Article(id=1218291750628675850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218291750003724554, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)13-1173-13, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.13.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708444800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768392988116, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1720368000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768392988116, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768392988116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768392988116, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218291750003724554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='13', pageStart='1173', pageEnd='1272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768392987967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394537396, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218298248834503031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218291750003724554, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218298248838697336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218291750003724554, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1173, endPage=1185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218291750834196748, articleId=1218291750628675850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Exploring Inflammation-Related Targets and Advances in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe subtype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is emerging as a major health threat worldwide. However, due to its complex pathogenesis, there are currently no marketed drugs for NASH. The disease is not only involved in fat accumulation, but also accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis processes, in which inflammation plays an important role in the progression of NASH, long-term inflammatory response, can promote liver fibrosis and lipid homeostasis imbalance. Therefore, inhibiting inflammation is of great significance in improving NASH. This review systematically reviews the mechanism of action of inflammatory signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB), inactive rhomboid-like protein 2(iRhom2) and inflammasome in the development of NASH, and the current research status of related drugs such as Selonsertib, SHR0302 and fisetin, and further discusses the research progress of new targets for the treatment of NASH. It aims to provide new ideas for the research and development of drugs for NASH.

, correspAuthors=Jianhui LIU, Jun TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin LIU, Ya LUO, Minxuan XU, Chenxu GE, Jianhui LIU, Jun TAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218291758316835305, articleId=1218291750628675850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=炎症相关靶点及非酒精性脂肪性肝炎治疗的研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)作为非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的重要亚型,逐渐严重威胁全球健康水平。但由于其发病机制复杂,目前尚无针对NASH的上市药物。该疾病不仅涉及脂肪堆积,还伴随着炎症和纤维化过程,其中炎症在NASH的恶化过程中扮演着重要角色,长期的炎症反应,会促进肝纤维化和脂质稳态失衡。因此,抑制炎症对改善NASH具有重要意义。笔者系统地综述丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK), 核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB),非活性菱形蛋白(inactive rhomboid-like protein 2,iRhom2)和炎症小体等炎症信号通路在NASH发展过程中的作用机制,及Selonsertib,SHR0302和漆黄素等相关药物的研究现状,进一步探讨NASH治疗的新靶点研究进展,旨在为治疗NASH药物的研发提供基础。

, correspAuthors=刘建辉, 谭君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘建辉,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药理学 Tel:(023)62563190;谭君,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药理学 Tel:(023)62653536
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刘鑫,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药理学

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刘鑫,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药理学

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刘鑫,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药理学

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Death domain-死亡结构域;Apoptosis-凋亡;Fatty acid synthesis-脂肪酸合成;Autophagy-自噬;Protein synthesis-蛋白质合成;Pro-caspase-半胱天冬酶前体;ATP-citrate Lyase-ATP柠檬酸裂合酶;IL-R-白介素受体;JAK-蛋白酪氨酸激酶;STAT-信号转导及转录激活蛋白;TLR-Toll样受体;IRAK1-白细胞介素1受体相关激酶1;IRAK4-白细胞介素1受体相关激酶4;MyD88-接头蛋白髓样分化因子88;TRAF2-TNF受体相关因子2;TRAF6-TNF受体相关因子6;IκB-NF-κB抑制蛋白;IKK-κB抑制因子激酶;TAK1-转化生长因子激酶1;MKK4-MAPK激酶4;MKK7-MAPK激酶7;JNK-c-Jun氨基末端激酶;AP-1-活化蛋白1;ASK1-信号调节激酶1;TRADD-肿瘤坏死因子受体相关死亡结构域蛋白;FADD-死亡域蛋白;NIK-NF-κB诱导激酶;RIP-受体相互作用蛋白;NF-κB-核因子κB;IRS1-胰岛素受体底物1;PI3K-磷脂酰肌醇激酶;PIP2-磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸;PIP3-磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸;PDK1-3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1;AKT-蛋白激酶B;mTORC1-雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1;mTORC2-雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物2;FOXO1-叉头框蛋白O1;TSC1/2-结节性硬化症蛋白复合体1/2;S6K-p70核糖体S6激酶;PRAS40-40 kD的富含脯氨酸Akt底物;ATG13-自噬相关蛋白13;4E-BP1-真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1。

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ER-内质网;Nucleus-细胞核;Golgi complex-高尔基复合体;Furin-弗林蛋白酶;Ubiquitination(Ub)-泛素化;Proteasome-蛋白酶体;NASH mitagation-缓解NASH;TNF-肿瘤坏死因子;TRIM31-含有三基序的蛋白质31;ADAM17-去整合素-金属蛋白酶 17 ;ZDHHC3-棕榈酰基转移酶;USP13-泛素特异性蛋白酶13;Phosphorylation(P)-磷酸化。

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候选药物 研发公司 作用靶点 研发情况
Seladelpar CymaBay PPAR-δ 服药增加了界面性肝炎,Ⅱ期临床试验暂停[10]
Pioglitazone Takeda PPAR-γ 药物增加了体重、外周水肿、心血管事件和膀胱癌风险[11]
Elafibranor Genfit PPAR-α/δ Ⅱ期临床试验未能达到病理改善的关键终点[12]
Firsocostat Gilead ACC 在部分接受ACC抑制剂治疗的患者中,观察到血清甘油三酯升高[13]
Obeticholic acid Intercept FXR 服药后观察到瘙痒和胆固醇升高,还可能具有肝毒性[14]
Cilofexor Gilead FXR 单一疗效不佳,瘙痒发生率为20%~29%[15]
Semaglutide Novo Nordisk GLP-1 肝纤维化改善不明显,并出现胃肠道副作用[15]
Aldafermin(NGM282) NGM Bio FGF19 出现轻中度不良反应,临床试验尚未达到主要终点[16]
MSDC-0602K Cirius Therapeutics MPC Ⅱ期临床试验未达到主要终点[17]
Elobixibat Albireo IBAT 服药患者的ALT水平和肝脏脂肪含量无明显变化[18]
), ArticleFig(id=1218291763094147746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218291750628675850, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

在研非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的候选药物信息表

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候选药物 研发公司 作用靶点 研发情况
Seladelpar CymaBay PPAR-δ 服药增加了界面性肝炎,Ⅱ期临床试验暂停[10]
Pioglitazone Takeda PPAR-γ 药物增加了体重、外周水肿、心血管事件和膀胱癌风险[11]
Elafibranor Genfit PPAR-α/δ Ⅱ期临床试验未能达到病理改善的关键终点[12]
Firsocostat Gilead ACC 在部分接受ACC抑制剂治疗的患者中,观察到血清甘油三酯升高[13]
Obeticholic acid Intercept FXR 服药后观察到瘙痒和胆固醇升高,还可能具有肝毒性[14]
Cilofexor Gilead FXR 单一疗效不佳,瘙痒发生率为20%~29%[15]
Semaglutide Novo Nordisk GLP-1 肝纤维化改善不明显,并出现胃肠道副作用[15]
Aldafermin(NGM282) NGM Bio FGF19 出现轻中度不良反应,临床试验尚未达到主要终点[16]
MSDC-0602K Cirius Therapeutics MPC Ⅱ期临床试验未达到主要终点[17]
Elobixibat Albireo IBAT 服药患者的ALT水平和肝脏脂肪含量无明显变化[18]
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化合物名称 分子结构 作用机制 研究模型
I-BET151 抑制STAT1 STZ+HFD小鼠[36]
SHR0302 抑制JAK1-STAT3 HSC细胞 [39]
C188-9 (TTI-101) 抑制STAT3, STAT1和TLR 肝细胞特异性Pten缺失小鼠[40]
Selonsertib 抑制ASK1 Ⅲ期临床试验[46]
Tiopronin 抑制ASK1-p38-p53 HFD大鼠[47]
Caffeine 抑制MAPK信号通路 HFSCD大鼠[51]
Bicyclol 抑制MAPKs和NF-κB HFD小鼠, PA诱导HL-7702细胞[53]
HPN-01 抑制IKK和NF-κB Ⅰ期临床试验[57]
Resolvin D1 抑制TLR4-MyD88介导的NF-κB和MAPK MCD小鼠, LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞[66]
Salidroside 抑制TLR4/MAPKs PA诱导AML-12细胞[67]
Tetramethylpyrazine 抑制PI3K/Akt和ERK Glu/Ins诱导HSC [70]
Cytisine derivatives 抑制PI3K/Akt/Smad LX2细胞[71]
Scoparone 抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR LPS诱导巨噬细胞 [72]
Epigallocatechin gallate 调控TGF/SMAD, PI3 K/Akt/FoxO1,和NF-κB信号通路 HFD大鼠[73]
Fisetin 调控iRhom2/NF-κB和Nrf-2/HO-1信号通路 HFD小鼠, PAL-诱导巨噬细胞[83-84]
Honokiol 抑制SIRT3-SDH-GPR91 PAL或MCD诱导LX2细胞[90]
MCC950(CP-456773;
CRID3)
抑制NLRP3 MCD小鼠[103]
Echinatin 抑制NLRP3 MCD小鼠[104]
Vitamin D3 抑制NLRP3 HFD小鼠[106]
Baicalin 抑制TXNIP/NLRP3 PA诱导AML-12细胞[107]
Naringenin 抑制NLRP3/NF-κB LPS诱导HepG2和Kupffer细胞,MCD小鼠[108]
Curcumin 抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB及P2X7R/NLRP3 PMA诱导巨噬细胞[109]
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靶向NASH炎症的在研药物信息表

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化合物名称 分子结构 作用机制 研究模型
I-BET151 抑制STAT1 STZ+HFD小鼠[36]
SHR0302 抑制JAK1-STAT3 HSC细胞 [39]
C188-9 (TTI-101) 抑制STAT3, STAT1和TLR 肝细胞特异性Pten缺失小鼠[40]
Selonsertib 抑制ASK1 Ⅲ期临床试验[46]
Tiopronin 抑制ASK1-p38-p53 HFD大鼠[47]
Caffeine 抑制MAPK信号通路 HFSCD大鼠[51]
Bicyclol 抑制MAPKs和NF-κB HFD小鼠, PA诱导HL-7702细胞[53]
HPN-01 抑制IKK和NF-κB Ⅰ期临床试验[57]
Resolvin D1 抑制TLR4-MyD88介导的NF-κB和MAPK MCD小鼠, LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞[66]
Salidroside 抑制TLR4/MAPKs PA诱导AML-12细胞[67]
Tetramethylpyrazine 抑制PI3K/Akt和ERK Glu/Ins诱导HSC [70]
Cytisine derivatives 抑制PI3K/Akt/Smad LX2细胞[71]
Scoparone 抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR LPS诱导巨噬细胞 [72]
Epigallocatechin gallate 调控TGF/SMAD, PI3 K/Akt/FoxO1,和NF-κB信号通路 HFD大鼠[73]
Fisetin 调控iRhom2/NF-κB和Nrf-2/HO-1信号通路 HFD小鼠, PAL-诱导巨噬细胞[83-84]
Honokiol 抑制SIRT3-SDH-GPR91 PAL或MCD诱导LX2细胞[90]
MCC950(CP-456773;
CRID3)
抑制NLRP3 MCD小鼠[103]
Echinatin 抑制NLRP3 MCD小鼠[104]
Vitamin D3 抑制NLRP3 HFD小鼠[106]
Baicalin 抑制TXNIP/NLRP3 PA诱导AML-12细胞[107]
Naringenin 抑制NLRP3/NF-κB LPS诱导HepG2和Kupffer细胞,MCD小鼠[108]
Curcumin 抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB及P2X7R/NLRP3 PMA诱导巨噬细胞[109]
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炎症相关靶点及非酒精性脂肪性肝炎治疗的研究进展
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刘鑫 1 , 罗娅 1 , 徐敏轩 2, 3 , 葛晨旭 2, 3 , 刘建辉 1, * , 谭君 2, 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(13): 1173-1185
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(13): 1173-1185
炎症相关靶点及非酒精性脂肪性肝炎治疗的研究进展
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刘鑫1, 罗娅1, 徐敏轩2, 3, 葛晨旭2, 3, 刘建辉1, *, 谭君2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院, 重庆 400054
  • 2 重庆第二师范学院生物与化学工程学院, 重庆 400067
  • 3 三峡库区药用资源重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400067
  • 刘鑫,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药理学

通讯作者:

* 刘建辉,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药理学 Tel:(023)62563190;谭君,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药理学 Tel:(023)62653536
Exploring Inflammation-Related Targets and Advances in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Xin LIU1, Ya LUO1, Minxuan XU2, 3, Chenxu GE2, 3, Jianhui LIU1, *, Jun TAN2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
  • 2 School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
  • 3 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400067, China
出版时间: 2024-07-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.13.001
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非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)作为非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的重要亚型,逐渐严重威胁全球健康水平。但由于其发病机制复杂,目前尚无针对NASH的上市药物。该疾病不仅涉及脂肪堆积,还伴随着炎症和纤维化过程,其中炎症在NASH的恶化过程中扮演着重要角色,长期的炎症反应,会促进肝纤维化和脂质稳态失衡。因此,抑制炎症对改善NASH具有重要意义。笔者系统地综述丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK), 核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB),非活性菱形蛋白(inactive rhomboid-like protein 2,iRhom2)和炎症小体等炎症信号通路在NASH发展过程中的作用机制,及Selonsertib,SHR0302和漆黄素等相关药物的研究现状,进一步探讨NASH治疗的新靶点研究进展,旨在为治疗NASH药物的研发提供基础。

非酒精性脂肪性肝炎  /  炎症信号通路  /  核因子κB  /  非活性菱形蛋白2  /  炎症小体

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe subtype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is emerging as a major health threat worldwide. However, due to its complex pathogenesis, there are currently no marketed drugs for NASH. The disease is not only involved in fat accumulation, but also accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis processes, in which inflammation plays an important role in the progression of NASH, long-term inflammatory response, can promote liver fibrosis and lipid homeostasis imbalance. Therefore, inhibiting inflammation is of great significance in improving NASH. This review systematically reviews the mechanism of action of inflammatory signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB), inactive rhomboid-like protein 2(iRhom2) and inflammasome in the development of NASH, and the current research status of related drugs such as Selonsertib, SHR0302 and fisetin, and further discusses the research progress of new targets for the treatment of NASH. It aims to provide new ideas for the research and development of drugs for NASH.

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)  /  inflammatory signaling pathway  /  nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)  /  inactive rhomboid like protein 2(iRhom2)  /  inflammasome
刘鑫, 罗娅, 徐敏轩, 葛晨旭, 刘建辉, 谭君. 炎症相关靶点及非酒精性脂肪性肝炎治疗的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (13) : 1173 -1185 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.13.001
Xin LIU, Ya LUO, Minxuan XU, Chenxu GE, Jianhui LIU, Jun TAN. Exploring Inflammation-Related Targets and Advances in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (13) : 1173 -1185 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.13.001
随着全球肥胖和代谢综合征患者日益增多,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的患病率已攀升至25%,成为全球常见的慢性肝病[1]。NAFLD是指在排除酗酒和药物损伤等明确损肝因素的情况下,有超过5%肝细胞中出现脂质过度积累的临床病理综合征[2]。NAFLD具有多种分期,从非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver,NAFL)到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH),甚至可能发展为晚期肝纤维化及肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)。NASH 作为NAFLD中损伤较为严重的亚型,是NAFL发展到肝纤维化和肝癌的重要中间环节,约有20%的NAFL患者会进展到NASH[3-4],普通人群中的NASH患病率也已上升到1.5%至6.45%之间[2],更令人担忧的是,NASH患者中有很大一部分(约20%)会发展为肝硬化[3-4]。NASH/NAFLD是过去20年增长最快的肝移植适应证[5],对人类健康构成严重威胁。因此,深入研究NASH的发生和发展机制以及寻找有效的干预药物尤为重要。
NASH是一种与肝脏代谢失调和炎症相关的慢性肝病。其典型病例中,肝细胞呈现脂肪变性和气球样改变,伴有急性和慢性小叶炎症,可能进一步发展为肝纤维化[2,6]。尽管其发病机制相当复杂,尚未完全阐明,但目前广为接受的是“多重打击”理论。该理论认为,多种致病事件同时发生,包括胰岛素抵抗、脂肪毒性、氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、内源性免疫失调、细胞因子分泌以及微生物群失调等,共同导致NASH的发生 [7]
目前的主要治疗手段是调整饮食和加强锻炼,以减轻体重来改善NASH[8]。然而,只有不到50%的患者能够通过这种方式来改善NASH [4],因此开发有效的NASH治疗药物对改善患者的健康状况至关重要。目前在研的抗NASH药物主要分为3大类[9]:①靶向代谢的药物,包括过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor,PPAR)激动剂、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)抑制剂、法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)激动剂,通过改善胰岛素敏感性、抑制脂肪合成酶和刺激脂肪酸分解代谢等途径缓解疾病;②靶向炎症的药物,通过抑制炎性细胞招募、阻断炎性信号传导、抗氧化和内质网应激以及抑制肝细胞凋亡等途径作用;③具有抗纤维化作用的药物,通过靶向肝星状细胞 (hepatic stellate cells, HSC)、减少肝脏中胶原沉积和增强纤维分解等发挥作用。如今在研的药物众多,其中抗代谢类药物占比最大,超过总体的60%。部分在研药物已经进入了Ⅲ期临床,但是更多的药品临床试验并未体现出理想的有效性和安全性。部分NASH药物的研发情况见表1
由此可见,NASH药物的研发面临着诸多挑战,这与其复杂的发病机制——“多重打击”密切相关。在这些“多重打击”中,炎症在NASH的恶化过程中扮演着至关重要的角色[19]。这是因为肝脏拥有密集的吞噬细胞网络,能快速感知肝细胞应激和损伤信号,从而触发促炎级联反应。炎症介质能够激活HSC,导致细胞外基质过度沉积,进一步发展为进行性肝纤维化。同时,激活的HSC会产生促炎介质,使肝脏炎症持续存在,导致炎症的慢性循环,并形成瘢痕组织,最终可能导致器官衰竭[20-21]。此外,炎症的发生还会促进肝细胞CD36蛋白质表达,加重脂肪酸积聚,进一步促进NASH进展[22]。因此,抑制炎症对于NAFLD/NASH的预防和治疗具有重要意义。然而,值得注意的是,炎症在组织修复和防御病原体入侵方面也起着重要作用。因此,深入理解NASH相关的炎症信号通路如核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等,并找到能够有效靶向特定炎症的靶点,将为治疗NASH提供更多的思路和新的策略。
炎症作为免疫系统对感染或创伤的正常生理反应,有助于引导免疫系统修复受伤组织并抵抗外界病原体入侵,然而,低慢性炎症会导致疾病进展。过量的毒性脂质主要是游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFA)可引起细胞应激,并触发肝细胞凋亡的特定信号,多种类型的免疫细胞被招募到损伤部位,促进NASH的发生。此外,肝脏炎症又与纤维化程度密切相关。大量临床研究表明:坚持抗炎模式饮食能显著降低大多数肝脏炎症标志物的严重程度,对肝脏健康起到保护作用[23]。为了进一步降低与炎症反应失衡相关的风险,准确识别引发炎症的潜在治疗靶点至关重要[24]。目前比较经典的NASH相关炎症信号通路主要包括:蛋白酪氨酸激酶(janus kinase,JAK)/信号转导及转录激活蛋白(signal transducers and activators of transcription,STAT)通路、MAPK信号通路、NF-κB信号通路、Toll样受体(toll-like receptor,TLR)通路以及磷脂酰肌醇激酶(phosphatidylinositide 3-kinas,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路,见图1
细胞因子与活化的JAK相关受体结合后,引起受体分子的二聚化,使得与受体偶联的JAK相互接近,并通过交互的酪氨酸磷酸化而活化,活化的JAK催化受体本身的酪氨酸磷酸化,并形成相应的转录因子STAT停靠位点,使STAT通过SH2结构域即Src同源结构域(src homology domain)与受体结合,并被 JAKs磷酸化激活。随后,活化的STAT(同/异二聚体)转移入核,与相应的靶基因启动子结合,进而激活相应的基因转录和表达[15]
接收到来自细胞外的信号或受到应激刺激时,MAPK信号级联开始启动。这一过程涉及3种激酶的依次激活:MAPK激酶的激酶(MEKK或MKKK)、MAPK激酶(MEK或MKK)和MAPK。这些激酶通过连续地激活传递信号至下游应答分子。最终,活化的MAPK进入细胞核内,参与调节转录过程[24]
在正常情况下,NF-κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-κB,IκB)在胞质中与NF-κB结合,形成无活性的三聚体。当受到刺激时,典型的NF-κB信号级联通过肿瘤坏死因子受体(tumor necrosis factor receptor,TNFR)、Toll样受体(toll-like receptor, TLR)等在细胞膜上启动。受体近端招募衔接蛋白,通过肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor, TRAF)/受体相互作用蛋白(receptor-interacting protein,RIP)复合物将信号传导给κB抑制因子激酶(inhibitor of κB kinase, IKK),引发经典的NF-κB二聚体信号传导:IκB被IKK磷酸化并随后降解,释放出NF-κB/Rel复合体。最后,磷酸化的NF-κB二聚体转移至核内,诱导靶基因转录,进而促进炎症因子的转录和释放[25]
当配体如脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)与TLRs结合时,会引起构象变化,这使得受体的Toll/IL-1受体 (Toll/IL-1 receptor,TIR)结构域与接头蛋白髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor88,MYD88)相互作用。MyD88通过死亡结构域相互作用招募白细胞介素1受体相关激酶4(interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 4,IRAK4)。IRAK4进一步磷酸化IRAK1和IRAK2,激活TRAF6。TRAF6的激活导致NF-κB信号通路和MAPK信号通路的激活,参与免疫炎症反应[26-27]
受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK)被激活时,会募集并活化磷脂酰肌醇激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)。PI3K磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸( phosphatidylinositol diphosphate,PIP2)生成第二信使PIP3。PIP3与3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1, PDK1) 在细胞质膜上结合,进而磷酸化Akt,使其部分激活。同时,RTK信号还可激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR),使Akt完全激活。Akt可抑制结节性硬化症蛋白复合体(tuberous sclerosis complex,TSC)以及富含脯氨酸的Akt底物(PRAS40)的功能,从而激活mTORC1。在营养丰富的条件下,mTORC1通过磷酸化使自噬调节复合物失活,从而抑制自噬[28]
此外,Akt还可以通过磷酸化IKK来激活NF-κB信号通路,从而促进炎症因子的释放[29]。当Akt被激活时,它会磷酸化叉头转录因子(forkhead transcription factor, FOXO),磷酸化的FOXO与14-3-3蛋白结合后构象改变,导致其从细胞核输出。这一过程导致FOXO失去对细胞周期及细胞凋亡的调控作用,从而促进细胞增殖[30]
JAK-STAT信号通路是由多种细胞因子刺激的信号转导通路,参与细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡及免疫调节等重要生物学过程。其主要由3部分组成:接收信号的酪氨酸激酶相关受体、传递信号的JAK和产生效应的转录因子STAT。其中JAK具有7个保守的JH结构域即JAK同源结构域(JAK homology domain)及JAK同源结构域(JAK homology domain),无跨膜结构域。JAK具有双激酶结构域:C末端具有酪氨酸激酶活性的JH1结构域,然后是假激酶结构域(JH2)。N-末端的5个JH域不具有酪氨酸激酶活性,分别构成条带4.1同源物和 ERM(four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin,FERM)结构域(JH4,5,6,7)和SH2结构域,参与JAKs与不同受体的结合[31]。JAK激酶家族包括:JAK1、JAK2、JAK3和TYK2。而STAT家族则包括7个成员:STAT1、STAT2、STAT3、STAT4、STAT5a、STAT5b和STAT6[32]。不同的受体组合,形成不同的JAK二聚物,可以激活不同的STAT蛋白,进而激活不同的下游通路。STATs具有7个保守特征:氨基末段结构域、卷曲螺旋结构域、DNA结合域、接头结构域、SH2结构域,紧跟着1个酪氨酸激活域,以及C末端的转录激活域[31]。研究表明,STAT1的激活能促进细胞凋亡和M1型巨噬细胞极化,从而加剧NASH炎症的进展[25,32]。STAT3的激活不仅促进肿瘤生长和进展,还在HSC的活化和肝纤维化中发挥重要作用[33-34]。此外,STAT5能够诱导M1型巨噬细胞极化,并且参与肿瘤的增殖、侵袭和存活。
溴结构域和额外末端结构域(bromodomain and extra-terminal domain,BET)抑制剂I-BET151,在LPS诱导的人巨噬细胞和小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞中[35],以基因特异性方式抑制相关炎症基因表达,如STAT1和CXCL10。在STAM-NASH模型小鼠中测试I-BET151,实验发现 I-BET151降低了模型小鼠的NAFLD活动评分(NAS),减少了肝脏切片的小叶炎症和肝细胞肿胀。这表明BET抑制剂降低STAT1等炎症基因表达可能为NASH的治疗提供新策略[36]
蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B)是一种免疫调节剂,通过控制JAK-STAT途径中的JAK2和TYK2去磷酸化来控制细胞因子介导的信号。研究表明,PTP1B缺陷型小鼠对炎症刺激的反应加剧,巨噬细胞M1极化标志物的表达增加,更快地发展为NASH[37]。此外,NASH的演变过程导致肝脏NK细胞被激活,活化的NK细胞具有直接的细胞毒性以及促炎细胞因子分泌能力,这可以激活JAK-STAT1/3轴和NF-kB信号,从而诱导肝细胞损伤,促进NASH的发展。因此,调节NK细胞可作为治疗NASH的一种潜在策略[38]
JAK抑制剂SHR0302抑制了JAK1-STAT3的磷酸化,对HSC细胞的活化、增殖和迁移具有抑制作用,并诱导HSC细胞凋亡。此外,用SHR0302处理后,Ⅰ型胶原的表达显著降低。这些发现表明SHR0302可能具有通过靶向HSC细胞功能,减轻肝纤维化的潜力[39]。新型小分子C188-9作为STAT3抑制剂,在细胞系和小鼠体内不仅显示了预防和抗肿瘤活性,而且显著缓解了NASH和肝细胞损伤,总体改善了肝功能[40]
然而,STAT3对肝细胞损伤的影响是复杂的:一方面能够抑制促炎细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的表达;另一方面又会抑制肝保护因子如白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、IL-22的产生[28]。趋化素(chemerin)作为脂肪因子,通过其受体CMKLR1的介导在肥胖的发生发展中起重要作用。研究表明过量的chemerin/CMKLR可能通过调节JAK2-STAT3磷酸化,降低IL-1β和TNF-α等炎症因子的表达,促进自噬和减轻氧化应激,改善NASH病理表型[41]。在高脂饮食(HFD)喂养建立的NASH模型小鼠中研究发现,过表达miR-142-5p可以抑制胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)-JAK-STAT3/5通路,使血清中的谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)和天冬氨酸转移酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)水平降低,促炎因子、肝脂肪变性和肝组织纤维化减少,而抗炎因子增加,从而减缓NASH的进展[42]
MAPK是因细胞在受到生长因子等丝裂原刺激时被激活而得名。MAPKs都有丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶结构域,两侧是不同的氮末端和碳末端区域,存在不同的附加结构域,包括反式激活结构域(TAD)、核定位序列(NLS)和ERK3/4中的保守区(C34)结构域[43]。MAPK可分为4个亚族ERK1/2、JNK(c-Jun氨基末端激酶)、p38和ERK5,分别代表4条经典的MAPK通路。
其中JNK和p38两条通路与炎症反应紧密相关。当MAPK通路被激活时,可以磷酸化c-Jun和ATF-2家族,进而活化激活蛋白-1 (activator protein-1,AP-1),作为启动基因转录的分子开关。活化的AP-1可以调控多种炎症因子的表达,如:IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、趋化因子MCP-1、黏附分子ICAM-1等,从而导致NASH的发生发展[44]
凋亡信号调节激酶1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, ASK1) 是MAPKKK家族的成员,能够激活下游的JNK和p38信号通路。Selonsertib作为一种口服的ASK1抑制剂,由美国Gilead公司研发,Ⅱ期临床试验显示,selonsertib可显著缓解NASH和2~3级肝纤维化患者的纤维化程度[45]。然而,在对NASH晚期纤维化患者进行的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照Ⅲ期试验中,selonsertib没有表现出减少纤维化的作用[46]。目前,selonsertib针对NASH的临床试验已终止,转而进行以糖尿病肾病为适应证的临床试验。而硫普罗宁(tiopronin)不仅可通过维持ASK1-p38-p53信号通路的正常活性,抑制胱天蛋白酶的激活来预防肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的发生,还具有抗氧化作用。目前,其相关药物主要参与病毒性肝炎、药物性肝炎、脂肪肝和肝硬化的早期治疗[47]。谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶Mu-2(glutathione S-transferase mu 2,GSTM2)作为ASK1的内源性抑制剂,在NASH进展过程中显著下调。GSTM2可直接与ASK1结合,并抑制ASK1的二聚化和磷酸化,从而抑制其下游JNK/p38信号通路的激活。因此提高GSTM2活性有望成为治疗NASH的新策略[48]
类似地,转化生长因子激酶(transforming growth factor kinase,TAK)作为MAPKKK家族的成员,也能够激活下游的JNK和p38,促进NASH进展。E3泛素连接酶TRIM16可通过促进p-TAK1的泛素化蛋白酶体降解,进而抑制JNK1/2和p38的激活,改善NASH进展过程中的脂质积累和炎症[49]。E3泛素连接酶Trim31与MAP3K7相互作用,通过泛素化修饰MAP3K7以促进其降解,降低MAP3K7丰度,抑制其下游信号级联,从而缓解NASH[50]
咖啡因(caffeine)可以阻断MAPK和转化生长因子β (transforming growth factor β,TGF-β)信号通路,减轻NASH模型大鼠的肝脏胶原水平和肝脏纤维化程度[51],流行病学研究和Meta分析也表明,每天喝3杯咖啡可以降低NAFLD和肝纤维化的风险[52]。双环醇(bicyclol)是一种抗炎、保肝药物,能够显著抑制MAPK和NF-κB信号通路的激活,改善NAFLD小鼠和HL-7702细胞的炎症反应[53]。另外,天然产物来源的金花茶多酚(CFP)[54]和中成药参苓白术散[55]也展现出良好的抗炎效果,通过抑制NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的激活,下调促炎细胞因子表达,抑制巨噬细胞炎症,降低NASH大鼠的炎症因子水平。随着对易感基因研究的深入,patatin样磷脂酶结构域蛋白3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing-3,PNPLA3)的I148M突变,被认为是与 NASH相关性最强的基因突变,不仅因为其编码的蛋白具有脂肪酰化水解酶活性,更是因为其对炎症的调节作用。最新研究发现,在长期棕榈酸(PA)诱导的HepG2细胞中,PNPLA3基因被NF-κB转录上调。PNPL3基因的I148M突变能激活内质网应激的肌醇需要激酶1α(inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, IRE1α)信号,磷酸化JNK1/2并上调c-Jun表达,最终上调炎症细胞因子(如TNF-α)的表达[56]
NF-κB是指一组核转录因子(RelA、RelB、NF-κB1/p50和NF-κB2/p52)彼此组成的同源或异源二聚体,每个转录因子都含有保守的Rel同源结构域,该结构域由N端300个氨基酸组成。在受到细胞因子等刺激后,NF-κB被激活易位到细胞核中介导调控多种细胞因子表达,参与扩大炎症和免疫反应。研究已证实,NF-κB信号通路与许多慢性炎症性疾病有关,而NASH的病损程度更是与NF-κB的过度表达关系密切[24]。NF-κB信号级联可以在涉及受体、IKK、NF-κB二聚体、基因转录、翻译的任何阶段进行调节。为了有效调控NF-κB信号通路,多种潜在药物和策略被深入研究。
HPN-01是一种有效的选择性IKK抑制剂,具有潜在的抗NASH效果。临床前研究显示,HPN-01能有效抑制参与肝脏脂质代谢、炎症和纤维化的多种信号通路,从而缓解NASH进展。目前HPN-01已进入一项Ⅰ期临床研究(NCT04481594),进行安全性和耐受性评估[57]。此外还有研究发现,一种选择性地与NF-κB亚基p65相互作用的跨膜多肽—AIP6,通过阻止转录活性复合物p65/p50的形成,抑制NF-κB亚单位p65和DNA结合,抑制其转录活性,在体外和体内实验中均显示出抗炎活性[58]。类似的是,膜联蛋白Annexin A1也可与转录因子NF-kB p65亚单位结合,抑制该信号通路激活,从而调节炎症状态[59]。Annexin A1作为免疫细胞分泌的促分解分子,与其受体ALX/FPR2相互作用,抑制促炎介质的分泌,减少中性粒细胞向炎症部位的迁移,还可触发白细胞的凋亡[60]
一些天然产物也体现出对NF-κB信号通路的调控效果。例如,植物来源的多酚和黄酮类化合物(白藜芦醇、槲皮素、山柰酚等),它们可以下调NF-κB介导的炎症反应,并上调自噬和核因子E2相关因子2 ( nuclear factor E2 related factor 2, Nrf2 ) 介导的抗氧化防御,抑制细胞色素CYP2E1介导的活性氧(ROS)的产生,以防止NAFL向NASH的进展[61-62]。此外,靶向视黄醇结合蛋白4 (retinol-binding protein,RBP4) 也为治疗NASH提供了新视角。RBP4通过激活NF-κB/TNF-α途径促进肝Kupffer细胞的M1极化。在喂养高脂饮食的小鼠中,沉默RBP4可减轻肝脏脂肪变性,以及实现肝功能正常化[63]
TLR4为Ⅰ型跨膜受体,其胞外区可识别配体,由富含亮氨酸重复序列的氨基酸残基组成,结构域高度保守,呈马蹄形;跨膜区富含半胱氨酸,作用是胞膜定位;胞内区包含序列保守的结构域:即Toll受体结构域,可招募下游衔接蛋白从而启动下游通路,大量释放炎症因子[64]
TLR4在巨噬细胞和肝细胞中扮演着关键角色,通过识别来自病原微生物的病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)和来自宿主的内源性危险相关的分子模式(DAMPs),引发免疫应答并启动一系列炎症信号级联,如MAPK和NF-κB信号通路,导致IL-6和TNF-α等炎性细胞因子的释放增加,破坏肝脏免疫稳态,最终导致NASH发生[26-27],因此,抑制TLR通路很可能成为治疗NASH患者炎症性肝损伤的有效手段。
在临床前研究中,TLR4拮抗剂JKB-122被证明具有抗纤维化和抗炎活性,并能保护肝脏,改善肝损伤[65]。另一种由二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)转化而来的化合物Resolvin D1,可通过抑制TLR4-MyD88介导的NF-κB 通路和MAPK信号通路显著抑制炎症反应,还可通过激活Nrf2通路增强抗氧化能力,显著减轻小鼠脂肪性肝炎[66]
除此之外,从药用植物红景天中提取的苯丙烷苷类化合物红景天苷(salidroside),也是一种潜在的治疗NASH药物。它能通过下调肝细胞中TLR4/MAPKs通路保护肝细胞免受炎症性损伤[67]。另外,来源于天然海藻的岩藻黄质也具有抑制TLR4信号通路的潜力,在动物实验和临床随机双盲安慰剂对照试验中均观察到其改善AST/ALT水平、纤维化和肝脏脂肪变性的效果。因此,补充岩藻黄质对NASH治疗具有一定的积极作用[8]。中药复方祛痰活血方[68]通过上调细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白(suppressor of cytokine signaling, SOCS),抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,可显著降低蛋氨酸及胆碱缺乏饮食(MCD)小鼠的血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平,减轻肝脏脂肪变性和炎症程度。
PI3K是由催化亚基p110和调节亚基p85所组成的二聚体蛋白,其本身具有丝氨酸/苏氨酸(Ser/Thr)激酶活性,也具有磷脂酰肌醇激酶的活性。PI3K二聚体构象改变而被激活,随后磷酸化PIP2产生PIP3[69]。Akt是丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,PDK1和Akt的PH结构域结合PIP3并转移到细胞质膜上,紧接着PDK1磷酸化Akt的Thr308位点,mTORC2磷酸化Akt的疏水基序Ser473,使Akt活化[29]
PI3K-Akt途径是一个关键的信号转导途径,它响应细胞外信号刺激,激活mTORC1,从而抑制自噬,促进细胞生长、分化相关基因的翻译[28]。此外,PI3K-Akt-FOXO通路对细胞生长和凋亡起到重要调控作用。被Akt磷酸化的FOXO与14-3-3蛋白结合后其构象改变,失去调控细胞周期及细胞凋亡的作用,从而促进细胞增殖[20]。这些通路促进肌成纤维细胞的增殖和活化,促进胶原的分泌,进而导致肝脏纤维化和NASH的发展。此外,Akt还能通过磷酸化IKK激活NF-κB信号通路,进一步促进炎症因子的释放[29]
针对这一重要通路,一些天然产物被发现具有潜在的治疗效果。例如,川芎嗪(tetramethylpyrazine,TMP),能够抑制PI3K/Akt和ERK途径,从而抑制葡萄糖/胰岛素(glucose/insulin,Glu/Ins)诱导的HSC激活。TMP还能上调基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2),下调基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂(TIMP-1),影响Glu/Ins激活的HSC中的细胞外基质(ECM)稳态,从而抑制肝纤维化进程[70]。另外,金雀花碱的衍生物(cytisine derivatives)可靶向PI3K/Akt/Smad途径,下调LX2中的成纤维蛋白的表达,如:Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α1 (collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1,COL1A1)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β1)、结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)和MMP-2,发挥抗纤维化作用,改善NASH[71]。还有滨蒿内酯(scoparone),在LPS诱导的巨噬细胞中,通过抑制ROS/P38/Nrf2轴和PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路来调节自噬并抑制炎症,这为NASH的新型治疗提供了可能[72]。表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯 (epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG) 可调节 TGF/SMAD、PI3K/Akt 的活性,改善NAFLD大鼠的肝脏组织学(脂肪评分、坏死和炎症减少),减少肝损伤和纤维化,降低促炎标志物(iNOS、COX-2和TNF-α)的表达。因此,绿茶多酚和EGCG是防治NAFLD的有力补充剂[73]
随着对NAFLD/NASH发病机制的深入研究,新的理解与发现不断涌现,揭示出更为复杂的网络和信号通路。这些新的认识不仅为治疗NASH的创新药物提供了新的靶点,同时也为新治疗方法的研发提供了全新的思路,这无疑将有助于打破NASH药物研发所面临的困境,为NASH患者带来更好的治疗选择。
iRhom2蛋白具有7个跨膜结构域, 还拥有1个长的N端胞质结构域和1个高度保守的腔内富含半胱氨酸的iRhom 同源结构域[74]。iRhom2蛋白由Rhbdf2基因编码, 作为iRhoms亚家族中的一员[75],属于不活跃的菱形丝氨酸蛋白酶。虽然iRhom2本身不具有蛋白酶活性,但其能够结合内质网中的去整合素-金属蛋白酶17(desintegrin-metalloproteinase-17,ADAM17)并转运至高尔基体;高尔基体中的弗林蛋白酶可去除ADAM17的抑制性结构域[76];紧接着,活化的ADAM17被释放并运输到细胞质膜[77]。最终ADAM17可切割细胞表面蛋白,包括多种细胞因子和受体如TNF-α及其受体[78],活化的TNF-α导致凋亡和炎症信号传导,促进NASH进展。不仅如此,iRhom2还在肥胖相关代谢紊乱中起到了关键的调控作用[79]。在脂肪组织中,巨噬细胞失去iRhom2的表达可能阻断巨噬细胞和脂肪细胞之间的交互作用,从而间接抑制炎症和胰岛素抵抗。此外,iRhom2与MAP3K7的直接相互作用被发现可上调MAP3K7-NF-κB途径,在肝细胞和Kupffer细胞中发挥促炎作用。iRhom2还可以激活JNK/胰岛素受体底物1(insulin receptor substrate,IRS1)信号,干扰Akt/糖原合成酶激酶-3β ( glycogen synthase kinase 3β,GSK-3β)相关的胰岛素信号[80]。这意味着iRhom2不仅与NASH的发展进程紧密相关,还涉及到胰岛素抵抗和炎症等多个方面,已经成为治疗NASH的一个潜在药物靶点,见图2
含有FERM结构域的蛋白iTAP/FRMD8与iRhom2蛋白的结合对稳定细胞表面的脱落酶复合物(包含ADAM17)至关重要,有助于避免其在溶酶体中的错误分选和降解。因此,通过调节iTAP/FRMD8水平进行药物干预可能有助于改善慢性炎症疾病,同时避免与ADAM17广泛抑制相关的副作用[81]
黄酮类化合物—漆黄素(fisetin)具有靶向抑制iRhom2的能力。在单核细胞增生李斯特菌(LM)诱导的小鼠肝衰竭中,fisetin 纳米粒子通过调节iRhom2/肿瘤坏死因子-α转化酶(TNF-α converting enzyme,TACE)/TNF-α轴和核因子-E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,NrF2)缓解了炎症、氧化应激和肝衰竭[82]。fisetin可通过改善肝细胞的线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激,改善HFD小鼠NAFLD的发展[83]。fisetin甚至可以通过调节iRhom2/NF-κB和Nrf-2/血红素加氧酶1(heme oxygenase1, HO1) 信号通路有效减轻HFD诱导的肾损伤[84]。这些研究表明能够靶向iRhom2的fisetin具有改善NASH的潜力。此外,葫芦巴(fenugreek)也展现出对iRhom2的调控能力。它不仅通过抑制iRhom2/TACE及其下游的NF-κB和JNK通路,减少促炎因子的表达,还能激活胰岛素受体信号通路,改善HFD喂养小鼠的脂肪积累和胰岛素抵抗[85],对合并脂肪变性、胰岛素抵抗和炎症的NASH具有治疗潜力。
最新研究揭示了E3泛素连接酶—TRIM31在iRhom2调控中的关键作用。TRIM31通过靶向催化iRhom2蛋白K48泛素化链,促进iRhom2被蛋白酶体降解,从而减少其下游炎性信号和脂质代谢信号通路的异常活化。这显著降低了肝脏中炎性因子的水平,肝细胞损伤,早期胶原纤维的生成和糖代谢的紊乱,为缓解NAFLD/NASH的病理表型提供了新的治疗策略[86]。这为开发针对iRhom2的靶向降解蛋白嵌合体(PROTAC),治疗NAFLD/NASH提供了新思路。此外,去泛素化酶USP13协同TRIM31在iRhom2泛素化降解过程中发挥了重要作用。USP13能够移除iRhom2的K63泛素化修饰,降低iRhom2的蛋白稳定性和胞内丰度,从而抑制iRhom2及其下游信号活化水平,进一步抑制NASH病理表型的发展[87]。值得注意的是,iRhom2棕榈酰化所必需的关键棕榈酰基转移酶—ZDHHC3在长期HFD喂养等代谢应激条件下表达上调,通过阻断iRhom2的泛素化来维持其棕榈酰化的iRhom2稳定性和蛋白丰度积累,从而抑制TRIM31介导的泛素-蛋白酶体降解,促进NASH的发生[88]。所以,从促进iRhom2的泛素化、抑制iRhom2去泛素化、抑制iRhom2棕榈酰化等多个方面的机制发现为开发治疗NASH药物提供了新思路和新策略。
GPR91是G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)家族的一员,也是琥珀酸的特异性受体,与嘌呤受体 P2Y2同源。琥珀酸不仅在三羧酸循环(TCA)中扮演着重要的角色,还在炎症反应发挥着关键作用。正常情况下,琥珀酸主要位于线粒体中[89],然而脂肪毒性和氧化应激等因素会损害线粒体功能,导致琥珀酸氧化为延胡索酸的过程被阻断,导致琥珀酸积累[90]。肝细胞中升高的琥珀酸盐被释放到细胞外空间,与邻近的HSC细胞外表面上的GPR91结合,GPR91会激活一系列下游信号通路,包括MAPK、PI3K/Akt和NF-κB途径[91]。GPR91激活下游ERK,促进HSC活化,TGF-β/果蝇母本抗生存因子蛋白(small mother against decapentaplegic,Smad)信号通路也会介导HSC活化,活化的HSC又可持续地刺激自身分泌转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1),进一步激活HSC,这样的正反馈促进了NASH的恶化[92]。这些通路的激活会导致炎症反应增强,从而加快NASH的恶化。
常用作营养补充剂的DHA,被发现可抑制GPR-91信号通路,缓解高脂肪高卡路里-高果糖饮食和葡萄糖(high fat/calorie diet-high fructose/glucose,HFCD-HF/G)喂养小鼠出现的纤维化沉积,以及棕榈酸和油酸诱导的原代肝细胞出现的氧化应激和脂肪毒性,因此补充DHA是一种潜在的治疗NASH策略[93]。研究发现,GPR91拮抗剂和TGF-β1受体抑制剂均能有效抑制Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(COL1)的表达,这一发现为开发抑制肝炎和纤维化的药物提供了潜在策略[94]。成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF21)能通过抑制琥珀酸-GPR91信号,降低α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA是肝星状细胞活化的标志)的产生,从而抑制肝纤维化[95]。此外,FGF21是一种代谢调节剂,在肝脏高度表达,可刺激胰岛素敏感性,增加肝脏脂质氧化,抑制脂肪生成,有益于治疗NASH。Efruxifermin作为FGF21的长效类似物,旨在提高胰岛素敏感性、改善脂蛋白、缓解肝脏脂肪变性、炎症和逆转纤维化。2023年10月的Ⅱb期临床试验结果正式公布:efruxifermin具有缓解NASH并逆转肝纤维化的积极作用[96]。Nguyen 等[97]研究发现,降血糖药物二甲双胍(metformin)可通过抑制琥珀酸-GPR91和激活单磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白质激酶[Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK]通路来降低琥珀酸诱导的LX-2细胞中IL-6的水平, 抑制HSC增殖。还可有效降低蛋氨酸-胆碱缺乏(methionine-choline deficiency,MCD)喂养小鼠肝脏中α-SMA和GPR91的表达,改善脂肪性肝炎和肝纤维化,因此二甲双胍具有治疗NASH的潜力。
另外,一种植物来源的双酚类物质—和厚朴酚(honokiol),能增强线粒体去乙酰化酶SIRT3表达,并通过SIRT3-SDH-GPR91途径改善棕榈酸盐或MCD培养基诱导的HSC活化[90]。线粒体棕色脂肪解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)在棕色和米色脂肪细胞中特异性表达,因其能促进产热和减肥而被广泛研究,近来也有研究发现UCP1能够拮抗琥珀酸-GPR91轴,从而抑制肝脏炎症发生[98]。这一发现为开发新的NASH治疗方法提供了思路。
NLRP3炎症小体是一种多蛋白复合物,它在炎症反应中起着至关重要的作用。这种复合物能够促使IL-1β和IL-18水解成熟,从而引发炎症反应。其作用过程主要分为两步:首先是TLR4或TNFR的激活会诱导NF-kB信号转导,导致核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)、IL-1β前体(pro-interleukin-1β,pro-IL-1β)和pro-IL-18表达升高[99]。接下来,大量信号[如活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP)/损伤相关分子模式(damage associated molecular patterns,DAMP)]间接激活NLRP3,随后招募凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)和半胱天冬酶-1前体(pro-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1,pro-Caspase-1),促使自身寡聚化[100],引起pro-Caspase-1被剪切活化。活化的Caspase-1促使IL-1β和IL-18水解成熟,引起炎症[101]。此外,肝细胞可将炎症小体复合物(如NLRP3)和细胞因子(如IL-1b)释放到细胞外空间,从而激活HSC并诱导单核细胞渗透,以促进肝脏炎症和纤维化[102]。在人类和动物模型中,NLRP3炎症小体的激活都显示出对NASH的促进作用[24]
MCC950作为一种NLRP3选择性抑制剂,展现出在NASH治疗中的巨大潜力。它通过降低肝脏IL-1β和Caspase-1表达,显著改善了MCD诱导NASH模型小鼠的炎症和纤维化程度[103],这一积极效果很可能是由于MCC950阻断了胆固醇介导的NLRP3激活。从甘草中分离得到的刺甘草查尔酮(echinatin)也是一种潜在的NLRP3炎症小体拮抗剂。它能直接与热休克蛋白90(HSP90)结合,抑制其三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)酶活性,破坏HSP90-SGT1的结合,从而阻止SGT1和HSP90-NLRP3复合物之间的相互作用,有效抑制炎症小体的激活。在MCD饮食诱导的NASH模型小鼠中,echinatin展现出良好的抗炎和抗纤维化效果[104]。G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体(TGR5)通过TGR5-cAMP-PKA轴抑制NLRP3炎性体的激活,进一步抑制NLRP3炎性体介导的M1型巨噬细胞极化,减轻NASH中的脂肪变性和炎症[105]。维生素D3(Vitamin D3)能够抑制NLRP3炎症小体过度激活,临床和NASH模型小鼠实验都证明了其与NASH的相关性。此外,也有研究认为维生素D3可能通过诱导自噬来抑制NASH中脂质积聚和炎症[106]
黄酮类化合物—黄芩苷(baicalin)通过抑制内质网应激和硫氧还蛋白互作蛋白(TXNIP)/NLRP3炎症小体激活,保护AML-12细胞免受脂肪毒性[107]。柚皮素(naringenin)通过下调kupffer细胞和肝细胞中的NLRP3/NF-κB信号通路来预防NAFLD,从而减轻MCD诱导小鼠的肝脏炎症。在体外试验中,柚皮素还可减少LPS诱导HepG2细胞和原代肝细胞中的脂质积累[108]。姜黄素(curcumin)也是一种具有抗炎效果的天然药物成分,它通过TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB和嘌呤能2X7受体 (purinergic 2X7 receptor, P2X7R)信号通路抑制炎症小体的活性。此外,姜黄素还可调节肠道微生物群,减轻大鼠肝脏脂肪变性[109]。天然黄酮木脂素类化合物—水飞蓟素在临床上常用于肝炎和肝硬化治疗,具有抗氧化和保肝等作用,通过影响多个靶点如NLRP3炎症小体、FXR、NRF2、SIRT1、SIRT2和AMPK等,发挥缓解NASH的作用[110]
综上所述,靶向炎症信号通路的药物研究涉及了致病基因探索、蛋白质功能调控和小分子化合物开发,其中部分化合物研究取得较大进展,在此汇总了在研化合物的结构式和研究模型,见表2
NASH作为当代社会中威胁人类健康的复杂代谢性肝病,其错综复杂的发病机制使单一靶点的干预药物在临床试验中遭遇重重挫折。许多进入临床Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期的在研药物,难以达到预期的治疗效果。虽然在研药物众多,但焦点主要聚集在抗代谢药物研发,其所占比例超过了60%。尽管NASH是在代谢改变的背景下发展起来的,但它表现出很强的免疫炎症性,长期的炎症直接影响疾病的严重程度[111]。然而,目前研究人员对导致NASH的炎症线索的理解是支离破碎的。
本文对与NASH相关的炎症信号通路进行了综述,包括JAK-STAT、NF-κB、MAPK、TLR4等。同时,也对新的发病机制、治疗靶点及相关药物研发进行了概述,有利于更好地理解相关炎症信号通路在该疾病中的作用,以期为NASH新药的开发与临床应用提供有价值的参考。在NAFLD的发展过程中,糖脂代谢紊乱和应激反应促进炎症,炎症的发生又会加重脂肪酸积聚。并且长期的慢性炎症浸润会激活HSC细胞,诱导纤维化,激活的HSC产生促炎介质,使肝脏炎症持续存在,这三者相互影响循环促进。因此针对多靶点,不同发病机制的联合用药可能产生更为显著的疗效。例如:AXA1125作为一种内源性代谢调节剂(EMM)组合,可以靶向NASH的3个核心驱动因素:代谢、炎症和纤维化。在临床研究中,AXA1125是安全且耐受性良好的,能够观察到肝脏脂肪、炎症和纤维化标志物的降低,因此AXA1125有可能成为NASH患者的一线治疗药物[112],也为针对NASH多靶点的联合用药提供了思路。
然而,如何平衡NASH涉及的多个靶点与信号通路,是NASH药物研发的关键难题[113]。随着对NASH疾病发病机制的深入认识及新靶点的发现,相信针对这一疾病的治疗药物研发将会取得更多的创新与突破。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82200652)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81703527)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金重点项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0053)
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2024年第59卷第13期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.13.001
  • 接收时间:2024-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2024-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21
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国家自然科学基金项目(82200652)
国家自然科学基金项目(81703527)
重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金重点项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0053)
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    1 重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院, 重庆 400054
    2 重庆第二师范学院生物与化学工程学院, 重庆 400067
    3 三峡库区药用资源重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400067

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* 刘建辉,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药理学 Tel:(023)62563190;谭君,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药理学 Tel:(023)62653536
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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