Article(id=1193548059490612215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)05-0507-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.05.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762493632433, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762493632433, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762493632433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493632433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193548058421064688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='441', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762493632178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493856082, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=507, endPage=514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193548059666772984, articleId=1193548059490612215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Pharmacogenetics-Based Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Rosuvastatin in Chinese Patients with Hyperlipidemia: Effects of BCRP Polymorphism and Renal Function, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To establish a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for rosuvastatin and investigate the effects of demographic data, clinical characteristics, and genetic polymorphisms (ABCG2, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, SLCO10A1, ABCB1, CYP2C9) on its PK parameters in Chinese population. METHODS A total of 944 steady-state concentration data were collected from 944 patients with hyperlipidemia. UPLC-MS/MS was used to determine the plasma concentration of rosuvastatin. DNA was extracted and measured for concentration, and the Sequenom MassArray technology platform was utilized for genetic typing. Eventually a population PK model was established with non-linear mixed-effects modeling software (NONMEM). RESULTS The population estimates for the apparent clearance, apparent volume of distribution and absorption rate constant were 253 L·h-1, 1 810 L and 0.318 h-1, respectively. The datasets were best described by a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. The steady-state concentration of rosuvastatin increased as estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) decreased and the variant allele for rs2199936 increased, under the same dosage regimen. Carrying one or two variant alleles for the ABCG2 rs2199936 showed a decrease of 32.6% and 53.2% in apparent clearance relative to the value in individuals without the variant allele. CONCLUSION Both ABCG2 rs2199936 and the eGFR were found to be significant covariates for apparent clearance. The results suggest that Chinese individuals with renal impairment and one or two variant alleles for the rs21999336 polymorphism (ABCG2) who are undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) should avoid high doses of rosuvastatin.

, correspAuthors=Xue BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shihan ZHAO, Changcheng SHENG, Yu CHEN, Juehui MAO, Cailin TANG, Weikang HUANG, Yanyan ZHANG, Xue BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193548287287455857, articleId=1193548059490612215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于ABCG2基因多态性和肾功能的瑞舒伐他汀群体药动学研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 本研究旨在建立瑞舒伐他汀在中国高脂血症患者中的群体药动学(PPK)模型,并探讨人口学数据、临床特征和基因多态性(ABCG2SLCO1B1SLCO1B3SLCO10A1ABCB1CYP2C9)对该药的药动学参数的影响。方法 收集944例患者的944个稳态血药浓度数据,使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定瑞舒伐他汀的血浆浓度,提取DNA并测定浓度,利用Sequenom Mass Array技术平台进行基因分型,最终采用非线性混合效应模型软件(NONMEM)建立模型。结果 清除率、表观分布容积和口服吸收常数的群体典型值分别为253 L·h-1、1 810 L和0.318 h-1。在相同的剂量下,随着估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的降低和rs2199936突变位点的增加,瑞舒伐他汀的稳态浓度升高。携带ABCG2 rs2199936的1个和2个突变位点的个体,其清除率相对于无突变的个体分别降低了32.6%和53.2%。结论 ABCG2 rs2199936和eGFR是显著影响瑞舒伐他汀清除率的协变量。对于携带rs2199936突变基因及肾功能不全的患者,应避免使用高剂量瑞舒伐他汀,特别是接受冠状动脉造影的患者。

, correspAuthors=白雪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 白雪,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:药物代谢与药物基因组学 Tel:(0851)85926892
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赵诗晗,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物代谢与药物基因组学

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赵诗晗,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物代谢与药物基因组学

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赵诗晗,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物代谢与药物基因组学

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Curr Med Res Opin, 2008, 24(9): 2575-2585., articleTitle=Population pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin: implications of renal impairment, race, and dyslipidaemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344043880977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=33, issue=6, pageStart=1082, pageEnd=1087, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=AOYAMA T, OMORI T, WATABE S, journalName=Biol Pharm Bull, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AOYAMA T, OMORI T, WATABE S, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of rosuvastatin using an extension of the indirect response model by incorporating a circadian rhythm[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2010, 33(6): 1082-1087., articleTitle=Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of rosuvastatin using an extension of the indirect response model by incorporating a circadian rhythm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344106795538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=60, issue=3, pageStart=379, pageEnd=390, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=COURLET P, GUIDI M, ALVES SALDANHA S, journalName=Clin Pharmacokinet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=COURLET P, GUIDI M, ALVES SALDANHA S, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling to describe the cholesterol lowering effect of rosuvastatin in people living with HIV[J]. 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Clin Chim Acta, 2006, 373(1/2): 99-103., articleTitle=Role of BCRP 421C>A polymorphism on rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in healthy Chinese males, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344337482260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=83, issue=2, pageStart=251, pageEnd=257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=CHOI J H, LEE M G, CHO J Y, journalName=Clin Pharmacol Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHOI J H, LEE M G, CHO J Y, et al. Influence of OATP1B1 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in Koreans[J]. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2008, 83(2): 251-257., articleTitle=Influence of OATP1B1 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in Koreans, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344417174037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=14, issue=11, pageStart=1283, pageEnd=1294, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=LEE H K, HU M, LUI S, journalName=Pharmacogenomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE H K, HU M, LUI S, et al. Effects of polymorphisms in ABCG2, SLCO1B1, SLC10A1 and CYP2C9/19 on plasma concentrations of rosuvastatin and lipid response in Chinese patients[J]. Pharmacogenomics, 2013, 14(11): 1283-1294., articleTitle=Effects of polymorphisms in ABCG2, SLCO1B1, SLC10A1 and CYP2C9/19 on plasma concentrations of rosuvastatin and lipid response in Chinese patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344475894294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=86, issue=2, pageStart=197, pageEnd=203, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=KESKITALO J E, ZOLK O, FROMM M F, journalName=Clin Pharmacol Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KESKITALO J E, ZOLK O, FROMM M F, et al. ABCG2 polymorphism markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin[J]. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2009, 86(2): 197-203., articleTitle=ABCG2 polymorphism markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344610112023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=3, pageStart=501, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=SONG Y, LIM H H, YEE J, journalName=Pharmaceutics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Y, LIM H H, YEE J, et al. The association between ABCG2 421C>A (rs2231142) polymorphism and rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics: asystematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14(3):501. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030501., articleTitle=The association between ABCG2 421C>A (rs2231142) polymorphism and rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics: asystematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344673026584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=5, issue=2, pageStart=257, pageEnd=264, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=CHASMAN D I, GIULIANINI F, MACFADYEN J, journalName=Circ Cardiovasc Genet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHASMAN D I, GIULIANINI F, MACFADYEN J, et al. Genetic determinants of statin-induced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction: the justification for the use of statins in prevention: an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial[J]. 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J Clin Pharmacol, 2002, 42(8): 835-845., articleTitle=Pharmacology of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), including rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344874353178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=22, issue=6, pageStart=583, pageEnd=592, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=CHUNG Y H, LEE Y C, CHANG C H, journalName=Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHUNG Y H, LEE Y C, CHANG C H, et al. Statins of high versus low cholesterol-lowering efficacy and the development of severe renal failure[J]. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2013, 22(6): 583-592., articleTitle=Statins of high versus low cholesterol-lowering efficacy and the development of severe renal failure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576344937267739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=5, issue=3, pageStart=111, pageEnd=115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=NASRI H, HASANPOUR Z, NEMATBAKHSH M, journalName=J Nephropathol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NASRI H, HASANPOUR Z, NEMATBAKHSH M, et al. The effect of the various doses of atorvastatin on renal tubular cells; an experimental study[J]. J Nephropathol, 2016, 5(3): 111-115., articleTitle=The effect of the various doses of atorvastatin on renal tubular cells; an experimental study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576345004376604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=427, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=CAI L, BAI X, LEI H, journalName=Front Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAI L, BAI X, LEI H, et al. High plasma exposure of statins associated with increased risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2018, 9: 427. 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articleId=1193548059490612215, companyId=1193576337446240680, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院, 贵阳 550009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1193576337534321068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193576337546903981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, companyId=1193576337534321068, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193576337555292591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, companyId=1193576337534321068, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 中国药科大学基础医学与临床药学学院, 南京 211198)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1193576340608745958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Goodness-of-fit plots

A-observation versus individual prediction (DV vs IPRED); B-observation versus population prediction (DV vs PRED); C-condition weighted residual versus population prediction (CWRES vs PRED); D-condition weighted residual versus estimated glomerular filtration rate (CWRES vs eGFR).

, figureFileSmall=eguo4LLZxM306DA+kQZYAA==, figureFileBig=cw5fQ7XB0ms79dADHUpoGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576340675854823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=图1, caption=最终模型拟合优度图

A-观测值对个体预测值(DV vs IPRED);B-观测值对群体预测值(DV vs PRED);C-条件加权残差对群体预测值(CWRES vs PRED);D-条件加权残差对估算肾小球滤过率(CWRES vs eGFR)。

, figureFileSmall=eguo4LLZxM306DA+kQZYAA==, figureFileBig=cw5fQ7XB0ms79dADHUpoGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576340751352296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Graphics of normalized prediction distribution errors (NPDE)

A-Q-Q plot of NPDE; B-histogram of NPDE; C-scatter of NPDE versus eGFR; D-scatter of NPDE versus PRED.

, figureFileSmall=z9uoyTcxQ1MVUeKFuKkFug==, figureFileBig=5RXx2M7kuTgUyzFrBRUcBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576340805878249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=图2, caption=正态化预测分布误差(NPDE)验证图

A-NPDE Q-Q图;B-NPDE直方图;C-NPDE对eGFR散点图;D-NPDE对群体预测值散点图。

, figureFileSmall=z9uoyTcxQ1MVUeKFuKkFug==, figureFileBig=5RXx2M7kuTgUyzFrBRUcBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576340877181418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The superimposed plot of rosuvastatin steady-state concentration and the alert threshold for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in different simulated scenarios

Dark blue points and horizontal lines-the mean of simulated steady-state concentrations and 95% CI; Vertical line-the best cutoff point as the concentration threshold for alerting the risk of CI-AKI occurrence (2.88 ng·mL-1).

, figureFileSmall=vSfNvjOSH4o9FN+WBVn2ZQ==, figureFileBig=DMnSsy47kZ82wOedbw1EGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576341023982059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同模拟场景的瑞舒伐他汀稳态浓度与造影剂引起急性肾损伤预警阈值的叠加图

深蓝色点和水平线-模拟稳态浓度平均值和95% CI;红色虚线-预警造影剂诱导急性肾损伤发生风险的浓度阈值最佳截断点(2.88 ng · mL-1)。

, figureFileSmall=vSfNvjOSH4o9FN+WBVn2ZQ==, figureFileBig=DMnSsy47kZ82wOedbw1EGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576341086896620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Patients data for rosuvastatin clinical study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristic n(%) or
Mean±SD
Median Range
Demographic data
Total number 944
Rosuvastatin concentrations/ng·mL-1 4.10±3.44 3.09 0.1-19.65
Age/years 63.05 24.6-90.6
Sex Male 673(71.29)
Female 271(28.71)
Dosage/mg 5 19(2.00)
10 832(88.14)
20 93(9.86)
Biochemical measurements
SCR/μmol·L-1 85.93±39.92 80 10.11-520.3
ALT/U·L-1 30.21±24.15 23 6-251
AST/U·L-1 30.22±22.61 24 10.4-227
eGFR/mL·min-1·1.73 m-2 82.69±24.77 85 6-241
Medication
β-blockers Yes 803(85.06)
No 141(14.94)
ACEIs Yes 493(52.22)
No 451(47.78)
CCBs Yes 270(28.60)
No 674(71.40)
PPIs Yes 485(51.38)
No 459(48.62)
Clopidogrel Yes 912(96.61)
No 32(3.39)
Aspirin Yes 898(95.13)
No 46(4.87)
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341162394093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

瑞舒伐他汀临床研究患者数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristic n(%) or
Mean±SD
Median Range
Demographic data
Total number 944
Rosuvastatin concentrations/ng·mL-1 4.10±3.44 3.09 0.1-19.65
Age/years 63.05 24.6-90.6
Sex Male 673(71.29)
Female 271(28.71)
Dosage/mg 5 19(2.00)
10 832(88.14)
20 93(9.86)
Biochemical measurements
SCR/μmol·L-1 85.93±39.92 80 10.11-520.3
ALT/U·L-1 30.21±24.15 23 6-251
AST/U·L-1 30.22±22.61 24 10.4-227
eGFR/mL·min-1·1.73 m-2 82.69±24.77 85 6-241
Medication
β-blockers Yes 803(85.06)
No 141(14.94)
ACEIs Yes 493(52.22)
No 451(47.78)
CCBs Yes 270(28.60)
No 674(71.40)
PPIs Yes 485(51.38)
No 459(48.62)
Clopidogrel Yes 912(96.61)
No 32(3.39)
Aspirin Yes 898(95.13)
No 46(4.87)
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341271445998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Genotyping and gene frequency distribution of rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics related genes in patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genes SNPs Allele
change
Frequency,n(%) P
WW WV VV Missing
SLCO1B1 rs4149056 T→C 726(76.90) 147(15.57) 71(7.53) 0(0) <0.001
rs4363657 T→C 255(27.01) 467(49.47) 213(22.56) 9(0.96) 0.77
rs2306283 A→G 543(57.52) 333(35.28) 58(6.14) 10(1.06) 0.40
SLCO1B3 rs7311358 G→A 481(50.95) 367(38.98) 80(8.47) 16(1.60) 0.28
SLCO10A1*2 rs2296651 C→T 749(79.34) 178(18.85) 15(1.59) 2(0.22) 0.24
ABCG2 rs2231142 C→A 448(47.46) 402(42.58) 94(9.96) 0(0) 0.78
rs2199936 G→A 448(47.46) 404(42.80) 92(9.74) 0(0) 0.95
ABCB1 rs1045642 A→G 364(38.56) 450(47.67) 129(13.67) 1(0.10) 0.59
CYP2C9*3 rs1057910 A→C 894(94.70) 50(5.30) 0(0) 0(0) 0.40
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341359526383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

患者瑞舒伐他汀药动学相关基因的基因分型及基因频率分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genes SNPs Allele
change
Frequency,n(%) P
WW WV VV Missing
SLCO1B1 rs4149056 T→C 726(76.90) 147(15.57) 71(7.53) 0(0) <0.001
rs4363657 T→C 255(27.01) 467(49.47) 213(22.56) 9(0.96) 0.77
rs2306283 A→G 543(57.52) 333(35.28) 58(6.14) 10(1.06) 0.40
SLCO1B3 rs7311358 G→A 481(50.95) 367(38.98) 80(8.47) 16(1.60) 0.28
SLCO10A1*2 rs2296651 C→T 749(79.34) 178(18.85) 15(1.59) 2(0.22) 0.24
ABCG2 rs2231142 C→A 448(47.46) 402(42.58) 94(9.96) 0(0) 0.78
rs2199936 G→A 448(47.46) 404(42.80) 92(9.74) 0(0) 0.95
ABCB1 rs1045642 A→G 364(38.56) 450(47.67) 129(13.67) 1(0.10) 0.59
CYP2C9*3 rs1057910 A→C 894(94.70) 50(5.30) 0(0) 0(0) 0.40
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341460189680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The effect of covariates on rosuvastatin pharmacokinetic parameters was investigated by stepwise regression

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Covariates OFV ΔOFV
Base model 2 772.137 -
Forward inclusion
Age on CL/F 2 743.863 -28.274
SCR on CL/F 2 764.177 -7.96
eGFR on CL/F 2 746.91 -25.227
Clopidogrel on CL/F 2 764.767 -7.37
rs2199936 on CL/F 2 689.789 -82.348
rs2231142 on CL/F 2 692.13 -80.007
rs4149056 on CL/F 2 764.439 -7.698
Backward elimination
eGFR on CL/F 2 689.789 28.769
rs2199936 on CL/F 2 746.91 85.89
Final model
rs2199936 and eGFR on CL/F 2 661.02 -111.117
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341535687153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

逐步回归法探究协变量对瑞舒伐他汀药动学参数影响的结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Covariates OFV ΔOFV
Base model 2 772.137 -
Forward inclusion
Age on CL/F 2 743.863 -28.274
SCR on CL/F 2 764.177 -7.96
eGFR on CL/F 2 746.91 -25.227
Clopidogrel on CL/F 2 764.767 -7.37
rs2199936 on CL/F 2 689.789 -82.348
rs2231142 on CL/F 2 692.13 -80.007
rs4149056 on CL/F 2 764.439 -7.698
Backward elimination
eGFR on CL/F 2 689.789 28.769
rs2199936 on CL/F 2 746.91 85.89
Final model
rs2199936 and eGFR on CL/F 2 661.02 -111.117
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341598601714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of the final model for rosuvastatin and Bootstrap evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Estimate
(% RSE)
Shrinkage
/%
Bootstrap result
Median CI (5%,95%)
CL/F/L·h-1 253(5%) - 251.314 231.14,273.24
V/F/L 1 810(15%) - 1 742.39 1 320.49,2 256.93
ka/h-1 0.318(15%) - 0.315 0.22,0.40
eGFR on CL/F 0.405(18%) - 0.399 0.277,0.522
Effect of rs2199936
WV on CL/F -0.326(12%) - -0.319 -0.381,-0.259
VV on CL/F -0.532(8%) - -0.510 -0.576,-0.433
IIV on CL/F(% CV) 0.544(8%) 6 0.539 0.457,0.619
Proportional error 0.1(fixed) 57 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341690876403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

瑞舒伐他汀最终模型参数估算和Bootstrap验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Estimate
(% RSE)
Shrinkage
/%
Bootstrap result
Median CI (5%,95%)
CL/F/L·h-1 253(5%) - 251.314 231.14,273.24
V/F/L 1 810(15%) - 1 742.39 1 320.49,2 256.93
ka/h-1 0.318(15%) - 0.315 0.22,0.40
eGFR on CL/F 0.405(18%) - 0.399 0.277,0.522
Effect of rs2199936
WV on CL/F -0.326(12%) - -0.319 -0.381,-0.259
VV on CL/F -0.532(8%) - -0.510 -0.576,-0.433
IIV on CL/F(% CV) 0.544(8%) 6 0.539 0.457,0.619
Proportional error 0.1(fixed) 57 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341770568180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Simulated the steady-state concentration of rosuvastatin at different oral doses in patients with different renal function and genotype. ng·mL-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Dose/mL·min-1·1.73 m-2
eGFR genotypes
5 mg·d-1(Mean,95%CI) 10 mg·d-1(Mean,95%CI)
WW WV VV WW WV VV
200 0.737 (0.716-0.757) 1.05(1.02-1.07) 1.41(1.37-1.45) 1.47(1.43-1.51) 2.09(2.04-2.15) 2.82(2.75-2.89)
150 0.865 (0.839-0.891) 1.23(1.19-1.27) 1.66(1.61-1.71) 1.73(1.68-1.78) 2.46(2.39-2.53) 3.32(3.22-3.42)
120 0.934(0.908-0.959) 1.33(1.29-1.36) 1.80(1.75-1.84) 1.87(1.82-1.92) 2.66(2.59-2.73) 3.59(3.50-3.69)
90 1.04(1.01-1.07) 1.48(1.44-1.52) 2.00(1.95-2.06) 2.08(2.02-2.13) 2.96(2.88-3.04) 4.01(3.90-4.11)
60 1.20(1.17-1.24) 1.72(1.67-1.77) 2.33(2.26-2.40) 2.40(2.33-2.47) 3.43(3.33-3.53) 4.66(4.53-4.80)
30 1.51(1.47-1.55) 2.17(2.10-2.23) 2.95(2.87-3.04) 3.02(2.94-3.11) 4.33(4.21-4.46) 5.90(5.73-6.08)
), ArticleFig(id=1193576341846065653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548059490612215, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

模拟不同肾功能和基因型的患者口服不同剂量瑞舒伐他汀的稳态浓度。ng·mL-1

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Dose/mL·min-1·1.73 m-2
eGFR genotypes
5 mg·d-1(Mean,95%CI) 10 mg·d-1(Mean,95%CI)
WW WV VV WW WV VV
200 0.737 (0.716-0.757) 1.05(1.02-1.07) 1.41(1.37-1.45) 1.47(1.43-1.51) 2.09(2.04-2.15) 2.82(2.75-2.89)
150 0.865 (0.839-0.891) 1.23(1.19-1.27) 1.66(1.61-1.71) 1.73(1.68-1.78) 2.46(2.39-2.53) 3.32(3.22-3.42)
120 0.934(0.908-0.959) 1.33(1.29-1.36) 1.80(1.75-1.84) 1.87(1.82-1.92) 2.66(2.59-2.73) 3.59(3.50-3.69)
90 1.04(1.01-1.07) 1.48(1.44-1.52) 2.00(1.95-2.06) 2.08(2.02-2.13) 2.96(2.88-3.04) 4.01(3.90-4.11)
60 1.20(1.17-1.24) 1.72(1.67-1.77) 2.33(2.26-2.40) 2.40(2.33-2.47) 3.43(3.33-3.53) 4.66(4.53-4.80)
30 1.51(1.47-1.55) 2.17(2.10-2.23) 2.95(2.87-3.04) 3.02(2.94-3.11) 4.33(4.21-4.46) 5.90(5.73-6.08)
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基于ABCG2基因多态性和肾功能的瑞舒伐他汀群体药动学研究
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赵诗晗 1, 2 , 盛长城 2 , 陈宇 2, 3 , 冒觉蕙 4 , 唐才林 2 , 黄伟康 1, 2 , 张彦燕 1 , 白雪 1, 2, 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(5): 507-514
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(5): 507-514
基于ABCG2基因多态性和肾功能的瑞舒伐他汀群体药动学研究
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赵诗晗1, 2, 盛长城2, 陈宇2, 3, 冒觉蕙4, 唐才林2, 黄伟康1, 2, 张彦燕1, 白雪1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 贵州医科大学药学院, 贵阳 550004
  • 2 贵州省人民医院药剂科, 贵阳 550002
  • 3 上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院, 贵阳 550009
  • 4 中国药科大学基础医学与临床药学学院, 南京 211198
  • 赵诗晗,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物代谢与药物基因组学

通讯作者:

* 白雪,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:药物代谢与药物基因组学 Tel:(0851)85926892
Pharmacogenetics-Based Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Rosuvastatin in Chinese Patients with Hyperlipidemia: Effects of BCRP Polymorphism and Renal Function
Shihan ZHAO1, 2, Changcheng SHENG2, Yu CHEN2, 3, Juehui MAO4, Cailin TANG2, Weikang HUANG1, 2, Yanyan ZHANG1, Xue BAI1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
  • 2 Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
  • 3 Guizhou Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Guiyang 550009, China
  • 4 School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.008
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目的 本研究旨在建立瑞舒伐他汀在中国高脂血症患者中的群体药动学(PPK)模型,并探讨人口学数据、临床特征和基因多态性(ABCG2SLCO1B1SLCO1B3SLCO10A1ABCB1CYP2C9)对该药的药动学参数的影响。方法 收集944例患者的944个稳态血药浓度数据,使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定瑞舒伐他汀的血浆浓度,提取DNA并测定浓度,利用Sequenom Mass Array技术平台进行基因分型,最终采用非线性混合效应模型软件(NONMEM)建立模型。结果 清除率、表观分布容积和口服吸收常数的群体典型值分别为253 L·h-1、1 810 L和0.318 h-1。在相同的剂量下,随着估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的降低和rs2199936突变位点的增加,瑞舒伐他汀的稳态浓度升高。携带ABCG2 rs2199936的1个和2个突变位点的个体,其清除率相对于无突变的个体分别降低了32.6%和53.2%。结论 ABCG2 rs2199936和eGFR是显著影响瑞舒伐他汀清除率的协变量。对于携带rs2199936突变基因及肾功能不全的患者,应避免使用高剂量瑞舒伐他汀,特别是接受冠状动脉造影的患者。

ABCG2基因  /  瑞舒伐他汀  /  群体药动学  /  中国人群  /  非线性混合效应模型软件

OBJECTIVE To establish a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for rosuvastatin and investigate the effects of demographic data, clinical characteristics, and genetic polymorphisms (ABCG2, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, SLCO10A1, ABCB1, CYP2C9) on its PK parameters in Chinese population. METHODS A total of 944 steady-state concentration data were collected from 944 patients with hyperlipidemia. UPLC-MS/MS was used to determine the plasma concentration of rosuvastatin. DNA was extracted and measured for concentration, and the Sequenom MassArray technology platform was utilized for genetic typing. Eventually a population PK model was established with non-linear mixed-effects modeling software (NONMEM). RESULTS The population estimates for the apparent clearance, apparent volume of distribution and absorption rate constant were 253 L·h-1, 1 810 L and 0.318 h-1, respectively. The datasets were best described by a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. The steady-state concentration of rosuvastatin increased as estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) decreased and the variant allele for rs2199936 increased, under the same dosage regimen. Carrying one or two variant alleles for the ABCG2 rs2199936 showed a decrease of 32.6% and 53.2% in apparent clearance relative to the value in individuals without the variant allele. CONCLUSION Both ABCG2 rs2199936 and the eGFR were found to be significant covariates for apparent clearance. The results suggest that Chinese individuals with renal impairment and one or two variant alleles for the rs21999336 polymorphism (ABCG2) who are undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) should avoid high doses of rosuvastatin.

gene ABCG2  /  rosuvastatin  /  population pharmacokinetics  /  Chinese population  /  non-linear mixed-effects modeling software
赵诗晗, 盛长城, 陈宇, 冒觉蕙, 唐才林, 黄伟康, 张彦燕, 白雪. 基于ABCG2基因多态性和肾功能的瑞舒伐他汀群体药动学研究. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (5) : 507 -514 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.008
Shihan ZHAO, Changcheng SHENG, Yu CHEN, Juehui MAO, Cailin TANG, Weikang HUANG, Yanyan ZHANG, Xue BAI. Pharmacogenetics-Based Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Rosuvastatin in Chinese Patients with Hyperlipidemia: Effects of BCRP Polymorphism and Renal Function[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (5) : 507 -514 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.008
瑞舒伐他汀作为一种常用的他汀类药物,能有效降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,对于冠状动脉疾病(coronary artery disease,CAD)的一级和二级预防具有重要作用[1-2]。它主要与白蛋白结合,仅10%通过细胞色素P450酶代谢,因此药物相互作用的风险较低[3]。瑞舒伐他汀主要通过粪便排泄,10%通过肾脏排泄。约90%的瑞舒伐他汀以原型形式抑制羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A(hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A,HMG-CoA)还原酶的活性,并随粪便排出[4]。瑞舒伐他汀在肝脏的吸收主要依赖于有机阴离子转运多肽1B1(organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1,OATP1B1)[5],而其吸收过程受到乳腺癌耐药蛋白(breast cancer resistance protein,BCRP)的调节[6]
尽管大多数患者能良好地耐受他汀类药物,但据观察性研究结果表明约有10%~15%的他汀类药物使用者会出现从轻微肌肉痛到严重肌肉症状的肌肉相关副作用[7]。普遍认为,他汀类药物诱导的肌肉相关病症是一个依赖于高血浆暴露量的不良事件,他汀及其代谢物的遗传因素起着关键作用[7-9]
SLCO1B1(OATP1B1)和ABCG2(BCRP)的基因多态性被认为是瑞舒伐他汀暴露量变异的最重要遗传因素[10-11]。携带SLCO1B1 521T>C(rs4149056)和ABCG2 421C>A(rs2231142)突变位点的个体与野生型纯合子相比,瑞舒伐他汀的暴露量显著升高[11-12]。种族也被认为是影响瑞舒伐他汀药动学(pharmacokinetic,PK)的重要因素,研究表明亚洲受试者的血浆暴露量约为高加索人受试者的2倍,推荐的服用剂量也仅为高加索人的一半[12-14]
目前,大多数关于他汀类药物的群体药动学(population pharmacokinetic,PPK)研究都集中在阿托伐他汀[15-19],对瑞舒伐他汀的研究有限。已发表的瑞舒伐他汀PPK模型主要涉及高加索人群,针对亚洲人群的研究较少,未全面将与瑞舒伐他汀相关的PK基因多态性纳入PPK研究[20-22]。本研究旨在结合人口学数据、临床特征和基因多态性多方面数据,使用非线性混合效应建模软件(NONMEM)建立中国人群的瑞舒伐他汀PPK模型,为其临床的安全使用,减少不良反应提供参考。
本研究数据来自贵州省人民医院和广东省人民医院使用瑞舒伐他汀进行高脂血症治疗的患者。排除标准为:①年龄<18岁;②无连续7 d以上口服瑞舒伐他汀片;③肾移植或透析;④肝功能不全(定义为肝酶水平高于正常上限3倍)或诊断为肝硬化;⑤孕妇和哺乳期妇女;⑥晚期癌症;⑦瑞舒伐他汀检测浓度低于定量下限。
数据包括人口统计学和临床资料,如年龄(age)、性别(sex)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCR)、估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)、合并用药史。
入组患者每晚睡前口服5、10或20 mg的瑞舒伐他汀(商品名:可定,阿斯利康制药有限公司)。收集患者末次给药后10 h的静脉血3 mL置于含EDTA抗凝管中。样品立即在4 ℃下3 000×g离心10 min,分离上层血浆于1.5 mL无酶EP管中,置于-80 ℃冰箱储存待血药浓度测定。本研究获得了贵州省人民医院(伦理批号:伦理〔2020〕-20号)和广东省人民医院(伦理批号:粤医科伦理 2017071H 号)伦理委员会的批准。所有参与患者或其家属均签署知情同意书。
当患者的eGFR<90 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2时,则判断该患者肾功能不全。通过2009年慢性肾脏病流行病学合作研究(CKD-EPI)公式公式1进行eGFR的计算。
eGFR=a×(SCR/b)c×(0.993)age
女性:a=144,b=0.7,SCR≤62 μmol·L-1,c=-0.329,SCR>62 μmol·L-1,c=-1.209;男性:a=141,b=0.9,SCR≤80 μmol·L-1,c=-0.411,SCR>80 μmol·L-1,c=-1.209。
eGFR的单位为mL·min-1·1.73 m-2;SCR的单位为μmol·L-1
采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定瑞舒伐他汀的血浆浓度。色谱柱:Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3(3.0 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm),柱温:40 ℃,流动相:水相为体积分数0.1%甲酸水,有机相为乙腈,流速:0.3 mL·min-1。瑞舒伐他汀的检测离子对质荷比:m/z 482.1→258.1。配制质量浓度为2、4、40和800 ng·mL-1的质控工作液。日内、日间精密度和准确度在88.2%~96.4%之间。定量范围为0.1~50 ng·mL-1
本研究对6个候选基因中可能与瑞舒伐他汀PK相关的9个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)进行了基因分型。包括:SLCO1B1 521T>C(rs4149056)、SLCO1B1 388A>G (rs2306283)、SLCO1B1 rs4363657、SLCO1B3 rs7311358、SLCO10A1*2 rs2296651、ABCG2 421C>A (rs2231142)、ABCG2 rs2199936、ABCB1 rs1045642、CYP2C9*3 rs1057910。
采用DNA自动提取仪(TGuide M16 Systems,Tiangen,China)进行DNA提取。采用吸光比(A260/A280:1.8~2.0)进行DNA质量控制,采用NanoDrop 2000测定DNA浓度。利用Sequenom MassArray技术平台(美国Agena Bioscience公司)对9个SNPs进行基因分型,并采用SHEsis(http://analysis.bio-x.cn)进行基因位点的连锁不平衡分析。采用Pearson's χ2检验分析纳入基因位点是否符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。
NONMEM软件(version 7.5,美国ICON plc公司)用于建模和模拟,采用个体间变异和个体内变异交互作用的一阶条件估算法(first-order conditional estimation method with interaction,FOCEI)来估算参数;R软件(version 4.2.1)用于统计分析和作图。
基础模型考察了一房室模型和二房室模型,个体间变异采用最常见的指数型模型,残差变异采用加和型、比例型、混合型模型分别进行考察。本研究拟考察的协变量包括:年龄、性别、ALT、AST、SCR、eGFR、合并用药以及9个SNPs。基因型被定义为野生型纯合子(WW)、突变型杂合子(WV)和突变型纯合子(VV)。连续协变量使用中位数进行标准化,分类协变量作为幂函数包含在模型中。
采用前向纳入和后向剔除的逐步回归法,分别考察协变量对药动学参数的影响,并观察目标函数值(objective function value,OFV)的变化。在前向纳入中,若OFV变化值ΔOFV>3.84(P<0.05,df=1)时,则该协变量可纳入基础模型,逐一纳入有意义协变量建立全量回归模型。为确保每个协变量的相关性,在后向剔除阶段,从全量回归模型中单独移除。若剔除某一协变量时ΔOFV<10.83(P>0.001,df=1),则认为该协变量可从模型中剔除,进行逐步剔除得到最终模型。
结构模型和协变量模型的选择通过诊断图、统计检验和参数估算精度来综合评价。评估标准包括OFV、相对标准误差(relative standard error,RSE)、收缩值(shrinkage),提供了NONMEM参数估算的精度和合理性。
通过绘制拟合优度图(goodness-of-fit plots,GOFs)进行拟合优度直观评估,包括观测值(observed concentration,DV)对群体预测值(population prediction,PRED)、个体预测值(individual prediction,IPRED),条件加权残差(conditional weighted residuals,CWRES)对PRED、eGFR的散点图。非参数自举法(Bootstrap)来评估模型的稳定性,通过进行1 000次自举来计算稳健率,估算参数的中位数和95%置信区间(CI)。最后,采用正态化预测分布误差(normalized prediction distribution error,NPDE)进行1 000次模拟,通过统计检验和可视化检验验证模型的准确性及预测能力。
根据排除标准,本研究共纳入944名患者,共收集到944份血浆样本。其中88.14%的患者每日口服10 mg的瑞舒伐他汀,9.86%的患者每日口服20 mg,2%的患者每日口服5 mg。患者人口数据和临床特征见表1,9个SNPs的基因频率见表2
经过考察并结合采样策略,本研究选择含有线性吸收和消除的一室模型来描述数据。药动学参数包括表观清除率(apparent clearance,CL/F)、表观分布容积(apparent volume of distribution,V/F)和吸收速率常数(absorption rate constant,ka)。使用指数误差模型描述个体间变异对模型参数的影响。残差变异采用比例误差模型来描述。由于残差变异的估算值较小(<0.1),因此将其固定为0.1。所有参数的RSE均小于20%。
在协变量模型中,考察了表1表2中的全部协变量。结果表明,包括年龄、SCR、eGFR、联合氯吡格雷、ABCG2 421C>A(rs2231142)、ABCG2 rs2199936和SLCO1B1 521T>C(rs4149056)多态性显著影响CL/F,使OFV降低超过3.84(P<0.05)。而剩余协变量,包括性别、ALT、AST、SLCO1B1 388A>G(rs2306283)、SLCO1B1 rs4363657、SLCO1B3 rs7311358、SLCO10A1*2 rs2296651、ABCB1 rs1045642和CYP2C9*3 rs1057910多态性对参数无显著影响。通过逐步回归法纳入协变量的过程见表3。由于其他PK参数的估算精度较低,shrinkage较高,本研究仅探究了协变量对CL/F的影响。
最终模型纳入的协变量为eGFR和ABCG2 rs2199936。结果表明ABCG2 rs2199936多态性显著影响瑞舒伐他汀PK过程。与WW基因型个体相比,WV和VV基因型个体的CL/F分别降低了32.6%和53.2%。最终模型的参数估算结果见表4。最终模型的方程(公式2~4)如下:
CL/F(L·h-1)=253×(1+θ1,2)×(eGFR/85)0.405
V/F(L)=1 810
ka(h-1)=0.318
其中当个体为WV基因型θ1=-0.326,VV基因型θ2=-0.532。
最终模型的拟合优度图见图1。在IPRED与DV图中未观察到结构性偏差。CWRES对PRED、eGFR图散点趋势分布明显,大多数点分布在±2之间,未见显著性趋势变化。
采用Bootstrap重抽样1 000次,稳健率为98.2%,所得参数的中位值全部落于估算参数的95% CI内,结果见表4
NPDE基本符合正态分布,结果如图2Q-Q图中点均匀分布在趋势线附近;NPDE对PRED、eGFR的散点图大致均匀分布在x轴两侧,且大多数分布在±2之间。经R语言计算得到,NPDE均值和方差分别为0.165 9和0.945 9。Fisher方差检验P=0.713,Shapiro-Wilks正态分布检验P=0.826,但在Wilcoxon符号秩检验和Bonferroni校正中,P<0.001,提示模型没有完全捕捉到数据中的所有变异性,或者存在系统性的偏差。
基于最终模型纳入的协变量为eGFR和ABCG2 rs2199936,常规口服剂量为5、10 mg,以及rs2199936的3种基因型(WW、WV、VV),本研究设计了六种临床场景。每个场景中设置了不同的eGFR值:30、60、90、120、150和200 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2,反映了不同程度的肾功能。且每种场景进行了1 000次蒙特卡洛模拟,以预测不同生理状态下患者的瑞舒伐他汀稳态浓度。
本课题组在接受冠状动脉造影(coronary artery disease,CAG)的中国冠心病患者中发现,瑞舒伐他汀高血浆暴露量显著增加了造影剂诱导的急性肾损伤(contrast-induced acute kidney injury,CI-AKI)风险,并确定了瑞舒伐他汀血浆暴露量的最佳截断值为2.88 ng·mL-1。因此,本研究采用2.88 ng·mL-1作为CI-AKI发生风险的预警浓度阈值。从模拟中获得的稳态浓度与预警阈值进行叠加,观察不同口服剂量下,不同肾功能、不同基因型的患者超过预警阈值的情况。
最终结果如表5图3所示。在相同的剂量下,随着eGFR的降低和rs2199936突变位点的增加,瑞舒伐他汀的稳态浓度升高。rs2199936 WW基因型相比于WV基因型,WV基因型相比于VV基因型的血药浓度大约是1.3~1.4倍。
在5 mg·d-1的情景中,只有eGFR为30 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2的VV基因型个体血浆浓度略微超过警戒水平。另外,在10 mg·d-1的情景中,当eGFR为30 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2时,WW基因型个体的血浆浓度也略微超过了警戒水平。然而,在eGFR低于90 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2的WV基因型个体中,血浆浓度已经超过了警戒水平。对于VV基因型个体,除了eGFR为200 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2时,模拟浓度均超过了预警阈值,发生CI-AKI的风险较高。总之,对于接受CAG的患者,如果其肾功能不全并且携带rs2199936突变位点,在服用瑞舒伐他汀治疗时建议每日口服剂量不超过10 mg,以及监测肾功能。
研究建立了中国高血脂人群的瑞舒伐他汀PPK模型,并首次探究了基因多态性和肾功能对瑞舒伐他汀药动学参数的影响。此外,本研究是目前在亚洲人群中进行的最大规模他汀类药物PPK研究。
本研究结果显示,最终模型为一房室模型,CL/FV/Fka的群体典型值分别为253 L·h-1、1 810 L和0.318 h-1。这与已发表的瑞舒伐他汀PPK模型不同,尤其研究人群具有不可比性。Tzeng等[21]在945名健康成年志愿者中进行了探究,结果显示CL/F的群体典型值为257 L·h-1,肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance,CLCR)对CL/F有统计学上的显著影响,并且亚洲志愿者的CL/F比高加索志愿者低44%。Aoyama等[22]在24名健康成年志愿者中建立了一个药动学/药效学(PK/PD)模型,结果显示CL/Fka的群体典型值分别为264 L·h-1和0.368 h-1。Courlet等[23]在瑞士地区的65名艾滋病患者中也建立了PK/PD模型,并探究服用抗逆转录病毒药物时瑞舒伐他汀浓度对非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平的影响。Macpherson等[20]探究了患有杂合子型家族性高胆固醇血症的6 ~18岁儿童服用瑞舒伐他汀的PK参数,体质量为影响CL/F(129 L · h-1)的显著协变量,发现男性儿童的CL/F水平比女性儿童高约1.4倍。上述4个模型都为具有一阶线性消除的二室模型,纳入了多个种族的受试者,如高加索人、黑人、西班牙裔和亚洲人。在没有调查基因多态性的情况下,以上研究所估算的参数不能安全地外推到中国人群。
OATP1B1BCRP基因多态性均已知与瑞舒伐他汀的PK/PD个体间变异相关[24-26]。目前研究表明,对于亚洲人群而言ABCG2 421C>A(rs2231142)是ABCG2基因中最重要的SNPs [10,27-28]。然而,在本研究中,ABCG2 421C>A(rs2231142)和ABCG2 rs2199936对瑞舒伐他汀CL/F都有显著影响。在协变量考察过程中,以上2个SNPs分别纳入模型后ΔOFV相近(表3)。随后,通过SHEsis(http://analysis.bio-x.cn)进行连锁性分析,观察到ABCG2 421C>A(rs2231142)和ABCG2 rs2199936之间表现出强连锁(D'=0.996,r2=0.993)。但ABCG2 rs2199936在初始协变量筛选中ΔOFV最大,即第一个被纳入模型,之后其他SNP未达到可纳入模型的统计学水平。目前,关于ABCG2 rs2199936对瑞舒伐他汀PK/PD影响的研究有限。仅Chasman等[29]在6989名具欧洲血统的受试者中发现,ABCG2 rs2199936与LDL-C降低显著相关。尚未有研究证实ABCG2 rs2199936与瑞舒伐他汀的PK存在关联。
结果显示eGFR是瑞舒伐他汀PK的决定因素,这与瑞舒伐他汀部分通过肾脏排泄特性一致[30]。在本研究中,55.89%的患者eGFR低于90 mL · min-1· 1.73 m-2,表明超过一半的患者存在不同程度的肾功能损害。尽管年龄和Scr显著影响CL/F,但因存在共线性,最终模型仅纳入eGFR。在分析中,也未发现肝脏标志物、性别与瑞舒伐他汀PK存在显著关联,这与Tzeng等[21]之前的成人分析结果相似。
因为与衰老相关的合并症在慢性肾脏病患者中的发病率更高,所以CI-AKI在老年肾功能不全患者中更为普遍。Chung等[31]发现降胆固醇水平强的他汀类药物可能增加发展严重肾衰竭的风险。此外,Nasri等[32]在大鼠中进行的实验研究表明,高剂量的他汀类药物可能会诱导肾小管细胞损伤。课题组在瑞舒伐他汀对造影剂相关性肾损害的影响研究中发现,瑞舒伐他汀高血浆暴露量显著增加了CI-AKI的发生风险(OR:2.281;95% CI:1.441~3.612;P=0.000 4)。在605名未诊断为CI-AKI的患者[eGFR:(99.77±85.57)mL·min-1·1.73 m-2]和30名诊断为CI-AKI的患者[eGFR:(74.08±31.24)mL·min-1·1.73 m-2]中,证实了瑞舒伐他汀血浆暴露量对CI-AKI的预测价值(AUC=0.82)[33]。在本研究中,肾功能不全和rs2199936位点变异都与瑞舒伐他汀的血浆暴露量增加有关,从而增加了CI-AKI发生的风险。根据模拟稳态浓度与警戒阈值叠加的结果,观察到与5 mg·d-1治疗方案相比,10 mg·d-1治疗方案超过CI-AKI警戒阈值的发生率更高。并且,在瑞舒伐他汀对造影剂相关性肾损害的影响研究中,未观察到30名诊断为CI-AKI的患者使用5 mg·d-1的治疗方案:23名服用10 mg,6名服用20 mg,1名服用40 mg。结合蒙特卡洛模拟的结果,采用5 mg·d-1的瑞舒伐他汀治疗方案对于正在接受CAG并携带rs2199936突变位点且肾功能不全的患者来说,是一个安全的治疗方案。
由于本研究回顾性收集患者资料,仅收集了用药后10 h的瑞舒伐他汀浓度,未通过密集采样获得完整的药时曲线,首先对ka和V/F的估算精度存在偏差,以及未能评估重要协变量对全部参数的影响;其次,无法分离个体间变异和残差变异,对模型的稳定性和预测性有一定影响;最后,未收集并研究瑞舒伐他汀浓度与疗效、不良反应之间的关系。在后续研究中,可进一步设计合理可行的密集采样策略,建立预测性能更高、稳健性更强的模型。
综上所述,本研究为中国人群建立了瑞舒伐他汀PPK模型,探究了基因多态性、肾功能、年龄、性别、合并用药等因素对瑞舒伐他汀PK过程的影响。结果表明,ABCG2 rs2199936和肾功能是影响其清除率的主要因素;对于正在接受CAG的肾功能不全患者,如果其携带rs2199936突变基因,在服用瑞舒伐他汀治疗时建议每日口服剂量不超过10 mg,以及监测肾功能。本研究可帮助临床医生更安全地使用瑞舒伐他汀,为减少不良反应的发生提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(81960681)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82260732)
  • 中国药学会-施维雅青年医院药学创新研究资助(CPA-B04-ZC-2024-001)
  • 2024年药物安全研究项目资助(ADR2024MS15)
  • 贵州省人民医院2019年度国家自然科学基金后补助资金资助([2019]GPPH-NSFC-D-2019-25)
  • 贵州省人民医院2019年度国家自然科学基金后补助资金资助(GPPH-NSFC-2019-26)
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.008
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
基金
国家自然科学基金项目资助(81960681)
国家自然科学基金项目资助(82260732)
中国药学会-施维雅青年医院药学创新研究资助(CPA-B04-ZC-2024-001)
2024年药物安全研究项目资助(ADR2024MS15)
贵州省人民医院2019年度国家自然科学基金后补助资金资助([2019]GPPH-NSFC-D-2019-25)
贵州省人民医院2019年度国家自然科学基金后补助资金资助(GPPH-NSFC-2019-26)
作者信息
    1 贵州医科大学药学院, 贵阳 550004
    2 贵州省人民医院药剂科, 贵阳 550002
    3 上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心贵州医院, 贵阳 550009
    4 中国药科大学基础医学与临床药学学院, 南京 211198

通讯作者:

* 白雪,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:药物代谢与药物基因组学 Tel:(0851)85926892
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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