Article(id=1196897048218874156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)22-2148-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.22.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763292093567, onlineDateStr=2025-11-16, pubDate=1732204800000, pubDateStr=2024-11-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763292093567, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763292093567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763292093567, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196886663541600644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='22', pageStart='2099', pageEnd='2196', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1763289617666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763292152892, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196897297100488858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196897297104683163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1196886663541600644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2148, endPage=2158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196897048411812142, articleId=1196897048218874156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Effects of KCNQ Channel Opener QO-83 on 6 Hz Stimulated Epilepsy Model Mice, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To explore the antiepileptic activity of QO-83, a novel KCNQ channel opener, by establishing and optimizing a 6 Hz corneal kinked model, and to provide a scientific basis for the application of QO-83 in drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS The mice were divided into control group, model group, positive drug levetiracetam (100 mg·kg-1) group, control drug carbamazepine (50 mg·kg-1) group, and QO-83 low (2 mg·kg-1), medium (4 mg·kg-1), and high (6 mg·kg-1) dose groups. The 6 Hz kindled mice were established, and drugs was injected intraperitoneally. After 30 min, 6 Hz corneal stimulation was applied again to observe its protective effect on the animal. And set up a series of behavioral experiments: tail suspension test, T-maze test, and new object recognition test, observe the immobility time, selection accuracy, and recognition index of mice respectively, to evaluate its impact on animal depressive tendencies and memory abilities. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on 6 Hz model mice to observe the expression changes of c-Fos protein and evaluate the protective effect of QO-83 on specific brain regions. Observe the expression changes of its target KCNQ2 protein and evaluate its impact on target protein expression. RESULTS The established model mice were not sensitive to the action of carbamazepine (50 mg·kg-1), but effective against levetiracetam (100 mg·kg-1). When given 2, 4 and 6 mg·kg-1 QO-83, dose-dependent anti-epileptic effects can be observed, which significantly reduced the incidence and duration of seizures in ignited mice. The 4 mg·kg-1 of QO-83 can significantly reduce the immobility time of epileptic mice in tail suspension experiments, increase the accuracy of mice in T-maze test, and increase the recognition index (RI) of mice in new object recognition test. QO-83 can significantly downregulate the expression of c-fos in the hippocampus and piriform cortex of epileptic mice, and upregulate the expression of KCNQ2 protein in the CA3, DG regions and their surrounding fibers and PIR regions of late-stage model mice. CONCLUSION Compound QO-83 has good anti drug-resistant epilepsy activity, and its protective effect on epileptic animals is better than the positive drug levetiracetam. At the same time, it also has the effect of improving the behavior of epileptic animals, demonstrating the therapeutic potential for drug-resistant epilepsy. The mechanism of action may be related to upregulating the expression of the target protein KCNQ2.

, correspAuthors=Qingzhong JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ziyu WANG, Xiangyu WANG, Jincan LI, Tianyi LV, Yixuan LI, Zitong WANG, Mengyan MA, Qingzhong JIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1196897199142515004, articleId=1196897048218874156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=KCNQ通道开放剂QO-83对6 Hz刺激癫痫模型小鼠的作用研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 通过建立并优化6 Hz点燃模型,探究KCNQ通道新型开放剂化合物QO-83抗癫痫活性,为QO-83在耐药性癫痫中的应用提供科学依据。方法 将小鼠分为对照组、模型组、阳性药左乙拉西坦(100 mg·kg-1)组、对照药卡马西平(50 mg·kg-1)组和QO-83低(2 mg·kg-1)、中(4 mg·kg-1)、高(6 mg·kg-1)剂量组。建立6 Hz点燃癫痫模型小鼠,腹腔注射相应药物,30 min后再次施加6 Hz角膜刺激,进行癫痫行为学评价。随后进行一系列精神行为学实验:悬尾实验、T迷宫实验、新物体识别实验,分别观察小鼠的不动时间、选择正确率、认知指数,评价动物的抑郁倾向和学习记忆能力。对6 Hz点燃癫痫模型小鼠进行免疫荧光染色,观察c-Fos蛋白的表达变化,评价QO-83对特定脑区的保护作用;观察其靶点KCNQ2蛋白的表达变化,评价其对靶蛋白表达的影响。结果 传统抗癫痫药卡马西平(50 mg·kg-1)对建立的模型小鼠无明显作用,阳性药物左乙拉西坦(100 mg·kg-1)有效,分别给予2、4、6 mg·kg-1 QO-83时,呈现剂量依赖性抗癫痫作用,可使点燃小鼠的癫痫大发作率及发作时间均显著下降。4 mg·kg-1的QO-83可明显减少癫痫小鼠在悬尾实验中的不动时间,增加小鼠T迷宫正确率,增加小鼠新物体识别指数。QO-83可明显下调癫痫小鼠海马和梨状皮质区的c-Fos表达;上调晚期模型小鼠CA3、DG区周围的神经纤维和PIR区KCNQ2蛋白的表达。。结论 化合物QO-83具有良好的抗耐药性癫痫活性,其对癫痫动物的保护情况优于阳性药物左乙拉西坦,同时还具有改善癫痫动物精神行为的作用,表现出对耐药性癫痫的治疗潜力,其作用机制可能与上调靶点蛋白KCNQ2表达相关。

, correspAuthors=贾庆忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 贾庆忠,男,博士,教授 研究方向:神经药理学、神经精神类疾病药物及靶点发现 Tel:(0311)86266402
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王梓宇,男,学士 研究方向:神经药理学

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王梓宇,男,学士 研究方向:神经药理学

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王梓宇,男,学士 研究方向:神经药理学

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Neuron, 2022, 110(14): 2283-2298., articleTitle=Ketamine exerts its sustained antidepressant effects via cell-type-specific regulation of Kcnq2, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1197226261497037631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, awardId=21372601D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省重点研发计划项目(21372601D), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1197226261564146496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, awardId=H2021206352, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省自然科学基金项目(H2021206352), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1197226261622866753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, awardId=USIP2023200, language=CN, fundingSource=河北医科大学2023年大学生创新性实验计划项目(USIP2023200), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197226256967189237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197226256975577846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, companyId=1197226256967189237, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197226256983966455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, companyId=1197226256967189237, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河北医科大学药学院,石家庄 050017)]), AuthorCompany(id=1197226257046881016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197226257059463929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, companyId=1197226257046881016, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197226257067852538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, companyId=1197226257046881016, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北省新药非临床评价工程实验室, 石家庄 050017)]), AuthorCompany(id=1197226257122378492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197226257130767101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, companyId=1197226257122378492, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197226257134961406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, companyId=1197226257122378492, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 河北省药理毒理研究重点实验室,石家庄 050017)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197226260532347699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=QO-83 protects animals from epilepsy(Mann-Whitney test). $bar{x}±sx$

A-seizure score of C57BL/6J mice in 21 days of 6 Hz corneal stimulation; B-seizure score of KM mice in 21 days of 6 Hz corneal stimulation(n=9); C-kindling rate of C57BL/6J mice in 21 days of 6 Hz corneal stimulation; D-seizure score of C57BL/6J mice after drug intervention [n=9 except model (n=8) group and LEV group (n=8) for some animals die during the modeling stage]; E-epilepsy duration of C57BL/6J mice after 21 days of 6 Hz corneal stimulation [n=9 except model (n=8) group and LEV group (n=8) for some animals die during the modeling stage and animals without epilepsy (seizure score 0) not counted]; F-percent protection against 6 Hz seizures;1)P<0.05, 2)P<0.01, 3)P<0.001, vs model group.

, figureFileSmall=4ANmxFFbW6Mug+k8zPDE/w==, figureFileBig=PPuzDG36S4+1OuOsM3lKuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226260599456564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=CN, label=图1, caption=QO-83可保护动物阻止癫痫发作曼-惠特尼(Mann-Whitney)检验。$bar{x}±sx$

A-C57BL/6J小鼠经21 d 6 Hz角膜刺激后癫痫发作等级;B-KM小鼠经21 d 6 Hz角膜刺激后癫痫发作等级(n=9);C-C57BL/6J小鼠经21 d 6 Hz角膜刺激后点燃率;D-给与药物干预后,C57BL/6J小鼠癫痫发作等级[n=9,除模型组(n=8)和LEV 100 mg·kg-1组(n=8)有动物在造模期间死亡];E-C57BL/6J小鼠经21 d 6 Hz角膜刺激后癫痫持续时间[[n=9,除模型组(n=8)和LEV 100 mg·kg-1组(n=8)有动物在造模期间死亡,且癫痫发作等级0级的动物没有计算在内];F-药物对6 Hz癫痫动物的保护率;与模型组比较,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01,3)P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=4ANmxFFbW6Mug+k8zPDE/w==, figureFileBig=PPuzDG36S4+1OuOsM3lKuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226260670759733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of QO-83 on the behavior of epilepsy mice(t test). n=9 or 8,$bar{x}±sx$

A-the immobility time in tail suspension test; B-the accuracy in spontaneous altemation on a T-maze test; C-the recognition index (RI) of novel object recognition test. 1)P<0.01, 2)P<0.001, vs control group; 3)P<0.05, 4)P<0.01, 5)P<0.001, vs model group.

, figureFileSmall=+5NVBzjjAa93eMhF6p/VhA==, figureFileBig=kWf4itQNRWPPot2Yd+xqUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226260737868598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=CN, label=图2, caption=QO-83对癫痫小鼠行为学的影响(t检验)。n=9或8,$bar{x}±sx$

A-悬尾实验中动物的不动时间;B-T迷宫实验中动物的正确率;C-新物体识别实验中动物的认知指数(RI); 与对照组比较,1)P<0.01,2)P<0.001;与模型组比较,3)P<0.05, 4)P<0.01, 5)P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=+5NVBzjjAa93eMhF6p/VhA==, figureFileBig=kWf4itQNRWPPot2Yd+xqUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226260821754679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of drugs on c-Fos expression in short-term kindling model(3 d)(t test). n=3 mice×3 slice,$bar{x}±sx$

A-panoramic map (5×) of c-Fos in the hippocampus (left) and merge with DAPI (right)(scaleplate=500 μm); B-using confocal microscopy(20×) to capture c-Fos in different regions of the hippocampus and PIR(scaleplate=50 μm), C-6 Hz corneal stimulation increases expression of c-Fos in hippocampus and PIR regions, LEV and QO-83 can reverse this increase;1)P<0.001, 2)P<0.000 1, vs control group; 3)P<0.05,4)P<0.01,5)P<0.000 1, vs model group.

, figureFileSmall=QXEasmQIkpaX9pTWUNuIYQ==, figureFileBig=gcki6L5ZHN3cZpP7ZrRaHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226260893057848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=CN, label=图3, caption=药物对短期点燃(3 d)模型中c-Fos表达的影响(t检验)。n=3只小鼠×3切片,$bar{x}±sx$

A-海马区(左)和与DAPI共标(右)的c-Fos表达全景图(5×,标尺=500 μm);B-使用共聚焦显微镜(20×)观察海马和PIR不同区域的c-Fos表达情况(标尺=50 μm);C-6 Hz角膜刺激增加海马和PIR区域c-Fos的表达,LEV和QO-83可以逆转这种增加;与对照组比较,1)P<0.001, 2)P<0.000 1;与模型组比较, 3)P<0.05, 4)P<0.01, 5)P<0.000 1。

, figureFileSmall=QXEasmQIkpaX9pTWUNuIYQ==, figureFileBig=gcki6L5ZHN3cZpP7ZrRaHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226260951778105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of drugs on c-Fos expression in long-term kindling model(21 d)(t test). n=3 mice×3 slice,$bar{x}±sx$

A-panoramic map (5×) of c-Fos in the hippocampus (left) and merge with DAPI (right)(scaleplate=500 μm), B-using confocal microscopy(20×) to capture c-Fos in different regions of the hippocampus and PIR(scaleplate=50 μm); C-6 Hz corneal stimulation increases expression of c-Fos in hippocampus and PIR regions, LEV and QO-83 can reverse this increase; 1)P<0.01, 2)P<0.001, 3)P<0.000 1, vs control group; 4)P<0.01, 5)P<0.001, 6)P<0.000 1, vs model group.

, figureFileSmall=W+K+K47VU+of5gPc6DGCNQ==, figureFileBig=8qE3UuXHa2S5j4Ltj+OKpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226261018886970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=CN, label=图4, caption=药物对长期点燃(21 d)模型中c-Fos表达的影响(t检验)。n=3只小鼠×3切片,$bar{x}±sx$

A-海马区(左)和与DAPI共标(右)的c-Fos表达全景图(5×,标尺=500 μm);B-使用共聚焦显微镜(20×)观察海马和PIR不同区域的c-Fos表达情况(标尺=50 μm);C-6 Hz角膜刺激增加海马和PIR区域c-Fos的表达,LEV和QO-83可以逆转这种增加;与对照组比较,1)P<0.01, 2)P<0.001, 3)P<0.000 1;与模型组比较, 4)P<0.01, 5)P<0.001, 6)P<0.000 1。

, figureFileSmall=W+K+K47VU+of5gPc6DGCNQ==, figureFileBig=8qE3UuXHa2S5j4Ltj+OKpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226261098578747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of drugs on KCNQ2 expression in short-term kindling model(3 d)(t test). n=3 mice×3 slice,$bar{x}±sx$

A-panoramic map (5×) of KCNQ2 in the hippocampus (left) and merge with DAPI (right) (scaleplate=500 μm); B-using confocal microscopy (20×) to capture KCNQ2 in different regions of the hippocampus and PIR (scaleplate=50 μm); C-3 d 6 Hz corneal stimulation increase KCNQ2 expression in pyramidal neurons of CA1, PIR region and granular cells of DG region, LEV and QO-83 did not alter the KCNQ2 content in the hippocampus, but decreased the KCNQ2 expression in the PIR region;1)P<0.000 1, vs control group;2)P<0.01, vs model group.

, figureFileSmall=zcV52/Nv5pAajYkq1x4T0A==, figureFileBig=dFo2G8OgjfqwrY5s6gwoFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226261174076220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=CN, label=图5, caption=药物对短期点燃(3 d)模型中KCNQ2表达的影响(t检验)。n=3只小鼠×3切片,$bar{x}±sx$

A-海马区(左)和与DAPI共标(右)的KCNQ2表达全景图(5×,标尺=500 μm);B-使用共聚焦显微镜(20×)观察海马和PIR不同区域的KCNQ2表达情况(标尺=50 μm);C-3 d 6 Hz角膜刺激增加CA1、PIR区锥体神经元和DG区颗粒细胞中KCNQ2的表达,LEV和QO-83没有改变海马中的KCNQ2表达,但降低了PIR区KCNQ2表达;与对照组比较,1)P <0.000 1;与模型组比较,2)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=zcV52/Nv5pAajYkq1x4T0A==, figureFileBig=dFo2G8OgjfqwrY5s6gwoFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226261245379389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of drugs on KCNQ2 expression in long-term kindling model(21 d)(t test). n=3 mice×3 slice,$bar{x}±sx$

A-panoramic map (5×) of KCNQ2 in the hippocampus (left) and merge with DAPI (right) (scaleplate=500 μm), B-using confocal microscopy (20×) to capture KCNQ2 in different regions of the hippocampus and PIR (scaleplate=50 μm); C-21 d 6 Hz corneal stimulation reduce KCNQ2 expression in CA1 and PIR regions, LEV and QO-83 did not alter the KCNQ2 expression in the hippocampus, but increased the KCNQ2 expression in the PIR region; 1)P<0.001, 2)P<0.000 1, vs control group; 3)P<0.01, 4)P<0.001, vs model group.

, figureFileSmall=3KzT5+0+hy/uNmGvi+gTQg==, figureFileBig=ht+K13tVnNNh1OT8cfj3Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197226261329265470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1196897048218874156, language=CN, label=图6, caption=药物对长期点燃(21 d)模型中KCNQ2表达的影响(t检验)。n=3只小鼠×3切片,$bar{x}±sx$

A-海马区(左)和与DAPI共标(右)的KCNQ2表达全景图(5×,标尺=500 μm);B-使用共聚焦显微镜(20×)观察海马和PIR不同区域的KCNQ2表达情况(标尺=50 μm);C-21 d 6 Hz角膜刺激降低了CA1和PIR区域的KCNQ2表达,LEV和QO-83没有改变海马中的KCNQ表达,但增加了PIR区域KCNQ2的表达; 与对照组比较, 1)P<0.001, 2)P<0.000 1;与模型组比较,3)P<0.01,4)P<0.001。

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KCNQ通道开放剂QO-83对6 Hz刺激癫痫模型小鼠的作用研究
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王梓宇 1 , 王香雨 1, 2 , 李金灿 3 , 吕添熠 1 , 李依萱 1 , 王梓橦 1 , 马梦妍 1 , 贾庆忠 1, 2, 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(22): 2148-2158
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(22): 2148-2158
KCNQ通道开放剂QO-83对6 Hz刺激癫痫模型小鼠的作用研究
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王梓宇1, 王香雨1, 2, 李金灿3, 吕添熠1, 李依萱1, 王梓橦1, 马梦妍1, 贾庆忠1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 河北医科大学药学院,石家庄 050017
  • 2 河北省新药非临床评价工程实验室, 石家庄 050017
  • 3 河北省药理毒理研究重点实验室,石家庄 050017
  • 王梓宇,男,学士 研究方向:神经药理学

通讯作者:

* 贾庆忠,男,博士,教授 研究方向:神经药理学、神经精神类疾病药物及靶点发现 Tel:(0311)86266402
Effects of KCNQ Channel Opener QO-83 on 6 Hz Stimulated Epilepsy Model Mice
Ziyu WANG1, Xiangyu WANG1, 2, Jincan LI3, Tianyi LV1, Yixuan LI1, Zitong WANG1, Mengyan MA1, Qingzhong JIA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
出版时间: 2024-11-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.007
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目的 通过建立并优化6 Hz点燃模型,探究KCNQ通道新型开放剂化合物QO-83抗癫痫活性,为QO-83在耐药性癫痫中的应用提供科学依据。方法 将小鼠分为对照组、模型组、阳性药左乙拉西坦(100 mg·kg-1)组、对照药卡马西平(50 mg·kg-1)组和QO-83低(2 mg·kg-1)、中(4 mg·kg-1)、高(6 mg·kg-1)剂量组。建立6 Hz点燃癫痫模型小鼠,腹腔注射相应药物,30 min后再次施加6 Hz角膜刺激,进行癫痫行为学评价。随后进行一系列精神行为学实验:悬尾实验、T迷宫实验、新物体识别实验,分别观察小鼠的不动时间、选择正确率、认知指数,评价动物的抑郁倾向和学习记忆能力。对6 Hz点燃癫痫模型小鼠进行免疫荧光染色,观察c-Fos蛋白的表达变化,评价QO-83对特定脑区的保护作用;观察其靶点KCNQ2蛋白的表达变化,评价其对靶蛋白表达的影响。结果 传统抗癫痫药卡马西平(50 mg·kg-1)对建立的模型小鼠无明显作用,阳性药物左乙拉西坦(100 mg·kg-1)有效,分别给予2、4、6 mg·kg-1 QO-83时,呈现剂量依赖性抗癫痫作用,可使点燃小鼠的癫痫大发作率及发作时间均显著下降。4 mg·kg-1的QO-83可明显减少癫痫小鼠在悬尾实验中的不动时间,增加小鼠T迷宫正确率,增加小鼠新物体识别指数。QO-83可明显下调癫痫小鼠海马和梨状皮质区的c-Fos表达;上调晚期模型小鼠CA3、DG区周围的神经纤维和PIR区KCNQ2蛋白的表达。。结论 化合物QO-83具有良好的抗耐药性癫痫活性,其对癫痫动物的保护情况优于阳性药物左乙拉西坦,同时还具有改善癫痫动物精神行为的作用,表现出对耐药性癫痫的治疗潜力,其作用机制可能与上调靶点蛋白KCNQ2表达相关。

耐药性癫痫  /  6 Hz点燃模型  /  钾通道开放剂  /  KCNQ2

OBJECTIVE To explore the antiepileptic activity of QO-83, a novel KCNQ channel opener, by establishing and optimizing a 6 Hz corneal kinked model, and to provide a scientific basis for the application of QO-83 in drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS The mice were divided into control group, model group, positive drug levetiracetam (100 mg·kg-1) group, control drug carbamazepine (50 mg·kg-1) group, and QO-83 low (2 mg·kg-1), medium (4 mg·kg-1), and high (6 mg·kg-1) dose groups. The 6 Hz kindled mice were established, and drugs was injected intraperitoneally. After 30 min, 6 Hz corneal stimulation was applied again to observe its protective effect on the animal. And set up a series of behavioral experiments: tail suspension test, T-maze test, and new object recognition test, observe the immobility time, selection accuracy, and recognition index of mice respectively, to evaluate its impact on animal depressive tendencies and memory abilities. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on 6 Hz model mice to observe the expression changes of c-Fos protein and evaluate the protective effect of QO-83 on specific brain regions. Observe the expression changes of its target KCNQ2 protein and evaluate its impact on target protein expression. RESULTS The established model mice were not sensitive to the action of carbamazepine (50 mg·kg-1), but effective against levetiracetam (100 mg·kg-1). When given 2, 4 and 6 mg·kg-1 QO-83, dose-dependent anti-epileptic effects can be observed, which significantly reduced the incidence and duration of seizures in ignited mice. The 4 mg·kg-1 of QO-83 can significantly reduce the immobility time of epileptic mice in tail suspension experiments, increase the accuracy of mice in T-maze test, and increase the recognition index (RI) of mice in new object recognition test. QO-83 can significantly downregulate the expression of c-fos in the hippocampus and piriform cortex of epileptic mice, and upregulate the expression of KCNQ2 protein in the CA3, DG regions and their surrounding fibers and PIR regions of late-stage model mice. CONCLUSION Compound QO-83 has good anti drug-resistant epilepsy activity, and its protective effect on epileptic animals is better than the positive drug levetiracetam. At the same time, it also has the effect of improving the behavior of epileptic animals, demonstrating the therapeutic potential for drug-resistant epilepsy. The mechanism of action may be related to upregulating the expression of the target protein KCNQ2.

drug-resistant epilepsy  /  6 Hz kindling model  /  potassium channel opener  /  KCNQ2
王梓宇, 王香雨, 李金灿, 吕添熠, 李依萱, 王梓橦, 马梦妍, 贾庆忠. KCNQ通道开放剂QO-83对6 Hz刺激癫痫模型小鼠的作用研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2148 -2158 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.007
Ziyu WANG, Xiangyu WANG, Jincan LI, Tianyi LV, Yixuan LI, Zitong WANG, Mengyan MA, Qingzhong JIA. Effects of KCNQ Channel Opener QO-83 on 6 Hz Stimulated Epilepsy Model Mice[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (22) : 2148 -2158 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.007
耐药性癫痫是指患者经过至少2种抗癫痫药物(anti-epileptic drug, AED)正规治疗,已经达到最大耐受剂量,在连续12个月及治疗前最长发作间隔3倍时间内,仍不能控制的癫痫。尽管近20年来开发了许多新的AED,但根据统计显示仍有约30%~40%的患者无法克服耐药性癫痫,多数传统药物对耐药性癫痫没有实质性改善,寻找能克服耐药的AED是药物研究的一个热点。
6 Hz点燃癫痫模型最早于1951年由Toman等[1]建立,该模型的行为学表现和脑电图模式与精神运动性癫痫的临床表现具有相似性,于是将其视为精神运动性癫痫发作模型。后来Brown等[2]在建模时发现,6 Hz点燃模型动物具有先是极短的阵挛期,随之僵硬不自觉的行为学表现,这些特征与部分或边缘性癫痫患者发作的先兆相似,提示6 Hz点燃模型诱导癫痫发作的机制可能与以往的癫痫模型有所不同,它能更好地模拟人类边缘癫痫发作。Barton等[3]的研究还发现,当电流强度为32 mA时,卡马西平40 mg·kg-1可保护75%的动物,当电流强度为44 mA时无效,因为此时的半数有效剂量(ED50)>80 mg·kg-1,半数毒性剂量(TD50)=47.9 mg·kg-1。也就是说,随着电流强度的加大,抗癫痫药物的ED50逐渐升高,模型的耐药性越来越强。在44 mA强度的6 Hz点燃模型被认为是耐药性癫痫模型。目前,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)已将6 Hz点燃模型作为耐药癫痫模型,纳入抗癫痫药物筛选的推荐模型[4]
电压依赖性钾通道Kv7家族(Kv7.1~Kv7.5)由KCNQ (KCNQ1~KCNQ5)基因编码,在调节神经元兴奋性中发挥重要作用。其中Kv7.1主要表达在心肌,其基因突变引发Type-1型的L-QT综合征[5]KCNQ2KCNQ3主要表达在神经系统,该基因突变会引发良性家族性新生儿癫痫综合征(benign familial neonmal convulsions, BFNC)。Kv7.4在耳蜗内的感觉外毛细胞(OHCs)中高表达[6],主要负责调节听觉神经细胞的内在兴奋性,该基因(DFNA2)突变引起感音神经性耳聋。Kv7.5主要表达在中枢神经核团[7]。KCNQ2和KCNQ3钾通道是构成神经M通道的分子基础[8]。M电流在神经系统发育初期,对海马形态和功能起重要调节作用,抑制M电流导致小鼠海马CA1锥体神经元表现出兴奋性增加及海马依赖性空间记忆缺陷[9]。开放M通道能引起细胞膜的超极化从而降低神经元的兴奋性。本实验室合成的KCNQ通道开放剂QO-83是一个结构新颖的小分子化合物,属于一种4-(对三氟甲基苄基)-3-氟-1,2,4三苯胺衍生物,获得中外专利授权【US11247966B2,CN108707087B】,在治疗与神经元过度兴奋相关的疾病,例如癫痫和神经性疼痛等方面有很大潜力,并且对KCNQ通道表现很强的开放作用。体外实验结果显示,其EC50为(0.15±0.04) μmol·L-1。在最大电刺激(maximal electroshock seizure, MES)模型和皮下注射戊四唑癫痫模型中表现出良好效果[10],且已有与其作用机制相似的药物上市并显示出较好疗效,如钾离子通道开放剂瑞替加滨(RTG)能够通过增强M电流,阻止脑损伤后神经元过度兴奋导致的癫痫发作[11]。为了研究该化合物对6 Hz点燃癫痫模型是否有效,本研究利用电刺激行为学观察、组织免疫荧光方法进行评价。
选用8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠[北京斯贝福生物技术有限公司,合格证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010],8周龄雄性昆明小鼠[河北医科大学实验动物中心合格证号:SYHK(冀)2020-002]。所有动物都被饲养在无病原体的环境中,动物可自由饮水摄食,控制室温(22±1) ℃,控制湿度(50±5)%,在12 h黑暗/光照的条件下饲养3 d以上。所有的动物实验严格遵照河北医科大学动物实验中心的动物伦理学条例及国家实验动物饲养和使用指南,尽量减少试验的次数和试验用的动物数量,同时保证数据信息的数量与精确度。
利多卡因(货号:L397800,Toronto Research Chemicals公司);盐酸氟西汀片(批号:131102,上海中西制药有限公司);卡马西平(批号:20220223,龙华医药科技有限公司);左乙拉西坦片(批号:356145,珠海制药有限公司);化合物QO-83(批号:2212271,本实验室自行合成)。磷酸缓冲盐粉末PBS (货号:BL601A,北京兰杰柯科技有限公司);蔗糖 (货号:57-50-1,天津市大茂化学试剂厂);质量分数4%多聚甲醛 (货号:BL539A,北京兰杰柯科技有限公司); 聚乙二醇叔辛基苯基醚(Triton)(货号:T8787,美国 Sigma 公司);驴血清(货号:SL050,北京索莱宝科技有限公司);牛血清白蛋白BSA(货号:R017085,上海凛恩科技发展有限公司);OCT 包埋液 (货号:4583,美国 SAKURA公司)。c-Fos一抗为Rabbit polyclonal to c-Fos-BSA free(Abcam ab190289),kcnq2一抗为Rabbit polyclonal antibody to KCNQ2(AffinityBiosciences Cat#DF13451,RRID:AB_2846470)。二抗为Alexa Fluor® 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (Invitrogen LOT#2376850) 。封片剂(Southern biotech,货号:0100-20)
小鼠角膜电极(本实验室自行制造);电惊厥仪(GRASS Technologies S48 Stimulator);冰冻切片机(CM1950,德国Leica 公司);病理切片扫描仪 (Pannoramic Scan Ⅱ,匈牙利 3DHISTECH公司);激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSM 900,德国Zeiss公司)。
电惊厥仪刺激参数调整为(44 mA,0.2 ms,3 s,6 Hz)进行电刺激,连续3周,每天2次,两次间隔大于4 h,观察并记录小鼠癫痫行为学评分。角膜刺激前先用质量分数0.5%利多卡因对小鼠眼部进行局部麻醉,再将直径与角膜相同的铜制电极用生理盐水浸泡后紧贴小鼠角膜,即可给予电刺激。刺激结束后立即将动物放入观察箱内,记录动物癫痫行为学发作情况。对照组小鼠给予相同操作但不给予电刺激。
根据Racine[12]等级分类法判定动物癫痫行为等级:1级:面部抽搐;2级:点头;3级:单侧前肢阵挛发作;4级:起身,双侧前肢阵挛发作;5级:双侧前肢阵挛发作伴倒地。1~3级为局灶性癫痫发作,4~5级发作为全身性癫痫大发作。若动物出现连续3次或累计10次4~5级发作则认为造模成功。
相同批次的动物随机平均分配给各组:对照组{给予质量分数25%的环糊精溶液[含体积分数0.1%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)]};左乙拉西坦组(LEV,100 mg·kg-1);卡马西平组(CBZ,50 mg·kg-1);氟西汀组(FLX,5.2 mg·kg-1);QO-83低(2 mg·kg-1)、中(4 mg·kg-1)、高(6 mg·kg-1)剂量组,每组9只(行为学实验,n=9)或3只(免疫荧光实验,n=3)。造模成功后次日开始给药,给药期间依旧给予相同角膜刺激,所有药物均采用腹腔注射方式给药。所有动物实验均按照河北医科大学实验动物福利伦理文件及操作要求完成。左乙拉西坦、氟西汀由生理盐水溶解;卡马西平、QO-83由含体积分数0.1% DMSO的质量分数25%环糊精溶液溶解。
所有动物行为学实验在最后一次给药的次日早9点开始,同一个体所需进行的所有行为学实验在同一天内前后完成,顺序依次为:新物体识别实验、T迷宫自主交替实验、悬尾实验。每种不同的行为学实验之间间隔2 h以上。
将小鼠尾部后三分之一处用胶带固定,悬挂于支架上,头部距离台面15 cm,进行摄像,摄像背景与小鼠毛色呈明显反差。计时6 min后停止,利用小动物行为学分析软件Smart 3.0软件对小鼠后4 min(3~6 min)的不动时间进行统计。
实验前充分抚摸动物每天1~2 min,连续5~7 d。实验时将动物放入T-形迷宫的主干臂;打开闸门,让动物离开主干臂进入一个目标臂(四肢进入臂内),重复10次,记录每次进入的目标臂,前后两次进入的目标臂不同则视为正确,否则视为错误。10次选择后计算选择正确率。正确率=正确次数/10。每次更换动物前用体积分数75%乙醇清洗迷宫,消除气味干扰。
将A、B两个物体放在侧壁的左右两端,动物背朝两物体放入场地中央,放入后立即开启录像10 min,实验者立即离开测试房间,用Smart 3.0记录动物与这两个物体接触的情况,包括鼻子或嘴巴触及物体的次数和距离物体2~3 cm范围内探究的时间、次数。待动物休息1 h与24 h后开始新测试,这时将场地内的B物体换作C物体,同样录像5 min。按公式1计算认知指数(recognition index, RI)。每次更换动物前用75%乙醇清洗迷宫,消除气味干扰。
RI(%)=新物体接触时间/(新物体接触时间+旧物体接触时间)×100%
最后一次刺激2 h后,用45 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥全身麻醉小鼠,3 min后经小鼠心脏灌入磷酸缓冲液,使血液排出,至流出液近无色,将磷酸缓冲液换成质量分数4%多聚甲醛溶液灌入,至小鼠身体僵硬,停止灌流,断头取脑。脑组织放入质量分数4%多聚甲醛溶液中在4 ℃固定24 h,随后脑组织放入质量分数30%蔗糖溶液48 h至完全脱水。完全脱水的脑组织用包埋液(质量分数60%蔗糖-OCT=1∶1)包埋,-80 ℃冰箱保存,冰冻组织块用冷冻切片机切成25 μm薄片。一抗用体系(50 mL PBS+2.5 g BSA+125 μL Triton)稀释,稀释比均为1∶400,4 ℃孵育过夜(18~24 h)。室温孵育二抗2 h。最后用含有细胞核染剂的封片剂封片,在荧光显微镜下观察拍摄。结果用ImageJ进行荧光强度分析。
采用Grapad Prism 8.0软件进行统计分析。所有数据均表示为均值±标准误($bar{x}±sx$),当两独立样本均符合正态性分析,则首选采用t检验;若不符合正态性分析,或样本量较小(n<6)时采用非参数Mann-Whitney检验,P<0.05被认为有显著性差异。
6 Hz角膜点燃模型效果与动物品系关系密切,为选取更合适的动物品系,本研究选取了C57BL/6J小鼠及KM小鼠进行电刺激。结果显示,经过21 d的6 Hz角膜刺激,从每日两次刺激后动物癫痫行为学评分结果(图1A~B )可见,C57BL/6J小鼠比KM小鼠癫痫发作等级评分波动幅度小,呈现的结果更稳定。C57BL/6J小鼠,在点燃第13天时,有75%小鼠呈现癫痫大发作,且所有小鼠癫痫发作等级平均值大于4级;在第16天时,所有小鼠癫痫发作等级趋于稳定;在第21 d时,有91%的小鼠癫痫大发作(图1C),而没有癫痫大发作的小鼠将被淘汰。可见C57BL/6J小鼠比KM小鼠更适合用于建立6 Hz角膜点燃模型,此研究采用C57BL/6J小鼠作为造模动物。
经过21 d点燃,癫痫模型评分稳定后将动物分7组,分别为模型组、阳性药物LEV 100 mg·kg-1,对照药CBZ 50 mg·kg-1,FLX 5.2 mg·kg-1,QO-83低剂量2 mg·kg-1、中剂量4 mg·kg-1、高剂量6 mg·kg-1。各组均腹腔注射给药,连续给药3 d(模型组给予溶媒),于末次给药后施加同样刺激观察发作级别、持续时间,计算大发作保护率。结果显示:与模型组比较,LEV能够显著降低动物癫痫大发作级别,从(5.00±0.01)降至(3.00±0.47)(P<0.001),CBZ组与FLX组未有明显治疗效果(P>0.05),化合物QO-83低、中、高3个剂量组评分值分别为(3.55±0.44)(2.25±0.45)(1.75±0.25),均能够显著降低动物癫痫大发作级别((P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.001),且中、高剂量组的降低程度高于阳性药物LEV组(2.25±0.45、1.75±0.25 vs 3.00±0.47)(图1D)。记录癫痫3级以上发作持续时间,与模型组比较(22.45±3.45)min,LEV、CBZ、FLX 3组动物癫痫持续时间没有显著差异,QO-83低、中、高3个剂量组均能显著降低动物癫痫发作持续时间,分别为:(12.24±1.72)(10.24±0.83)(7.58±0.89)min(P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.001)(图1E)。比较各组5级发作的保护率,LEV、CBZ、FLX与QO-83低中高3个剂量组分别为67%、44%、11.1%、44%、87%、100%(图1F),QO-83无论从癫痫发作级别评分,还是癫痫持续时间以及发作保护率,均呈剂量依赖性抗癫痫效果(图1D~F),且中、高剂量保护效果优于阳性药物LEV。
根据文献[13]报道,6 Hz点燃的小鼠极度活跃,无焦虑样行为,但会出现一系列精神行为症状群(neuropsychiatric syndrome,NPS),包括快感缺失、动机缺乏、社交情感障碍,以及学习和记忆能力也受到严重损害。因此,本研究通过小鼠悬尾实验、T迷宫自主交替实验、新物体识别实验,来评价药物对癫痫模型小鼠精神行为的影响。在癫痫模型稳定后,应用悬尾实验测试动物不动时间,与对照组比较,模型组不动时间明显延长,分别为(55.44±6.15)(102.90±7.98)min(P<0.001),提示6 Hz点燃癫痫模型小鼠有明显的抑郁表现。抗抑郁阳性药物FLX组小鼠的不动时间为(25.36±9.40)min,与模型组相比不动时间显著降低(P<0.001);LEV、CBZ、QO-83中剂量(4 mg·kg-1)也均能够明显降低动物不动时间,分别为(68.07±9.66)(64.57±7.51)(55.38±11.43)min(P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.01)(图2A),提示化合物QO-83中剂量(4 mg·kg-1)对动物癫痫大发作导致的抑郁行为有改善作用。
在T迷宫自主交替试验中,与正常组比较,模型组正确率明显下降,分别为(0.66±0.03)(0.42±0.03)(P<0.001),提示6 Hz癫痫模型小鼠有明显的空间记忆能力受损的表现。FLX、LEV、CBZ 不同程度提高了动物选择的正确率,分别为(0.71±0.04)(0.62±0.04)(0.62±0.07)(P<0.001、P<0.01、P<0.05),其中FLX改善作用最明显。化合物QO-83的3个剂量均有改善作用,并且呈剂量依赖性,分别为(0.64±0.03)(0.65±0.05)(0.73±0.04)(P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.001)(图2B),提示化合物QO-83对6 Hz癫痫模型小鼠的空间记忆能力有改善作用。
在新物体识别试验中,给药1 h后与正常组比较,6 Hz模型组动物认知指数(RI)明显下降,分别为(0.79±0.06)(0.44±0.06)(P<0.01),LEV、CBZ可明显提高动物的RI值,分别为(0.72±0.07)(0.72±0.07)(P<0.05、P<0.05),与模型组比较化合物QO-83中剂量组(4 mg·kg-1)也明显提高了动物的RI值至(0.71±0.07)(P<0.05) (图2C);24 h后各给药组RI值与模型组相比无显著性差异。提示QO-83用药后短时内具有改善动物认知的能力。)
以上实验说明,抗癫痫药LEV、CBZ对于癫痫伴随的抑郁、空间记忆力下降、认知能力降低方面均有不同程度改善,这种作用可能与控制癫痫发作有关。FLX作为抗抑郁的一线药物,在改善抑郁行为、提高记忆力方面表现出色,但对于认知能力的改善作用不明显。QO-83作为KCNQ通道高选择性化合物,在改善癫痫症状评分方面表现出剂量依赖特征,但是在改善抑郁行为、记忆能力和认知能力方面,只有中剂量(4 mg·kg-1)作用最明显,所以在后续实验中以该剂量进行观察,这也间接说明QO-83改善癫痫动物精神行为的作用不同于抗癫痫作用呈现的明显的剂量依赖性。
c-Fos基因是参与细胞外刺激后细胞增殖和分化的早期反应基因,被认为是将短期刺激转化为长期反应的主要信号分子,并且与急性刺激后的神经反应性有关,可将其用来考察神经活动[14]。根据Barton等[3]研究结果,6 Hz点燃的小鼠脑部梨状皮质(PIR)、外侧杏仁核(LA)及海马(HIP)CA1、CA3区c-Fos表达明显升高。为探究药物对动物特定脑区的保护情况,使用c-Fos-Antibody荧光染色标记c-Fos蛋白,观察其在小鼠脑中的表达变化,用DAPI核染。
结果显示,在经过3 d的6 Hz刺激后,与对照组相比,Model组的PIR区及海马各区(CA1、CA3、DG)荧光强度显著增强(P<0.001)。给予药物LEV或化合物QO-83治疗后,海马各区荧光强度显著降低(P<0.01),PIR区域荧光强度显著降低(图3)。经过21 d 6 Hz长期刺激,Model组PIR区及海马各区(CA1、CA3、DG)荧光强度与对照组相比显著增强(P<0.001),与Model组比较,LEV或化合物QO-83组的PIR及海马各区荧光强度均显著降低(P<0.001)(图4)。c-Fos蛋白的表达反映了小鼠受电刺激后海马及皮质神经元激活的动态变化过程,上述结果提示LEV及化合物QO-83无论在模型急性期或模型后期,均能有效缓解神经元异常活化。
KCNQ2通道在许多脑区都有表达,包括海马体各区、海马下托、新皮质和丘脑网状核[15],其在海马体和皮层区域表达比较丰富。为探究化合物QO-83是否能对其作用靶点基因Kv7.2的表达产生影响,使用KCNQ2-Antibody荧光染色标记KCNQ2蛋白,观察其在小鼠脑中的表达变化。
小鼠经过3 d的6 Hz刺激后,与对照组比较,Model组CA1区锥体细胞与PIR区颗粒细胞层荧光强度显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01),CA3区荧光强度有所降低。给予药物LEV后与Model组相比,CA1、CA3、DG区的锥体细胞层荧光强度变化不明显,PIR区域荧光强度显著下降(P<0.01)。给予药物QO-83后与Model组相比CA1区荧光强度显著升高(P<0.05),其他脑区变化不明显(图5)。海马CA2区域的辨识和划分存在争议,因此我们没有在此讨论CA2区域的变化。经过21 d的6 Hz刺激,Model组海马CA1、DG区、PIR区的锥体细胞层荧光强度显著降低(P<0.000 1,P<0.01,P<0.000 1),CA3区荧光强度变化不明显。给予药物LEV或化合物QO-83后,与Model组比较,海马CA1、CA3区锥体细胞层荧光强度变化不明显,DG、PIR区锥体细胞及其周围的纤维区域荧光强度有明显提高(P<0.001,P<0.001或P<0.01)(图6)。以上结果提示,KCNQ2蛋白在不同的造模时期,或者癫痫模型发展过程中动态变化,推测这种动态变化是为了更好地保护神经元免受外界电刺激造成神经损伤。
本研究建立和优化了一种耐药性癫痫模型—6 Hz点燃模型,阐明KCNQ通道开放剂QO-83具有潜在的抗耐药性癫痫活性。在预实验中设置了一系列给药浓度(1~40 mg·kg-1),发现在2 mg·kg-1剂量时QO-83即可改善动物癫痫大发作,与上市药物左乙拉西坦(LEV)100 mg·kg-1 作用相当。LEV在临床上常作为耐药性癫痫治疗药物,CBZ作为常规用药,对耐药性癫痫不敏感。选择LEV与CBZ两种药物作为对照药,目的在于能更好地评价6 Hz癫痫模型小鼠的耐药效果,从实验结果看,无论是癫痫发作级别的评分,还是防止癫痫发作的保护率,LEV均表现出明显优于CBZ的效果,证明了该模型的可靠性,这为进一步评价新化合物QO-83提供了依据。
本研究通过不同种系的小鼠筛选,发现造模动物对模型稳定性影响较大,用C57小鼠建立的6 Hz角膜点燃模型比以往报道的点燃成功率更高(90.5% vs 80%[16]),且造模过程中动物死亡率较低,与先前的报道有所不同(7.9% vs 22.5%)[13]。在6 Hz点燃模型问世以前,常用的癫痫动物模型有杏仁核电点燃模型、化学模型和遗传性癫痫模型等。
这些模型普遍存在一些难以解决的问题,譬如耐药性比例较低、建模过程繁琐费力、动物消耗多或者存在药物间相互作用等[17],以至于它们不能完整阐释药物药理作用,或成为解决耐药性癫痫的得力工具。6 Hz点燃模型以其独特的发作机制和突出的优势成为了目前最具潜力的动物癫痫模型。而且44 mA强度的6 Hz模型还对许多AED显示出耐药性,已成为了耐药性癫痫研究的必要模型。其对于人类边缘性癫痫发作的拟合无疑也给了临床用药更准确的指导。但还是要与其他模型搭配使用,各取所长相互完善,以便发挥它们的最佳作用。
癫痫患者脑部呈现神经元异常放电的病理现象,现有的抗癫痫药物一般通过减少病理性过度放电或提高脑组织兴奋性阈值来治疗或减轻癫痫的发作。c-Fos作为神经元激活或兴奋的标志物,广泛用于癫痫等中枢神经系统疾病发生时神经元异常放电的监测。在对c-Fos蛋白进行免疫荧光染色时,可以观察到在模型早期海马区整体c-Fos强烈表达,而在模型后期c-Fos较模型前期表达下降,可能是动物对长期的刺激产生了适应性或神经元疲劳,不能再持续兴奋;但在PIR区域,c-Fos无论在模型早期或晚期都强烈表达,未见下降趋势。给予药物LEV及化合物QO-83可见c-Fos表达全面下降,说明其均能够保护动物特定脑区,避免刺激引发的异常放电。
根据KCNQ2的亚细胞定位不同,其对神经元的兴奋性发挥多方面调节作用,胞体KCNQ2主要产生M电流(IKM),IKM抑制使神经元去极化,增加神经元的兴奋性,IKM激活使细胞膜超极化,降低神经元的兴奋性;树突KCNQ2通道会被反向传播的动作电位强烈激活,以减弱后去极化和重复放电;轴突KCNQ2通道密集分布在轴突起始段(axon initial segment, AIS)和郎飞氏节处,与Nav通道共分布影响动作电位的起源和传导[15]。通过免疫荧光观察KCNQ2在海马区的表达,可以发现在造模早期(3 d时)海马区锥体细胞和颗粒细胞KCNQ2表达增加,这与Caver等[18]发现的急性化学刺激诱导的惊厥时,海马CA1、CA3区域KCNQ2 mRNA含量升高相一致,提示KCNQ2通道在受到急性损伤刺激时,适应性表达增高发挥了保护作用。
QO-83的干预主要体现在增大通道电流、增强通道开放功能,降低兴奋性刺激损伤, 同时在一定程度上还能增加通道表达,有利于改善癫痫症状保护神经。在造模后期海马区锥体细胞和颗粒细胞KCNQ2表达下降,可能是由于长期的异常放电导致神经损伤或失代偿所致。此时使用QO-83在增强钾通道电流的同时,钾通道表达也明显增加,这种保护机制有助于损伤的神经元恢复活性。给予QO-83后除了增加神经元上KCNQ2通道表达,还增强神经纤维上的通道表达,这样更利于QO-83通过轴突侧支以补偿受损的回路。尤其是苔状纤维在使用QO-83后KCNQ2表达提高的程度最明显。因此,QO-83能通过促进神经元或神经纤维的KCNQ2表达降低神经兴奋性。关于KCNQ2的表达情况,大量研究表示其在神经纤维网,尤其是苔藓纤维和透明层的染色最为强烈[15,19-20]。但是,也有报道在海马锥体层(sp)和颗粒层(g)中表达高,除了少数细胞体外(例如CA3)染色较轻[8],在整个主要细胞层(CA1、CA3的锥体细胞层和齿状回的颗粒细胞层)的细胞体上均有中度标记。本研究也发现不同周龄的小鼠KCNQ2表达情况有所差异,而M通道被证明与海马早期的发育有关,KCNQ2缺陷会导致海马发育不全[21]。另外,随着年龄老化,KCNQ2的表达会下降,从而导致神经元兴奋性增加,导致睡眠呈现碎片化[22]。综上,KCNQ2在锥体细胞和颗粒细胞中的表达情况似乎会跟随年龄变化有关,这一点有待进一步考证。
Lopez等[23]的研究显示,慢性社会失败压力(CSDS)模型会导致小鼠腹侧海马区域谷氨酸能神经元中KCNQ2蛋白含量降低,给予药物氯胺酮后,随着小鼠抑郁倾向的改善,其KCNQ2蛋白含量回升。本研究的6 Hz角膜点燃模型小鼠使用药物保护,改善其抑郁症状后,腹侧海马未见回升,说明6 Hz角膜点燃小鼠的癫痫伴抑郁与CSDS抑郁模型机制可能不同,也说明本研究中抑郁是由癫痫引起,而非与癫痫割离。KCNQ通道开放剂QO-83化合物作为一个结构新颖的小分子化合物,不仅能够增强KCNQ通道电流,而且还能增加KCNQ2通道蛋白的表达,这一作用可能有利于改善动物的抑郁行为。
本研究发现了化合物QO-83的抗耐药性癫痫活性,并能够改善耐药性癫痫动物的行为学表现,保护动物特定脑区免受电刺激影响。其作用机制可能与靶点KCNQ2在特定脑区的表达量和表达方式(神经元或神经纤维)有关,此部分有待进一步研究考证。此外,通过对不同造模时期的动物进行免疫组织染色,观察到了此耐药性癫痫模型的发展情况。其中KCNQ2的表达由短期时增高到长期时降低,可能是癫痫发作或耐药性癫痫发作的一个重要因素。总之,本研究为QO-83的临床应用和其他钾通道开放剂药物的开发提供了线索和依据,希望有助于耐药性癫痫的治疗和预防。
  • 河北省重点研发计划项目(21372601D)
  • 河北省自然科学基金项目(H2021206352)
  • 河北医科大学2023年大学生创新性实验计划项目(USIP2023200)
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2024年第59卷第22期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.22.007
  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-16
  • 出版时间:2024-11-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
基金
河北省重点研发计划项目(21372601D)
河北省自然科学基金项目(H2021206352)
河北医科大学2023年大学生创新性实验计划项目(USIP2023200)
作者信息
    1 河北医科大学药学院,石家庄 050017
    2 河北省新药非临床评价工程实验室, 石家庄 050017
    3 河北省药理毒理研究重点实验室,石家庄 050017

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* 贾庆忠,男,博士,教授 研究方向:神经药理学、神经精神类疾病药物及靶点发现 Tel:(0311)86266402
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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