Article(id=1190375271564936176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)03-0308-05, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.03.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717430400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761737180844, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761737180844, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761737180844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761737180844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190375270847710190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='209', pageEnd='312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761737180673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761793989024, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=308, endPage=312, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190375271757874164, articleId=1190375271564936176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Analysis of Results of Three NMPA's Microbial Proficiency Testing Programs, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To analyze the results of three NMPA's Microbial Proficiency Testing Programs, NIFDC-PT-288, NIFDC-PT-340, and NIFDC-PT-446, to evaluate the microbiological testing abilities of laboratories nationwide in drug detection, thus the regulatory agencies can learn the microbiological proficiency status of drug inspection laboratories and the laboratories can improve the microbiological detection ability. METHODS The results of the three proficiency testing programs were analyzed regarding the satisfaction rate, identified problems, and key technical points, and the laboratory types, number of laboratories and capability of the laboratories participating the three proficiency testing projects were analyzed. RESULTS The result satisfaction rates of provincial food and drug inspection institutions were 95.7% (NIFDC-PT-288), 86.4% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 100.0% (NIFDC-PT-446), while the satisfaction rates of municipal food and drug control institutions were 95.5% (NIFDC-PT-288), 83.9% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 92.5% (NIFDC-PT-446), respectively. The satisfaction rates of enterprise laboratory were 86.7% (NIFDC-PT-288), 65.7% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 80.2% (NIFDC-PT-446), respectively. The satisfaction rates of other types of laboratories were 100.0% (NIFDC-PT-288), 61.5% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 86.7% (NIFDC-PT-446), respectively. CONCLUSION The successful implementation of the three microbiological proficiency testing programs has provided the laboratories with effective external quality control means, and it also provides the first-hand reference for regulatory authorities on the microbiological testing capability of nationwide drug laboratories. The qualitative microorganism testing ability of drug laboratories is basically good, while the quantitative microorganism testing ability needs to be improved.

, correspAuthors=Songqing GU, Xinhua XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiwei LU, Yiling FAN, Zhukang CHEN, Guangzhi GU, Songqing GU, Meicheng YANG, Xiaoming GAO, Xinhua XIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190375368084259087, articleId=1190375271564936176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=三项国家药品监督管理局微生物能力验证结果分析, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 通过对NIFDC-PT-288《药品中金黄色葡萄球菌检验能力验证计划》、NIFDC-PT-340《药品中需氧菌总数计数能力验证计划》和NIFDC-PT-446《药品中霉菌和酵母菌总数计数能力验证计划》能力结果的分析研究,评价全国范围内参加实验室的药品微生物检验水平,使监管机构掌握药品检验实验室的微生物能力状况,提高实验室能力水平。方法 从结果满意率、发现问题和技术要点对结果进行了分析;从实验室类型、实验室数量、能力情况对实验室能力进行了分析。结果 省级食品药品检验机构结果满意率为95.7%(NIFDC-PT-288)、86.4%(NIFDC-PT-340)和100.0%(NIFDC-PT-446);地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构结果满意率为95.5%(NIFDC-PT-288)、83.9%(NIFDC-PT-340)和92.5%(NIFDC-PT-446),企业实验室结果满意率为86.7%(NIFDC-PT-288)、65.7%(NIFDC-PT-340)和80.2%(NIFDC-PT-446),其他类型实验室结果满意率为100.0%(NIFDC-PT-288)、61.5%(NIFDC-PT-340)和86.7%(NIFDC-PT-446)。结论 三项微生物能力验证项目的成功开展,为实验室提供了有效的外部质量控制手段,也为监管机构掌握全国药品实验室微生物检测的能力状况提供了一手资料,药品检验实验室微生物定性检测能力较好,微生物的定量检测能力有待提高。

, correspAuthors=顾颂青, 项新华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*顾颂青,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药品检验及质量管理 Tel:(021)50798203;
项新华,男,硕士,主任技师 研究方向:实验室质量管理与能力评价 TeI: (010)53851353
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陆继伟,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:药品检验及质量控制

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陆继伟,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:药品检验及质量控制

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陆继伟,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:药品检验及质量控制

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实验室类型 省份 PT-288 PT-340 PT-446
数量/家 满意数量/家 满意率/% 数量/家 满意数量/家 满意率/% 数量/家 满意数量/家 满意率/%
省级系统实验室 - 23 22 95.7 22 19 86.4 28 28 100
地区级系统实验室 安徽 3 3 100 3 3 100 13 13 100
北京 0 0 - 0 0 - 1 1 100
福建 1 1 100 2 2 100 5 5 100
甘肃 11 11 100 12 11 91.7 8 8 100
广东 2 2 100 10 7 70 18 17 94.4
广西 0 0 - 2 2 100 7 6 85.7
贵州 0 0 - 1 1 100 4 3 75.0
海南 1 1 100 2 2 100 4 4 100
河北 0 0 - 1 0 0 6 6 100
河南 0 0 - 1 1 100 17 17 100
黑龙江 2 2 100 1 1 100 3 3 100
湖北 0 0 - 3 3 100 6 5 83.3
湖南 13 12 92.3 8 6 75 13 13 100
吉林 1 1 100 2 1 50 5 3 60.0
江苏 7 7 100 6 6 100 12 12 100
江西 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
辽宁 1 1 100 1 1 100 4 3 75.0
内蒙古 0 0 - 0 0 - 2 1 50.0
宁夏 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
青海 0 0 - 0 0 - 3 2 66.7
山东 2 2 100 8 6 75 11 10 90.9
山西 4 3 75 4 4 100 5 3 60.0
陕西 2 2 100 1 1 100 8 7 87.5
上海 1 1 100 7 5 71.4 6 6 100
四川 5 4 80 8 5 62.5 5 5 100
天津 0 0 - 2 2 100 2 1 50.0
西藏 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
新疆 1 1 100 0 0 - 7 7 100
云南 0 0 - 1 1 100 7 7 100
浙江 7 7 100 5 5 100 13 12 92.3
重庆 3 3 100 2 2 100 4 4 100
合计 67 64 95.5 93 78 83.9 199 184 92.5
企业实验室 - 15 13 86.7 99 65 65.7 81 65 80.2
其他实验室 - 4 4 100 13 8 61.5 30 26 86.7
), ArticleFig(id=1190958789651215168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375271564936176, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类别和省份实验室三项能力验证能力情况汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验室类型 省份 PT-288 PT-340 PT-446
数量/家 满意数量/家 满意率/% 数量/家 满意数量/家 满意率/% 数量/家 满意数量/家 满意率/%
省级系统实验室 - 23 22 95.7 22 19 86.4 28 28 100
地区级系统实验室 安徽 3 3 100 3 3 100 13 13 100
北京 0 0 - 0 0 - 1 1 100
福建 1 1 100 2 2 100 5 5 100
甘肃 11 11 100 12 11 91.7 8 8 100
广东 2 2 100 10 7 70 18 17 94.4
广西 0 0 - 2 2 100 7 6 85.7
贵州 0 0 - 1 1 100 4 3 75.0
海南 1 1 100 2 2 100 4 4 100
河北 0 0 - 1 0 0 6 6 100
河南 0 0 - 1 1 100 17 17 100
黑龙江 2 2 100 1 1 100 3 3 100
湖北 0 0 - 3 3 100 6 5 83.3
湖南 13 12 92.3 8 6 75 13 13 100
吉林 1 1 100 2 1 50 5 3 60.0
江苏 7 7 100 6 6 100 12 12 100
江西 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
辽宁 1 1 100 1 1 100 4 3 75.0
内蒙古 0 0 - 0 0 - 2 1 50.0
宁夏 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
青海 0 0 - 0 0 - 3 2 66.7
山东 2 2 100 8 6 75 11 10 90.9
山西 4 3 75 4 4 100 5 3 60.0
陕西 2 2 100 1 1 100 8 7 87.5
上海 1 1 100 7 5 71.4 6 6 100
四川 5 4 80 8 5 62.5 5 5 100
天津 0 0 - 2 2 100 2 1 50.0
西藏 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 -
新疆 1 1 100 0 0 - 7 7 100
云南 0 0 - 1 1 100 7 7 100
浙江 7 7 100 5 5 100 13 12 92.3
重庆 3 3 100 2 2 100 4 4 100
合计 67 64 95.5 93 78 83.9 199 184 92.5
企业实验室 - 15 13 86.7 99 65 65.7 81 65 80.2
其他实验室 - 4 4 100 13 8 61.5 30 26 86.7
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三项国家药品监督管理局微生物能力验证结果分析
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陆继伟 1 , 范一灵 1, 2 , 陈祝康 1 , 谷广志 1 , 顾颂青 1, * , 杨美成 2, 3 , 高晓明 4 , 项新华 4, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(3): 308-312
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(3): 308-312
三项国家药品监督管理局微生物能力验证结果分析
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陆继伟1, 范一灵1, 2, 陈祝康1, 谷广志1, 顾颂青1, *, 杨美成2, 3, 高晓明4, 项新华4, *
作者信息
  • 1 国家药品监督管理局药品微生物检测技术重点实验室, 上海市创新生物制品质量检验检测中心, 上海市食品药品检验研究院, 上海 201203
  • 2 中国医药工业研究总院, 上海 201203
  • 3 上海市食品药品包装材料测试所, 上海 201203
  • 4 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
  • 陆继伟,女,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:药品检验及质量控制

通讯作者:

*顾颂青,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药品检验及质量管理 Tel:(021)50798203;
项新华,男,硕士,主任技师 研究方向:实验室质量管理与能力评价 TeI: (010)53851353
Analysis of Results of Three NMPA's Microbial Proficiency Testing Programs
Jiwei LU1, Yiling FAN1, 2, Zhukang CHEN1, Guangzhi GU1, Songqing GU1, *, Meicheng YANG2, 3, Xiaoming GAO4, Xinhua XIANG4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 NMPA Key Laboratory for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Shanghai Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Innovative Biological Products,Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2 China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3 Shanghai Food and Drug Packaging Material Control Center, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 4 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.014
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目的 通过对NIFDC-PT-288《药品中金黄色葡萄球菌检验能力验证计划》、NIFDC-PT-340《药品中需氧菌总数计数能力验证计划》和NIFDC-PT-446《药品中霉菌和酵母菌总数计数能力验证计划》能力结果的分析研究,评价全国范围内参加实验室的药品微生物检验水平,使监管机构掌握药品检验实验室的微生物能力状况,提高实验室能力水平。方法 从结果满意率、发现问题和技术要点对结果进行了分析;从实验室类型、实验室数量、能力情况对实验室能力进行了分析。结果 省级食品药品检验机构结果满意率为95.7%(NIFDC-PT-288)、86.4%(NIFDC-PT-340)和100.0%(NIFDC-PT-446);地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构结果满意率为95.5%(NIFDC-PT-288)、83.9%(NIFDC-PT-340)和92.5%(NIFDC-PT-446),企业实验室结果满意率为86.7%(NIFDC-PT-288)、65.7%(NIFDC-PT-340)和80.2%(NIFDC-PT-446),其他类型实验室结果满意率为100.0%(NIFDC-PT-288)、61.5%(NIFDC-PT-340)和86.7%(NIFDC-PT-446)。结论 三项微生物能力验证项目的成功开展,为实验室提供了有效的外部质量控制手段,也为监管机构掌握全国药品实验室微生物检测的能力状况提供了一手资料,药品检验实验室微生物定性检测能力较好,微生物的定量检测能力有待提高。

微生物能力验证计划  /  金黄色葡萄球菌  /  需氧菌总数计数  /  霉菌和酵母菌总数计数  /  能力结果分析

OBJECTIVE To analyze the results of three NMPA's Microbial Proficiency Testing Programs, NIFDC-PT-288, NIFDC-PT-340, and NIFDC-PT-446, to evaluate the microbiological testing abilities of laboratories nationwide in drug detection, thus the regulatory agencies can learn the microbiological proficiency status of drug inspection laboratories and the laboratories can improve the microbiological detection ability. METHODS The results of the three proficiency testing programs were analyzed regarding the satisfaction rate, identified problems, and key technical points, and the laboratory types, number of laboratories and capability of the laboratories participating the three proficiency testing projects were analyzed. RESULTS The result satisfaction rates of provincial food and drug inspection institutions were 95.7% (NIFDC-PT-288), 86.4% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 100.0% (NIFDC-PT-446), while the satisfaction rates of municipal food and drug control institutions were 95.5% (NIFDC-PT-288), 83.9% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 92.5% (NIFDC-PT-446), respectively. The satisfaction rates of enterprise laboratory were 86.7% (NIFDC-PT-288), 65.7% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 80.2% (NIFDC-PT-446), respectively. The satisfaction rates of other types of laboratories were 100.0% (NIFDC-PT-288), 61.5% (NIFDC-PT-340) and 86.7% (NIFDC-PT-446), respectively. CONCLUSION The successful implementation of the three microbiological proficiency testing programs has provided the laboratories with effective external quality control means, and it also provides the first-hand reference for regulatory authorities on the microbiological testing capability of nationwide drug laboratories. The qualitative microorganism testing ability of drug laboratories is basically good, while the quantitative microorganism testing ability needs to be improved.

microbiological proficiency testing program  /  Staphylococcus aureus  /  total aerobic microbial count  /  total molds and yeasts count  /  proficiency result analysis
陆继伟, 范一灵, 陈祝康, 谷广志, 顾颂青, 杨美成, 高晓明, 项新华. 三项国家药品监督管理局微生物能力验证结果分析. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (3) : 308 -312 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.014
Jiwei LU, Yiling FAN, Zhukang CHEN, Guangzhi GU, Songqing GU, Meicheng YANG, Xiaoming GAO, Xinhua XIANG. Analysis of Results of Three NMPA's Microbial Proficiency Testing Programs[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (3) : 308 -312 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.014
能力验证指利用实验室间比对,按预先制定的准则评价参加者的能力[1]。能力验证的类型包括能力验证计划和测量审核。能力验证作为一种外部评价实验室能力的手段,可补充和完善实验室内部质量控制,充分利用好这个手段,可以起到多种作用[2]。能力验证结果还可以使监管机构、认证机构、管理层和客户获得实验室能力水平的证据,增加其对实验室的信心[3]
上海市食品药品检验研究院(简称上海院)从2005年组织开展能力验证工作,2017年成为中国合格评定国家认可委员会(CNAS)认可的能力验证提供者(CNAS PT0058)。上海院积极申报组织实施国家药品监督管理局(简称国家局)的能力验证项目,使其技术能力和运作经验为国家监管机构了解实验室能力水平提供详实、可靠的数据和结果,服务于全国药品检验检测实验室。上海院在获得能力验证提供者认可后已成功实施了六项国家局的能力验证项目,其中三项为药品微生物能力验证。药品微生物控制是确保药品质量和安全的关键环节,对于保护公众健康具有重要意义[4]。通过组织相关能力验证,可以真实了解全国药品微生物检测的现状和能力水平,同时发现存在的问题和不足,从而有针对性地制定改进措施以提升检测水平。
三项能力验证计划均按ISO/IEC 17043《合格评定 能力验证的通用要求》[1]组织运作。代码NIFDC-PT-288的《药品中金黄色葡萄球菌检验能力验证计划》,为2020年国家局能力验证项目,定性检测药品中的金黄色葡萄球菌,采用方法为《中国药典》2020年版四部通则1106非无菌产品微生物限度检查:控制菌检查法中金黄色葡萄球菌的检验。共有110家实验室报名参加。因代码为331的实验室不具备生物安全防护级别要求的生物安全柜,无法开展检验而未报送结果,最终109家实验室按时报送结果,本研究对109家实验室的结果进行了统计分析和能力评价。
NIFDC-PT-340《药品中需氧菌总数计数能力验证计划》为2021年国家局能力验证项目,为定量能力验证计划,采用方法为《中国药典》2020年版四部通则1105非无菌产品微生物限度检查:微生物计数法中需氧菌总数计数倾注法。共有235家实验室报名参加,5家实验室因疫情未能收到样品;3家实验室收到样品后因特殊原因主动退出本次能力验证;4家实验室未报送结果;本研究对223家实验室报送的结果进行了统计分析,对227家进行了能力评价。
NIFDC-PT-446《药品中霉菌和酵母菌总数计数能力验证计划》为2023年国家局能力验证项目,为定量能力验证计划,采用《中国药典》(2020年版)四部通则1105非无菌产品微生物限度检查:微生物计数法中霉菌和酵母菌总数计数倾注法。共有344家实验室报名参加,6家实验室因环境和实验室改造等原因退出本次能力验证;1家实验室未报送结果;本研究对337家实验室报送的结果进行了统计分析,对338家进行了能力评价。
109家实验室中,食品药品检验检测系统实验室数量为90家[省级食品药品检验机构23家,地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构67家],占比82.6%;生产企业实验室为15家,占比13.7%;其他实验室为4家,占比3.7%,能力评价情况见图1表1。其中省级食品药品检验机构和地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构结果的满意率相近,均约为96%;企业实验室满意率相对较低;其他实验室只有4家,不具有充分代表性。
227家实验室中,食品药品检验检测系统实验室数量为115家,占比50.7%,满意率为84.3%;其中省级食品药品检验机构22家,满意率为86.4%,地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构93家,满意率为83.9%。生产企业实验室为99家,占比43.6%,满意率为65.7%。其他实验室为13家,占比5.7%,满意率为61.5%。总体能力评价情况见表1图2
由上述统计可知,食品药品检验检测系统实验室的满意率高于生产企业实验室和其他实验室;
省级食品药品检验机构与地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构的满意率接近;生产企业实验室和其他实验室的满意率接近。无论哪一类实验室,需氧菌总数计数检测技术水平均有待进一步提高。
参加计划的338家实验室中,食品药品检验检测系统实验室数量为227家,占比67.1%,满意率为93.4%;其中省级食品药品检验机构28家,满意率为100%,地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构199家,满意率为92.5%;生产企业实验室为81家,占比24.0%,满意率为80.2%。其他实验室为30家,占比8.9%,满意率为86.7%。总体能力评价情况见图3表1
由上述统计可知,食品药品检验检测系统实验室的满意率高于生产企业实验室和其他实验室;省级食品药品检验机构的满意率高于地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构;其他实验室满意率高于生产企业实验室。生产企业实验室和其他实验室霉菌和酵母菌总数计数检测技术水平有待进一步提高。
31个省级行政区的检验检测机构参加了三项国家局微生物能力验证项目,情况见表1。由表1可知:①三项能力验证的参加实验室由最初的109家、增加至227家、338家,由此可见各省、自治区、直辖市检验检测机构参加国家局能力验证项目的实验室总数在逐年增加;②云南、江苏、上海、广东、湖南、甘肃、四川、山东、浙江、河南、安徽等省的检验检测机构积极参加了三项能力验证项目;③江苏、上海、广东、山东、浙江、河南、安徽、河北、福建、湖北、北京、吉林、海南、广西、贵州、辽宁参加实验室数量呈逐年上升态势。
对三项微生物能力验证计划不同类型参加实验室的数量和满意度情况进行汇总,见表1
表1可知:①定性微生物能力验证的满意率好于定量微生物能力验证,药品微生物实验室定量检测能力有待进一步提高。从技术角度进行原因分析,定性检验项目的操作一般为简单移液,定量检验项目一般为梯度稀释、平板倾注、菌落计数等操作步骤较多;定性项目包含2次增菌阶段,定量项目仅能通过固体培养基1次增菌,因此定量检验项目对培养基的灵敏度要求较高。②综合三项能力验证总体情况,省级食品药品检验机构的微生物检测能力优于地市(县、区)级食品药品检验机构;食品药品检验机构的微生物检测能力优于企业实验室和其他实验室。③对于实施方,持续组织微生物能力验证有助于监控、保持和提高实验室检测能力和水平;实验室也可以通过参加微生物能力验证,了解自身检测能力的薄弱点并加以改进。以对PT-288的6家不满意实验室的能力跟踪为例:有2家参加了PT-340和PT-446,PT-340均为满意结果,PT-446均为不满意结果;有2家参加了PT-446,结果均为满意;剩余2家未参加后续能力验证。
参加实验室应按推荐方法开展实验,推荐方法均为药品检测实验室必备检测技术。在实验过程中检验人员需注意操作的技术要求,如分离培养基的选择、鉴定方法的选择、选择计数稀释级、结果计算等。
参加实验室应严格按《作业指导书》的要求制备供试液,选择合适稀释级进行计数,按《中国药典》2020年版通则中菌数报告规则计算和上报结果,整个实验过程应确保防止外界污染。
培养基质量是决定微生物实验结果准确性的关键因素,实验室需建立完善的消耗品管理和质量控制体系,所采用的关键培养基和试剂均应进行适用性检查或技术验收。
微生物检验工作非常注重人员操作的规范性,实际操作过程对检验结果影响很大。三项能力验证的推荐方法虽然已相对成熟,但部分实验室的检验技术人员的操作技能和经验仍有待加强,操作过程的交叉污染、典型菌落的识别、十倍系列稀释和结果计算等,均易导致检验人员对结果的判断产生偏差。建议实验室不断加强从业人员的操作培训和理论学习,提高人员无菌操作意识,完善培养基的质量控制,降低人员操作对检测结果的影响。
三项能力验证选择的检测参数金黄色葡萄球菌定性检测[6-7]、需氧菌总数计数定量检测[8]、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数检测[9]均为药品微生物检验中常规检验项目,对实际操作过程的要求较高,其检测能力可以有代表性地反映微生物实验室的人机料法环测和管理水平。三项计划的参加实验室均达到一定数量,类型覆盖了食品药品检验机构、企业和其他类型实验室,地域上包括了31个省、自治区和直辖市,能充分体现开展国家局能力验证的目的,即了解全国各类相关药品微生物实验室检验水平,从而可根据不同层级、不同地域实验室情况加强监管,为今后相关工作提供检验机构能力方面的数据支持。对社会而言,可实现药品微生物检验实验室的能力水平持续监督;增加实验室出具数据的信心,向社会提供公正、准确可信的数据和报告;同时也为政府相关部门、认证认可机构对实验室的监督和管理提供信息。
参加实验室可以通过有目的、有计划地参加能力验证,获得如下收获:①提高检测人员技术能力[10]。技术权威和规范的能力验证提供者提供的能力验证计划均提供详细的最终报告,报告中对该计划的关键技术要点进行详细分析。实验室拿到结果后,无论是满意、可疑,还是不满意,均应仔细研读最终报告,分析本实验室的优缺点,待提高之处组织改进,对检测人员乃至整个实验室技术水平提升均有较好促进作用。例如:检测/鉴定方法的选择要点、培养基和试剂的质量控制、检测细节和规范性等。此外,参加能力验证计划还可用于实验室人员筛选、上岗考核、能力确认和人员自信心提高。②用于仪器设备的检查和期间核查。③提高实验室的管理水平。一些粗大误差,如填报结果错误、计算公式错误等,均可反映实验室在质量保证流程中还存在疏漏,检测、校对及报告批准的流程中存在问题。如:NIFDC-PT-340 《作业指导书》中规定以“cfu·mL-1”报送结果,代码为650的实验室以“每瓶cfu”计算和报送结果。NIFDC-PT-340和NIFDC-PT-446均存在不应按稀释10倍计算而错误扩大10倍、或应按稀释10倍计算而错误缩小10倍报送结果的情况。④可作为实验室内部质量控制的有效补充手段。实验室可利用其能力评价结果监控检验过程的有效性和可控性,是实验室质量控制的重要手段之一[11]。⑤评价实验室技术能力的重要依据。获得满意结果,可以增强客户的认可和信任,向监管部门、认证认可机构证明能力,提高实验室的信誉。结果可疑或不满意,通过查找原因、整改评价,提高技术和管理水平的同时,还可以作为风险管理的工具[12]
上海院对实施的三项国家局微生物能力验证项目进行了设计策划、样品制备及其均匀性和稳定性评价、样品发放、数据回收和统计、能力评价、报告撰写等工作。中国食品药品检定研究院对能力验证计划的方案设计、样品放行和报告审批进行了技术指导和审批。组织方与参加实验室在中国食品药品检定研究院的“中国药检能力验证服务平台”中完成交互信息沟通。两个实施机构的强强结合使运作实施更加高效、准确、规范,也使获得的数据具有很强的代表性和说服力[13]。参加实验室应正确认识能力验证的积极作用,充分利用好参加国家局能力验证项目的平台和宝贵机会,补足差距、提高水平、获得信心。
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.014
  • 接收时间:2024-06-04
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-04
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    1 国家药品监督管理局药品微生物检测技术重点实验室, 上海市创新生物制品质量检验检测中心, 上海市食品药品检验研究院, 上海 201203
    2 中国医药工业研究总院, 上海 201203
    3 上海市食品药品包装材料测试所, 上海 201203
    4 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050

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*顾颂青,女,硕士,主任药师 研究方向:药品检验及质量管理 Tel:(021)50798203;
项新华,男,硕士,主任技师 研究方向:实验室质量管理与能力评价 TeI: (010)53851353
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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