Article(id=1190375272349271035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, articleNumber=1001-2494(2025)03-0302-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2025.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761737181030, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1738944000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761737181030, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761737181030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761737181030, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190375270847710190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='209', pageEnd='312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761737180673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761793989024, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190613542412890253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1190375270847710190, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=302, endPage=307, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190375272521237500, articleId=1190375272349271035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Determination of Bacterial Endotoxin in Glutamic Acid by Kinetic Chromogenic Assay, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the quantitative detection of bacterial endotoxin in glutamic acid and verify its feasibility. METHODS Verification test of the reliability of bacterial endotoxin standard curve, interference test of calcium ion buffer and sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate used in pre-treatment, and interference test of test product and additional endotoxin recovery test were carried out in sequence by using limulus reagents from two manufacturers according to the standard of kinetic chromogenic assay in bacterial endotoxin inspection method (General Chapter 1143 in Chinese Pharmacopoeia2020 Edition). A method for the detection of bacterial endotoxin in glutamic acid was successfully established, and three batches of samples were quantitatively detected by this method. RESULTS Glutamic acid was dissolved with sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate together to the concentration of 20 mg·mL-1, then diluted by calcium ion buffer to the concentration of 5 mg·mL-1, which had no interference effects on bacterial endotoxin test. The contents of endotoxin in three batches of samples were all lower than the limit of 12 EU·g-1, the RSD values were all lower than 10%, and the endotoxin recovery rates were in the range of 50% to 200%, which met the requirements. CONCLUSION The bacterial endotoxin test method established in this study can be used to detect the bacterial endotoxin in glutamic acid and control its quality.

, correspAuthors=Xiaodong HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chong WANG, Juntian XU, Zuxuan WANG, Juan HOU, Xiaodong HUA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190375272827421696, articleId=1190375272349271035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=动态显色法检测谷氨酸中细菌内毒素含量, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立定量检测谷氨酸中细菌内毒素的方法,并验证其可行性。方法 依据《中国药典》2020年版通则1143细菌内毒素检查法中动态显色法的标准,采用两个厂家的鲎试剂,通过细菌内毒素标准曲线的可靠性验证实验、供试品前处理中所用试剂钙离子缓冲液及磷酸氢铵钠的干扰实验、供试品的干扰实验及外加内毒素回收实验,成功建立了谷氨酸中细菌内毒素的检测方法,并对3批供试品进行了定量检测。结果 将供试品与磷酸氢铵钠一起溶解,配制成质量浓度为20 mg·mL-1的谷氨酸溶液,以钙离子缓冲液稀释至5 mg·mL-1以下,对细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。3批供试品的内毒素含量均小于限值12 EU·g-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)均<10%,阳性回收率在50%~200%,符合规定。结论 本研究所建立的细菌内毒素检查方法可用于谷氨酸的细菌内毒素检查,控制其产品质量。

, correspAuthors=华晓东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*华晓东,男,硕士,研究员 研究方向:药检药理与药物安全性评价 Tel:(022)83710670
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王冲,男,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:药检药理与药物安全性评价

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王冲,男,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:药检药理与药物安全性评价

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王冲,男,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:药检药理与药物安全性评价

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language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. 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Determination of bacterial endotoxin in fondaparinuxsodium injection by kinetic chromogenic assay[J]. Chin J Pharm Anal (药物分析杂志), 2021, 41(1):180-184., articleTitle=Determination of bacterial endotoxin in fondaparinuxsodium injection by kinetic chromogenic assay, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190958687532499117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=12, pageStart=2110, pageEnd=2115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=YUAN C L, ZHANG S S, CHEN Y R, journalName=Chin J Pharm Anal(药物分析杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUAN C L, ZHANG S S, CHEN Y R, et al. Dynamic chromogenic method for detection of bacterial endotoxincontent in umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell suspension[J]. 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Research progress in bacterial endotoxin test methods for insoluble raw materials, excipientsand preparations[J]. Chin J Pharmacovigil (中国药物警戒), 2024, 21(3):273-279., articleTitle=Research progress in bacterial endotoxin test methods for insoluble raw materials, excipientsand preparations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190958687708659888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=12, pageStart=1156, pageEnd=1160, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=ZHANG J, LÜ X J, YANG Y T, journalName=Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J, X J, YANG Y T, et al. Bacterial endotoxin test methodology of vinpocetine active pharmaceutical ingredients[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2024, 59(12):1156-1160., articleTitle=Bacterial endotoxin test methodology of vinpocetine active pharmaceutical ingredients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190958687775768753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=30, issue=22, pageStart=78, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=CHEN C, PEI Y S, DU Y, journalName=China Pharm(中国药业), refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN C, PEI Y S, DU Y, et al. Bacterial endotoxin test methodology of vinpocetine active pharmaceutical ingredients[J]. China Pharm(中国药业), 2021, 30(22):78-81., articleTitle=Bacterial endotoxin test methodology of vinpocetine active pharmaceutical ingredients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190958687851266226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=24, issue=4, pageStart=398, pageEnd=402, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=ZHOU D, REN T Y, ZHAO L S, journalName=Drug Stand China(中国药品标准), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU D, REN T Y, ZHAO L S. Investigation of bacterial endotoxin test for azithromycin[J]. Drug Stand China(中国药品标准), 2023, 24(4):398-402., articleTitle=Investigation of bacterial endotoxin test for azithromycin, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190958684328050812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190958684340633725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, companyId=1190958684328050812, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin 300070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190958684353216638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, companyId=1190958684328050812, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津市药品检验研究院, 天津 300070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190958686391648413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Reliability test results of standard curve from two manufacturers by kinetic chromogenic assay. n=3

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Batch number
of LAL
Standard endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Mean reaction
time/s
Measured endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
|r|
2202230 Negative control >150 0 <0.01 - - 0.999
0.01 112 6 0.010 9 5.76 109
0.1 695 0.085 4 4.23 85
1 386 1.050 4 1.19 105
10 226 10.201 3 0.42 102
P1042E Negative control >150 0 <0.01 - - 0.999
0.01 134 0 0.009 2 1.82 92
0.1 754 0.103 8 1.22 122
1 423 1.188 3 2.95 119
10 263 8.803 3 2.37 88
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两个厂家的动态显色法鲎试剂标准曲线的可靠性实验结果。 n=3

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Batch number
of LAL
Standard endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Mean reaction
time/s
Measured endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
|r|
2202230 Negative control >150 0 <0.01 - - 0.999
0.01 112 6 0.010 9 5.76 109
0.1 695 0.085 4 4.23 85
1 386 1.050 4 1.19 105
10 226 10.201 3 0.42 102
P1042E Negative control >150 0 <0.01 - - 0.999
0.01 134 0 0.009 2 1.82 92
0.1 754 0.103 8 1.22 122
1 423 1.188 3 2.95 119
10 263 8.803 3 2.37 88
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Interference test results of calcium ion buffer. n=3

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Batch number
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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 2 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.498 7 1.18 100
4 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.479 6 1.55 96
8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.512 4 5.43 102
16 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.511 0.89 102
P1042E 2 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.553 2 1.85 111
4 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.584 1 2.34 117
8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.659 9 2.03 132
16 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.636 6 1.64 127
), ArticleFig(id=1190958686613946528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

钙离子缓冲液的干扰实验结果。 n=3

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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 2 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.498 7 1.18 100
4 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.479 6 1.55 96
8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.512 4 5.43 102
16 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.511 0.89 102
P1042E 2 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.553 2 1.85 111
4 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.584 1 2.34 117
8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.659 9 2.03 132
16 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.636 6 1.64 127
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Interference test results of microcosmic salt tetrahydrate. n=3

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ρ
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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 6.67 6 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.234 8 1.21 47
5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.384 5 2.33 77
4.44 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.538 8 0.69 108
4 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.556 9 3.45 111
P1042E 6.67 6 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.274 4 5.23 55
5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.472 2.54 94
4.44 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.551 2 1.12 110
4 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.554 3 2.34 110
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磷酸氢铵钠的干扰实验结果。 n=3

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ρ
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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 6.67 6 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.234 8 1.21 47
5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.384 5 2.33 77
4.44 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.538 8 0.69 108
4 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.556 9 3.45 111
P1042E 6.67 6 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.274 4 5.23 55
5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.472 2.54 94
4.44 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.551 2 1.12 110
4 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.554 3 2.34 110
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Interference test results of glutamic acid. n=3

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Batch number
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ρ
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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.394 4 1.12 79
2.22 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.534 5 2.64 107
2 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.532 4.25 106
P1042E 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.487 1 1.60 97
2.22 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.622 1 3.32 124
2 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.496 7 1.85 99
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谷氨酸的干扰实验结果。 n=3

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Batch number
of LAL
ρ
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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.394 4 1.12 79
2.22 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.534 5 2.64 107
2 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.532 4.25 106
P1042E 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.487 1 1.60 97
2.22 9 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.622 1 3.32 124
2 10 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.496 7 1.85 99
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Interference test results of spiked endotoxin. n=3

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Batch number
of LAL
ρ
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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.422 5 1.47 85
P1042E 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.512 7 1.83 103
), ArticleFig(id=1190958687004016806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

外加内毒素干扰实验结果。n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch number
of LAL
ρ
/mg·mL-1
Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.422 5 1.47 85
P1042E 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.512 7 1.83 103
), ArticleFig(id=1190958687075319975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Results of bacterial endotoxin content for three batches of test products. n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch number
of LAL
Lot number of the
test product
ρ
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Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin
concentration/EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
%
Recovery/
%
2202230 2403011 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.505 1 0.88 101
2403012 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.525 6 0.55 105
2403013 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.514 2 1.47 103
P1042E 2403011 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.663 5 1.36 133
2403012 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.635 7 2.17 127
2403013 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.61 1.67 122
), ArticleFig(id=1190958687150817448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1190375272349271035, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3批供试品细菌内毒素含量检测结果。n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch number
of LAL
Lot number of the
test product
ρ
/mg·mL-1
Dilution
factor
Spiked endotoxin
concentration/EU·mL-1
Average endotoxin concentration/
EU·mL-1
RSD/
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Recovery/
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2202230 2403011 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.505 1 0.88 101
2403012 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.525 6 0.55 105
2403013 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.514 2 1.47 103
P1042E 2403011 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.663 5 1.36 133
2403012 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.635 7 2.17 127
2403013 2.5 8 0 <0.01 - -
0.5 0.61 1.67 122
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动态显色法检测谷氨酸中细菌内毒素含量
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王冲 , 徐军田 , 王祖璇 , 侯娟 , 华晓东 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025,60(3): 302-307
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2025, 60(3): 302-307
动态显色法检测谷氨酸中细菌内毒素含量
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王冲, 徐军田, 王祖璇, 侯娟, 华晓东*
作者信息
  • 天津市药品检验研究院, 天津 300070
  • 王冲,男,硕士,副研究员 研究方向:药检药理与药物安全性评价

通讯作者:

*华晓东,男,硕士,研究员 研究方向:药检药理与药物安全性评价 Tel:(022)83710670
Determination of Bacterial Endotoxin in Glutamic Acid by Kinetic Chromogenic Assay
Chong WANG, Juntian XU, Zuxuan WANG, Juan HOU, Xiaodong HUA*
Affiliations
  • Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin 300070, China
出版时间: 2025-02-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.013
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目的 建立定量检测谷氨酸中细菌内毒素的方法,并验证其可行性。方法 依据《中国药典》2020年版通则1143细菌内毒素检查法中动态显色法的标准,采用两个厂家的鲎试剂,通过细菌内毒素标准曲线的可靠性验证实验、供试品前处理中所用试剂钙离子缓冲液及磷酸氢铵钠的干扰实验、供试品的干扰实验及外加内毒素回收实验,成功建立了谷氨酸中细菌内毒素的检测方法,并对3批供试品进行了定量检测。结果 将供试品与磷酸氢铵钠一起溶解,配制成质量浓度为20 mg·mL-1的谷氨酸溶液,以钙离子缓冲液稀释至5 mg·mL-1以下,对细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。3批供试品的内毒素含量均小于限值12 EU·g-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)均<10%,阳性回收率在50%~200%,符合规定。结论 本研究所建立的细菌内毒素检查方法可用于谷氨酸的细菌内毒素检查,控制其产品质量。

谷氨酸  /  原料药  /  细菌内毒素  /  动态显色法  /  定量检测

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the quantitative detection of bacterial endotoxin in glutamic acid and verify its feasibility. METHODS Verification test of the reliability of bacterial endotoxin standard curve, interference test of calcium ion buffer and sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate used in pre-treatment, and interference test of test product and additional endotoxin recovery test were carried out in sequence by using limulus reagents from two manufacturers according to the standard of kinetic chromogenic assay in bacterial endotoxin inspection method (General Chapter 1143 in Chinese Pharmacopoeia2020 Edition). A method for the detection of bacterial endotoxin in glutamic acid was successfully established, and three batches of samples were quantitatively detected by this method. RESULTS Glutamic acid was dissolved with sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate together to the concentration of 20 mg·mL-1, then diluted by calcium ion buffer to the concentration of 5 mg·mL-1, which had no interference effects on bacterial endotoxin test. The contents of endotoxin in three batches of samples were all lower than the limit of 12 EU·g-1, the RSD values were all lower than 10%, and the endotoxin recovery rates were in the range of 50% to 200%, which met the requirements. CONCLUSION The bacterial endotoxin test method established in this study can be used to detect the bacterial endotoxin in glutamic acid and control its quality.

glutamic acid  /  active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)  /  bacterial endotoxin  /  kinetic chromogenic assay  /  quantitative determination
王冲, 徐军田, 王祖璇, 侯娟, 华晓东. 动态显色法检测谷氨酸中细菌内毒素含量. 中国药学杂志, 2025 , 60 (3) : 302 -307 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.013
Chong WANG, Juntian XU, Zuxuan WANG, Juan HOU, Xiaodong HUA. Determination of Bacterial Endotoxin in Glutamic Acid by Kinetic Chromogenic Assay[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2025 , 60 (3) : 302 -307 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.013
谷氨酸(glutamic acid),又称麸氨酸、左旋谷氨酸,是氨基酸类药物,可通过肝细胞结合血液中过多的氨,起到降低及解除血中氨毒性的作用,从而改善脑病患者的症状。谷氨酸还参与脑蛋白质代谢及糖代谢,促进氧化过程,改善神经系统的功能[1]。谷氨酸剂型为片剂、注射剂,依《中国药典》2020年版相关规定,注射剂用原料一般应设置热原或细菌内毒素检查项目[2]。《中国药典》2020年版中谷氨酸(供注射用)收载的方法为热原检查法[3],具体内容为“取本品,加氯化钠注射液稀释制成每1 mL中含有20 mg的溶液,加热使溶解,放冷至37 ℃,依法检查(通则1142),剂量按家兔体质量每1 kg注射10 mL,应符合规定。”热原检查过程中发现,质量浓度为20 mg·mL-1的谷氨酸溶液pH值约为3.2,在耳缘静脉注射过程中家兔出现剧烈躁动及嘶叫,注射部位红肿充血,后血管呈黑色,刺激症状明显,1周后才基本消失。从动物伦理、家兔使用效率、检测稳定性方面考虑,现行热原检查方法存在一定问题。细菌内毒素检查法为热原检查法的替代方法,动态显色法为常见的内毒素检测方法之一,可定量检测供试品中细菌内毒素含量[4-5]。另一方面,谷氨酸为难溶性原料药,需采取适当前处理方法进行溶解并对处理方法进行验证,而目前也未见相关的文献报道。本研究采用动态显色法检测谷氨酸的细菌内毒素,为谷氨酸细菌内毒素检测提供实验依据。
电子天平、电动移液器、pH计(梅特勒-托利多集团);细菌内毒素测定仪(天大天发科技有限公司);离心机(英国Dynamica公司)。
谷氨酸(批号:2403011、2403012、2403013,天津普诺生物医药有限公司);动态显色法鲎试剂(批号:P1042E,规格:3.2 mL,检测范围:50~0.005 EU·mL-1,Charles River Endosafe公司);动态显色法鲎试剂(批号:2202230,规格:1.25 mL,检测范围:50~0.005 EU·mL-1)、细菌内毒素检查用水(批号:2302220,规格:50 mL)、钙离子缓冲液(批号:2302080,规格:2.1 mL×10支)(湛江安度斯生物有限公司);细菌内毒素工作标准品(批号:150601-202191,效价:90 EU,中国食品药品检定研究院);磷酸氢铵钠(批号:2023-11-26,规格:500 g,天津市华东试剂厂)。
细菌内毒素限值通过公式1计算得到。其中,K为人每千克体质量每小时最大可接受的内毒素剂量,对于注射剂K值为5 EU·kg-1·h-1,M为人用每千克体质量每小时的最大供试品剂量,以mg·kg-1·h-1表示,供试品说明书“临床上1次最大用量为11.5 g,用质量分数5%葡萄糖注射液750~1 000 mL(或10%葡萄糖注射液250~500 mL)稀释后缓缓滴注于1~4 h内输完[1]。”人体质量按60 kg计算,则M为0.191 6 g ·kg-1·h-1,计算得到L为26 EU·g-1。按照最高剂量计算供试品细菌内毒素限值为12 EU·g-1
L=K×M-1
供试品在热水中溶解,在水中微溶,溶解后呈酸性[3]。根据前期实验摸索,在供试品中加入2倍质量的磷酸氢铵钠,再加入细菌内毒素检查用水(BET水)至供试品浓度为20 mg·mL-1,室温条件下涡旋可完全溶解。由于在体系中添加了磷酸根离子,其可与鲎试剂中金属离子发生反应而产生干扰,因此需采用钙离子缓冲液进行供试品溶液的稀释,以补充鲎试剂中的二价金属阳离子并消除干扰作用,同时采用3 000 r·min-1离心5 min的方式去除不溶性的钙盐。
取细菌内毒素工作标准品1支(每支90 EU),加0.45 mL BET水溶解,得200 EU·mL-1的细菌内毒素标准品溶液,继续以BET水稀释为10、1、0.1及0.01 EU·mL-1的细菌内毒素标准品溶液。本实验中使用0.01 EU·mL-1作为标准曲线的最低浓度点,即λ=0.01 EU·mL-1。按《中国药典》2020年版四部通则1143中的要求,分别采用两个厂家的动态显色法鲎试剂进行标准曲线可靠性实验[6]。按说明书中规定方法,加BET水复溶动态显色法鲎试剂,与上述细菌内毒素标准品溶液等体积混匀。每个标准品浓度设置3个管,同时设置2个阴性对照管。检测温度为(37±1) ℃,检测波长为405 nm。以反应时间的对数(lgT)纵坐标,以细菌内毒素标准品的浓度为对数(lgC)为横坐标绘制标准曲线,得到线性回归方程及相关参数并计算各浓度的回收率(公式2)。阴性对照内毒素浓度小于检测限时以0 EU·mL-1计。判定标准:标准曲线的相关系数(r)的绝对值应大于或等于0.980,各浓度回收率应在50%~200%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)应小于10%,阴性对照反应时间大于标准曲线最低点的反应时间。结果见表1,两个鲎试剂的标准曲线的回归方程分别为lg T=2.591+(-0.234 lg C)、lgT=2.644+(-0.237lgC),相关系数、各浓度回收率、RSD、阴性对照反应时间均符合规定,标准曲线可靠性成立,可进行后续实验。
回收率%=(各浓度测定的内毒素浓度-阴性对照测定的内毒素浓度)/各浓度理论内毒素浓度×100%
实验中使用了钙离子缓冲液,应验证其对内毒素与鲎试剂的反应是否存在干扰,并确定不干扰浓度,同时验证钙离子缓冲液是否含有细菌内毒素。按照“2.3”项中方法配制并产生细菌内毒素标准曲线,应满足可靠性要求。取钙离子缓冲液,用BET水分别稀释为2、4、8及16倍稀释液,即为供试品溶液(NPC);取钙离子缓冲液、2倍、4倍及8倍稀释液分别与体积的1 EU·mL-1的细菌内毒素工作标准品混匀,即为供试品阳性溶液(PPC),PPC中细菌内毒素浓度为0.5 EU·mL-1。测定各组细菌内毒素浓度并计算回收率(公式3),应在50%~200%之间。NPC内毒素浓度小于检测限时以0 EU·mL-1计。实验结果见表2,钙离子缓冲液中内毒素含量小于检测限,稀释2倍以上对内毒素与鲎试剂的反应无干扰。
回收率(%)=(PPC中内毒素浓度-NPC中内毒素浓度)/0.5 EU·mL-1×100%
实验中磷酸氢铵钠与谷氨酸反应时的浓度为40 mg·mL-1,应验证磷酸氢铵钠与钙离子缓冲液对内毒素与鲎试剂的反应是否存在干扰,确定磷酸氢铵钠的不干扰浓度,同时验证磷酸氢铵钠是否含有细菌内毒素。
按照“2.3”项中方法配制细菌内毒素标准曲线,应满足可靠性要求。称量磷酸氢铵钠80 mg,加入BET水2 mL涡旋30 s溶解为40 mg·mL-1溶液,取0.3 mL分别与0.6、0.9、1.35及1.5 mL钙离子缓冲液混匀,3 000 r·min-1,离心5 min,取0.4 mL上清液与0.4 mL BET水混合,即为NPC,此时磷酸氢铵钠浓度分别为6.67、5、4.44及4 mg·mL-1,稀释倍数分别为6、8、9及10倍;取0.4 mL上清液与1 EU·mL-1细菌内毒素标准品溶液混合,即为PPC。测定各组细菌内毒素浓度并按公式3计算回收率,应在50%~200%之间。结果见表3,40 mg·mL-1磷酸氢铵钠溶液中内毒素含量小于检测限,以钙离子缓冲液稀释4倍以上并依法检查对内毒素与鲎试剂的反应无干扰。
供试品细菌内毒素限值L=12 EU·g-1,λ=0.01 EU·mL-1,供试品最小有效稀释浓度为ρ/L=0.01÷12=0.8 mg·mL-1,最大有效稀释倍数MVD=ρ·L·λ-1=24(ρ=20 mg·mL-1)。按照“2.3”项中方法配制细菌内毒素标准曲线,应满足可靠性要求。称量谷氨酸40 mg,加入磷酸氢铵钠80 mg,加入BET水2 mL涡旋30 s溶解为浓度为20 mg·mL-1的谷氨酸溶液,取0.3 mL分别与0.9、1.35及1.5 mL钙离子缓冲液混匀,3 000 r·min-1,离心5 min,取上清液0.4 mL与BET水0.4 mL混合,即为NPC,此时谷氨酸浓度分别为2.5、2.22及2 mg·mL-1,稀释倍数分别为8、9及10倍;取上清液0.4 mL与1 EU·mL-1细菌内毒素标准品溶液混合,即为PPC,PPC中细菌内毒素浓度为0.5 EU·mL-1。测定各组细菌内毒素浓度并按公式3计算回收率,应在50%~200%之间。结果见表4,20 mg·mL-1谷氨酸溶液以钙离子缓冲液稀释4倍以上,即质量浓度为5 mg·mL-1以下,依法检查对内毒素与鲎试剂的反应无干扰。
研究中使用了磷酸氢铵钠,钙离子缓冲液、离心的方法对供试品进行了前处理,并采用外添加细菌内毒素的方式证明前处理条件对供试品中细菌内毒素无影响[2]
按照“2.3”项中方法配制细菌内毒素标准曲线,应满足可靠性要求。称量谷氨酸40 mg,加入磷酸氢铵钠80 mg后,加入BET水2 mL涡旋30 s溶解为20 mg·mL-1谷氨酸溶液,取0.3 mL与0.9 mL钙离子缓冲液混匀,3 000 r·min-1,离心5 min,取上清液0.4 mL与BET水0.4 mL混合,即为NPC,此时谷氨酸质量浓度为2.5 mg·mL-1,稀释倍数为8倍;同上法,另称量谷氨酸40 mg,用4 EU·mL-1细菌内毒素标准品溶液2 mL替代BET水2 mL,制备PPC,PPC中细菌内毒素浓度为0.5 EU·mL-1。测定各组细菌内毒素浓度并按公式3计算回收率,应在50%~200%之间。结果见表5,外加内毒素回收率在50%~200%之间,供试品的前处理方法对供试品中细菌内毒素无影响。
按照“2.3”项中方法配制细菌内毒素标准曲线,应满足可靠性要求。称量谷氨酸40 mg,加入磷酸氢铵钠80 mg及BET水2 mL,涡旋30 s溶解为20 mg·mL-1的谷氨酸溶液,取0.3与0.9 mL钙离子缓冲液混匀,3 000 r·min-1离心5 min,取上清液0.4 mL与BET水0.4 mL混合,即为NPC,此时谷氨酸浓度为2.5 mg·mL-1,稀释倍数为8倍;另取上清液0.4 mL与1 EU·mL-1细菌内毒素标准品溶液混合,即为PPC,PPC中细菌内毒素浓度为0.5 EU·mL-1。测定各组细菌内毒素浓度并按公式3计算回收率。选取3个批号供试品进行检测。结果见表6,3批供试品与2个厂家的动态显色法鲎试剂反应,内毒素回收率均在50%~200%之间,供试品的细菌内毒素检测值均小于检测限,符合规定。
按照《中国药典》2020年版进行谷氨酸热原检测存在两个疑点,一是20 mg·mL-1的供试品的酸性较强,家兔耐受性较差,缓慢注射也不能消除其刺激作用,明显的局部刺激作用会影响检测的稳定性和可靠性;二是供试品需在热水中进行溶解,热水系指70~80 ℃的水,溶解过程约10 min,70~80 ℃水可能会对供试品中的热原物质产生破坏而造成检测结果的假阴性[7],因此考虑使用细菌内毒素检查法代替现行检测方法。新方法重要的问题是如何溶解供试品[8]。供试品在水中微溶,属于难溶性样品,使用BET水直接溶解不满足要求。另一方面,供试品在乙醇、二甲基亚砜、丙酮和乙醚等常规有机溶媒中也不溶解,使用强酸或强碱(如盐酸及氢氧化钠)进行溶解,细菌内毒素的回收率也会存在影响。综上,前处理既需要溶解供试品又需要中和其酸性。经多次尝试后发现了磷酸氢铵钠,其40 mg·mL-1溶液pH值约为8,呈弱碱性,且当谷氨酸与磷酸氢铵钠的质量比为1∶2时,在水中与谷氨酸发生中和反应,使得谷氨酸能完全溶解,溶解后的溶液pH值约为7。磷酸氢铵钠在与谷氨酸的反应中释放出大量的磷酸根离子,可与鲎试剂中的钙、镁离子发生反应,对鲎试剂反应发生干扰,因此需采用钙离子缓冲液对磷酸根离子进行中和,以消除磷酸根离子的干扰作用。钙离子、镁离子缓冲液均为比较常用的辅助溶剂,用于补充鲎试剂中的二价阳离子[9-10]。经过筛选发现钙离子缓冲液比镁离子缓冲液的补偿效果更加明显,因此最终实验中选用钙离子缓冲液。钙离子与磷酸根离子形成不溶性的钙盐沉淀,沉淀的存在使得PPC的RSD一般会超过10%,离心后,沉淀对RSD的影响会消除,因此正式实验中加入3 000 r·min-1离心5 min这一步骤。实验中采用化学中和、物理分类的手段对供试品进行了前处理,需按照《中国药典》2020年版要求进行外加内毒素的干扰实验,干扰实验的回收率在50%~200%之间,证明前处理过程对细菌内毒素无明显影响。使用新方法对3个不同批号供试品进行检测,检测结果均符合规定,与热原方法结果一致,表明新方法具有可行性。综上所述,本研究建立了可行的谷氨酸的细菌内毒素检测法,方法表述为:取本品,加入磷酸氢铵钠,两者质量比为1∶2,加入细菌内毒素检查用水涡旋30 s溶解为20 mg·mL-1的谷氨酸溶液,以钙离子缓冲液稀释至5 mg·mL-1以下,3 000 r·min-1离心5 min后取上清液,依法检查(《中国药典》2020年版四部通则1143 动态显色法),每1 g谷氨酸中含内毒素的量应小于12 EU(供注射用)。
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2025.03.013
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
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    天津市药品检验研究院, 天津 300070

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*华晓东,男,硕士,研究员 研究方向:药检药理与药物安全性评价 Tel:(022)83710670
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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