Article(id=1193548063819137158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)05-0547-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.05.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762493633465, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762493633465, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762493633465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493633465, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193548058421064688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='441', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762493632178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493856082, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=547, endPage=552, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193548063982715015, articleId=1193548063819137158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Discussion on the Pharmaceutical Studies in the Development of Ondansetron Oral Soluble Film Generic Drug, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To discuss the problems needing attention in the pharmaceutical research of oral soluble film generic drugs, and to provide reference for the research and development of oral soluble film generic drugs. METHODS By searching the relevant foreign review reports and literature, this paper comparatively analyzed the prescription technology of ondansetron oral soluble film listed in different regions, and combined with the relevant guiding principles, discussed the general considerations in the development of oral soluble film. RESULTS The main research contents of ondansetron oral soluble film were determined around the concerns of prescription technology, quality control and stability. CONCLUSION In the development of oral soluble film generic drugs, clinical drug demand should be taken into consideration,combined with the characteristics of raw and auxiliary materials, prescription composition and production process,reasonable inspection items should be rationally established,and conducting in-depth pharmaceutical research to improve the quality of oral soluble film generic drugs.

, correspAuthors=Jie TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaohong XU, Shuhua WANG, Fei LI, Ming TAO, Jie TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193548064225984650, articleId=1193548063819137158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=昂丹司琼口溶膜仿制药开发中药学研究探讨, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 以昂丹司琼口溶膜为例,探讨口溶膜仿制药研究中药学方面需关注的问题,为口溶膜仿制药研发提供参考。方法 笔者通过检索相关国外审评报告和文献资料,对比分析不同地区上市昂丹司琼口溶膜的处方工艺,并结合相关指导原则,探讨口溶膜开发过程中的一般考虑。结果 围绕昂丹司琼口溶膜的处方工艺、质量控制、稳定性等方面的关注点,确定了膜剂的主要研究内容。结论 在口溶膜仿制药开发中,应考虑临床用药需求,并结合原辅料性质,处方组成和生产工艺特点,合理设置考察项目,深入进行药学研究,以提高口溶膜仿制药的质量。

, correspAuthors=田洁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 田洁,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药物分析 Tel:(010)68586539
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徐晓宏,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:化学药药品审评

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徐晓宏,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:化学药药品审评

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徐晓宏,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:化学药药品审评

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(2016-03-29) [2023-09-30]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/dissolution-methods-database., articleTitle=Dissolution Methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576117421441313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=11, pageStart=3204, pageEnd=3209, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=GAO D, LI G X, QI S Y, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin(药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO D, LI G X, QI S Y, et al. Comparative study on the methods to determine disintegration time of oral soluble films[J]. Acta Pharm Sin(药学学报), 2023, 58(11): 3204-3209., articleTitle=Comparative study on the methods to determine disintegration time of oral soluble films, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576117492744482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=4, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=JOSHI P, PATEL H, PATEL V, journalName=J Pharm Bioallied Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JOSHI P, PATEL H, PATEL V, et al. Formulation development and dvaluation of mouth dissolving film of domperidone[J]. J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2012, 4: S108-S109., articleTitle=Formulation development and dvaluation of mouth dissolving film of domperidone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576117564047651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cde.org.cn/main/news/viewInfoCommon/ed6b8e3c5c36edb40b1e19965092cfd7, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=State Drug Administration Drug Evaluation Center, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=State Drug Administration Drug Evaluation Center. General requirements for the size of a registered batch of a chemical generic drug[EB/OL]. (2018-06-22)[2023-09-30]. https://www.cde.org.cn/main/news/viewInfoCommon/ed6b8e3c5c36edb40b1e19965092cfd7., articleTitle=General requirements for the size of a registered batch of a chemical generic drug, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576117626962212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=302, pageEnd=307, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=WANG L, HU Y C, WANG Y M, journalName=J Pharm Res(药学研究), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG L, HU Y C, WANG Y M. Discussion on the development and evaluation of new drugs of oral soluble film[J]. 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序号 药品通用名称 英文名称/商品名 规格/mg 剂型 持证商 备注1 备注2
21-30 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film/zuplenz 4 口溶膜剂 Midatech Pharma Us Inc 未进口原研药品 美国橙皮书
21-31 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film/zuplenz 8 口溶膜剂 Midatech Pharma Us Inc 未进口原研药品 美国橙皮书
48-51 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film 4 - Norgine Pharmaceuticals Limited 未进口原研药品 欧盟上市
48-52 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film 8 - Norgine Pharmaceuticals Limited 未进口原研药品 欧盟上市
), ArticleFig(id=1193576114766446854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

昂丹司琼口溶膜仿制药参比制剂目录收载情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 药品通用名称 英文名称/商品名 规格/mg 剂型 持证商 备注1 备注2
21-30 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film/zuplenz 4 口溶膜剂 Midatech Pharma Us Inc 未进口原研药品 美国橙皮书
21-31 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film/zuplenz 8 口溶膜剂 Midatech Pharma Us Inc 未进口原研药品 美国橙皮书
48-51 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film 4 - Norgine Pharmaceuticals Limited 未进口原研药品 欧盟上市
48-52 昂丹司琼口溶膜 Ondansetron oral soluble film 8 - Norgine Pharmaceuticals Limited 未进口原研药品 欧盟上市
), ArticleFig(id=1193576114854527239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处方组成 欧盟(持证商MonoSol Rx公司) 美国(持证商Aquestive公司) 日本(持证商米亚里三制药株式会社) 中国(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司)
活性成分 昂丹司琼 昂丹司琼 盐酸昂丹司琼(以昂丹司琼计) 昂丹司琼
辅料 聚乙烯醇 羟丙甲纤维素 羟丙甲纤维素 羟丙甲纤维素
聚乙二醇1000 聚氧乙烯 聚乙二醇6000 聚氧乙烯
安赛蜜钾E950 三氯蔗糖 三氯蔗糖 三氯蔗糖
甘油E422 碳酸氢钠 黄色5号 聚葡萄糖
二氧化钛E171 二氧化钛 柠檬黄
大米淀粉 胶体二氧化硅 泊洛沙姆188
左旋薄荷醇 甘草酸铵
聚山梨酯80 E433 二丁基羟基甲苯
薄荷香精
赤藓糖醇
碳酸钙
黄原胶
), ArticleFig(id=1193576114950996232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

欧、美、日和中国已上市昂丹司琼口溶膜处方组成对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处方组成 欧盟(持证商MonoSol Rx公司) 美国(持证商Aquestive公司) 日本(持证商米亚里三制药株式会社) 中国(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司)
活性成分 昂丹司琼 昂丹司琼 盐酸昂丹司琼(以昂丹司琼计) 昂丹司琼
辅料 聚乙烯醇 羟丙甲纤维素 羟丙甲纤维素 羟丙甲纤维素
聚乙二醇1000 聚氧乙烯 聚乙二醇6000 聚氧乙烯
安赛蜜钾E950 三氯蔗糖 三氯蔗糖 三氯蔗糖
甘油E422 碳酸氢钠 黄色5号 聚葡萄糖
二氧化钛E171 二氧化钛 柠檬黄
大米淀粉 胶体二氧化硅 泊洛沙姆188
左旋薄荷醇 甘草酸铵
聚山梨酯80 E433 二丁基羟基甲苯
薄荷香精
赤藓糖醇
碳酸钙
黄原胶
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质量属性 是否为关键质量属性 依据 是否定入标准
性状 口溶膜大小、颜色可以影响患者依从性,从而影响药物的有效性
鉴别 对安全性和有效性来说,鉴别项是关键指标,可以通过质量管理体系得到有效控制
有关物质 对药品的安全性具有显著影响
水分 药品的含水量影响药品降解、微生物生长、机械性能等,进而影响药品的安全性和有效性
溶出度 药品溶出速率对药品的有效性具有显著影响
含量均匀度 口溶膜通常载药量较低,含量均匀度影响药品的有效性和安全性
含量 影响药品的安全性和有效性
溶化时限 溶化时限影响药物口感以及释放速率,从而影响药物的有效性 酌情考虑
微生物限度 对药品的安全性具有显著影响
机械性能 影响药物贮藏、运输期间的完整性,进而影响有效性 酌情考虑
), ArticleFig(id=1193576115143934218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063819137158, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

昂丹可琼口溶膜关键质量属性(CQA)评估示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质量属性 是否为关键质量属性 依据 是否定入标准
性状 口溶膜大小、颜色可以影响患者依从性,从而影响药物的有效性
鉴别 对安全性和有效性来说,鉴别项是关键指标,可以通过质量管理体系得到有效控制
有关物质 对药品的安全性具有显著影响
水分 药品的含水量影响药品降解、微生物生长、机械性能等,进而影响药品的安全性和有效性
溶出度 药品溶出速率对药品的有效性具有显著影响
含量均匀度 口溶膜通常载药量较低,含量均匀度影响药品的有效性和安全性
含量 影响药品的安全性和有效性
溶化时限 溶化时限影响药物口感以及释放速率,从而影响药物的有效性 酌情考虑
微生物限度 对药品的安全性具有显著影响
机械性能 影响药物贮藏、运输期间的完整性,进而影响有效性 酌情考虑
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昂丹司琼口溶膜仿制药开发中药学研究探讨
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徐晓宏 1 , 王淑华 1 , 李飞 1 , 陶铭 2 , 田洁 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(5): 547-552
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(5): 547-552
昂丹司琼口溶膜仿制药开发中药学研究探讨
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徐晓宏1, 王淑华1, 李飞1, 陶铭2, 田洁1, *
作者信息
  • 1 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100022
  • 2 沈阳药科大学, 辽宁 本溪 117004
  • 徐晓宏,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:化学药药品审评

通讯作者:

* 田洁,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药物分析 Tel:(010)68586539
Discussion on the Pharmaceutical Studies in the Development of Ondansetron Oral Soluble Film Generic Drug
Xiaohong XU1, Shuhua WANG1, Fei LI1, Ming TAO2, Jie TIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Center for Drug Evaluation, NMPA, Beijing 100022, China
  • 2 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.013
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目的 以昂丹司琼口溶膜为例,探讨口溶膜仿制药研究中药学方面需关注的问题,为口溶膜仿制药研发提供参考。方法 笔者通过检索相关国外审评报告和文献资料,对比分析不同地区上市昂丹司琼口溶膜的处方工艺,并结合相关指导原则,探讨口溶膜开发过程中的一般考虑。结果 围绕昂丹司琼口溶膜的处方工艺、质量控制、稳定性等方面的关注点,确定了膜剂的主要研究内容。结论 在口溶膜仿制药开发中,应考虑临床用药需求,并结合原辅料性质,处方组成和生产工艺特点,合理设置考察项目,深入进行药学研究,以提高口溶膜仿制药的质量。

昂丹司琼  /  口溶膜  /  处方工艺  /  质量控制  /  药学研究

OBJECTIVE To discuss the problems needing attention in the pharmaceutical research of oral soluble film generic drugs, and to provide reference for the research and development of oral soluble film generic drugs. METHODS By searching the relevant foreign review reports and literature, this paper comparatively analyzed the prescription technology of ondansetron oral soluble film listed in different regions, and combined with the relevant guiding principles, discussed the general considerations in the development of oral soluble film. RESULTS The main research contents of ondansetron oral soluble film were determined around the concerns of prescription technology, quality control and stability. CONCLUSION In the development of oral soluble film generic drugs, clinical drug demand should be taken into consideration,combined with the characteristics of raw and auxiliary materials, prescription composition and production process,reasonable inspection items should be rationally established,and conducting in-depth pharmaceutical research to improve the quality of oral soluble film generic drugs.

ondansetron  /  oral soluble film  /  preparation process  /  quality control  /  pharmaceutical research
徐晓宏, 王淑华, 李飞, 陶铭, 田洁. 昂丹司琼口溶膜仿制药开发中药学研究探讨. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (5) : 547 -552 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.013
Xiaohong XU, Shuhua WANG, Fei LI, Ming TAO, Jie TIAN. Discussion on the Pharmaceutical Studies in the Development of Ondansetron Oral Soluble Film Generic Drug[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (5) : 547 -552 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.013
口溶膜是膜剂的一种,系指原料药物与适宜的成膜材料经加工制成的膜状制剂[1]。口溶膜是一种较新的剂型,1964年专利(GB1061557)首次出现口腔膜剂,2003年InnoZen上市第一个苯佐卡因口溶膜(非处方药, Over the Counter Drug,OTC),2006年日本上市第一个处方药伏格列波糖口溶膜。口溶膜可以替代其他口服制剂进行使用,不仅起效快,还能避免肝脏的首过效应。另外,与口崩片相比,口溶膜的聚合物薄膜更薄(通常为50~150 μm),柔韧性也更好,不易碎,可以弯曲[2-3],口溶膜可有效避免吞咽带来的窒息风险,不易吐出。截至今日,全球已有30多个口溶膜品种上市,涉及多个适应证。
昂丹司琼是首个上市的高选择性5-HT3受体拮抗剂[4-5],为第一代止吐药,在临床上主要用于化疗、放疗和手术所致的恶心、呕吐的治疗。与其他剂型相比,口溶膜具有生物利用度高,不需用水送服,便于携带,使用方便,迅速起效等优点,尤其适合咀嚼或吞咽困难的儿童、老年患者服用,大大提高患者的顺应性[6]
本研究基于昂丹司琼口溶膜国内外上市情况,查阅已上市昂丹司琼口溶膜相关专利和国外公开审评报告,结合口溶膜制剂特点,从原料药特性、处方工艺、原辅料和包装材料、质量控制、稳定性等多方面探讨索药学研究的关注点,旨在为昂丹司琼口溶膜剂及其他口溶膜剂的研究开发提供相关参考。
1991年美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准Glaxo Wellcome INC公司的昂丹司琼注射液(Zofran)上市,次年,其片剂上市,规格为4、8和24 mg。昂丹司琼口溶膜由APR Applied Pharma Research S.A.、MonoSol Rx LLC(美国市场)与Labtec TESA(美国以外市场)联合开发,于2010年3月在欧盟批准上市;2010年7月,获得美国FDA批准上市,商品名为 Zuplenz,规格有4、8 mg,为FDA批准的第一个口腔溶解薄膜,FDA审评报告[7]显示昂丹司琼口腔速溶膜按照505(b)(2)申请上市,使用NDA 20-781 (ZOFRAN ODT®,即GSK的口崩片) 作为原研制剂。2019年3月茨基奥卡薄膜制药株式会社的盐酸昂丹司琼口溶膜在日本上市,规格有2、4 mg。2022年1月江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司的昂丹司琼口溶膜在我国获准上市,规格有4、8 mg,是该品种在国内上市的首个仿制药,也是恒瑞首个获批上市的口溶膜产品。
药学研究是药品研发的重要组成部分,药品的安全性、有效性和质量可控性均源于药学研究的设计。口溶膜的药学研究,应结合膜剂特点进行,关注原料药的特性、辅料的选择、生产工艺参数的确定和质量标准的制定以及稳定性的考察等。研究从处方组成、生产工艺、原辅料和包装材料及质量控制等方面,阐述口溶膜药学研究时应关注的重点。
根据《关于发布化学仿制药参比制剂遴选与确定程序的公告》(2019年第25号),国家药监局于2019年6月11日发布《关于发布仿制药参比制剂目录(第二十一批)的通告》(2019年第34号),Midatech Pharma Us Inc的Zuplenz(4、8 mg)可作为参比制剂;在第四十八批公告目录(2021年第87号)中,增补Norgine Pharmaceuticals Limited的昂丹司琼口溶膜(4、8 mg)作为参比制剂,见表1
充分的处方工艺研究是保证药品质量满足临床使用的重要基础。口溶膜产品[8]的处方组成主要包括原料药、成膜材料和塑化剂。此外,为了加快口溶膜制剂的崩解速率、改善口感和外观,以及提高产品稳定性等的考虑,还会增加崩解剂、矫味剂、着色剂、稳定剂和表面活性剂等其他组分。口溶膜应具有一定的耐折性、柔韧性,同时要在口腔中迅速崩解释放,口溶膜的成膜材料、增塑剂的选择和用量,是处方研究中的重点。结合口溶膜的特点,在处方开发中建议以胶液黏度,可涂布性,药膜物理性能,成品的外观、溶化时限、韧性(折叠法)、剥离性、干燥失重、溶出曲线等为指标进行处方研究。矫味剂的种类和用量以及对口感的影响,会影响患者用药的依从性。甜味剂常用三氯蔗糖、阿斯巴甜、糖精钠、甜菊糖苷等,芳香剂常用草莓香精、薄荷醇[9]等。其中,三氯蔗糖口感接近蔗糖,其余种类则需根据品种本身以及患者可接受性进行适当调整。对于某些味道难以掩去的品种,无法使用常规手段进行掩味,则需进一步研究其特殊的掩味技术。另外,给药方式(口腔放置位置等)、口腔局部不良反应、黏膜黏附性和刺激性等[10]也会影响用药的依从性,在处方开发时应一并考虑。
昂丹司琼口溶膜在欧盟[11]、美国[12]、日本[13]以及中国已上市的处方组成见表2
表2可知,欧盟、美国和日本以及中国上市的昂丹司琼口溶膜处方均不相同,但均含有制备膜剂所需的主要辅料如成膜材料和矫味剂。其中欧盟和日本的昂丹司琼口溶膜成膜剂和甜味剂不同,但均选用相同的增塑剂;美国和日本的昂丹司琼口溶膜成膜材料略有不同且美国处方中未使用增塑剂;美国和欧盟的昂丹司琼口溶膜成膜材料和增塑剂均不同;中国、美国和日本的昂丹司琼口溶膜成膜材料相同且均使用了三氯蔗糖。另外,欧盟和美国的昂丹司琼口溶膜处方中均加入了遮光剂二氧化钛,日本上市的昂丹司琼口溶膜中虽然不含遮光剂,但日本补充说明文件(interview form,IF)[14]显示昂丹司琼口溶膜具有光敏性,未包装放置在光照条件(每小时120万流明)下,性状变为褐色,且含量、溶出度均有下降,说明昂丹司琼口溶膜对光敏感,日本上市的昂丹司琼口溶膜采用铝袋包装,可有效避免光照。
结合原料药特性及制剂特性,在昂丹司琼口溶膜处方研究中主要关注以下问题:①成膜材料的种类和用量筛选:成膜材料是药物的载体,多为高分子亲水性材料,其性质直接影响膜剂的载药量、溶化时限以及机械强度等,应具有良好的延展性、物理性能和适宜的黏度,能够快速溶解或溶胀,处方开发时应关注成膜高分子材料的黏度和相对分子质量等;②增塑剂的选择:增塑剂可降低成膜材料的玻璃化转变温度,增加膜的柔韧性,改善膜的机械性能,其作用效果主要依赖于所用溶剂、聚合物种类和用量;③矫味剂:为使口溶膜具有较好的口感,应根据需要添加矫味剂;④光敏感性:昂丹司琼光照易降解,应对处方和包材进行合理设计,减少贮藏过程中的降解。
膜剂常用涂布法、流涎法、胶注法等方法制备[1],口溶膜的制备方法还包括热熔挤出法、压制法、3D打印技术[15-17]等。根据昂丹司琼口溶膜欧洲上市审评报告及专利[18-19],其生产工艺为涂布法,生产步骤包括胶液制备、消泡、药膜涂布、干燥、裁片和包装等。
研究中通常应结合口溶膜特点,以产品外观(如形状、尺寸、厚度)、水分与片重差异含量均匀度、机械性能(耐折度、抗拉强度、断裂强度、断裂拉伸率等)、胶液黏度、溶化时限等[2]为指标进行生产工艺的开发。重点关注药液的含量均一性(尤其难溶性药物,胶液为混悬状态时)、黏度、气泡残留等对涂布和产品质量的影响。在药液制备工序,当搅拌速度较快时,药液容易起泡,气泡残留对涂布工艺和产品质量均有一定的影响,需要增加消泡工序,并在中间产品控制或者过程控制中进行膜基质中气泡残留控制,如允许少量气泡存在,应对气泡直径大小、数量等进行研究。同时成膜基质含量的均匀性也十分重要,其影响制剂剂量的准确性,为了实现组分的均匀分散,一般使用多步混合工艺,将某些组分先混合在一起,然后不同的溶液再次混合,形成最终的涂层溶液。昂丹司琼口溶膜文献[19]表明口溶膜生产过程先制备3种预混溶液,有含活性药物的混悬液、矫味剂溶液和聚合物溶液,然后将前两者混入聚合物溶液,可以避免成膜基质形成凝胶状或团块。
生产工艺研究中,需要对制备工艺与制剂关键质量属性(CQA)的关系进行充分理解的基础上来确定关键工艺参数范围,并建立相应的控制策略。如药液制备工序需要关注药液配制顺序、均质频率、搅拌速度、均质和搅拌时间、料液控制温度等;消泡工序需要关注消泡时间、真空度等;涂布干燥工序需要关注涂布间距、涂布速度和厚度、干燥的温度和时间等;切割包装工序需要关注切割速度、切片长度的控制等。此外,研发中还应关注生产设备、容器(如密封性、胶液挂壁等)等对制剂的潜在影响,必要时制定合理的控制措施。
生产中除需界定关键工艺步骤并确定关键工艺参数范围外,还应对中间产品进行合理控制,建议将涂布前胶液(如性状、黏度、含量均一性、气泡残留、微生物限度等)、涂布干燥后的药膜(如外观、单位面积膜剂质量控制、拉断力、弯折实验、水分、有关物质等)等作为中间产品控制。同时为进一步保证产品质量,可根据产品特点,建立有效的过程控制,如涂布前胶液的可放置时间和放置温度;涂布干燥工序需要关注胶液是否均匀、是否有气泡,涂布膜片是否光洁均匀;切割工序需要关注膜片性状、尺寸、膜片质量检查等;内包装工序进行热合密封性的考察。
另外,还需对中间产品存放时限进行研究(如胶液配制结束至涂布结束时间、胶液静置存放时间、涂布结束至剪切包装时间等)。
原料药直接影响制剂的质量,对原料药的质量控制尤为重要,应对可能影响口溶膜剂CQA的原料药理化性质进行分析,如:晶型、粒度、粒度分布及口感等。FDA[7]和欧洲药品监管机构首脑会(Heads of Medicines Agencies,HMA)[18]的审评报告显示,昂丹司琼原料应符合美国药典(United States Pharmacopoeia,USP)中盐酸昂丹司琼质量标准[10],主要质控项有性状、鉴别、水分、炽灼残渣、有关物质、杂质D、氯化物、含量,还应根据需要对重金属、比旋度、残留溶剂、晶型等进行控制。有文献[20]表明,膜剂中药物的结晶状态是影响其质量的重要因素,药物结晶的形成会降低制剂中药物经黏膜透过量,影响药物溶出,降低吸收效率。昂丹司琼为多晶型药物,研究时需关注制备过程中发生转晶的可能,需提供晶型稳定性研究资料。另外,原料药粒度对产品质量有较大的影响,当原料为低溶解度药物(如生物药剂学分类系统,Biopharmaceutics classification system,BCS Ⅱ类或Ⅳ类),且在药液中处于混悬状态,原料药粒径可能是影响膜剂质量的重要指标,如可能影响分散均匀性和产品溶出度等,应结合粒径对制剂特性(如外观、溶出度等)、生产工艺(如分散均匀性、存放稳定性)等的影响,考虑制定合理的原料药粒径控制范围。昂丹司琼在水中溶解性不好,当制剂制备过程中原料药呈分散状态时,应结合处方工艺的研究情况、制剂质量等对原料药粒径进行充分研究并根据研究结果制定合理的粒径控制范围。
口溶膜制剂开发中辅料也起着重要作用,如常用的成膜材料为水溶性聚合物,有聚乙烯醇、纤维素类及丙烯酸树脂类等,成膜材料的功能性指标(如黏度、水分、成膜性、抗拉强度等),不仅对膜剂的生产工艺有影响,而且对制剂的质量(如溶化时限、溶出曲线、拉伸强度等)也会产生重要影响,需通过研究拟定合理的内控标准。辅料中的杂质也可能引发安全性风险或对产品稳定性产生影响。辅料的选择还应考虑到可能引起毒性和局部刺激性等。通常所选用辅料的质量标准,应不低于现行《中国药典》2020年版的要求。另外,口溶膜生产过程中使用到的离型膜,虽然在成品中已去除,但在生产过程中与药液接触,可能在干燥过程中迁移出有害物质,研究中建议对离型膜的材质、型号进行选择,并制定合理的内控标准。
在包装材料选择方面,由于膜剂易吸潮,所用的包装材料应具有良好的密封性,能够有效防止污染和水分进入,且不得与原料药或成膜材料发生作用。
口溶膜的质量评价主要分为物理(机械性能)评价及制剂学评价两个方面(表3),在建立质量标准时通常结合药典收载情况和制剂特性等来拟定适宜的项目,并制定合理的控制限度。欧洲药典(European Pharmacopoeia,EP)和USP均要求膜剂具备适当的机械性能(包括拉伸强度等)。昂丹司琼口溶膜(Zuplenz)FDA药学审评报告[7]显示质量标准包括性状、鉴别、含量、水分、含量均匀度、溶出度、有关物质和微生物限度等。国家药典委员会发布关于征求《中国药典》2020年版丸剂和膜剂通则修订草案公开征求意见[10]中对膜剂在生产与贮藏期间的要求进行修订,增加了口感、口腔黏膜刺激性、水分、机械性能、微生物限度、溶出度、含量均匀度及残留溶剂方面的要求,其中口感评价的研究方法可借鉴国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心发布的《儿童用药口感设计与评价的技术指导原则(试行)》[21]的开发思路。
与普通片剂相比,口溶膜的溶出相对较快,原研Zuplenz®[7]在舌头上平均10 s溶解,4~21 s内全部溶解,溶出度和溶化时限控制是口溶膜制剂的关键质量指标。USP、日本药典(Japanese Pharmacopoeia,JP)和EP均规定膜剂应以合适的方法测定药物的溶出度。进行溶出度控制时应关注溶出装置选择、溶出限度等,目前口溶膜制剂的溶出度试验方法常见的包括桨法、篮法、桨碟法和流通池法等。根据文献[17]口溶膜的溶出实验使用了桨法加沉降装置,防止口溶膜的漂浮或沉降,然而使用沉降篮时样品有时可能发生折叠或弯曲,美国上市的昂丹司琼口溶膜则使用了USP V法:桨碟法(不锈钢网碟)[22]。研究者可参考已有剂型的溶出度方法,结合剂型特点,优选合适的溶出装置和溶出度检查方法,合理制定溶出度检查方法和限度要求。口溶膜在口腔中快速溶化,而溶化时限是影响口溶膜制剂质量及用药依从性的重要指标,为保证产品质量并保证口溶膜具有较好的口感等[23],建议对溶化时限进行必要的研究,应模拟临床使用方法建立可行的溶化时限检查方法(采用少量溶剂,如培养皿法[24]、膜湿润质量法等),并与参比制剂进行比较,同时还要结合临床使用中在受试者口腔中的溶化时间,来支持所采用方法及限度的合理性。
另外,质量研究中还需关注生物学特性的评价,常见的评价指标如刺激性、黏附性等[2],需特别关注口溶膜在口腔的停留时间、对口腔黏膜的刺激性等。
样品的工艺验证批量应与生物等效性(Bioequivalence,BE)批、商业化生产批量一致,并满足《化学仿制药注册批生产规模的一般性要求》中的相关要求[25]。如有特殊原因,不能满足相关要求,建议申报前与监管机构进行沟通。
工艺验证至少为连续3批商业批规模,应包括可能的最差工艺条件,如停机再开机、更换离型膜时生产中的干预、偏差情况可能产生的影响等。在工艺验证中,还应关注工艺参数和中间产品质量数据的积累,如药液黏度、气泡情况、涂布均匀性及精度控制、存放稳定性等,为过程控制和中间产品控制提供依据,以保证拟定生产工艺的稳健性。
在进行稳定性研究时,通常参照人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会(International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use,ICH)相关指导原则进行,需结合剂型特点拟定合理的考察条件,选择适当的考察指标,除常规的性状、含量、有关物质、溶化时限、溶出度(溶出曲线)、微生物限度外,建议增加对水分、膜剂相关质量指标(如撕裂强度、柔韧性)的考察。同时,因口溶膜易变形,还应采用适当的方法模拟在运输、储存、随身携带(可能有跌落、褶皱等情况)等过程中可能受到的外力对药膜完整性的影响,对可能的膜片碎裂进行考察[26]
昂丹司琼口溶膜FDA临床审评报告[7]表明,Zuplenz按505b(2)申报上市,以口崩片为参比制剂。昂丹司琼口溶膜FDA CHEMISTRY REVIEW(S) [27]显示昂丹司琼口溶膜(Zuplenz)上市时未对4 mg规格产品进行生物等效性研究,主要是基于4 mg规格与8 mg规格处方组成比例,仅薄膜尺寸不同,同时结合溶出数据,FDA审评员建议接受4 mg规格产品豁免BE试验。在仿制制剂开发时,如涉及多规格豁免BE试验时,建议参照《以药动学参数为终点评价指标的化学药物仿制药人体生物等效性研究技术指导原则》[28]等要求开展药学相关研究工作。
恶心、呕吐是肿瘤药物治疗的最常见不良反应,影响患者的生活质量,严重的恶心呕吐还可能导致功能性活动受限、脱水电解质紊乱、自理能力下降、治疗耐受性降低等严重后果[1,4-5]。昂丹司琼口溶膜大大提高了患者依从性,有良好的临床治疗效果和安全性,为临床提供更多的治疗选择。
本研究主要参考昂丹司琼口溶膜FDA、欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)等公开的审评报告并结合膜剂特点,探讨处方工艺设计时应关注的重点,以CQA(如适宜的溶化时限和溶出曲线、良好的机械强度等)为考察指标进行辅料(如成膜剂、增塑剂等)用量和种类的筛选,并根据原料药的特点合理设计处方。参考各国药典要求对口溶膜制剂的质量研究内容进行了总结,重点关注溶化时限和溶出度方法的选择;在稳定性研究时应结合处方工艺、包装材料、贮存条件等选择适宜的放置条件并模拟最差条件,对CQA进行考察。研究者可参考昂丹司琼口溶膜的研究思路,同时基于产品特点和研发过程中其他可能的风险来源,进行综合的风险评估,根据ICH Q8等加强源头和过程控制,同时基于质量源于设计的理念,确定膜剂的主要研究内容。
本文仅代表作者观点,不代表药审中心观点或政策。
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.013
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
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    1 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100022
    2 沈阳药科大学, 辽宁 本溪 117004

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* 田洁,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药物分析 Tel:(010)68586539
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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