Article(id=1193548063299043456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)05-0447-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.05.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719331200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762493633340, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762493633340, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762493633340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493633340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193548058421064688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='441', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762493632178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493856082, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193548997664146366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1193548058421064688, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=447, endPage=457, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193548063483592834, articleId=1193548063299043456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Mining of Key Genes for Biosynthesis of C21 Steroids of Cynanchum otophyllum, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To investigate the biosynthetic pathway of C21 steroidal compounds in Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. METHODS Metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to compare and analyze the relative contents of C21 steroids in the roots, stems and leaves of C. otophyllum. Then, the genes related to C21 steroid biosynthesis in C. otophyllum were screened through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) database annotation. Finally, some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The qingyangshengenin content in the roots was significantly up-regulated, with the relative qingyangshengenin content in the roots being approximately 73.10 times higher than that in the leaves and 19.05 times higher than that in the stems. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 269 DEGs annotated C21 steroidal biosynthetic pathways. By analyzing the DEGs annotated between the comparison groups, 18 key enzymes were screened out in the C21 steroidal synthesis pathway, which were encoded by 87 genes, among which AACT and other enzymes were the key enzymes in the upstream stage of the biosynthesis pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to verify the expression trend of eight DEGs, which was consistent with the corresponding transcriptome data. CONCLUSION The biosynthetic pathway of C21 steroidal compounds is systematically analyzed in this study, and several key enzymes and coding genes are screened, which enrich the omics data of C. otophyllum. These findings lay a foundation for further study on the biosynthesis mechanism of C21 steroid compounds of C. otophyllum.

, correspAuthors=Lanping ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yingmin GENG, Xingqian ZHOU, Lili WU, Ticao ZHANG, Lanping ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193548367000207936, articleId=1193548063299043456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=青阳参C21甾体类生物合成关键基因挖掘, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 解析青阳参C21甾体类化合物的生物合成途径。方法 本研究利用代谢组学和转录组学技术,比较分析青阳参根、茎、叶中C21甾体类化合物的相对含量,再通过京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库注释,筛选与C21甾体类生物合成相关的基因。最后通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)对部分差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)进行基因表达验证。结果 青阳参苷元在根中显著上调,且在根中的相对含量约为叶中的73.10倍,约为茎中的19.05倍。转录组学分析发现,青阳参中有269条DEGs注释到了C21甾体类生物合成相关通路。通过分析各比较组间注释到的DEGs,在C21甾体类相关合成通路中筛选出了18个关键酶,且由87条基因编码,其中AACT等酶是其生物合成途径上游阶段的关键酶。进一步对其中8条DEGs进行qRT-PCR验证,其表达趋势与对应的转录组数据结果一致。结论 本研究系统解析了青阳参中C21甾体类化合物的生物合成途径,筛选出多个关键酶及编码基因,丰富了青阳参的组学数据。这些发现为进一步研究青阳参C21甾体类化合物的生物合成机制奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=郑兰平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郑兰平,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用
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耿应敏,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用

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耿应敏,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用

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Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576410108359152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=57, issue=10, pageStart=2033, pageEnd=2042, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=LIU X, DU H X, ZUO N, journalName=Plant Physiol J(植物生理学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU X, DU H X, ZUO N, et al. Identification of obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase gene TaCYP51H6d from wheat and its response to propionazole treatment[J]. Plant Physiol J(植物生理学报), 2021, 57 (10): 2033-2042., articleTitle=Identification of obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase gene TaCYP51H6d from wheat and its response to propionazole treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576410175468021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=17, issue=14, pageStart=4610, pageEnd=4616, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=XU Y Y, SUN Y Y, XU R, journalName=Mol Plant Breed, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Y Y, SUN Y Y, XU R, et al. Cloning and analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase PpHMGR gene in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand. -Mazz.[J]. Mol Plant Breed (分子植物育种), 2019, 17(14): 4610-4616., articleTitle=Cloning and analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase PpHMGR gene in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand. -Mazz., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576410242576887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=32, issue=4, pageStart=128, pageEnd=136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=ZHANG H C, LI C X, WANG Y Z, journalName=Biotechnol Bull, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG H C, LI C X, WANG Y Z, et al. Cloning and expression analysis of gene encoding 1-deoxy-dxylulose 5-phosphate synthase in Gentiana rigescens[J]. Biotechnol Bull (生物技术通报), 2016, 32(4): 128-136., articleTitle=Cloning and expression analysis of gene encoding 1-deoxy-dxylulose 5-phosphate synthase in Gentiana rigescens, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193576410393571833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=28, issue=8, pageStart=1332, pageEnd=1336, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=YIN Y, GUAN H Y, ZHANG X N, journalName=Nat Prod Res Dev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN Y, GUAN H Y, ZHANG X N. Review on Enzymes and Genes Related to the Biosynthesis of Steroidal Saponins[J]. Nat Prod Res Dev (天然产物研究与开发), 2016, 28(8): 1332-1336., articleTitle=Review on Enzymes and Genes Related to the Biosynthesis of Steroidal Saponins, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1193576407101043113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, awardId=202301AT070254, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省基础研究项目资助(202301AT070254), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1193576407151374762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, awardId=202101AZ070001-056, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省应用基础研究中医联合专项资助(202101AZ070001-056), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193576403200340330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193576403208728939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, companyId=1193576403200340330, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193576403217117548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, companyId=1193576403200340330, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南中医药大学中药学院, 昆明 650500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1193576405091971471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Pie charts of metabolite class composition of overall samples (A) and PCA scores of mass spectrometry data of quality control samples of each group of samples(B) of Cynanchum otophyllum., figureFileSmall=T/LZpWYwDbBMbeK/HG7vPQ==, figureFileBig=c7rwfTNTOekQUBjKtzJqig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405150691728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图1, caption=青阳参总体样本代谢物类别组成饼状图(A)和青阳参各组样品质控样品质谱数据的主成分分析(PCA)得分图(B), figureFileSmall=T/LZpWYwDbBMbeK/HG7vPQ==, figureFileBig=c7rwfTNTOekQUBjKtzJqig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405230383505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Number of different metabolites among comparison groups of Cynanchum otophyllum.

A-the bar chart of differential metabolites; B-the Venn diagram of differential metabolites.

, figureFileSmall=WrYokzSrZdfPF3TjPoVhlw==, figureFileBig=4VIz71vxdFuuYAmDCHdVSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405293298066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图2, caption=青阳参各对比组间差异代谢物数量

A-差异代谢物柱状图; B-差异代谢物韦恩图。

, figureFileSmall=WrYokzSrZdfPF3TjPoVhlw==, figureFileBig=4VIz71vxdFuuYAmDCHdVSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405360406931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=

Correlation analysis (A) and PCA (B) of nine transcriptomes from different tissue sites of Cynanchum otophyllum.

PC1-the first principal component; PC2-the second principal component; the percentages indicate the interpretation rate of each principal component in the dataset; Each point in the plot represents a sample; Samples from the same group are represents by the same color.

, figureFileSmall=KDAxAoSaDRuvuQYyUnKdNQ==, figureFileBig=yytdAAtYFzBR9BXbaQvvIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405414932884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图3, caption=青阳参不同组织部位9个转录本的相关性分析(A)与PCA(B)

PC1-第一主成分;PC2-第二主成分;百分比表示该主成分对数据集的解释率;图中的每个点表示一个样品;同一个组的样品使用同一种颜色表示。

, figureFileSmall=KDAxAoSaDRuvuQYyUnKdNQ==, figureFileBig=yytdAAtYFzBR9BXbaQvvIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405482041749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Species distribution annotated in the NR database for Cynanchum otophyllum (A) and KEGG annotation of gene sequences in Cynanchum otophyllum(B), figureFileSmall=voftUOo7bXbF54mgV7H/KA==, figureFileBig=Piy7tdhePPLWG4NiPAxnbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405578510742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图4, caption=青阳参同源序列物种比对(A)和青阳参中基因序列的KEGG注释(B), figureFileSmall=voftUOo7bXbF54mgV7H/KA==, figureFileBig=Piy7tdhePPLWG4NiPAxnbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405649813911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Distribution of differentially expressed genes in different tissues of Cynanchum otophyllum (A) and Venn diagram (B), figureFileSmall=Bz9q4s1m7gDqJqPXaYPqdA==, figureFileBig=pdOJQjPrU8MdtGWzwCmS0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405725311384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图5, caption=青阳参不同组织部位差异表达基因的分布图(A)和韦恩图(B), figureFileSmall=Bz9q4s1m7gDqJqPXaYPqdA==, figureFileBig=pdOJQjPrU8MdtGWzwCmS0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405788225945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Number of differentially expressed genes in the C21 steroids biosynthesis pathway among different comparison groups of Cynanchum otophyllum

A-leaf vs root group; B-stem vs leaf group; C-stem vs root group; Red-upregulation; Green-downregulation.

, figureFileSmall=4Sa3KB/lVL4LpqV/xSJ23A==, figureFileBig=YLggMZUpqiYXKxHTeifUyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405888889242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图6, caption=青阳参不同比较组中C21甾体类生物合成途径中差异表达基因的数量

A-根和叶比较组;B-叶和茎比较组;C-根和茎比较组;红色-上调;绿色-下调。

, figureFileSmall=4Sa3KB/lVL4LpqV/xSJ23A==, figureFileBig=YLggMZUpqiYXKxHTeifUyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576405955998107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Proposed pathways for C21 steroides biosynthesis in Cynanchum otophyllum, figureFileSmall=DVHQvT4t9CnuiYJ1z/9j/A==, figureFileBig=PnizACG8v3cmzMeh8Qz0FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576406086021532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图7, caption=青阳参C21甾体类物质生物合成途径, figureFileSmall=DVHQvT4t9CnuiYJ1z/9j/A==, figureFileBig=PnizACG8v3cmzMeh8Qz0FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576406169907613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Correlation between genes and metabolites in Cynanchum otophyllum

Red-positive correlation; While blue-negative correlation.

, figureFileSmall=gucRO16TANw4RTshpuIvpg==, figureFileBig=/gSeub3GTeNy1xzI1FULuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576406266376606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图8, caption=青阳参基因与代谢物的相关性

红色-正相关;蓝色-负相关。

, figureFileSmall=gucRO16TANw4RTshpuIvpg==, figureFileBig=/gSeub3GTeNy1xzI1FULuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576406341874079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The relative expression levels of 8 genes in different tissue parts of Cynanchum otophyllum

R-root;S-stem;L-leaf.

, figureFileSmall=yBGswxwfrwd7ibkGzOJW+w==, figureFileBig=Y3KeBxj5or8/A6eQyXL6ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576406438343072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=图9, caption=8个基因在青阳参不同组织部位中的相对表达量

R-根;S-茎;L-叶。

, figureFileSmall=yBGswxwfrwd7ibkGzOJW+w==, figureFileBig=Y3KeBxj5or8/A6eQyXL6ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193576406497063329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Primer sequence (5' to 3')
GAPDH-F CAGATCAAGTCAACCACACGGG
GAPDH-R TAAACTCAAGGGAATCCTCGGG
AACT_42891-F GCTCGCAGCACAGACCATACA
AACT_42891-R CATCCCACAACCCATCTTTCAT
AACT_30964-F GCTCGCAGCACAGACCATACA
AACT_30964-R CATCCCACAACCCATCTTTCAT
MVD_39064-F TCGGAGTCTATATGGTGGTTTTGTC
MVD_39064-R TGCTAGTTTCTTTCTGCCGTGAG
IPPI_53071-F CAATAAGGCGAAACCTGGCATC
IPPI_53071-R GAAGAACACCATCAACGCAAGC
CYP51_39069-F ATCACCTGCTTTCGCCAACC
CYP51_39069-R ACATCCATGCCTGCCTCCAC
CYP51_4038-F GAAAGGGATGGGTTCTGGTGAT
CYP51_4038-R TCCTGAGACTGTCGAGGTGTGC
GGPP_43032-F GGGAAGAATCCACCGCCATC
GGPP_43032-R ACAGCCACATCCTCGCCATAA
GCPE_29264-F AGTGTCTCTTACTGAACCCCCG
GCPE_29264-R TCCTGCGTTGGAAATCAAAATA
), ArticleFig(id=1193576406572560802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究用于实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Primer sequence (5' to 3')
GAPDH-F CAGATCAAGTCAACCACACGGG
GAPDH-R TAAACTCAAGGGAATCCTCGGG
AACT_42891-F GCTCGCAGCACAGACCATACA
AACT_42891-R CATCCCACAACCCATCTTTCAT
AACT_30964-F GCTCGCAGCACAGACCATACA
AACT_30964-R CATCCCACAACCCATCTTTCAT
MVD_39064-F TCGGAGTCTATATGGTGGTTTTGTC
MVD_39064-R TGCTAGTTTCTTTCTGCCGTGAG
IPPI_53071-F CAATAAGGCGAAACCTGGCATC
IPPI_53071-R GAAGAACACCATCAACGCAAGC
CYP51_39069-F ATCACCTGCTTTCGCCAACC
CYP51_39069-R ACATCCATGCCTGCCTCCAC
CYP51_4038-F GAAAGGGATGGGTTCTGGTGAT
CYP51_4038-R TCCTGAGACTGTCGAGGTGTGC
GGPP_43032-F GGGAAGAATCCACCGCCATC
GGPP_43032-R ACAGCCACATCCTCGCCATAA
GCPE_29264-F AGTGTCTCTTACTGAACCCCCG
GCPE_29264-R TCCTGCGTTGGAAATCAAAATA
), ArticleFig(id=1193576406643863971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Raw data from full-length transcriptome sequencing of Cynanchum otophyllum.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Statistics Bases
/Gb
Number Average
length/bp
N50
Polymerase reads 74.69 825 528 90 150 148 641
Subreads 72.11 34 592 446 2 085 2 531
Circular consensus sequence 1.60 662 413 2 418 2 722
Full-length non-chimeric 1.31 551 917 2 383 2 687
Consensus transcript 0.13 53 814 2 366 2 658
Isoforms 0.10 42 913 2 358 2 658
), ArticleFig(id=1193576406723555748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

青阳参转录组原始数据统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Statistics Bases
/Gb
Number Average
length/bp
N50
Polymerase reads 74.69 825 528 90 150 148 641
Subreads 72.11 34 592 446 2 085 2 531
Circular consensus sequence 1.60 662 413 2 418 2 722
Full-length non-chimeric 1.31 551 917 2 383 2 687
Consensus transcript 0.13 53 814 2 366 2 658
Isoforms 0.10 42 913 2 358 2 658
), ArticleFig(id=1193576406778081701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Seven public databases annotation results of Cynanchum otophyllum.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Databases Numbers Proportion/%
KEGG 34 956 81.46
Nr 42 038 97.96
SwissProt 34 901 81.33
TrEMBL 41 877 97.59
KOG 28 633 66.72
GO 38 585 89.91
Pfam 38 036 88.64
Annotated in at least one Database 42 277 98.52
Total 42 913 100
), ArticleFig(id=1193576406853579174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

青阳参七大公共数据库注释结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Databases Numbers Proportion/%
KEGG 34 956 81.46
Nr 42 038 97.96
SwissProt 34 901 81.33
TrEMBL 41 877 97.59
KOG 28 633 66.72
GO 38 585 89.91
Pfam 38 036 88.64
Annotated in at least one Database 42 277 98.52
Total 42 913 100
), ArticleFig(id=1193576406912299431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Number of key enzyme genes in the biosynthesis of C21 steroid in Cynanchum otophyllum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Enzyme(abbreviation) EC number Number
Acetoacetyl-CoA transferase(AACT) 2.3.1.9 2
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase(HMGR) 1.1.1.34 8
Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase(MVD) 4.1.1.33 2
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase(DXS) 2.2.1.7 4
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase(DXR) 1.1.1.267 2
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase(MCT) 2.7.7.60 1
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase(MDS) 4.6.1.12 2
4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase(HDS) 1.17.7.1 6
4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase(HDR) 1.17.7.4 7
Isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase(IPPI) 5.3.3.2 2
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase(FPPS) 2.5.1.10 7
Squalene synthase(SS) 2.5.1.21 7
Squalene monooxygenase(SM) 1.14.14.17 4
Sterol 14α-demethylase(CYP51) 1.14.15.36 22
δ14-Sterol reductase(FK) 1.3.1.70 2
δ24-Sterol reductase(DWF1) 1.3.1.72 2
δ7-Sterol 5-desaturase(SC5DL) 1.14.19.20 4
7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase(DWF5) 1.3.1.21 3
), ArticleFig(id=1193576406975213992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1193548063299043456, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

青阳参中C21甾体类相关生物合成通路中关键酶编码基因数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Enzyme(abbreviation) EC number Number
Acetoacetyl-CoA transferase(AACT) 2.3.1.9 2
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase(HMGR) 1.1.1.34 8
Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase(MVD) 4.1.1.33 2
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase(DXS) 2.2.1.7 4
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase(DXR) 1.1.1.267 2
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase(MCT) 2.7.7.60 1
2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase(MDS) 4.6.1.12 2
4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase(HDS) 1.17.7.1 6
4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase(HDR) 1.17.7.4 7
Isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase(IPPI) 5.3.3.2 2
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase(FPPS) 2.5.1.10 7
Squalene synthase(SS) 2.5.1.21 7
Squalene monooxygenase(SM) 1.14.14.17 4
Sterol 14α-demethylase(CYP51) 1.14.15.36 22
δ14-Sterol reductase(FK) 1.3.1.70 2
δ24-Sterol reductase(DWF1) 1.3.1.72 2
δ7-Sterol 5-desaturase(SC5DL) 1.14.19.20 4
7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase(DWF5) 1.3.1.21 3
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青阳参C21甾体类生物合成关键基因挖掘
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耿应敏 , 周兴乾 , 吴丽丽 , 张体操 , 郑兰平 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(5): 447-457
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(5): 447-457
青阳参C21甾体类生物合成关键基因挖掘
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耿应敏, 周兴乾, 吴丽丽, 张体操, 郑兰平*
作者信息
  • 云南中医药大学中药学院, 昆明 650500
  • 耿应敏,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用

通讯作者:

* 郑兰平,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用
Mining of Key Genes for Biosynthesis of C21 Steroids of Cynanchum otophyllum
Yingmin GENG, Xingqian ZHOU, Lili WU, Ticao ZHANG, Lanping ZHENG*
Affiliations
  • College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.002
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目的 解析青阳参C21甾体类化合物的生物合成途径。方法 本研究利用代谢组学和转录组学技术,比较分析青阳参根、茎、叶中C21甾体类化合物的相对含量,再通过京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库注释,筛选与C21甾体类生物合成相关的基因。最后通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)对部分差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)进行基因表达验证。结果 青阳参苷元在根中显著上调,且在根中的相对含量约为叶中的73.10倍,约为茎中的19.05倍。转录组学分析发现,青阳参中有269条DEGs注释到了C21甾体类生物合成相关通路。通过分析各比较组间注释到的DEGs,在C21甾体类相关合成通路中筛选出了18个关键酶,且由87条基因编码,其中AACT等酶是其生物合成途径上游阶段的关键酶。进一步对其中8条DEGs进行qRT-PCR验证,其表达趋势与对应的转录组数据结果一致。结论 本研究系统解析了青阳参中C21甾体类化合物的生物合成途径,筛选出多个关键酶及编码基因,丰富了青阳参的组学数据。这些发现为进一步研究青阳参C21甾体类化合物的生物合成机制奠定了基础。

青阳参  /  青阳参苷元  /  代谢组学  /  转录组学  /  生物合成途径

OBJECTIVE To investigate the biosynthetic pathway of C21 steroidal compounds in Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid. METHODS Metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to compare and analyze the relative contents of C21 steroids in the roots, stems and leaves of C. otophyllum. Then, the genes related to C21 steroid biosynthesis in C. otophyllum were screened through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) database annotation. Finally, some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The qingyangshengenin content in the roots was significantly up-regulated, with the relative qingyangshengenin content in the roots being approximately 73.10 times higher than that in the leaves and 19.05 times higher than that in the stems. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 269 DEGs annotated C21 steroidal biosynthetic pathways. By analyzing the DEGs annotated between the comparison groups, 18 key enzymes were screened out in the C21 steroidal synthesis pathway, which were encoded by 87 genes, among which AACT and other enzymes were the key enzymes in the upstream stage of the biosynthesis pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to verify the expression trend of eight DEGs, which was consistent with the corresponding transcriptome data. CONCLUSION The biosynthetic pathway of C21 steroidal compounds is systematically analyzed in this study, and several key enzymes and coding genes are screened, which enrich the omics data of C. otophyllum. These findings lay a foundation for further study on the biosynthesis mechanism of C21 steroid compounds of C. otophyllum.

Cynanchum otophyllum  /  qingyangshengenin metabolomics  /  transcriptomics  /  biosynthetic pathway
耿应敏, 周兴乾, 吴丽丽, 张体操, 郑兰平. 青阳参C21甾体类生物合成关键基因挖掘. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (5) : 447 -457 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.002
Yingmin GENG, Xingqian ZHOU, Lili WU, Ticao ZHANG, Lanping ZHENG. Mining of Key Genes for Biosynthesis of C21 Steroids of Cynanchum otophyllum[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (5) : 447 -457 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.002
青阳参(Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid.)是鹅绒藤属(Cynanchum Linn.)多年生草质藤本植物,又名千年生、白药、闹狗药、奶浆藤、青洋参等,主要分布于我国云南、四川、贵州和湖南等省区[1]。该种虽分布区较广,但均呈散在分布,长期采挖造成了野生资源的极大破坏,资源量逐年减少[2]。为缓解资源短缺的问题,从现代中药学角度解析药效成分合成机制,挖掘重要功能基因,用于分子育种或体外合成药效成分,将有利于该物种资源的保护和利用。青阳参以根入药,名为青阳参,始载于清代,曾先后记载于《云南中草药选》《丽江中草药》《昆明民间常用草药》及《云南省药品标准》,在云南具有悠久的用药历史,且是我国独具特色的民族中药材,在白族、纳西族、彝族等少数民族均有用药历史[2-3]。另外,青阳参也是中成药青阳参片的原料药[3]。据《彝药志》和《滇南本草》记载,青阳参具有益肾强筋、祛风除湿、驱虫等功效,在民间用其治疗风湿关节炎、风湿冷痛、腰肌劳损等[4]。现代药理学研究表明,青阳参具有丰富的药理作用。首先,青阳参在治疗脑部疾病方面效果显著,多项研究表明青阳参总苷具有显著的抗抑郁作用,并且是很有前途的抗癫痫中药材[5-8]。最近的研究结果也表明青阳参里的C21甾体苷元具有显著的抗肿瘤作用[9-10],此外,青阳参也具有较高的抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)活性[11],其在抗肝炎和免疫调节等方面也具有显著效果[12-13]。化学研究表明,青阳参主要含有C21甾体类、苯乙酮类、有机酸类等化学成分,其中C21甾体皂苷是其主要活性成分[14]。在青阳参中,构成C21甾体皂苷的苷元主要有青阳参苷元(qingyangshengenin)、告达亭(caudatin)、去乙酰萝摩苷元(deacylmetaplexigenin)等多个类型,但形成糖苷的主要是青阳参苷元和告达亭[14-16]。C21甾体类是含有21个碳原子的甾体衍生物,具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗生育等作用,是重要的次生代谢产物,常作为甾体药物的前体在临床上广泛应用[17]。而甾体皂苷类化合物的上游合成途径主要有甲羟戊酸(mevalonate pathway, MVA)和2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸(2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate, MEP)两条途径,其主要涉及萜类化合物骨架合成、倍半萜和三萜生物合成以及类固醇类化合物合成[18-19]
关于青阳参的已有研究主要集中在化学成分的提取分离及其药理活性方面,目前未见组学相关的研究报道,且其C21甾体类化合物的生物合成及调控的分子机制尚不清楚。随着高通量测序技术的发展,代谢组学和转录组学已广泛应用于中药活性成分生物合成途径中关键酶基因的挖掘[20]。因此,本研究基于广泛靶向代谢组学从总体分析青阳参化学成分的组成特点以及筛选其药效成分,并联合转录组学技术筛选C21甾体类生物合成途径相关的酶基因,初步探究C21甾体类化合物积累的分子机制,为后续关键基因的鉴定及功能验证研究奠定基础,并为以后该种资源的合理开发和利用提供理论基础。
青阳参植株采集于云南省丽江市拉市海(26°52.330'N, 100°9.494'E),经云南中医药大学杨从卫老师鉴定确认。选取青阳参长势一致且健康的新鲜植株,用超纯水洗净泥土,并用滤纸吸干表面水分后,将植株的根、茎、叶分别放入液氮中速冻,1 h后保存至-80 ℃的冰箱中备用,不同部位样品均设置3个生物学重复。
将不同组织部位样品分别放置于冻干机(Scientz-100F)中真空冷冻干燥后,使用研磨仪(MM 400, Retsch)将其研磨至粉末状;分别称取50 mg样品,并加入1.2 mL在-20 ℃预冷后的体积分数70%甲醇;每30 min涡旋1次,共涡旋6次;离心后吸取上清,用微孔滤膜(0.22 μm pore size)过滤后,将样品保存于进样瓶中。
数据采集仪器系统主要包括超高效液相色谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography, UPLC)和串联质谱(tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS)。
UPLC检测条件:色谱柱为Agilent SB-C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm);流动相:A相为0.1%甲酸水,B相为乙腈(加入0.1%的甲酸);洗脱梯度:0 min B相比例为5%,9 min内B相比例线性增加到95%,并维持在95% 1 min,10~11.10 min,B相比例降为5%,并以5%平衡至14 min;流速0.35 mL·min-1;柱温40 ℃;进样量2 μL。
MS/MS检测条件:电喷雾离子源温度为550 ℃;离子喷雾电压在正离子模式和负离子模式下分别为5 500 V和-4 500 V;离子源气体Ⅰ、气体Ⅱ和气帘气分别设置为344.74、413.69和172.37 kPa,碰撞诱导电离参数设置为高。三重四极杆扫描使用多反应监测模式(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM),并将碰撞气体设置为中等,再进一步优化去簇电压和碰撞能。最后根据每个时期内洗脱的代谢物,在每个时期监测一组特定的多反应监测模式离子对。
根据二级谱信息进行物质定性,分析时去除同位素信号,含K+离子、Na+离子、N{H4}^{+}离子的重复信号,以及本身是其他更大分子量物质的碎片离子的重复信号。利用三重四级杆质谱的MRM对代谢物进行定量。最终获得不同样本的代谢物质谱分析数据后,对所有物质色谱峰进行峰面积积分,并对其中同一代谢物在不同样本中的质谱出峰进行校正[21]
将最终的代谢物数据进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)等。以变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection, VIP)大于1,且差异倍数(fold change,FC)≥2或FC≤0.5为条件筛选差异代谢物。
使用RNA提取试剂盒(MagZolTM Reagent Plus Kit)对样品进行总RNA的提取。使用PacBio测序仪对合格的文库进行全长转录组测序,得到干净数据后,进行聚类去冗余,最终得到全长转录本序列用于后续分析以及作为二代数据比对的参考转录本序列。通过DIAMOND BLASTX和HMMER软件将序列比对到七大功能数据库(KEGG、Nr、Swiss-Prot、GO、KOG、TrEMBL、Pfam),最后得到数据库注释信息和蛋白结构域的注释结果[22]
采用每千个碱基的转录每百万映射读取的片段(FPKM)作为衡量基因表达水平的指标,使用软件RSEM[23]和Bowtie2[24]计算青阳参3个组织部位的基因表达水平。使用DESeq2[25-26]进行样品组间的差异表达分析,获得3个组织部位之间的差异表达基因集(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),并对DEGs进行功能注释和分析。DEGs的筛选条件为|log2FC|≥1,且错误发现率FDR<0.05。
筛选与C21甾体类生物合成通路相关的显著DEGs,并将C21甾体类差异代谢物的相对定量数据和相关DEGs的表达定量数据进行相关性网络分析,皮尔逊相关系数阈值设置为0.80,同时设置P<0.05,以建立C21甾体类化合物与差异基因的关联性。
随机挑选8条在C21甾体类生物合成途径上的DEGs, 并根据基因序列设计了特异性引物(表1),且以GAPDH作为内参基因进行qRT-PCR验证。每个样品中每个基因的检测设置3个复孔, 共进行3次生物学重复。将3次生物学重复得到的数据利用公式R=2-ΔΔCt计算其相对表达量, 并绘制箱线图。
在青阳参根、茎、叶中共检测到1 385个代谢物,其中氨基酸及其衍生物类占比最多,其次是酚酸类,脂类、黄酮类及其他类代谢物的数量依次降低(图1A)。PCA结果显示(图1B),第一主成分(PC1)的解释率为50.40%,第二主成分(PC2)的解释率为34.69%。在这两个维度上,不同组织部位之间有明显的分离,表明青阳参在根、茎、叶中的代谢物存在明显差异,质控样本(QC)的聚类结果也表明实验结果可靠(图1B)。
在根和叶的比较组(leaf vs root)中,共鉴定出955种差异代谢物,其中有591种在根中下调,364种在根中上调,且有32种是根和叶比较组中特有的差异代谢物;在叶和茎的比较组(stem vs leaf)中,共鉴定出856种差异代谢物,其中有437种在叶中上调,419种在叶中下调,且有59种是叶和茎比较组中特有的差异代谢物;在根和茎的比较组(stem vs root)中,共鉴定出834种差异代谢物,其中有527种在根中下调,307种在根上调,且有53种是根和茎的比较组中特有的差异代谢物(图2)。在上述3个比较组中,从根和叶比较组中筛选出的差异代谢物数量最多,其余两组筛选出的差异代谢物数量相近,且有417种代谢物是3个比较组所共有的差异代谢物(图2B)。
在各对比组差异显著的代谢物中,根和叶比较组中主要是苯丙氨酰-缬氨酰-苯丙氨酸等氨基酸及其衍生物;叶和茎比较组中主要是L-天冬酰胺-L-色氨酸等氨基酸及其衍生物及东莨菪内酯-7-O-木糖基(1→6)葡糖苷等木脂素和香豆素;根和茎比较组中主要是苯丙氨酰-酪氨酰-异亮氨酸等氨基酸及其衍生物。对差异代谢物中的甾体类代谢物分析发现,共有10个甾体类代谢物在各组织部位均有分布,其中3个代谢物属于甾体皂苷类,分别为杠柳苷E、杠柳苷B和青阳参苷元。
由于青阳参苷元是青阳参中构成C21甾体皂苷的重要苷元,因此对青阳参苷元进一步分析发现,在根和叶比较组中,青阳参苷元在根中显著上调,且在根中的相对含量约为叶的73.10倍;在根和茎比较组中,青阳参苷元也在根中显著上调,且在根中的相对含量约为茎的19.05倍;在叶和茎比较组中,青阳参苷元在叶中显著下调,且在叶中的相对含量约为茎中的0.26倍。表明青阳参苷元在根和茎中含量较高,且在根中的相对含量最高。而次生代谢产物含量的差异是由基因表达差异造成的,即青阳参苷元在3个比较组中,均在根和茎中显著上调,可进一步对其进行转录组学分析,挖掘造成此差异的关键酶基因。
通过PacBio对青阳参进行3代全长转录组测序,共获得74.69 Gb数据,去除低质量序列和接头序列后,共获得了72.11 Gb数据,最终生成42 913条Isoforms,平均长度为2 358 bp,N50长度为2 658 bp(表2)。将三代去冗余之后的转录本作为参考序列,并将每个二代测序样品的clean reads比对到三代全长转录本序列。
青阳参不同样本间的皮尔逊相关分析和主成分分析见图3,样本相关热图显示,各生物学重复之间具有高度相关性,主成分分析显示,9个样本被有效分为3个组别,与皮尔逊相关分析的结果一致。相同组织部位的3个生物学重复样本间的聚类显著高于不同组织部位间的样本,证实了相同组织部位样本生物重复间的相关性和不同组织部位样本之间存在差异性。
将最终比对后获得的序列与KEGG、Nr、SwissProt、TrEMBL、KOG、GO和Pfam七大公共数据库进行比对。结果显示,有42 277(98.52%)条基因序列被七大数据库中的任意一个数据库注释,其中38 036(88.64%)条序列被注释到了Pfam数据库(表3)。
有42 038条序列被注释到Nr数据库,占97.96%,是七大数据库中注释最多的一个数据库(表3)。结果显示(图4A),青阳参与夹竹桃科长春花属(Catharanthus G. Don)长春花(Catharanthus roseus)的相似序列匹配度最高,共有29 567条序列比对到长春花,占比70.33%,表明在已公布基因数据库的植物中,青阳参与长春花的同源关系最近。
将序列进一步比对到GO数据库中,有38 585条序列获得注释,主要分为生物过程(biological process, BP)、分子功能(molecular function, MF)和细胞组成(cellular component, CC)3个大类。在生物过程中,有28 244条序列聚集于细胞过程(cellular process),23 757条序列聚集于代谢过程(metabolic process);在分子功能中,有19 480条序列具有催化活性(catalytic activity),24 229条序列具有结合(binding)功能;而在细胞组成中,有33 825条序列聚集于细胞解剖实体(cellular anatomical entity),7 128条序列聚集于含蛋白复合物(protein containing complex)。
青阳参转录组中分别有34 956条序列被注释到了KEGG数据库中,涉及147条通路,主要包括5个大的类别,且以新陈代谢(metabolism)为主。其中,萜类化合物骨架生物合成(skeleton biosynthesis of terpenoids)、类固醇生物合成(steroid biosynthesis)、倍半萜和三萜的生物合成(sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis)是C21甾体类生物合成的主要3条代谢途径,且以萜类化合物骨架生物合成和类固醇生物合成为主。通过对注释到的相关KEGG通路进行整理后发现(图4B),青阳参中有269条序列注释到了上述的3条通路,且从注释到的基因数量来看,主要为萜类化合物骨架生物合成和类固醇生物合成。其中有117条序列注释到了萜类化合物骨架生物合成途径,有30条序列注释到了倍半萜和三萜的生物合成途径,还有122条基因序列注释到了类固醇生物合成途径(图4B)。
对青阳参各比较组间上下调相关的差异表达基因进行了数量统计分析,结果见图5A。在3个比较组中,根和叶比较组的差异表达基因数量最多,表明根和叶的差异较大,有19 217条基因序列存在显著差异,其中有11 835条基因序列在根中的表达量较低,7 382条基因序列在根中的表达量较高。在叶和茎比较组中,有12 480条基因序列存在显著差异,其中有4 603条基因序列在叶中的表达量低,7 877条基因序列在叶中的表达量高。此外,在根和茎比较组的DEGs数量最少,且与叶和茎(Stem vs leaf)比较组的DEGs数量接近,其中有10 121条基因存在显著差异,且有6 251条基因在根中的表达量较低,有3 870条基因在根中的表达量较高。
使用韦恩图对上述3个比较组的DEGs进行了分析,在根和叶比较组中,鉴定出了3 793条特有的DEGs,在叶和茎比较组中,鉴定出了1 127条特有的DEGs,在根和茎比较组中,鉴定出了1 253条特有的DEGs。此外,有3 377条基因序列的表达水平在3个比较组中均存在显著差异,是其共有的DEGs。见图5B
利用KEGG数据库对DEGs的生物学功能进行注释后发现,在根和叶比较组中,有145条DEGs注释到了C21甾体类相关生物合成途径,其中有64条DEGs注释到了萜类化合物骨架生物合成,有20条DEGs注释到了倍半萜和三萜生物合成,还有61条DEGs注释到了类固醇生物合成,且在根和叶比较组中,共有19条DEGs在根中上调(图6)。在叶和茎比较组中,有117条DEGs涉及C21甾体类相关生物合成途径,分别有44、23和50条DEGs注释到了萜类化合物骨架生物合成、倍半萜和三萜生物合成以及类固醇生物合成,且在叶和茎比较组中,共有103条DEGs在叶中上调(图6)。在根和茎比较组中,有96条DEGs涉及C21甾体类生物合成,分别有41、15、40条DEGs注释到了萜类化合物骨架生物合成、倍半萜和三萜生物合成以及类固醇生物合成,且在根和茎比较组中,共有23条DEGs在根中上调(图6)。
在青阳参的整个C21甾体类的相关合成通路中共筛选出了87条相关的DEGs,编码18个代谢酶,其中有43条是在萜类化合物骨架合成途径中筛选出的DEGs,涉及11个代谢酶,有44条是在类固醇生物合成途径中的筛选出的DEGs,涉及7个代谢酶(表4)。分析发现,在MVA途径中,编码AACT、HMGR、MVD以及IPPI酶的DEGs分别有2、8、2和2条。而在MEP途径中,编码DXS、DXR、MCT、MDS、HDS以及HDR酶的DEGs分别有4、2、1、2、6和7条。且在MVA和MEP两条途径的交汇处,有7条DEGs编码FPPS酶。此外,青阳参在类固醇生物合成途径中,分别有7、4、22、2、2、4和3条DEGs编码SS、SM、CYP51、FK、DWF1、SC5DL以及DWF5酶。
上述各代谢酶的编码基因在青阳参3个组织部位的相对表达水平以聚类热图的形式展现(图7),从总体上看,编码代谢酶的DEGs的相对表达量在叶中比较高。且通过差异代谢物与差异表达基因的关联分析发现,在青阳参中有37个DEGs与青阳参苷元相关联,其中正相关和负相关的DEGs分别有10和27个(图8)。其中编码AACT、MVD、IPPI、FK和DWF1的DEGs分别有2、1、1、1和2个,且都与青阳参苷元呈正相关,编码SS、SM、DXS、DXR、MDS、HDR、GCPE和SC5DL的DEGs分别有2、1、2、2、1、4、2和2个,且均是与青阳参苷元呈负相关。而编码FPPS和CYP51的DEGs分别有4和10个,其中编码FPPS的DEGs中有2个与青阳参苷元呈正相关,2个与之呈负相关,编码CYP51的DEGs中有1个与青阳参苷元呈正相关,另外9个与之呈负相关。
qRT-PCR实验结果显示(图9),在挑选出的8条DEGs中,其中有5条基因序列能与代谢物青阳参苷元关联上,且都为正相关基因,分别为AACT_42891、AACT_30964、MVD_39064、IPPI_53071和CYP51_39069基因,且它们均在根中的表达量较高。而GGPP_43032和GCPE_29264基因在叶中的表达量较高,CYP51_4038基因在茎中的表达量较高。上述8条基因的表达趋势均与对应转录组的FPKM值结果一致,说明该转录组学数据的基因表达定量较为准确,筛选出的关键酶基因可供后续实验使用。
青阳参作为云南省重要天然药物之一,其药用历史虽较为悠久,但除了化学成分和药理作用之外,我们对其知之甚少,其遗传资料甚为匮乏,对青阳参药效成分生物合成途径相关功能基因挖掘的研究也未见报道[2,27]。为了增加青阳参的遗传资料并解析
其药效成分合成途径,本研究首次通过高通量测序技术获得了青阳参的转录组数据,对其进行注释、差异基因分析并挖掘了C21甾体类相关生物合成途径的代谢酶基因。通过对青阳参的转录本进行注释后发现,其注释到Nr数据库的序列最多的,且在已公布的植物中,青阳参与长春花的同源关系最近。青阳参中有34 956条基因序列注释到了KEGG数据库,涉及147条通路,以新陈代谢为主。其中有269条基因序列注释到了甾体皂苷类化合物生物合成途径中的萜类化合物骨架合成、倍半萜和三萜生物合成以及类固醇类化合物合成这3条通路上。通过对上述3条通路的DEGs进一步分析,从中筛选出了87条与C21甾体类生物合成相关的DEGs,共编码18个相关的代谢酶。
C21甾体皂苷类化合物是青阳参的主要活性成分,是一类甾体衍生物,具有多种生物活性[15,28],常作为甾体药物的前体在临床上广泛应用[17-18]。甾体皂苷类化合物的生物合成途径主要有MVA和MEP两条途径[19],青阳参中的C21甾体皂苷类是甾体衍生物,其骨架合成也主要通过MVA和MEP两条途径合成[18]。MVA途径的起始物质是乙酰辅酶A,经AACT等酶催化形成3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA),HMG-CoA被HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGR)催化,转化为甲羟戊二酸(MVA),MVA经MVD、FPPS、SS、SM、CYP51、FK等一系列酶的催化作用生成14-去甲基鲨烯醇(14-Demethyllanosterol),再通过后续的酶催化反应和修饰,形成C21甾体类化合物[29]。MEP途径是由8个酶连续反应来合成异戊烯基二磷酸(IPP)和二甲烯丙基二磷酸(DMAPP),第一个反应是由脱氧木桐糖-5-磷酸合成酶(DXS)催化丙酮酸和甘油醛-3-磷酸生成1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸(DXP),也是第一个限速步骤,后续再在DXR、MCT、MDS、HDS等酶催化下合成IPP和DMAPP,最终经过一系列的酶催化反应,形成类固醇类化合物和C21甾体类化合物[30]
本研究发现青阳参的重要成分青阳参苷元主要在根中积累,在C21甾体皂苷类化合物生物合成途径中与青阳参苷元呈正相关的基因中,编码AACT和DWF1酶的基因也在根中高表达,二者应对青阳参苷元合成具有重要的调控作用。AACT属于Ⅱ型硫解酶家族,是MVA途径中的第一个关键酶[31],具有重要研究价值,目前已有学者对滇龙胆、茅苍术、垂序商陆等药用植物中AACT基因进行了克隆与表达分析[32-34]。有研究发现AACT基因在滇龙胆的茎和根中高表达[33],这与本研究中AACT基因在青阳参根中表达量高的结果相一致,可以看出,AACT酶作为MVA途径中的六大重要酶之一[35],对该途径下游青阳参苷元的合成确实具有重要调控作用。DWF1是一种双功能蛋白,既可以催化Δ24异构化反应以及随后进行的Δ24(25)还原反应,又在将24-亚甲基胆甾醇(24-methylenecholesterol)转化为菜油甾醇(campesterol)以及将异岩藻甾醇转化为谷甾醇(sitosterol)的过程中发挥着重要作用[36]。对睡茄(Withania somnifera)DWF1的研究表明,DWF1与植物甾醇合成呈正相关关系[37]。本研究首次发现了DWF1酶与青阳参苷元呈正相关,其应对青阳参苷元的合成具有重要调控作用,将来可对该酶在青阳参药效成分合成过程中的功能给予进一步研究。FPPS是植物萜类化合物合成的一个关键酶,可催化形成法尼基焦磷酸(FPP),FPP是植物体内多条代谢途径的重要中间产物[38]。青阳参苷元的合成通路上游共用萜类化合物合成通路,因此,FPPS对青阳参苷元的合成具有重要影响。CYP51作为生物甾醇合成过程中的关键酶[39],也是青阳参苷元合成途径中的关键基因。除此之外,在与青阳参苷元正相关的基因中, MVDIPPI以及FK基因也应对青阳参苷元的合成具有重要的影响,但目前对其研究较少,将来可在青阳参的药效成分合成研究中给予进一步关注。对于通路上与C21甾体皂苷类合成相关的其他差异显著基因中, HMGR是MVA途径中的限速酶,在不同的物种中有不同的表达模式,编码HMGR的基因在青阳参叶中高表达,其在滇龙胆叶中的表达量也最高,本研究结果与之一致[40]。DXS是MEP 途径中的第一个限速酶,DXS基因在青阳参茎、叶中高表达,DXS在滇龙胆中叶中的表达远高于根,本研究结果与DXS基因在滇龙胆中的表达模式较为一致[41]。本研究筛选出的负相关基因DXSDXRMDSHDR是MEP途径中的重要酶基因[35],应与植物甾体皂苷以MVA途径为主相关[19]。以上基因均为本次研究首次发现与青阳参成分合成相关的基因,过去的研究表明它们是甾体类生物合成过程相关的酶,但其在青阳参苷元合成过程中的具体功能还有待于进一步研究。
综上,本研究通过对青阳参的转录组数据进行了分析及DEGs的注释分析,筛选出了与C21甾体类生物合成相关的代谢酶,并对其通路进行了简单解析。分析发现,注释得到的关键酶主要是上游通路相关的酶,这与目前关于C21甾体类的相关生物合成研究较为缺乏有关。就甾体皂苷而言,下游具体途径和涉及的基因功能验证相关研究也较少,下游生物合成途径还有待阐明[42]。所以,还需深入研究其下游途径,但在此之前,对其上游相关途径进行更多解析也将为未来的研究提供数据支持和奠定理论基础。
  • 云南省基础研究项目资助(202301AT070254)
  • 云南省应用基础研究中医联合专项资助(202101AZ070001-056)
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.05.002
  • 接收时间:2024-06-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-26
基金
云南省基础研究项目资助(202301AT070254)
云南省应用基础研究中医联合专项资助(202101AZ070001-056)
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    云南中医药大学中药学院, 昆明 650500

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* 郑兰平,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药资源开发与利用
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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