[17]。且维拉帕米首过效应大,口服生物利用度仅20%~30%。大鼠和兔实验中,未见对子代生长发育的明显影响。提示在上述文献剂量下维拉帕米哺乳期用药可能是安全的,但仍需加强母婴随访,注意观察是否发生药物不良反应,如头痛头晕、恶心、便秘、腹痛、心动过速、心动过缓等,以及监测婴儿生长发育各项指标。
维拉帕米和去甲维拉帕米脂溶性强,可通过被动扩散分泌至乳汁,乳药浓度与血药浓度相关。而维拉帕米也是代谢酶CYP3A4、转运体P糖蛋白(P-gp)的底物[18],由于代谢酶、转运体的基因多态性和活性差异,维拉帕米的血药浓度个体差异较大,有条件的情况下建议进行母婴血药浓度和母乳药物浓度检测,根据血药浓度调整母亲用药剂量,通过婴儿血药浓度判断其潜在毒性,或根据乳药浓度计算RID判断能否哺乳或调整哺乳时间,以降低婴儿的药物摄入量。
由于目前收集到的临床病例数量有限,取样时间点也较少,本研究尚未建立起维拉帕米的乳汁药物动力学模型。随着今后更多病例的纳入,更多时间点的样品采集,未来本研究将更好地描绘维拉帕米的乳汁药动学特征。
综上,本研究建立了一种简便、快速、灵敏度高的LC-MS/MS法用于同时测定人乳汁中维拉帕米和主要代谢物去甲维拉帕米的浓度,可为维拉帕米的哺乳期安全性研究提供支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82003838)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金项目资助(LY22H310006)
  • 浙江省卫生健康科技计划项目资助(2023KY174)
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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.10.009
  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-12
基金
国家自然科学基金项目资助(82003838)
浙江省自然科学基金项目资助(LY22H310006)
浙江省卫生健康科技计划项目资助(2023KY174)
作者信息
    1 杭州市第一人民医院药学部, 杭州 310006
    2 杭州市第一人民医院产科, 杭州 310006
    3 浙江省食品药品检验研究院, 国家药品监督管理局仿制药评价关键技术重点实验室, 杭州 310052

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*申潜,男,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:药物质量与安全性 Tel:(0571)87180340
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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