Article(id=1195814100015035245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)23-2205-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.23.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1707580800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763033898595, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1733587200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763033898595, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763033898595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763033898595, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195814096831561845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='23', pageStart='2199', pageEnd='2298', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763033897836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763034755097, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195817692507718045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195814096831561845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2205, endPage=2215, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195814100228944755, articleId=1195814100015035245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress in SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Inhibitors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since the end of 2019, the new coronavirus swept the world, causing irreversible harm to social economy and human health, so the search for corresponding antiviral drugs has aroused wide attention. SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by droplets, and after the process of replication, transcription and translation in the host cell, the mature virus is excreted in the form of endocytosis, forming a closed loop of infection. Notably, the papain like protease (PLpro) encoded by non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) plays an important role in this process. At the same time, PLpro also helps the virus evade the corresponding immune response in inflammatory reactions such as deubiquitination. Therefore, targeted inhibition of PLpro can not only block the overall replication process of the virus, but also restore the host's own immune function, so as to achieve a better anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. In summary, based on the different structures of the compounds, this paper intends to conduct an exploratory summary of the recent studies on inhibitor targeting SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, in order to provide theoretical reference for the discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

, correspAuthors=Yucheng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu GAO, Guoning ZHANG, Yucheng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195814862803742943, articleId=1195814100015035245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂的研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2019年末,新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2),即严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2席卷全球,对社会经济和人类健康造成了不可逆转的危害,相应的抗病毒药物研发也因此受到了广泛关注。SARS-CoV-2主要通过飞沫传播,并在宿主细胞内经历复制、转录与翻译过程后,以胞吞形式排出成熟病毒,构成感染闭环。值得注意的是,非结构蛋白3(nsp3)编码的木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(PLpro)在这个过程中发挥着重要作用。同时在去泛素化等炎症反应中,PLpro也会帮助病毒逃避相应的免疫反应。因此,靶向抑制PLpro,不仅能够阻断病毒整体的复制过程,也可以恢复宿主自身的免疫功能,从而达到更好的抗SARS-CoV-2效果。综上,本文拟从化合物的不同结构出发,对近年来靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的抑制剂研究进行探索性总结,以期为抗SARS-CoV-2的药物发现提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=王玉成, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王玉成,男,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究员 研究方向:药物化学 Tel:(010)63165236
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高雨,女,博士研究生 研究方向:微生物与生化药学

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高雨,女,博士研究生 研究方向:微生物与生化药学

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高雨,女,博士研究生 研究方向:微生物与生化药学

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A-蛋白酶结构示意图PDB:7d47;B~D-蛋白酶与GRL0617结合示意图PDB:7cjm。

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A-破坏蛋白酶催化中心的锌离子四面体结构,导致酶失活;B-破坏酶的催化三联体结构,导致酶失活。

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靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂的研究进展
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高雨 , 张国宁 , 王玉成 *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(23): 2205-2215
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(23): 2205-2215
靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂的研究进展
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高雨, 张国宁, 王玉成*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
  • 高雨,女,博士研究生 研究方向:微生物与生化药学

通讯作者:

* 王玉成,男,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究员 研究方向:药物化学 Tel:(010)63165236
Research Progress in SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Inhibitors
Yu GAO, Guoning ZHANG, Yucheng WANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Perking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-12-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.002
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2019年末,新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2),即严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2席卷全球,对社会经济和人类健康造成了不可逆转的危害,相应的抗病毒药物研发也因此受到了广泛关注。SARS-CoV-2主要通过飞沫传播,并在宿主细胞内经历复制、转录与翻译过程后,以胞吞形式排出成熟病毒,构成感染闭环。值得注意的是,非结构蛋白3(nsp3)编码的木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(PLpro)在这个过程中发挥着重要作用。同时在去泛素化等炎症反应中,PLpro也会帮助病毒逃避相应的免疫反应。因此,靶向抑制PLpro,不仅能够阻断病毒整体的复制过程,也可以恢复宿主自身的免疫功能,从而达到更好的抗SARS-CoV-2效果。综上,本文拟从化合物的不同结构出发,对近年来靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的抑制剂研究进行探索性总结,以期为抗SARS-CoV-2的药物发现提供理论参考。

新型冠状病毒  /  木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶靶点  /  抑制剂  /  治疗药物

Since the end of 2019, the new coronavirus swept the world, causing irreversible harm to social economy and human health, so the search for corresponding antiviral drugs has aroused wide attention. SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by droplets, and after the process of replication, transcription and translation in the host cell, the mature virus is excreted in the form of endocytosis, forming a closed loop of infection. Notably, the papain like protease (PLpro) encoded by non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) plays an important role in this process. At the same time, PLpro also helps the virus evade the corresponding immune response in inflammatory reactions such as deubiquitination. Therefore, targeted inhibition of PLpro can not only block the overall replication process of the virus, but also restore the host's own immune function, so as to achieve a better anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. In summary, based on the different structures of the compounds, this paper intends to conduct an exploratory summary of the recent studies on inhibitor targeting SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, in order to provide theoretical reference for the discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

SARS-CoV-2  /  PLpro target  /  inhibitor  /  therapeutic drug
高雨, 张国宁, 王玉成. 靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2205 -2215 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.002
Yu GAO, Guoning ZHANG, Yucheng WANG. Research Progress in SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Inhibitors[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (23) : 2205 -2215 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.002
2019年,新型冠状病毒感染暴发引起了人们对冠状病毒的再次关注,新型冠状病毒(严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2,SARS-CoV-2)是导致这一灾难的罪魁祸首。追溯回2003年,SARS病毒引起了非典流行,此后诸如HKU1-CoV、MERS-CoV等冠状病毒被发现[1]。根据国际病毒分类委员会标准,这是一类同属Nidovirales目Coronaviridae科Torovirinae亚科β-Sarbecovirus亚属的冠状病毒。研究发现[2],这些病毒发生所涉及的起始传播物种来源(如蝙蝠等)具有一定的相似性,且大多都为可以通过飞沫传播的人畜共患病毒,感染后常伴有发热、咳嗽以及呼吸急促等特征症状[3-4]
SARS病毒的生命周期过程非常复杂,可以将其粗略分为:进入宿主细胞、释放病毒基因、翻译相关蛋白、组装病毒颗粒和胞吐释放病毒5个步骤。SARS-CoV-2病毒,是一类大小约30kb的单股正链RNA包膜粒子,其中包含4个结构蛋白[5]。进入体内后,病毒粒子首先与人细胞表面的血管紧张素受体2(ACE2)结合,在丝氨酸蛋白酶TMPRSS2的参与激活下[6]切割病毒刺突蛋白(S),使其进入细胞内。随后为了复制病毒基因组,存在于病毒基因组5'端非翻译区的2个开放阅读框(ORF1a和ORF1b)会对所释放出的病毒RNA基因组进行翻译,以此产生多蛋白pp1a与pp1ab。这是一个繁琐的过程,但可以简单理解为:核糖体在两个阅读框移动的过程中,如果RNA假结被解开,那么停止密码子将会发挥作用,翻译也随之停止形成pp1a;而少数情况下则会滑动至5'-UUAAAC-3'融化假结,再向后移动一个核苷位,导致阅读框后移形成pp1ab。在此之后,两种半胱氨酸蛋白酶:木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶(PLpro)与凝乳胰蛋白酶样蛋白酶(3CLpro,又称Mpro)会裂解多蛋白为单蛋白,释放出非结构蛋白(nsps)。Nsps又进一步组合成复合物,进行结构蛋白的翻译。最终非结构蛋白与结构蛋白经过一系列组装形成成熟的病毒粒子,并通过胞吐作用从细胞中释放,再次感染临近细胞[7-10]。过程见图1
SARS-CoV-2的突然暴发对社会经济等方面造成了极大的冲击。同时由于其突变频率高、传播速率快等特点,也对公众健康具有一定程度的持续威胁。现阶段已有部分药物被紧急授权,但是,单一的治疗药物无法满足此类病毒导致的治疗需求。
因此,寻找治疗该类冠状病毒药物的研究仍然需要继续得到重视。
多蛋白的切割导致非结构蛋白的释放,这一步骤在病毒复制的生命周期中至关重要。尤其对于该步骤中的关键元件PLpro或3CLpro的抑制,将对病毒后续整个复制过程产生毁灭性影响。然而PLpro和3CLpro两种蛋白酶之间虽然功能类似,却在基因编码与切割机制上存在一定的差异。其中3CLpro是由nsp5编码,并切割nsp5-16位点;而PLpro则是通过自切割从nsp3释放,然后切割nsp1/2、nsp2/3、nsp3/4之间的位点。
总的来说,抑制这两类蛋白酶均会影响病毒复制。但与3CLpro相比,PLpro还会参与炎性反应中细胞风暴的抑制过程[11],这意味着靶向PLpro的抑制剂(药物分子)将可以通过阻碍病毒生命周期和恢复宿主自身免疫的双重机制来发挥更好的治疗效果,见图1。因此,PLpro常被作为探寻抗SARS-CoV-2病毒药物的主要靶点之一。
PLpro是SARS-CoV-2中最大非结构蛋白Nsp3(212)的8个结构域之一。有研究表明,SARS-CoV PLpro与SARS-CoV-2 PLpro两者间的总体序列同源性为79%,而SARS-CoV-2 PLpro与MERS-CoV PLpro同源性仅为50%[12]。尽管如此,SARS-CoV PLpro与SARS-CoV-2 PLpro仍存在一定差异,如:与SARS-CoV PLpro相比,SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的去泛素活性降低,主要表现在k48连接的Ub链水解作用减弱。但值得注意的是,SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的去糖基化活性较之SARS-CoV PLpro却表现出增强的效果。
此类半胱氨酸蛋白酶由N端泛素化结构域(Ubl结构域)与催化结构域组成,换言之,PLpro就是通过其半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性发挥作用。催化结构域是1个类似右手拇指-手掌-手指结构,由4个α螺旋(右手拇指)、6个β折叠(手掌)以及4个反平行的β折叠(手指)构成。锌离子在手指结构域内与其中的4个半胱氨酸残基(Cys189-X-X-Cys192-Xn-Cys224-X-Cys226)配位形成的四面体结构对于酶的活性至关重要。催化结构域的活性位点则位于拇指与手掌子域之间的α螺旋与β折叠间隙内,由半胱氨酸(Cys111)作为亲核试剂、组氨酸(His272)作为一般酸碱、天冬氨酸(Asp286)作为半胱氨酸去质子化辅助残基组成了催化三联体。此外,在催化活性位点附近还存在由6-氨基酸(残基267-272)组成的柔性阻断环2(BL2),可以根据Cys270/Cys271的质子化状态打开或关闭,从而决定配体能否进入活性中心。总的来说,PLpro共形成S4~S1四个活性口袋,其中S1与S2特异性较强,只能以甘氨酸残基结合,这也是为什么已报道的大多数PLpro抑制剂均为非共价抑制剂的原因,而S3口袋则以正电疏水残基为主,S4口袋仅容纳疏水残基[13-19],见图2
SARS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2、MERS-CoV等冠状病毒编码的PLpro可以切割多蛋白为非结构蛋白(nsp1-nsp3),从而对病毒生命周期产生相应影响。此外,也有研究发现,泛素特异性蛋白酶(USP)亚家族真核去泛素化酶的催化结构域与PLpro的结构域也表现出了一定的相似性,其切割特异性是针对含有一致序列的(R/K)LXGG的柔性多肽[16,20]。Klemm等[21]的研究表明,冠状病毒可以通过与PLpro作用抑制先天性免疫途径,进一步促进病毒的生成,这主要是通过去除干扰素刺激基因产物15(ISG15)蛋白的泛素化修饰实现。Moustaqil等[22]则首次揭示了干扰素因子3(IRF3)在体外可以被PLpro切割。作为Ⅰ型干扰素产生和应答的主要因子,IRF3对巨噬细胞与自然杀伤细胞引发的抗病毒效应至关重要,因此,PLpro这一作用效果将破坏体内本身的病毒排斥反应,进一步促进病毒在体内的感染。
综上,PLpro在SARS病毒的成熟、宿主炎症反应的发生与自身免疫抑制反应的降低等多方面发挥着重要作用,是一个治疗SARS-CoV-2的潜在药物靶标。
本节根据化合物不同结构分类介绍近期针对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的抑制剂研究。
为了确定靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的先导物,Zhao等[23]通过高通量筛选获得了一系列化合物,最终指出YM155[化合物1,半数抑制常数(IC50)=2.47 μmol·L-1]、丹参酮(化合物2,IC50=2.21 μmol·L-1)对PLpro表现出一定的抑制活性。Xu等[24]利用已建立的筛选技术,发现了丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠(化合物3,IC50=1.65 μmol·L-1)可以与PLpro发生直接相互作用。然而值得注意的是,磺酰基在抑制剂的活性构象中占据了关键位置,这可能与其参与核心环形成或与影响侧链结合相关,例如:当没有磺酰基存在时,丹参酮ⅡA(化合物4)将失去抑制活性[25]。之后Ma和Wang两位学者[26]对YM155、丹参酮以及相关类似物如隐丹参酮等醌类化合物做了相关机制研究,研究表明,这是一类非特异性的PLpro抑制剂,以致蛋白酶变性的方式使其失活,然而遗憾的是,此类化合物在细胞水平的PLpro抑制作用微乎其微,仍需要进一步地深入探索。化合物结构见图3
GRL0617是一种靶向SARS-CoV PLpro的有效抑制剂,因SARS-CoV与SARS-CoV-2的高度序列同源性,可作为SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的靶向抑制剂[27]。Zhao等[23]对GRL0617(化合物5,IC50=1.39 μmol·L-1)与蛋白酶的分子模拟结果也证实了这一点(图4)。
非共价抑制剂GRL0617[28],结合时位于PLpro泛素特异性蛋白的USP结构域,通过阻断ISG15 C端与PLpro的结合、抑制ISG15的去泛素化效应和避免免疫应答反应的下调来抑制病毒的复制[29]。同时PLpro活性位点的一系列氢键和疏水作用也进一步稳定了两者的结合作用[30]
Rao等[31]揭示了GRL0617与PLpro的结合模式:其中,裸露的伯氨基与SARS-CoV-2的Asp164、酰胺羰基与SARS-CoV-2的Gln269,以及酰胺羰基的仲胺基和水分子与SARS-CoV-2的Tyr273残基均形成了强的氢键结合。此外,萘环与苯环的Π-Π共轭也会与SARS-CoV-2的Tyr268产生相互作用。笔者利用Discovery Studio软件对这一结合模式加以验证,结果见图2。据此,他们设计了一个具有相同萘基团的可能化合物6(图4),分子动力学模拟显示其与SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的Tyr268结合高于对照,且在蛋白结合间隙中存在更多的氨基酸相互作用。这说明化合物6将可能是一个更有效的PLpro抑制剂先导化合物。此外,Gao等[32]的研究表明,GRL0617的结合还诱导了PLpro BL2环的关闭,使得底物结合间隙缩小,从而阻止与底物LXGG的结合。
在GRL0617的骨架基础上引入乙酰基即得HY17542(化合物5a),因其在体内快速去乙酰化成为GRL0617,所以亦可以作为PLpro的靶向抑制剂。Cho等[33]在体外对GRL0617与HY-17542的药物代谢进行了相关检测,并揭示出GRL0617的代谢途径,结果表明,GRL0617在Ⅰ期代谢中半衰期小于30 min,这说明GRL0617具有较高的清除率。重组酶实验也证实了一些代谢酶(如:CYP3A4、CYP3A5、CYP2D6)将在其中参与GRL0617的消除以及羟基化代谢物的形成过程,见图5
随后,根据GRL0617,研究者们发现了一系列具有类似结构而非萘骨架的多种化合物,在计算机模拟与实验验证中均获得了较好的结果。
Sayaf等[34]首先通过模拟结合确定了类似化合物7的分子对接模型,指出其对接得分高于GRL0617,并鼓励对该系列化合物进行体外和体内的实验验证。Patel等[27]从ZINC数据库中收集化合物,同时筛选出与GRL0617有相似结构的系列化合物,再利用分子动力学模拟研究了化合物8作为最佳配体与蛋白的稳定结合作用,这为该类抑制剂的进一步研究提供了基础数据支持。
为了进一步提高抗病毒效力,Shen等[35]以GRL0617为起始支架,保留苯酰胺与BL2环残基的氢键结合网络,设计了一系列新型2-苯基噻吩PLpro抑制剂,使其抗病毒效力和蛋白酶结合亲和力较GRL0617(IC50=1.61 μmol·L-1)而言提高了约十倍。这是一种利用多个浅结合位点的协同性设计策略,他们从中成功获得化合物9(IC50=0.56 μmol·L-1)和10(IC50=0.39 μmol·L-1),预测可以作为有效PLpro抑制剂开发的先导。Wu等[36]在研究中采用了比GRL0617结合更好的XR8-89作为对照筛选,通过测试大量化合物取得初步成功。XR8-89(化合物11,IC50=0.113 μmol·L-1)作为GRL-0617的衍生物之一,在其中表现出良好的蛋白活性抑制效率。此外,Ayoup等[37]还以GRL0617为先导,利用非经典同分异构体1,2,4- 二唑取代酰胺主链,通过调整支架对病毒靶标的效力,证明了化合物12可以作为双重靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro(IC50=7.197 μmol·L-1)和刺突蛋白的有效抑制剂,这为进一步优化PLpro抑制剂、多角度改善抗病毒活性提供了优化思路(图6)。
Ghosh等[30]报道了一类新型可逆非共价抑制剂,代表性化合物GRL0687(化合物13,IC50=0.56 μmol·L-1,SARS-CoV-1)具有一定的抗PLpro活性。将GRL0617的氨基替换为二甲氨基,得到的化合物14(IC50=0.36 μmol·L-1,SARS-CoV-1;IC50=0.48 μmol·L-1,SARS-CoV-2),表现出显著提高的抗病毒活性。以GRL0687/GRL0617为支架,Castillo-Campos等[38]利用分子模拟的方法研究了67种萘衍生非共价抑制剂,据此提出了可能的有效配合物,其中化合物15、16预测得分较好。Amin等[39]以GRL0687与GRL0617为先导合成了系列化合物,代表化合物如:衍生物17(IC50=0.6 μmol·L-1)和18(IC50=0.46 μmol·L-1),衍生物15(IC50=0.39 μmol·L-1)、16(IC50=0.58 μmol·L-1)、19(IC50=0.47 μmol·L-1),均展示出了良好的PLpro抑制活性,这与Campos的研究结果一致。同时,他们也对此类化合物进行了构效关系分析,指出:①萘基与哌啶片段对于活性残基结合的相互作用至关重要;②甲基的立体构型是调节PLpro结合亲和力的关键因素;③苯环上的5-甲胺基和卤素取代更有利于PLpro的抑制活性,这为含萘环的PLpro抑制剂设计提供了理论思路。
相应地,Calleja等[40]报道了新型含萘环的哌啶支架抑制剂20(IC50=1.5 μmol·L-1)和21(IC50=0.79 μmol·L-1),研究表明,与GRL0617相比,化合物21可以更加有效地抑制SARS-CoV-2 PLpro。Sanders等[41-42]在GRL0617的类似物上引入了拟肽连接剂和亲电性反应试剂,从而设计出一系列共价抑制剂,其中抑制剂22(IC50=0.094 μmol·L-1)和23(IC50=0.230 μmol·L-1)对PLpro的抑制活性显著提升。这说明共价结合在高效抑制剂设计中的重要意义。此外,Shan等[43]还确定了蛋白结合共晶结构,在此基础上优化系列化合物,从中得到了一种有效的选择性SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂24(IC50=0.44 μmol·L-1)。
尽管目前对GRL0617已经进行了很多改造设计与合成,但化合物对酶的抑制活性改善仍然没有展示出非常明显的优势,这也是该类研究面临的一大挑战,原因可能在于该类结构的抑制剂在PLpro上缺乏S1/S2的结合口袋。基于此,Ma等[44]对设计合成的系列化合物进行了分子对接,研究表明,与GRL0617相比,用烷基将酰基替换后的化合物25(IC50=0.64 μmol·L-1)和化合物26(IC50=0.67 μmol·L-1)对受体结合区产生了影响,即氨基与Asp164侧链、Arg166发生了氢键相互作用。此外,配体还与Tyr264形成了新的T形Π-Π共轭,这区别于GRL0617中的Tyr268催化活性位点,同时还在萘环与Pro246之间形成了疏水作用。以上2个发现,共同解释了化合物25和26抑制效力高于GRL0617的原因,佐证了上述GRL0617衍生物因缺乏与PLpro结合的口袋,而活性改善较弱的观点(图7)。
Chen等[25]发现,氯氧嘧啶的衍生物27(IC50=6.0 μmol·L-1),作为一种喹啉骨架化合物,可以通过破坏PLpro-ISG15的相互作用来恢复宿主先天免疫,并在低微摩尔水平上对SARS-CoV-2及其变体产生抗病毒作用。Bajaj等[45]基于巯基嘧啶片段确定新药效团后,经过高通量筛选得到了一个可逆共价抑制剂化合物28(IC50=5.1 μmol·L-1)。Swaim等[46]发现,6-巯基嘌呤(6-TG,化合物29)是一种直接作用的SARS-CoV-2抗病毒药物,主要通过抑制细胞内pp1a多蛋白的加工以及体内外PLpro对ISG15的解偶联作用来发挥抗病毒效应。此外,6-TG还可以转化成为6-硫鸟嘌呤核糖核苷酸,再与脱氧核苷酸结合插入病毒RNA中,额外产生次要的抗病毒作用(图8)。
Liu等[47]发现了两类新的支架,其中代表化合物30和化合物31被证明会在锌指结构域上与PLpro发生结合。他们指出,共价抑制剂30与非共价抑制剂31,两者在50 nmol·L-1对PLpro的抑制率分别为42.9%和44.9%,同时化合物30和31也被鉴定为强效的3CLpro抑制剂。这说明化合物30和化合物31或许能够作为双靶点抗冠状病毒药物的先导结构,为抗SARS-CoV-2的药物研究提供了新的方向。与抑制剂30相似的含硒骨架化合物32(IC50=236 nmol·L-1)、33(IC50=256 nmol·L-1)与化合物34(IC50=339 nmol·L-1)、35(IC50=263 nmol·L-1)也在纳摩尔范围内显示出对SARS-CoV-2的抑制效力[48],这意味着硒元素在PLpro抑制中具有重要的作用,有必要进行深入探索。
Yuan等[49]通过计算机辅助筛选的方法获得了有一种具有广谱抗病毒活性的非共价抑制剂F0213(化合物36,IC50=4.55 μmol·L-1),并指出其具有双重治疗的功能:即一方面通过阻断病毒多蛋白切割来抑制冠状病毒复制;另一方面,亦在拮抗PLpro去泛素化活性的同时促进了机体自身的抗病毒免疫效应。
此外,Mirza等[50]还通过测试得到了对PLpro表现出显著抑制活性的化合物37,并提出化合物37可以作为潜在抗SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的化学先导物,值得进一步的体外评估验证(图9)。
Tian等[51]采用基于结构的药效团建模和分子对接相结合的筛选方式,得到了化合物38(IC50=0.6 μmol·L-1)和化合物39(IC50=0.8 μmol·L-1),两者均表现出高于GRL0617的抑制效果。尤其是化合物39,由于能稳定结合蛋白酶的催化位点,而表现出了强效的PLpro抑制作用。Han等[52]也通过筛选获得了具有α-氯酰胺片段的化合物40(IC50=18 μmol·L-1),其在细胞中抑制SARS-CoV-2复制的同时,还会与PLpro活性位点的半胱氨酸残基发生共价结合,从而表现出一定的抗病毒潜力。Hersi等[53]则对多种抑制SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的先导物进行了表型筛选,从中获得了具有较好肝微粒体代谢稳定性的化合物41(IC50=93.3 nmol·L-1)(图10)。
Hu等[54]报告了含有二硫键类化合物42和43的作用机制是:通过与PLpro的Cys270发生共价结合来变构抑制蛋白酶活性。类似地,Bagdonas等[55]利用荧光热移测定筛选了大量化合物,最终将二硫化合物鉴定为有效的PLpro抑制剂,其中化合物44(IC50=0.54 μmol·L-1)、45(IC50=0.43 μmol·L-1)、46(IC50=0.63 μmol·L-1)均展示出对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的较强抑制活性。双硫仑(化合物47)由于在体外表现出抑制PLpro的抗病毒活性,也被推测具有抗SARS-CoV-2的潜力。Nogara等[56]的研究也通过分子对接模拟等技术发现,双硫仑的亚砜代谢物48亦是靶向PLpro的潜在共价抑制剂(图11)。
值得注意的是,二硫类化合物与前文提到的含硒类化合物在抑制PLpro方面具有类似的双重作用机制[57-58]:一方面通过与锌离子四面体中的硫元素形成结合键,破坏酶本身的稳定结构;另一方面还可以与具有催化活性的半胱氨酸残基产生共价结合,从而导致酶活性的丧失,并以此发挥抑制作用,见图12
Wang等[59]报道了一种靶向SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的新型共价拟肽类抑制剂49(IC50=0.23 μmol·L-1),并通过X射线晶体结构证实了其与蛋白酶催化残基Cys111之间的共价结合模式,这为靶向PLpro的抑制剂研究提供了一类新的结构骨架。Gao等[60]以基于载体的药物设计为基础,鉴定出一系列可能针对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的靶向抑制剂,并且还对其中具有初步抑制活性的化合物进行了分子筛选:通过分子对接与非键相互作用模拟,化合物50(IC50=0.90 μmol·L-1)被确定为最佳抑制剂。此外,Rut等[17]还利用蛋白结合晶体结构信息,对前期所获得的系列抑制剂进行了优化改造,从而开发出化合物51和化合物52,研究表明,这两个化合物对于SARS-CoV-2 PLpro均具有选择性的有效抑制作用(图13)。
金属配合物在药物设计上也被广泛应用。
研究表明[61],金金属药物可以有效抑制SARS-CoV-2 PLpro,而作用机制与二硫类化合物和含硒化合物类似,即正是由于金金属配合物对酶结构域中锌离子四面体结构造成破坏,从而才会导致酶活性丧失。此类含金金属的代表性化合物如53(IC50=1.04 μmol·L-1)、54(IC50=1.44 μmol·L-1)和55(IC50=0.96 μmol·L-1)。
锌离子在体外也是SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的高效抑制剂[62]。Shetler等[63]在综合评估了金属离子对PLpro催化活性的影响之后,就曾指出锌对PLpro的抑制作用最大,其次是锰,而钙、镁和铁对PLpro的影响或可忽略不计,这为进一步研究以PLpro为靶点的金属配合物类抑制剂提供了参考。金属核的选择对抗SARS-CoV-2效果产生着重要影响。Kladnik等[64]就指出,吡硫酮锌(化合物56,IC50=0.50 μmol·L-1)在体外对PLpro具有抑制活性,而钌配合物则表现较差,这侧面印证了Shetler等得出的结论。
含碘配体的银氮杂环碳复合物也被证明是一种罕见的非竞争性抑制剂。特别的是,此类抑制剂仅对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro有效,而对3CLpro无效,代表化合物有抑制剂57(IC50=0.24 μmol·L-1)与抑制剂58 I C 50 = 0.196   μ m o l · L - 1 ) 65(图14)。
一些天然产物来源的化合物对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro也存在着抑制作用,例如黄酮类与酸类等。
Kawall等[66]提出,杨梅素(化合物58,IC50=12.1 μmol·L-1)和茶黄素(化合物59,IC50=7.3 μmol·L-1)可以通过抑制SARS-CoV-2 PLpro的水解,来阻止病毒复制,并且具有促进宿主先天免疫反应的作用,是一类具有潜力的抗SARS-CoV-2先导化合物。Parmar等[67]利用高通量结构的虚拟筛选模式,从NPASS天然产物库中鉴定出最佳化合物Caesalpiniaphenol A(化合物60),其结合能与GRL0617相当。Li等[68]证实了双黄酮类化合物也是有效的PLpro抑制剂,如阿门托双黄酮(化合物61,IC50=9.5 μmol·L-1)等。特别地,蛋白裂解实验(Pro-ISG15)的结果进一步证实:此类化合物对PLpro介导的去ISG酰化反应也存在着一定的抑制效果,将会在病毒免疫逃逸过程中发挥关键作用,通过促进自身免疫的恢复来阻断病毒感染(图15)。
Yan等[69]建立了一种荧光偏振筛选方法用以发现PLpro抑制剂,同时利用这一方法,鉴定出:腰果酸(化合物62,IC50=24.26 μmol·L-1)可以作为一种新型PLpro竞争性抑制剂。Chen等[70]的研究也指出,银杏酸(化合物63,IC50=16.30 μmol·L-1)是一种靶向PLpro的不可逆抑制剂,在体外以无毒浓度破坏SARS-CoV-2的复制(图16)。
天然产物结构种类多样,来源丰富。除上述这些化合物外,Li等[71]还从葡萄果实中进行探索与筛选得到了化合物64(IC50=5.23 μmol·L-1)和65(IC50=4.51 μmol·L-1),对PLpro也表现出一定的抑制活性。更有意义的是,研究中发现:此类化合物在体外也具有有效的抗炎活性,这使其进一步提高了抗冠状病毒的潜力(图17)。
新冠疫情的暴发始料未及,至今仍没有一类抗SARS药物可以应对突发的情况。尽管现阶段SARS-CoV-2带给人们的阴影已经渐渐淡去,但不可否认的是,此类病毒,尤其是SARS-CoV-2因为其极高的突变频率,仍对公众健康具有持续的潜在威胁。因此开发新型的抗SARS病毒药物依旧迫在眉睫。
对病毒基因复制过程中的关键蛋白PLpro进行抑制,将会在阻碍病毒复制的同时恢复宿主免疫反应,从而发挥一定的治疗效果。PLpro也因此成为了研发具有双效抗SARS-CoV-2药物的理想靶点。现阶段已存在多种基于此靶点开发的抑制剂研究,然而由于化合物缺乏与S1、S2口袋的结合作用以及PLpro BL2环自身的活动性,其中的多数抑制剂都不能稳定地结合在活性位点,这对此类抑制剂的研发造成了困难。所以,寻找新型的PLpro蛋白酶抑制剂仍是大势所趋。另外,SARS病毒多具有同源性,故而以SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂出发进行的化合物结构改造,也将有望推动广谱类抗冠状病毒药物的获得。
近期以计算机辅助等智能化筛选为前提,针对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro抑制剂研究的进展势头迅猛。将这些化合物进行合理的设计与分类,主要集中在醌类化合物、萘类及其他类化合物(GRL0617及其衍生物)、含氮稠合杂环类化合物、含二硫键类化合物、拟肽类化合物、含金属类化合物、天然产物来源的黄酮类、有机酸类和其他类化合物等。
基于此,本研究从SARS-CoV-2病毒复制过程出发,通过介绍PLpro的结构与功能引入PLpro抑制剂的作用机制,同时以化合物结构特征为分类依据,对该靶点的抑制剂发现进行了探索性归总,以期为新型抗SARS-CoV-2与广谱抗SARS病毒的药物研发提供理论支持。
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2024年第59卷第23期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.23.002
  • 接收时间:2024-02-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-12-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-11
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    中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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* 王玉成,男,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究员 研究方向:药物化学 Tel:(010)63165236
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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