Article(id=1212693342081700088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693337426018913, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)20-1889-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.20.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719331200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767058223505, onlineDateStr=2025-12-30, pubDate=1729526400000, pubDateStr=2024-10-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767058223505, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767058223505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767058223505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212693337426018913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='20', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='1984', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767058222394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767059439376, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212698441885602499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693337426018913, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212698441889796804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693337426018913, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1889, endPage=1898, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212693342450798849, articleId=1212693342081700088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preclinical Toxicity Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells U87 Targeting at Pancreatic Cancer in Tumor Bearing Mice, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the preclinical safety of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell U87 in tumor-bearing immunodeficient mice. METHODS A transplantation tumor model was constructed using NCG mice subcutaneously inoculated with BxPC-3, on which cells U87 (2×106cells each mouse and 10×106 cells each mouse) were administered in a single dose, and continued to be observed until day 84 after administration. Tumor clearance, survival rate, clinical symptoms, body weight changes, hematological indices, lymphocyte subpopulation classification, cytokine indices, and histopathological changes were examined to characterize the mice. RESULTS Single tail vein administration of U87 to hormonal NCG mice significantly prolonged mouse survival and even completely cleared the tumor load. As its pharmacodynamic action, U87 resulted in elevated levels of human-derived IFN-γ, as well as mixed cell aggregation in multiple tissues/organisms, with no local irritation and no apparent systemic toxicity associated with U87. U87 led excessive immune response at high doses, and has certain effects on the values of GLU, TG, TP, ALB, PLT and RET in animals. Mild GvHD-associated histopathological changes were only observed in 2×106 CAR-T (from week 8 after cell administration) and 10×106 CAR-T (from week 4 after cell administration), and the changes correlated with the level of T-cell proliferation. No tumor formation associated with U87 was seen. CONCLUSION U87 does not show any significant risk associated with immunotoxicity and tumorigenicity in BxPC-3 loaded NCG mice and shows some pharmacodynamic effects. The results of this study provide implications for the toxicological evaluation of targeted solid tumors.

, correspAuthors=Xiaobing ZHOU, Ying HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hairuo WEN, Guitao HUO, Chao QIN, Jing ZHAO, Xiaoxuan KOU, Xiaoyan LOU, Xiaobing ZHOU, Ying HUANG, Lei YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212693344258543962, articleId=1212693342081700088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=靶向胰腺癌的嵌合抗原受体T细胞U87在荷瘤小鼠体内的临床前毒性评价, columnId=1212693338294239845, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=细胞治疗产品评价专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评价嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor T,CAR-T)细胞U87在荷瘤免疫缺陷小鼠体内的临床前安全性。方法 使用NCG小鼠皮下接种人原位胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3构建移植瘤模型,并在此基础上单次给予细胞U87(每只动物2×106个和10×106个细胞),持续观察至给药后第84天。考察小鼠肿瘤清除情况、存活率、临床症状、体质量变化、血液学指标、血清生化指标检测、淋巴细胞亚群分类、人源细胞因子指标和组织病理学变化特点。结果 单次尾静脉给予荷瘤NCG小鼠U87可明显延长小鼠生存期,甚至可完全清除肿瘤负荷。作为其药效学作用,U87可导致人源IFN-γ水平升高,以及多组织/脏器的混合细胞聚集,未见与U87相关的局部刺激性和明显系统毒性。U87在高剂量下可导致过度免疫反应,对动物GLU、TG、TP、ALB、PLT及RET数值产生一定影响。当体内肿瘤消除后,上述异常指标有所恢复。每只动物给予2×106个CAR-T(自给予细胞后第8周起)和10×106个CAR-T(自给予细胞后第4周起)剂量下均可导致轻度GvHD相关的组织病理学改变,且该变化与T细胞增殖水平相关联。未见与U87相关的肿瘤形成。结论 U87在BxPC-3荷瘤NCG小鼠体内未见明显免疫毒性和致瘤性的相关风险,且呈现一定药效学作用。本研究结果为靶向实体瘤的毒理学评价提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=周晓冰, 黄瑛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周晓冰,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(010)67872233-8203;
黄瑛,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(010)67876252
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文海若,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学

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DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0444-9., articleTitle=Chimeric antigen receptor T cells: a novel therapy for solid tumors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1212799325357396178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=4, pageStart=69, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=STERNER R C, STERNER R M, journalName=Blood Cancer J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STERNER R C, STERNER R M. CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies[J]. Blood Cancer J, 2021, 11(4): 69. DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00459-7., articleTitle=CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1212799322316525723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, awardId=2021YFA1101602, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划课题资助(2021YFA1101602), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1212799322400411806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, awardId=XDA1604050202, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院战略先导科技专项资助(XDA1604050202), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1212799322522046625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, awardId=GJJS-2022-6-1, language=CN, fundingSource=中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金资助(GJJS-2022-6-1), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1212799313676260239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1212799313684648849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, companyId=1212799313676260239, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation Research of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1212799313693037458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, companyId=1212799313676260239, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国食品药品检定研究院国家药物安全评价监测中心, 药物非临床安全评价研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100176)]), AuthorCompany(id=1212799313768534935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1212799313772729240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, companyId=1212799313768534935, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shanghai Unicar Therapy Biomedicine Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1212799313781117849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, companyId=1212799313768534935, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 上海优卡迪生物医药科技有限公司, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1212799320391340121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trends in graft tumor nodule/tumor volume of U87 toxicity study in mice. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=uvzUcp2xqMyqFAdHoxlJSA==, figureFileBig=CPENclN0ek6uWS0TM7hrRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799320466837597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=图1, caption=U87小鼠毒性研究移植瘤结节/肿瘤体积变化趋势。n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=uvzUcp2xqMyqFAdHoxlJSA==, figureFileBig=CPENclN0ek6uWS0TM7hrRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799320592666720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes on major hematological indexes of U87 toxicity study in mice. $\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-differential percentage of leukocytes at 4 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=8); B-differential percentage of leukocytes at 8 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=8); C-differential percentage of leukocytes at 12 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=6); D-cell counts at 4 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=8); E-cell counts at 8 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=8); F-cell counts at 12 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=6); NEUT-neutrophils; LYMPH-lymphocyte; MONO-monocyte; EOS-Eosinophils; BASO-basophilic; WBC-leukocyte;RBC-erythrocyte;PLT-platelet; 1)P<0.05, 2)P<0.01, compared with the Control group; 3)P<0.05, 4)P<0.01, compared with the buffer group; 5)P<0.05, 6)P<0.01, compared with the mice with T cells.

, figureFileSmall=wNUGvPwz+dkmnziF1glW1Q==, figureFileBig=Z3JQ6tQqmklxXzGExWISjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799320689135715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=图2, caption=U87小鼠毒性研究各组动物主要血液学指标变化。$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-给予CAR-T细胞后4周白细胞分类占比(n=8);B-给予CAR-T细胞后8周白细胞分类占比(n=8);C-给予CAR-T细胞后12周白细胞分类占比(n=6);D-给予CAR-T细胞后4周细胞计数结果(n=8);E-给予CAR-T细胞后8周细胞计数结果(n=8);F-给予CAR-T细胞后12周细胞计数结果(n=6);NEUT-中性粒细胞;LYMPH-淋巴细胞; MONO-单核细胞;EOS-嗜酸性粒细胞;BASO-嗜碱性粒细胞;WBC-白细胞;RBC-红细胞;PLT-血小板;与非荷瘤组比较,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01;与溶媒组比较,3)P<0.05,4)P<0.01;与T细胞组比较,5)P<0.05,6)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=wNUGvPwz+dkmnziF1glW1Q==, figureFileBig=Z3JQ6tQqmklxXzGExWISjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799320781410405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes on major serum biochemistry indexes of U87 toxicity study in mice. n=6-8,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-4 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=8); B-8 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=8); C-12 weeks after administered CAR-T(n=6); ALT-alanine aminoconverting enzyme; AST-aspartate aminoconverting enzyme; ALP-alkaline phosphatase; CK-creatine phosphokinase; LDH-lactate dehydrogenase; RCE-creatinine kinase;1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01, compared with the Control group; 3)P<0.05,4)P<0.01, compared with the buffer group.

, figureFileSmall=b2jhl7qIGF9xOngVHqMLwQ==, figureFileBig=L09LcLCOUBwfTpkXEEKyzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799320865296488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=图3, caption=U87小鼠毒性研究各组动物主要血清生化指标变化。$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-给予CAR-T细胞后4周(n=8);B-给予CAR-T细胞后8周(n=8);C-给予CAR-T细胞后12周(n=6);ALT-丙氨酸氨基转换酶;AST-天门冬氨酸氨基转换酶;ALP-碱性磷酸酶;CK-肌酸磷酸激酶;LDH-乳酸脱氢酶;CRE-肌酐激酶;与非荷瘤组比较,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01;与溶媒组比较,3)P<0.05,4)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=b2jhl7qIGF9xOngVHqMLwQ==, figureFileBig=L09LcLCOUBwfTpkXEEKyzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799320957571180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Proliferation of total T and CAR-T+ cells in peripheral blood of U87 toxicity study in mice. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-total T cell count; B-total CAR-T+ cell count; 1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01, compared with the buffer group;; 3)P<0.05,4)P<0.01, compared with the mice with T cells.

, figureFileSmall=1PlQXoAJnQlLGIUynpY8Hg==, figureFileBig=r1/1qwRWGFhydPqMOsqQjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799321028874350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=图4, caption=U87小鼠毒性研究外周血总T及CAR-T+细胞增殖情况。n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-总T细胞计数;B-总CAR-T+细胞计数;与溶媒组比较,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01;与T细胞组比较,3)P<0.05,4)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=1PlQXoAJnQlLGIUynpY8Hg==, figureFileBig=r1/1qwRWGFhydPqMOsqQjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799321125343346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes on the levels of human cytokines of U87 toxicity study in mice. n=8,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-IFN-γ;B-TNF;C-IL-10;D-IL-6;and some values were below the detection limit.

, figureFileSmall=JHMzld9Mc5buGekubxcidQ==, figureFileBig=kyaqkCb8HhaitsdpYseimQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799321184063605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=图5, caption=U87小鼠毒性研究人源细胞因子水平变化。n=8,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-干扰素-γ;B-肿瘤坏死因子;C-白介素-10;D-白介素-6;部分检测值低于检测限。

, figureFileSmall=JHMzld9Mc5buGekubxcidQ==, figureFileBig=kyaqkCb8HhaitsdpYseimQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799321288921207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Histopathological changes of tumor-bearing animals of U87 toxicity study in mice (hematoxylin-eosin staining)

A-non-tumor bearing group, lung, normal(×100); B-buffer group, lung, carcinoma (×100); C-T cell group, lung, normal (×100); D-low-dose group, lung, moderate mixed cell infiltration and infiltration of tumor cell (×100); E-high-dose group, lung, mild mixed cell infiltration (×100); F-non-tumor bearing group, thyroid, normal(×200); G-buffer group, thyroid, normal (×200); H-T cell group, thyroid, normal (×200); I-low-dose group, thyroid, moderate mixed cell infiltration (×200); J-high-dose group, thyroid, mild mixed cell infiltration (×200); K-non-tumor bearing group, liver, normal(×100); L-buffer group, liver, normal(×100); M-T cell group, liver, mild extramedullary hematopoiesis (×100); N-low-dose group, liver, mild mixed cell infiltration and mild fibrosis (×100); O-high-dose group, liver, mild mixed cell infiltration (×100); P-non-tumor bearing group, tumor xerograft site, normal (×100); Q-buffer group, tumor xerograft site, carcinoma and minimal inflammation (×100); R-T cell group, tumor xerograft site, carcinoma and mild inflammation (×100); S-low-dose group, tumor xerograft site, mild epidermal hyperplasia and minimal mixed cell infiltration (×100); T-high-dose group, tumor xerograft site, minimal mixed cell infiltration and mild epidermal hyperplasia (×100).

, figureFileSmall=faqm2Xc+jmIHfsx+8tc91Q==, figureFileBig=1/8HMdVL2dPuCJhWJDSXog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799321393778810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=图6, caption=U87小鼠毒性研究肿瘤动物组织病理学变化(苏木精-伊红染色法)

A-无瘤组,肺,正常(×100);B-溶媒组,肺,癌(×100);C-T细胞组,肺,正常(×100);D-低剂量组,肺,中度混合细胞浸润和肿瘤细胞浸润(×100);E-高剂量组,肺,轻度混合细胞浸润(×100);F-无瘤组,甲状腺,正常(×200); G-溶媒组,甲状腺,正常(×200);H-T 细胞组,甲状腺,正常(×200);I-低剂量组,甲状腺,中度混合细胞浸润(×200);J-高剂量组,甲状腺,轻度混合细胞浸润(×200);K-无肿瘤组,肝脏,正常(×100);L-溶媒组,肝脏,正常(×100); M-T细胞组,肝脏,轻度髓外造血(×100);N-低剂量组,肝脏,轻度混合细胞浸润和轻度纤维化(×100);O-高剂量组,肝脏,轻度混合细胞浸润(×100);P-无肿瘤组,肿瘤移植物部位,正常(×100);Q-溶媒组,肿瘤移植物部位,癌变和轻微炎症(×100); R-T细胞组,肿瘤移植物部位,癌和轻度炎症(×100);S-低剂量组,肿瘤移植物部位,轻度表皮增生和少量混合细胞浸润(×100);T-高剂量组,肿瘤移植物部位,少量混合细胞浸润和轻度表皮增生(×100)。

, figureFileSmall=faqm2Xc+jmIHfsx+8tc91Q==, figureFileBig=1/8HMdVL2dPuCJhWJDSXog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212799321527996540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Study design of U87 toxicity study in mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time point Group Xenografting/cells Test article Dose/cells Number of animal for necropsy(male/female)
Four weeks post-administration A Control - Freezing buffer - 8/8
Buffer 5×106 Freezing buffer - 8/8
T cell 5×106 T cell1) 53.5×106 8/8
Low dose 5×106 U87 2×106 8/8
High dose 5×106 U87 10×106 8/8
Eight weeks post-administration B Control - Freezing buffer - 8/8
Buffer 5×106 Freezing buffer - 8/8
T cell 5×106 T cell1) 10×106/CAR+T% 8/8
Low dose 5×106 U87 2×106 8/8
High dose 5×106 U87 10×106 8/8
Twelve weeks post-administration C Control - Freezing buffer - 6/6
Buffer 5×106 Freezing buffer - 6/6
T cell 5×106 T cell1) 10×106/CAR+T% 6/6
Low dose 5×106 U87 2×106 6/6
High dose 5×106 U87 10×106 6/6
), ArticleFig(id=1212799321678991488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

U87小鼠毒性研究试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time point Group Xenografting/cells Test article Dose/cells Number of animal for necropsy(male/female)
Four weeks post-administration A Control - Freezing buffer - 8/8
Buffer 5×106 Freezing buffer - 8/8
T cell 5×106 T cell1) 53.5×106 8/8
Low dose 5×106 U87 2×106 8/8
High dose 5×106 U87 10×106 8/8
Eight weeks post-administration B Control - Freezing buffer - 8/8
Buffer 5×106 Freezing buffer - 8/8
T cell 5×106 T cell1) 10×106/CAR+T% 8/8
Low dose 5×106 U87 2×106 8/8
High dose 5×106 U87 10×106 8/8
Twelve weeks post-administration C Control - Freezing buffer - 6/6
Buffer 5×106 Freezing buffer - 6/6
T cell 5×106 T cell1) 10×106/CAR+T% 6/6
Low dose 5×106 U87 2×106 6/6
High dose 5×106 U87 10×106 6/6
), ArticleFig(id=1212799321796432006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Tumor growth inhibition value of U87 toxicity study in mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sex Group Tumor growth inhibition value/%
Week 1(day 8) Week 2(day 15) Week 3(day 22) Week 4(day 29) Week 5(day 36) Week 6(day 43)
Male Buffer 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T cell -41.4 -29.7 -11.5 -30.0 -22.7 -35.3
Low dose -80.9 40.6 67.6 69.6 76.4 93.7
High dose -107.7 86.7 98.5 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female Buffer 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T cell -136.9 27.6 -3.1 -12.8 9.3 16.7
Low dose -220.1 55.5 71.8 77.2 75.8 100.0
High dose -345.6 94.8 95.3 99.7 100.0 100.0
Sex Group Tumor growth inhibition value/%
Week 7(day 50) Week 8(day 57) Week 9(day 64) Week 10(day 71) Week 11(day 78) Week 12(day 82)
Male Buffer - - - - - -
T cell - - - - - -
Low dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
High dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female Buffer 0.0 0.0 - - - -
T cell 9.5 -57.5 - - - -
Low dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
High dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1212799321943232649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

U87小鼠毒性研究肿瘤抑制率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sex Group Tumor growth inhibition value/%
Week 1(day 8) Week 2(day 15) Week 3(day 22) Week 4(day 29) Week 5(day 36) Week 6(day 43)
Male Buffer 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T cell -41.4 -29.7 -11.5 -30.0 -22.7 -35.3
Low dose -80.9 40.6 67.6 69.6 76.4 93.7
High dose -107.7 86.7 98.5 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female Buffer 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
T cell -136.9 27.6 -3.1 -12.8 9.3 16.7
Low dose -220.1 55.5 71.8 77.2 75.8 100.0
High dose -345.6 94.8 95.3 99.7 100.0 100.0
Sex Group Tumor growth inhibition value/%
Week 7(day 50) Week 8(day 57) Week 9(day 64) Week 10(day 71) Week 11(day 78) Week 12(day 82)
Male Buffer - - - - - -
T cell - - - - - -
Low dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
High dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female Buffer 0.0 0.0 - - - -
T cell 9.5 -57.5 - - - -
Low dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
High dose 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1212799322022924432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Summary of clinical symptoms of U87 toxicity study in mice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Number of
animals
Clinical symptoms1)
Description of symptoms Frequency
Control 44 No abnormal 42/44
Back arched 1/44
Hind limb weakness 1/44
Buffer 44 No abnormal 32/44
Back arched 7/44
Tumor rupture 5/44
Decreased activity 3/44
T cell 44 No abnormal 39/44
Back arched 3/44
Tumor rupture 2/44
Low dose 44 No abnormal 42/44
Back arched 1/44
Decreased activity 2/44
High dose 44 No abnormal 38/44
Back arched 5/44
Decreased activity 2/44
), ArticleFig(id=1212799322111004817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693342081700088, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

U87小鼠毒性研究临床症状汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Number of
animals
Clinical symptoms1)
Description of symptoms Frequency
Control 44 No abnormal 42/44
Back arched 1/44
Hind limb weakness 1/44
Buffer 44 No abnormal 32/44
Back arched 7/44
Tumor rupture 5/44
Decreased activity 3/44
T cell 44 No abnormal 39/44
Back arched 3/44
Tumor rupture 2/44
Low dose 44 No abnormal 42/44
Back arched 1/44
Decreased activity 2/44
High dose 44 No abnormal 38/44
Back arched 5/44
Decreased activity 2/44
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靶向胰腺癌的嵌合抗原受体T细胞U87在荷瘤小鼠体内的临床前毒性评价
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文海若 1 , 霍桂桃 1 , 秦超 1 , 赵晶 1 , 寇小旋 1 , 楼小燕 2 , 周晓冰 1, * , 黄瑛 1, * , 俞磊 2
中国药学杂志 | 细胞治疗产品评价专栏 2024,59(20): 1889-1898
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中国药学杂志 | 细胞治疗产品评价专栏 2024, 59(20): 1889-1898
靶向胰腺癌的嵌合抗原受体T细胞U87在荷瘤小鼠体内的临床前毒性评价
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文海若1, 霍桂桃1, 秦超1, 赵晶1, 寇小旋1, 楼小燕2, 周晓冰1, *, 黄瑛1, *, 俞磊2
作者信息
  • 1 中国食品药品检定研究院国家药物安全评价监测中心, 药物非临床安全评价研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100176
  • 2 上海优卡迪生物医药科技有限公司, 上海 201203
  • 文海若,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学

通讯作者:

* 周晓冰,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(010)67872233-8203;
黄瑛,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(010)67876252
Preclinical Toxicity Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells U87 Targeting at Pancreatic Cancer in Tumor Bearing Mice
Hairuo WEN1, Guitao HUO1, Chao QIN1, Jing ZHAO1, Xiaoxuan KOU1, Xiaoyan LOU2, Xiaobing ZHOU1, *, Ying HUANG1, *, Lei YU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation Research of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100176, China
  • 2 Shanghai Unicar Therapy Biomedicine Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2024-10-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.002
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目的 评价嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor T,CAR-T)细胞U87在荷瘤免疫缺陷小鼠体内的临床前安全性。方法 使用NCG小鼠皮下接种人原位胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3构建移植瘤模型,并在此基础上单次给予细胞U87(每只动物2×106个和10×106个细胞),持续观察至给药后第84天。考察小鼠肿瘤清除情况、存活率、临床症状、体质量变化、血液学指标、血清生化指标检测、淋巴细胞亚群分类、人源细胞因子指标和组织病理学变化特点。结果 单次尾静脉给予荷瘤NCG小鼠U87可明显延长小鼠生存期,甚至可完全清除肿瘤负荷。作为其药效学作用,U87可导致人源IFN-γ水平升高,以及多组织/脏器的混合细胞聚集,未见与U87相关的局部刺激性和明显系统毒性。U87在高剂量下可导致过度免疫反应,对动物GLU、TG、TP、ALB、PLT及RET数值产生一定影响。当体内肿瘤消除后,上述异常指标有所恢复。每只动物给予2×106个CAR-T(自给予细胞后第8周起)和10×106个CAR-T(自给予细胞后第4周起)剂量下均可导致轻度GvHD相关的组织病理学改变,且该变化与T细胞增殖水平相关联。未见与U87相关的肿瘤形成。结论 U87在BxPC-3荷瘤NCG小鼠体内未见明显免疫毒性和致瘤性的相关风险,且呈现一定药效学作用。本研究结果为靶向实体瘤的毒理学评价提供借鉴。

嵌合抗原受体T细胞  /  胰腺癌  /  免疫缺陷荷瘤小鼠  /  实体瘤  /  毒性评价

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the preclinical safety of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell U87 in tumor-bearing immunodeficient mice. METHODS A transplantation tumor model was constructed using NCG mice subcutaneously inoculated with BxPC-3, on which cells U87 (2×106cells each mouse and 10×106 cells each mouse) were administered in a single dose, and continued to be observed until day 84 after administration. Tumor clearance, survival rate, clinical symptoms, body weight changes, hematological indices, lymphocyte subpopulation classification, cytokine indices, and histopathological changes were examined to characterize the mice. RESULTS Single tail vein administration of U87 to hormonal NCG mice significantly prolonged mouse survival and even completely cleared the tumor load. As its pharmacodynamic action, U87 resulted in elevated levels of human-derived IFN-γ, as well as mixed cell aggregation in multiple tissues/organisms, with no local irritation and no apparent systemic toxicity associated with U87. U87 led excessive immune response at high doses, and has certain effects on the values of GLU, TG, TP, ALB, PLT and RET in animals. Mild GvHD-associated histopathological changes were only observed in 2×106 CAR-T (from week 8 after cell administration) and 10×106 CAR-T (from week 4 after cell administration), and the changes correlated with the level of T-cell proliferation. No tumor formation associated with U87 was seen. CONCLUSION U87 does not show any significant risk associated with immunotoxicity and tumorigenicity in BxPC-3 loaded NCG mice and shows some pharmacodynamic effects. The results of this study provide implications for the toxicological evaluation of targeted solid tumors.

chimeric antigen receptor T cell  /  pancreatic cancer  /  immunodeficient tumor-bearing mice  /  solid tumor  /  toxicity evaluation
文海若, 霍桂桃, 秦超, 赵晶, 寇小旋, 楼小燕, 周晓冰, 黄瑛, 俞磊. 靶向胰腺癌的嵌合抗原受体T细胞U87在荷瘤小鼠体内的临床前毒性评价. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (20) : 1889 -1898 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.002
Hairuo WEN, Guitao HUO, Chao QIN, Jing ZHAO, Xiaoxuan KOU, Xiaoyan LOU, Xiaobing ZHOU, Ying HUANG, Lei YU. Preclinical Toxicity Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells U87 Targeting at Pancreatic Cancer in Tumor Bearing Mice[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (20) : 1889 -1898 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.002
当今肿瘤的靶向治疗和免疫疗法已取得了长足的进展,极大地改善了癌症患者的生存率[1]。然而,当前胰腺癌仍缺乏有效的治疗手段,而且由于诊断延迟和治疗选择有限,这种类型的恶性肿瘤预后较差[2],其5年相对生存率仅为10%[3]。细胞疗法通常被认为是出于治疗目的将自体或同种异体细胞材料移植到患者体内。细胞疗法,特别是嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor T,CAR-T)细胞疗法,已成为有效的新兴癌症治疗手段[4]。CAR-T细胞疗法作为免疫疗法,涉及对T细胞进行基因工程改造,以表达识别癌细胞表面的特定抗原并与之结合的CAR结构。一旦CAR-T细胞与癌细胞上的抗原结合,细胞内信号转导结构域可能被激活,从而触发T细胞增殖并释放大量杀死癌细胞的细胞因子[5-6],导致细胞因子风暴等。当前我国细胞治疗产品在开展临床研究之前需提供充分的毒理学数据,以支持其人用安全性。
U87为首个报道的靶向人滋养细胞表面抗原2(trophoblast cell surface antigen 2, Trop2)的治疗胰腺癌的细胞治疗产品,临床转化需求迫切[7]。Trop2可通过介导钙离子信号通路和调节细胞周期蛋白表达水平来促进肿瘤的生长、增殖和转移过程,当前已成为抗肿瘤药物研究的热门靶点,人源和小鼠源Trop2的相似性达87%[8-9]。前期研究[10]发现,间隔4 d 4次经尾静脉给予荷瘤小鼠U87可在1个月内有效抑制胰腺癌体内增殖并延长小鼠生存期。依据当前国内药品监管要求,靶向实体瘤的细胞治疗产品进入临床前,其风险需通过基于疾病模型的毒理学评价结果作出评估[11],但当前此类产品的毒理学评价方法尚未标准化。本研究通过免疫缺陷小鼠模型皮下接种人原位胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3,构建胰腺癌药效模型,并在此基础上给予U87,并观察至治疗后第12周,考察其对动物产生的毒性反应及其严重程度、主要毒性靶器官及损害的可逆程度,为临床设计人用剂量和毒副反应监测提供参考依据。
自动包埋机和DRS-2000自动染色机及封片机(型号:TEC5EMJ-2型,日本Sakura公司);光学显微镜(型号:BX51,日本Olympus公司);流式细胞计数仪(型号:FACS Aria Ⅲ,美国BD公司);台式高速冷冻离心机(型号:H500FR,日本Kokusan公司);综合血液学检查装置(型号:XN-550,日本Sysmex公司);血凝分析仪(型号:CA-1500,日本Sysmex公司);全自动生化分析仪(型号:7180,日本日立公司);Cytometric Bead Array Human Th1/Th2 Cytokine Kit Ⅱ试剂盒(批号:2273852,美国BD公司);Trop2-CAR蛋白(批号:2573-214UF-127,上海优卡迪生物医药科技有限公司);Anti-His抗体(批号:B335240,上海优卡迪生物医药科技有限公司);CD3抗体(批号:2025954,美国BD公司);CD45抗体(批号:13345724,美国Biolegend公司)。
人原位胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3(上海优卡迪智造生命科技有限公司)使用含10%胎牛血清和1%青链霉素混合液的RPMI 1640培养基(批号:2210059,美国BI公司)培养,培养条件为37 ℃(含体积分数5%CO2)。使用前经体积分数0.9%氯化钠注射液重悬,并将密度调整为每毫升2.5×107个。
本研究所用CAR-T细胞(U87)和T细胞均来自相同供体,分离得到外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC)后再经磁珠法分选得到T细胞作为本次研究的T细胞,并使用本批次细胞进一步合成得到U87(CAR+率为18.71%)。上述细胞长期在液氮中保存。给药前使用溶媒(主要含人白蛋白、葡聚糖葡萄糖注射液、复方电解质注射液等)重悬细胞,并将密度调整为每毫升1×107和5×107个(均以CAR+细胞计)。
尽管免疫系统重建人源化小鼠可较好地模拟人免疫系统,但其模型尚未标准化,同批可提供动物数量有限,难以获得稳定的背景数据,以上因素限制其毒理学研究中的应用。NCG小鼠为NOD遗传背景的IL2rgPrkdc基因敲除小鼠,缺乏成熟的T、B和NK细胞,缺乏补体活性,且存在树突状细胞和巨噬细胞缺陷,是目前细胞治疗产品毒理学研究常用动物模型。SPF级NCG(NOD-PrkdcscidIL2rgtm1/Bcgen)小鼠220只,5~6周龄,雌雄各半,江苏集萃药康生物科技有限公司[许可证号:SCXK(苏)2018-0008]。在恒温(20~26 ℃)、恒湿(40%~70%)、12 h明暗周期的条件下饲养。饲养密度为每笼3只。提供经钴60放射灭菌的鼠全价颗粒饲料,自由摄食及饮水。
所有动物经单次皮下(腋下)注射200 μL BxPC-3细胞,给予剂量为每只5×106个。220只小鼠分设非荷瘤组,溶媒组,T细胞组,低剂量组和高剂量组。根据不同解剖时间点(4、8、12周)及用途(毒理或活体成像)分为A、B、C组。除非荷瘤组外,其他所有荷瘤动物根据造模后第10天肿瘤测量体积进行分组,入组动物平均肿瘤体积不超过100 mm3。U87临床人拟用最高剂量为每千克10×106个细胞,相当于每只小鼠2×106个细胞。本研究以每只小鼠2×106个细胞为低剂量,另设每只小鼠10×106个细胞为高剂量组,为U87荷瘤NCG小鼠毒理学研究剂量。同时以动物可能输入最大T细胞量为T细胞组给药量。U87的CAR+细胞率为18.71%,给予每只动物10×106个CAR+ U87时,动物(T细胞组和高剂量组)给予的总细胞数为53.5×106个,不超过通常动物可耐受的细胞量(每只动物1×108个细胞)。受试物经尾静脉注射,每只0.2 mL。本研究方案通过国家药物安全评价监测中心实验动物福利伦理委员会审查(IACUC-2023-009)。试验设计情况见表1
使用游标卡尺对肿瘤进行双向测量。计算每个时间点的体积并绘制其生长曲线(测定时间为横坐标,肿物体积为纵坐标)。计算公式1:
肿物体积(V)=1/6πa2b
式中:a为长径,b为短径。造模后至入组前,所有造模动物每2 d(间隔1 d)测量1次。C组动物给予冻存液、T细胞或U87后,每周测量2次。
动物给予T细胞和U87后第1周至第12周的肿瘤抑制率(tumor growth inhibition value, TGI)的计算见公式2:
试验组TGI(%)=1-试验组肿瘤体积/溶媒组肿瘤体积×100%
给药期间每天上午和下午隔笼观察所有动物是否死亡、濒死、活动状况、外观及被毛、有无外伤、粪便等情况,并观察注射部位有无刺激性;每周测定体质量1次。给予细胞后4、8和12周时分别对A、B、C组动物进行采血,用于血液学、血清生化、外周血T/CAR-T细胞和人源细胞因子检测[包括干扰素(IFN)-γ、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、白介素(IL)-10和IL-6]。组织取材,保存组织标本进行病理学检查。
使用BayerADVIA2120i综合血液学检查装置测定血液学相关指标,包括:白细胞数(WBC)、中性粒细胞百分比(NEUT%)、淋巴细胞百分比(LYMPH%)、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(EOS%)、单核细胞百分比(MONO%)、嗜碱性粒细胞百分比(BASO%)、红细胞数(RBC)和血小板数(PLT)。
使用Hitachi 7180型全自动生化仪测定血清生化相关指标,包括:丙氨酸氨基转换酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转换酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酐激酶(CRE)。
在抗凝血样中依次加入Trop2-CAR蛋白、Anti-His、CD3、CD45抗体后,避光孵育并裂解红细胞。固定后的样本使用流式细胞仪收集每样本中10 000个细胞,计数样本中hCD3+和CAR+T细胞数。
动物解剖前经异氟烷吸入法麻醉,从腹腔后大静脉取血完毕后,完全放血后处死解剖,并进行大体病理学检查及记录。死亡动物迅速解剖并进行组织器官的大体病理学检查。进行大体病理学检查的脏器包括心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、甲状腺、大腿骨、肿瘤周边组织等主要脏器和组织。固定后的组织经修块取材,逐级乙醇脱水,石蜡包埋,轮转切片机切片(厚约3 μm),经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色, 光镜下进行组织病理学检查。
临床症状结果直接列出。活体成像、血液学指标、血清生化指标、T/CAR-T细胞计数、细胞因子等数据采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。数据图使用GraphPad Prism 8.01软件处理生成。
本研究在NCG小鼠单侧(右侧)腋下接种人原位胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3,构建阳性肿瘤移植瘤模型。通过测量局部肿瘤长径和短径,计算肿瘤体积并评估肿瘤局部增殖及清除情况,评估受试物的药效学作用。该数据仅来自C组动物,每组每性别6只(图1)。
试验期间,溶媒组和T细胞组所有动物肿瘤体积均持续增长,未见降低趋势,至给予细胞后第50天和第61天,上述两组雄性和雌性动物分别全部死亡。
雄性动物:低剂量组动物肿瘤体积均值在给予细胞后第12天达峰值,随后有所下降;第47天,4只存活动物的肿瘤完全消除,另2只肿瘤体积自给予细胞后持续增长并于第47天死亡。高剂量组动物第8天肿瘤体积均值达到峰值后持续下降;第33天所有动物均存活且肿瘤完全消除。试验期间所有动物均未见肿瘤复发。
雌性动物:低剂量组动物的肿瘤体积均值于给予细胞后第40天达峰值,除1只动物肿瘤体积持续增加直至死亡外,其余动物肿瘤体积于给予细胞后第68天完全清除。高剂量组动物的肿瘤体积均值于给予细胞后第8天达峰值,之后持续下降;第71天,高剂量组所有动物均存活且肿瘤完全消除。试验期间所有动物均未见肿瘤复发。
动物给予T细胞和U87后第1周至第12周的TGI见表2。所有溶媒组和T细胞组雄性和雌性动物分别在给予细胞后50和61 d后全部死亡;自给予细胞后第2周开始,与溶媒组相比,U87低、高剂量组动物的肿瘤抑制率有明显增加。不同时间点低、高剂量组的肿瘤体积变化存在一定时间-效应相关性和剂量-效应相关性,提示单次给予U87可有效抑制NCG小鼠体内阳性肿瘤细胞增殖,且所有肿瘤消除的动物在本研究观察期(给予细胞后12周内)未见复发。
各组异常临床症状及发生率见表3。肿瘤破溃与肿瘤体积过大有关;弓背、活动减少与肿瘤负荷对动物整体状态的影响有关。因本研究中阳性肿瘤细胞局部接种于动物腋下,组织病理学检查未见多组织肿瘤细胞浸润,荷瘤组动物无明显全身性临床症状。虽然从临床症状观察的角度,U87低、高剂量组对弓背和活动减少的发生率无明显改善,但U87可明显改善动物的生存率和生存期,并降低肿瘤负荷。本研究U87低、高剂量组未见明显的移植物抗宿主反应(graft-versus-host disease,GvHD)相关临床症状,但组织病理学检查可见给予U87引起的轻度GvHD反应相关的组织病理学改变(如,皮肤表皮增生)。此外,组织病理学检查未见给予阳性肿瘤细胞增殖以外的其他肿瘤发生,考虑本研究中单次给予U87无致瘤/致癌性风险。此外,全部试验动物注射部位未见异常,提示单次尾静脉给予细胞U87对注射部位无明显刺激性。
给予细胞后第5周,T细胞组雄性动物平均体质量与非荷瘤组雄性动物相比均较低,且变化存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。其余时间点各组动物平均体质量与非荷瘤组、溶媒组和T细胞组相比均未见差异。因此,单次静脉给予U87后对动物体质量无明显影响。
各项血液学指标变化见图2。给予细胞后第4周,溶媒组、T细胞组和U87高剂量组的WBC与非荷瘤组相比较高且存在显著性差异(溶媒组和高剂量组:P<0.05,T细胞组:P<0.01);U87低、高剂量组的WBC与T细胞组相比均较低,且存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。给予细胞后第4周,溶媒组和T细胞组的Neut%与非荷瘤组相比较高,且变化存在显著性差异(P<0.01),U87低、高剂量组的Neut%与溶媒组和T细胞组相比均较低,且存在显著性差异(U87低剂量组与溶媒组相比P<0.05,U87高剂量组与溶媒组相比P<0.01,两者与T细胞组相比P<0.01)。
给予细胞后第4周,溶媒组和T细胞组的Lymph%与非荷瘤组相比较低,且存在显著性差异(P<0.01),U87低、高剂量组的Lymph%与溶媒组和T细胞组相比较高,且存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。给予细胞后第4周,溶媒组、T细胞组、U87低和高剂量组的Eos%与非荷瘤组相比较低,且变化存在显著性差异(低剂量组P<0.05,溶媒组、T细胞组和高剂量组P<0.01)。给予细胞后第4周,高剂量组的Baso%与溶媒组相比较高,且变化存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。此外,给予细胞后第4周,U87高剂量组的PLT均值与T细胞组相比较低且存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。给予细胞后第8周,U87高剂量组的PLT均值与非荷瘤组相比较低,且变化存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
不同时间点各组动物平均血清生化指标变化见图3。给予细胞后第4周,溶媒组、T细胞组平均ALP与非荷瘤组相比有所降低(溶媒组P<0.05,T细胞组P<0.01),U87高剂量组的ALP均值与溶媒组和T细胞组相比均较高(与溶媒组比较P<0.05,与T细胞组比较:P<0.01),更接近于非荷瘤组。ALP的降低无毒理学意义。给予细胞后第8周,U87低剂量组动物平均CK与非荷瘤相比较高,且变化存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。给予细胞后第12周,U87高剂量组动物平均CRE值与非荷瘤组相比较高且存在显著性差异(P<0.05),但数值变化范围小,无毒理学意义。
人源T细胞亚型分类计数汇总结果见图4。T细胞组外周血样本中的T细胞(CD3+)数量在给予细胞后第2周达峰值[(237±227)个],之后持续下降。自给予U87后第1周起,低、高剂量组中CD3+和CAR-T+开始增加。其中,低剂量组CD3+细胞数于给予细胞后第6周达峰值[(817±1 213)个],之后有所下降;高剂量组CD3+细胞数于给予细胞后第3周达峰值[(1 753±1 383)个],之后有所下降,至给予细胞后第8周降低至基线。低剂量组CAR-T+细胞数于给予细胞后第2周达第1个峰值[(126±181)个],之后有所下降,于给予细胞后第6周达第2个峰值[(231±350)个];高剂量组CAR-T+细胞数于给予细胞后第2周达第1个峰值[(269±274)个],给予细胞后第3周有所下降至(196±141)个,给予细胞后第4周达第2个峰值[(239±238)个],之后持续降低,给予细胞后第8周降低至基线。CD3+和CAR-T+数量变化趋势与U87的靶向作用及抑制阳性肿瘤细胞增殖作用有关。
人源细胞因子检测结果见图5。本研究期间,T细胞组个别动物在给予细胞后第2周和第6周可检出少量IFN-γ(给予细胞后第2周T细胞组1只雄性动物为9.48 pg·mL-1;给予细胞后第6周T细胞组1只雌性动物为24.35 pg·mL-1)。低剂量组动物自给予细胞后第1周至第8周可持续检出一定量IFN-γ,并分别在给予细胞后第1周[(535.69±165.69)pg·mL-1]和第6周[(1 003.27±861.19)pg·mL-1]达峰值。高剂量组动物给予细胞第1、2、3、4、6、8和12周可检出一定量IFN-γ,其中给予细胞后第6周达峰值[(1 028.21±789.93)pg·mL-1]。低剂量组个别动物在给予U87后第6周(1只雄性动物为10.45 pg·mL-1)和第8周(1只雌性动物为3.08 pg·mL-1)可检出少量TNF,高剂量组个别动物在给予U87后第3周(1只雌性动物为5.06 pg·mL-1)、第4周(1只雌性动物为7.37 pg·mL-1)和第6周(1只雄性动物为4.86 pg·mL-1)可检出少量TNF。研究期间,低剂量组在给予U87后第4周(1只雌性动物为13.07 pg·mL-1)和第6周[(10.24±2.75)pg·mL-1]可检出少量IL-10,高剂量组在给予U87后第3周[(6.66±1.43)pg·mL-1]、第4周[(3.70±0.48)pg·mL-1]和第6周[(3.70±0.48)pg·mL-1]可检出少量IL-10。溶媒组在给予溶媒后第3周(1只雌性动物为3.46 pg·mL-1)和第6周(1只雌性动物为6.23 pg·mL-1)各有1只动物检出IL-6;T细胞组给予细胞后第3周[(3.84±1.12)pg·mL-1]和第6周(1只雄性动物为5.36 pg·mL-1)各有少量动物检出IL-6;高剂量组给予细胞后第3周检出少量IL-6[(4.32±1.05)pg·mL-1]。
U87可导致荷瘤小鼠血清中人源IFN-γ大幅升高,TNF、IL-10、IL-6和IL-2水平略有升高,上述指标增加与U87体内肿瘤杀伤作用有关。
给予细胞后4、8及12周,U87低剂量组和高剂量组中多组织器官所见的混合细胞聚集为受试物U87细胞靶向接种人原位胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3所形成肿瘤受体增殖以及宿主(机体)免疫细胞活化和/或增殖的组合效应。给予细胞后4、8及12周,低剂量组和/或高剂量组雌性和/或雄性动物肿瘤造模部位(腋下)和皮肤所见表皮增生为U87细胞增殖引起的GvHD反应。给予细胞后4周、低剂量组和高剂量组中雄性和/或雌性动物[胸骨(骨髓)和骨(单侧大腿骨)]所见纤维-骨性病变与给予受试物有关。给予细胞后8及12周,低剂量组和/或高剂量组雌性和/或雄性动物多脏器(如肾脏、肝脏、脾脏等)所见纤维化病变为U87细胞增殖后的修复反应。给予细胞后12周内,所有动物各组织器官均未见与给予U87细胞相关的肿瘤发生。
胰腺癌是全球第12大常见癌症,也是全球第7大癌症相关死亡原因[12],胰腺癌与许多危险因素相关,包括年龄、性别、吸烟、超重和肥胖、高血糖、胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病、胰腺炎以及遗传因素(BRCA1、BRCA2、PALB2、ATMSTK11/LKB1、P16INK4A/CDKN2AKRAS5和TP53基因突变)[13]。癌症免疫治疗,尤其是免疫检查点抑制剂的应用,彻底改变了肿瘤学领域[14]。然而,在胰腺癌病例中,由于肿瘤微环境的特定特征,包括致密性增生和免疫抑制,这种疗法受到限制[15-17]。CAR-T细胞疗法是一种新发展的抗肿瘤疗法[18]。CAR 是一种合成的跨膜受体,表达在经过基因改造的免疫效应细胞(包括T细胞、自然杀伤细胞或巨噬细胞)上,能够识别靶细胞上的特定抗原并将其清除[19]
本研究使用荷瘤(BxPC-3细胞)NCG小鼠模型评价以胰腺癌为适应证的CAR-T细胞U87的体内安全性。U87临床人拟用最高剂量为10×106个·kg-1,经折算后约为每只动物2×106个细胞。本研究以每只动物2×106个为低剂量,另设10×106个为高剂量组,为U87荷瘤NCG小鼠毒理学研究剂量。同时以动物可能输入最大T细胞量为T细胞组给药量。Mono和Eos为重要的免疫细胞,上述指标改变提示动物体内免疫应答水平较高,抗肿瘤效应较强。血清生化检测结果显示,低剂量组动物CK升高与机体应激反应有关。组织病理学检查可见,高剂量组动物肝脏中大量混合细胞聚集,高剂量组动物GLU、TG、TP和ALB数值改变可能提示受试物导致的过度免疫反应对动物肝脏功能产生一定影响。本研究结果提示,自给予U87后,低、高剂量组中CD3+和CAR-T+开始增加。低剂量组CAR-T+细胞数于给予细胞后第6周达到峰值[(231±350)个];高剂量组CAR-T+细胞数于给予细胞后第2周达到峰值[(269±274)个],均在第8周降低至基线。CAR-T+数量变化趋势与U87的靶向作用及抑制阳性肿瘤细胞增殖作用有关。U87明显改善NCG荷瘤小鼠生存率,有效延长小鼠生存期,并有效抑制NCG小鼠体内阳性细胞的增殖,甚至可以完全清除荷瘤小鼠中的肿瘤细胞。U87导致荷瘤小鼠血清中人源IFN-γ水平大幅升高,TNF、IL-10、IL-6和IL-2水平略有升高,提示其在体内发挥肿瘤杀伤作用。单次给予U87可有效抑制NCG小鼠体内阳性肿瘤细胞增殖,且所有存在肿瘤消除的动物在给予细胞后84 d内均未见复发。
此外,本研究中未见与给予U87相关的异常临床症状,无明显注射部位刺激性,对动物体质量无明显影响,可一定程度上缓解荷瘤小鼠摄食量的降低。U87在高剂量下可导致过度免疫反应,对动物GLU、TG、TP、ALB、PLT及RET数值产生一定影响。当体内肿瘤消除后,上述异常指标有所恢复。
综上所述,单次给予荷瘤NCG小鼠U87(剂量为每只动物2×106个CAR+T和10×106个CAR+T),可有效延长动物生存期,甚至可完全清除肿瘤负荷。作为其药效学作用,U87可导致人源IFN-γ水平升高以及多组织/脏器的混合细胞聚集,未见与U87相关的局部刺激性和明显系统毒性。在每只动物给予2×106个CAR+T(自给予细胞后第8周起)和10×106个CAR+T(自给予细胞后第4周起)均可导致轻度GvHD相关的组织病理学改变,且该变化与T细胞增殖水平相关联。未见与U87相关的肿瘤形成,无致瘤/致癌性风险。本研究使用荷瘤免疫缺陷小鼠评估了U87的体内潜在毒性风险。研究数据支持U87的临床试验注册申请,并为同类靶向实体瘤的CAR-T细胞治疗产品开展非临床安全性研究设计提供借鉴。
  • 国家重点研发计划课题资助(2021YFA1101602)
  • 中国科学院战略先导科技专项资助(XDA1604050202)
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金资助(GJJS-2022-6-1)
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2024年第59卷第20期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.002
  • 接收时间:2024-06-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-30
  • 出版时间:2024-10-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-26
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国家重点研发计划课题资助(2021YFA1101602)
中国科学院战略先导科技专项资助(XDA1604050202)
中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金资助(GJJS-2022-6-1)
作者信息
    1 中国食品药品检定研究院国家药物安全评价监测中心, 药物非临床安全评价研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100176
    2 上海优卡迪生物医药科技有限公司, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

* 周晓冰,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(010)67872233-8203;
黄瑛,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(010)67876252
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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