Article(id=1248601547232399732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)07-0561-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693152000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619406754, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1712505600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619406754, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619406754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619406754, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248601546695528820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='561', pageEnd='656', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619406627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619979013, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248603947515142525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248603947515142526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=561, endPage=570, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248601547463086453, articleId=1248601547232399732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Mechanism of Tumor Multidrug Resistance and Reversal by Traditional Chinese Medicine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chemotherapy is one of the commonly used methods for tumor treatment, but the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumors has added great difficulties for tumor treatment, causing serious harm to patients' physiology and psychology. At present, there is a relative lack of research and treatment on tumor resistance in clinical practice, and finding reversal agents and strategies for tumor resistance is an urgent problem to be solved. This article reviews the mechanism of tumor multidrug resistance and its reversal methods and research status of Chinese medicine as reverse agent, aiming to provide reference for future research.

, correspAuthors=Yuhong CAO, Rong KUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanjuan LIU, Yuhong CAO, Rong KUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248601549153391002, articleId=1248601547232399732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=肿瘤多药耐药发生机制及中药逆转研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

化疗是肿瘤治疗常用的手段之一,但肿瘤多药耐药(multidrug resistance,MDR)的发生给肿瘤治疗增加了巨大困难,对患者的生理和心理都造成了严重的伤害。目前临床上对肿瘤MDR的研究和治疗都相对欠缺,寻找肿瘤MDR的逆转剂和逆转策略也成了亟待解决的问题。笔者对肿瘤MDR发生机制、逆转手段以及中药作为逆转剂的研究进展进行综述,旨在为今后研究肿瘤MDR提供参考。

, correspAuthors=曹雨虹, 匡荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 曹雨虹,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:肿瘤多药耐药 Tel:18817266930;
匡荣,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(0571)87180393
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刘彦娟,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤多药耐药

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刘彦娟,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤多药耐药

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分类 名称 恶性肿瘤 逆转MDR相关通路或机制 参考文献
中药单体 山柰酚 HepG2和N1S1细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [51]
β-榄香烯 SGC7901/ADR细胞 下调Cbl-b蛋白的表达,抑制EGFR-ERK/Akt信号通路调节
MMP-2/9的表达
[52]
槲皮素 MCF-7和MCF-7/ADR细胞 下调P-gp和YB-1蛋白的表达 [53]
藤黄酸 HepG2/ADR细胞 抑制ERK1/2和NF-κB信号通路 [54]
汉防己甲素 Hep-2和Hep-2/v细胞 下调MDR1和RGS10基因和蛋白的表达,上调HTRA1蛋白的表达 [55]
白藜芦醇 A549和A549/PTX细胞 下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和上调促凋亡蛋白Bax [56]
姜黄素 SW620和SW620/Ad300细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白的转运活性 [57]
辣椒素 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白的活性 [58]
胡椒碱 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白的活性 [58]
二氢杨梅素 HCT116/OXA和HCT8/VCR细胞 抑制NF-κB-Nrf2信号通路,下调NF-κB/p65蛋白的表达 [59]
芦荟大黄素 MCF-7/ADR细胞 降低细胞内ATP水平和抑制P-gp蛋白的流出功能 [60]
葛根素 K562和K562/ADR细胞 抑制NF-κB信号通路和MDR-1基因的表达,诱导自噬 [61]
盐酸小檗碱 K562和K562/DOX细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [62]
大黄素 K562/ADM和Caco-2细胞 竞争性抑制和下调P-gp蛋白的表达并诱导线粒体凋亡 [63]
柴胡皂苷D MCF-7/ADR细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [64]
橙皮素 A549和A549/DDP细胞 抑制NF-κB信号通路和MDR-1基因的表达 [65]
黄芩素 Bel7402/5-FU细胞 诱导凋亡和自噬,下调P-gp和Bcl-xl蛋白的表达 [66]
中药提取物 葡萄籽原花青素提取物 HL-60和HL-ADR细胞 抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路,下调MRP1, MDR1和LRP蛋白的表达 [67]
冬凌草提取物 MCF-7/ADR细胞 抑制MDR1基因的表达 [68]
茯苓提取物 MCF-7/ADR细胞 抑制P-gp的功能,下调P-gp和微囊蛋白-1的表达 [69]
甘草提取物 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制ABC转运体活性 [70]
芍药提取物 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制ABC转运体活性 [70]
枇杷提取物 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制ABC转运体活性 [70]
苔藓提取物 A549和A549RT-eto细胞 抑制NF-κB信号通路,下调MDR1蛋白的表达 [71]
苦瓜提取物 KB-V1和KB-3-1细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白活性 [72]
中药复方 健脾解毒丸 HCT8/V和其COX-2 siRNA细胞 下调COX-2和P-gp蛋白的表达 [73]
左金丸 HCT116/L-OHP, SGC7901/DDP和Bel/Fu细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [74]
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逆转肿瘤耐药性的天然产物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 名称 恶性肿瘤 逆转MDR相关通路或机制 参考文献
中药单体 山柰酚 HepG2和N1S1细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [51]
β-榄香烯 SGC7901/ADR细胞 下调Cbl-b蛋白的表达,抑制EGFR-ERK/Akt信号通路调节
MMP-2/9的表达
[52]
槲皮素 MCF-7和MCF-7/ADR细胞 下调P-gp和YB-1蛋白的表达 [53]
藤黄酸 HepG2/ADR细胞 抑制ERK1/2和NF-κB信号通路 [54]
汉防己甲素 Hep-2和Hep-2/v细胞 下调MDR1和RGS10基因和蛋白的表达,上调HTRA1蛋白的表达 [55]
白藜芦醇 A549和A549/PTX细胞 下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和上调促凋亡蛋白Bax [56]
姜黄素 SW620和SW620/Ad300细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白的转运活性 [57]
辣椒素 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白的活性 [58]
胡椒碱 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白的活性 [58]
二氢杨梅素 HCT116/OXA和HCT8/VCR细胞 抑制NF-κB-Nrf2信号通路,下调NF-κB/p65蛋白的表达 [59]
芦荟大黄素 MCF-7/ADR细胞 降低细胞内ATP水平和抑制P-gp蛋白的流出功能 [60]
葛根素 K562和K562/ADR细胞 抑制NF-κB信号通路和MDR-1基因的表达,诱导自噬 [61]
盐酸小檗碱 K562和K562/DOX细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [62]
大黄素 K562/ADM和Caco-2细胞 竞争性抑制和下调P-gp蛋白的表达并诱导线粒体凋亡 [63]
柴胡皂苷D MCF-7/ADR细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [64]
橙皮素 A549和A549/DDP细胞 抑制NF-κB信号通路和MDR-1基因的表达 [65]
黄芩素 Bel7402/5-FU细胞 诱导凋亡和自噬,下调P-gp和Bcl-xl蛋白的表达 [66]
中药提取物 葡萄籽原花青素提取物 HL-60和HL-ADR细胞 抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路,下调MRP1, MDR1和LRP蛋白的表达 [67]
冬凌草提取物 MCF-7/ADR细胞 抑制MDR1基因的表达 [68]
茯苓提取物 MCF-7/ADR细胞 抑制P-gp的功能,下调P-gp和微囊蛋白-1的表达 [69]
甘草提取物 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制ABC转运体活性 [70]
芍药提取物 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制ABC转运体活性 [70]
枇杷提取物 Caco-2和CEM/ADR细胞 抑制ABC转运体活性 [70]
苔藓提取物 A549和A549RT-eto细胞 抑制NF-κB信号通路,下调MDR1蛋白的表达 [71]
苦瓜提取物 KB-V1和KB-3-1细胞 抑制P-gp蛋白活性 [72]
中药复方 健脾解毒丸 HCT8/V和其COX-2 siRNA细胞 下调COX-2和P-gp蛋白的表达 [73]
左金丸 HCT116/L-OHP, SGC7901/DDP和Bel/Fu细胞 下调P-gp蛋白的表达 [74]
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肿瘤多药耐药发生机制及中药逆转研究进展
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刘彦娟 1, 2 , 曹雨虹 2, 3, * , 匡荣 1, 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(7): 561-570
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(7): 561-570
肿瘤多药耐药发生机制及中药逆转研究进展
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刘彦娟1, 2, 曹雨虹2, 3, *, 匡荣1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江工业大学绿色制药协同创新中心, 杭州 310032
  • 2 浙江省食品药品检验研究院, 国家药品监督管理局化妆品动物替代试验技术重点实验室, 杭州 310052
  • 3 浙江大学转化医学研究院, 杭州 310029
  • 刘彦娟,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤多药耐药

通讯作者:

* 曹雨虹,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:肿瘤多药耐药 Tel:18817266930;
匡荣,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(0571)87180393
Research Progress of Mechanism of Tumor Multidrug Resistance and Reversal by Traditional Chinese Medicine
Yanjuan LIU1, 2, Yuhong CAO2, 3, *, Rong KUANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Collaboration Innovation Center of Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
  • 2 NMPA Key Laboratory for Animal Alternative Testing Technology of Cosmetics, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China
  • 3 Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
出版时间: 2024-04-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.001
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化疗是肿瘤治疗常用的手段之一,但肿瘤多药耐药(multidrug resistance,MDR)的发生给肿瘤治疗增加了巨大困难,对患者的生理和心理都造成了严重的伤害。目前临床上对肿瘤MDR的研究和治疗都相对欠缺,寻找肿瘤MDR的逆转剂和逆转策略也成了亟待解决的问题。笔者对肿瘤MDR发生机制、逆转手段以及中药作为逆转剂的研究进展进行综述,旨在为今后研究肿瘤MDR提供参考。

多药耐药  /  转运蛋白  /  P-糖蛋白  /  中药逆转

Chemotherapy is one of the commonly used methods for tumor treatment, but the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumors has added great difficulties for tumor treatment, causing serious harm to patients' physiology and psychology. At present, there is a relative lack of research and treatment on tumor resistance in clinical practice, and finding reversal agents and strategies for tumor resistance is an urgent problem to be solved. This article reviews the mechanism of tumor multidrug resistance and its reversal methods and research status of Chinese medicine as reverse agent, aiming to provide reference for future research.

multidrug resistance  /  transporter protein  /  P-glycoprotein  /  Chinese medicine reversal
刘彦娟, 曹雨虹, 匡荣. 肿瘤多药耐药发生机制及中药逆转研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (7) : 561 -570 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.001
Yanjuan LIU, Yuhong CAO, Rong KUANG. Research Progress of Mechanism of Tumor Multidrug Resistance and Reversal by Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (7) : 561 -570 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.001
近几年来,恶性肿瘤频发,严重影响人类的生活和健康。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的报告,恶性肿瘤是全球死亡的主要原因之一。到2050年,将有超过2 700万的新增恶性肿瘤患者和1 710万死亡病例[1-2]。对恶性肿瘤而言,化疗仍是主要的治疗手段。然而,在治疗过程中最常出现的问题就是肿瘤的多药耐药(multidrug resistance,MDR)。MDR是指肿瘤细胞对某种药物产生耐药,进而对结构、细胞作用靶点和作用机制不同的多种化疗药物产生交叉性耐药[3]。肿瘤耐药的产生不仅给恶性肿瘤患者增添了痛苦,同时也给恶性肿瘤的治疗增加了困难。因此,发现并开发高效低毒的逆转剂对于治疗肿瘤MDR以及最大限度地激发抗肿瘤药物治疗潜力至关重要。
造成化疗失败很大一部分原因是肿瘤的耐药性。化疗期间癌细胞的MDR可能与多种机制相关,包括MDR基因以及其他相关蛋白改变、药物作用浓度降低、药物代谢酶改变如谷胱甘肽上调导致结合增加使药物失活、DNA修复增强、细胞周期蛋白如p53基因的突变导致的凋亡失败[4]等(图1)。这些机制都会导致给药疗效的降低,增加肿瘤治疗的难度。
转运蛋白的过表达是介导MDR发生的重要原因之一。目前发现与MDR有关的蛋白质包括: P-糖蛋白 (P-glycoprotein,P-gp/ABCB1)、多发耐药相关蛋白 (multidrug resistance associated protein, MRP/ABCC1)、乳腺癌耐药蛋白 (breast cancer protein, BCRP/ABCG2)、肺耐药相关蛋白 (lung resistance-related protein, LRP)等[3,5]。这些外排“泵”将进入细胞的抗肿瘤药物排出细胞外,使细胞内的药物浓度降低至作用阈值以下,造成细胞耐药。Kong[6]等用转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β1)对人肝癌HepG2细胞的耐药性进行诱导,发现经TGF-β1处理12 d后的HepG2细胞,伊马替尼对HepG2细胞中的半抑制浓度值(12.59±1.04)μmol·L-1增加到(29.41±1.02) μmol·L-1。进一步研究发现TGF-β1可能是通过HOTAIR/miR-145轴介导上调HepG2细胞中P-gp和BCRP的表达导致细胞内药物浓度降低。
某些癌基因突变或激活会造成肿瘤细胞对化学药物敏感性降低。p53是一种抑癌基因,参与多种细胞过程包括生长阻滞、衰老、凋亡和DNA修复[7]等。已有研究表明,p53可能是通过其寡聚化结构域,抑制p53依赖的促凋亡途径导致肿瘤细胞的耐药性[8]。另外,药物靶点的基因突变也可以使药物失活,从而产生耐药性[9]。Ma等[10]发现人急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞(CEM)和耐长春花碱细胞系(CEM-VLB)细胞p53表达存在差异,接着分别用长春花碱 (vinblastine,VLB) 0.01和0.5 μg·mL-1处理CEM和CEM-VLB细胞,经VLB (0.01 μg·mL-1) 处理CEM细胞后p53表达和自噬均上调,且0.01 μg·mL-1 VLB显著上调CEM细胞中S期和G2/M期细胞的百分比,提示细胞MDR可能与p53的状态有关。
DNA的自动修复也是肿瘤细胞产生耐药的重要机制之一。有研究表明[11],在耐药肿瘤细胞中,参与核苷酸切除修复 (nucleotide excision repair, NER)通路的DNA修复内切酶(XPF)和DNA切除修复蛋白 (excision repair cross-complementation group 1, ERCC-1)出现过表达的情况,使得DNA修复作用增强造成其对交联和铂类药物耐药。Gentile等[12]提到,肿瘤细胞DNA被铂基和交联化疗损伤后,XPF、ERCC1等相关蛋白水平的异常表达,其上调后肿瘤细胞显示耐药性,下调后恢复对抗肿瘤药物的敏感性。5-氟尿嘧啶(fluorouracil, 5-FU) 是一种抗代谢物药物,被广泛用于治疗不同类型的恶性肿瘤,包括结肠直肠癌和乳腺癌。有研究显示[13]5-FU可以通过与尿嘧啶相同的转运机制进入细胞,随后产生大量活性代谢物如氟脱氧尿苷(FUTP)和氟脱氧尿苷二磷酸 (FdUDP),破坏胸苷酸合酶(TS)活性和DNA/RNA合成,从而导致DNA/RNA损伤和诱导细胞毒性。恶性肿瘤干细胞CSCs还可通过DNA修复蛋白 (ADP-核糖) 聚合酶PARP修复5-FU产生的DNA损伤,导致化疗耐药性[14]
细胞凋亡是一个受到严格控制的生理过程,是机体维持正常功能和组织稳态的关键。当肿瘤发生耐药时,参与凋亡内在途径蛋白如B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白和肿瘤抑制因子p53通常被解除调控,而控制天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Caspase)激活的凋亡抑制蛋白(IAPs)经常过表达[15]。两种蛋白的比例失衡,造成细胞凋亡的调控作用受阻引起MDR的发生。DJ-1是一种参与基因转录调控、抗凋亡、抗氧化应激等多种生理活动的丝裂原依赖致癌基因产物,与多种恶性肿瘤的耐药性密切相关[16]。Liu等[17]为探明DJ-1与胃癌MDR发生发展的关系,建立了DJ-1过表达胃癌细胞SGC7901/LV-DJ-1和DJ-1敲除细胞SGC7901/VCR/sh DJ-1,发现DJ-1可以通过上调Bcl-2的表达增强胃癌细胞的抗凋亡能力,介导胃癌细胞中MDR的表型。
人体正常组织周围的微环境本是机体防御肿瘤的重要屏障,能有效抑制肿瘤生长。肿瘤细胞可通过募集肿瘤相关成纤维细胞 (cancer associated fibroblast, CAF) 、调控免疫细胞及其分泌因子、血管内皮细胞形成新生血管等方式,形成肿瘤微环境 (tumor microenvironment, TME),在肿瘤发生发展、免疫逃逸和治疗耐药中发挥重要作用[13]。有研究显示,肿瘤细胞内pH的改变会影响肿瘤细胞对药物的吸收,许多抗肿瘤药物如对VLB、多柔比星(adriamycin,ADR)、顺铂(cisplatin,DDP)、紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)等的作用靶点都具有pH依赖性,pH增高会降低药物在细胞内的蓄积量,达不到有效治疗浓度[18-19]
另外,缺氧也是肿瘤耐药的促成因素。肿瘤细胞通过低氧诱导的转录因子(hypoxia inducible factor,HIF)家族与下游缺氧敏感元件(hypoxia response-element,HRE)结合,降低细胞内药物浓度导致耐药性[20]。Ahmed等[21]发现,在胶质母细胞瘤 (GBM) 的体外模型中,缺氧时,CD133的表达增加导致GBM对DDP、TMZ和依托泊苷的耐药性增强。Weiler等[22]进一步发现,缺氧条件下雷帕霉素靶蛋白 (mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 通路中的靶点特别是N-myc下游调控基因1(NDRG1) 被激活,细胞产生对烷基化化合物的抗性。
谷胱甘肽转移酶 (glutathion transferase, GST) 属于谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)依赖型细胞解毒酶系统,是由多种同工酶组成的酶家族。GST可以通过催化与抗癌药物的结合,促进药物的转化、代谢,减少药物对细胞的毒性作用从而产生耐药。多种耐药性肿瘤细胞中均可检测到GST高表达, 一些抗肿瘤药如烷化剂、DDP等化疗药物可通过这种途径被解毒,使细胞对它们产生抗性[23]。最新研究发现,有诸多细胞色素P450酶与肿瘤MDR的发生有关。某些细胞色素P450如CYP2C8、CYP3A4和CYP3A5等可在癌组织中特异性地高表达,这些细胞色素P450可通过增强对抗肿瘤药物的代谢作用从而减弱药物的抗肿瘤作用甚至使其灭活,使肿瘤发生耐药现象[24]。Hofman等[25]发现CYP3A4过表达的HepG2细胞会导致1 μmol·L-1多西他赛的抗增殖活性在24、48和72 h间隔分别降低11.2%、23.2%和22.9%,而在联合酮康唑之后细胞恢复了对多西他赛的敏感性。
免疫逃逸是新发现的肿瘤产生耐药的机制。正常情况下,机体的免疫系统可以识别和清除肿瘤细胞,但肿瘤细胞相应地会采取各种策略来“躲避”免疫系统识别和攻击,这些策略统称为“免疫逃逸”。程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1)和细胞程序性死亡-配体1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1) 就是肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸的策略之一。PD-L1又称表面抗原分化簇274(cluster of differentiation 274, CD274) 或B7同源体 (B7 homolog, B7-H1),是一种负性共刺激分子,在与受体结合时会影响T细胞的功能,抑制机体的特异性细胞免疫,并通过多种机制导致肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸和耐药[26]。Peng等[27]发现PD-L1在EGFR-TKI耐药的NSCLC肿瘤高表达,并通过建立PD-L1基因缺失的EGFR-TKI敏感细胞的异种移植小鼠模型 (PC-9PD-L1-、PC-9RPD-L1-、PC-9PD-L1+和PC-9RPD-L1+),发现PD-L1介导了肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,而PD-L1敲除后成功恢复了淋巴细胞对PC-9R细胞的细胞毒性。还有研究显示,骨髓瘤细胞可以通过下调被免疫识别的抗原,造成骨髓微环境的改变并触发凋亡抑制,形成药物抵抗[28]
另外,TME与肿瘤免疫逃逸也存在关联。TME中招募和扩增免疫抑制性细胞如肿瘤相关巨噬细胞 (tumor-associated macrophage, TAMs)是诱导免疫抑制性TME的主要机制之一[29]。一方面,TAMs通过过表达PD-L1,阻止T细胞通过与PD-1结合而有效靶向肿瘤细胞,从而诱导和维持TME的免疫抑制状态。颗粒蛋白前体(progranulin,PGRN) 是一种多功能生长因子,在多种肿瘤中过表达黄底内容替换:Cheung等[30]发现PGRN可以通过下调肿瘤细胞组织相容性复合体Ⅰ链相关蛋白A(MHCI)的表达促进细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CD8+T)排斥,提高PD-1/PD-L1相互作用,抑制T细胞增殖及杀伤活性,最终导致肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸。另一方面,TAMs 还可以通过募集其表面的Fc受体,与抗PD-1抗体竞争性结合来促进抗肿瘤免疫[31]
随着肿瘤MDR的发生,逆转肿瘤耐药是治疗肿瘤过程中不可避免的问题。针对单一或多种耐药机制,出现了不同的逆转策略,其中最常见的是化学增敏剂逆转。
肿瘤耐药的机制十分复杂,但P-gp及其相关转运蛋白的过表达是肿瘤细胞产生耐药的主要原因。针对这一因素,人们先后发现和开发了许多P-gp抑制剂,发展至今已经到了第三代[32],包括钙离子通道抑制剂如维拉帕米、免疫抑制剂环孢素A和蛋白激酶C抑制剂吩噻嗪类药物等。这三代P-gp抑制剂的作用机制是通过竞争性或特异性结合P-gp减少抗肿瘤药物的外排发挥作用,但因缺乏足够的特异性,产生严重不良反应和全身毒性。由于体内试验以及潜伏期内的试验结果都不够理想,目前投入临床的逆转药物少之又少[33-34]。迄今为止,针对MDR仍没有发现一种理想的逆转药物。为了提高肿瘤患者的治愈率,亟待开发出特异性高、生物利用度高和毒副作用小的新型P-gp抑制剂。
免疫治疗是近几年来出现的新兴的逆转肿瘤MDR的手段。随着前面提到的PD-1和PD-L1的关系被发现,免疫抑制剂逐渐出现在人们的视野。通过阻断 PD-1与 PD-L1的结合,重新激活机体免疫系统来对肿瘤细胞的免疫应答。Fang等[35]在建立野生型 (WT) C57BL/6小鼠和PGRN敲除 (KO) C57BL/6小鼠原位乳腺肿瘤模型时,将WT和PGRN-/-腹腔巨噬细胞与WT小鼠的脾淋巴细胞共培养,发现在加入PD-1中和抗体或PD-L1中和抗体时,WT腹腔巨噬细胞对CD8+细胞的免疫抑制功能明显逆转。Jiang等[36]制备一种“组合”的纳米级,实验将聚乙烯亚胺 (PEI) 和铜四酮 (4-羧基苯基) 卟啉 (CuTCPP) 封装在纳米系统中,通过有效清除GSH,减少GSH介导的解毒,增强抗癌药物在细胞内的积累和保留,使癌细胞对药物敏感。当将这种纳米级联合PD-1/PD-L1阻断治疗时发现不仅可以激活免疫反应,还可以抑制P-gp的表达。
还有研究发现,用MDR-1基因自身抗原作为疫苗免疫小鼠,会上调CD8+T细胞表面的活性分子导致更强的T细胞毒性,有效杀伤MDR的肿瘤细胞,延长了实验小鼠的生存时间[37]。但机体的免疫机制相对复杂,对于肿瘤细胞免疫治疗能否用于耐药治疗还需更多方面的研究。
声动力疗法(sonodynamic therapy,SDT)是一种新兴的肿瘤治疗方法,利用超声波对生物组织的较强穿透力激活声敏剂,产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)发挥抗肿瘤作用,同时通过降低P-gp表达,激活线粒体凋亡通路来逆转肿瘤耐药[38-39]。Liu等[40]研究了竹红菌乙素(hypocrellin B,HB)联合超声技术对耐药细胞SGC-7901/ADR细胞的凋亡作用,经超声波照射后SGC-7901/ADR细胞的凋亡率显著上升,细胞凋亡比例显著增加,且在合适参数的脉冲的超声波处理后,P-gp的表达明显下调。Guo等[41]设计了一种氧气吸附递送外壳,结合血卟啉单甲醚和PTX进行STD治疗,该体系触发后可以精确控制药物和氧气的释放,从而减弱缺氧微环境,提高肿瘤组织中ROS的含量诱导线粒体凋亡;与此同时抑制三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的产生并下调P-gp的表达,达到逆转肿瘤耐药的效果。
相同的原理,光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy, PDT)是利用被光照射激活的光敏剂,刺激细胞产生有毒的活性氧化物诱导细胞的凋亡,从而达到抗肿瘤作用[42]。Xu等[43]设计出一种可靶向集聚和释放入线粒体和内质网的PDT试剂并将其作用于HeLa细胞,结果发现,细胞产生了高浓度的ROS从而触发线粒体释放细胞色素C造成肿瘤细胞凋亡。
随着对核酸小分子以及转录、翻译等程序了解的加深,在基因水平逆转肿瘤MDR的研究已取得了一定的进步。反义RNA (siRNA)和RNA干扰(RNAi)技术的出现为肿瘤MDR治疗提供了新的可能性:可以通过靶向插入单链或者双链的RNA片段抑制细胞某种蛋白基因的表达,达到逆转细胞耐药的效果[44-45]。Ye等[46]应用RNAi技术破坏结直肠癌耐药细胞株HCT-15/ADM的关键脂筏相关蛋白flotillins,逆转大肠肿瘤细胞的耐药。Wang等[47]研究出一种将红细胞的多功能模拟囊泡(MV)作为siRNA联合ADR的肿瘤递送系统,成功实现了载药载体靶向递送后沉默P-gp和诱导生长抑制逆转耐药性并协同杀死MDR肿瘤细胞。
目前,治疗肿瘤MDR的方法有很多,声光动力学、热疗[48]和基因沉默技术等是目前肿瘤MDR治疗比较前沿的技术,打破了传统肿瘤治疗方法的局限性,减少放化疗对机体带来的严重不良反应以及不可逆的损伤,为提高肿瘤治愈率提供了新的可能。
化疗是治疗恶性肿瘤的一种常规治疗方法。然而,癌细胞对几乎所有类型的化疗和靶向药物都有耐药性,大约80%~90%的恶性肿瘤患者的死亡直接或间接归因于耐药性,这使其成为恶性肿瘤治疗的一个相当大的挑战[49]。由于化学增敏剂存在靶点单一、毒副作用强等缺点,限制了其在临床的使用。天然产物具有其独特的优势:资源丰富、低毒和多靶点治疗等,是抗肿瘤耐药性的有效物质。多种天然产物被报道通过调节耐药相关蛋白、靶向诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡以及上调肝酶表达增加药物作用时间和浓度[50]来逆转耐药性。许多天然产物具有很强的抗耐药性,归纳为中药单体、中药提取物和中药复方3大类。见表1
中药单体是中草药中的活性成分,是逆转肿瘤MDR的重要来源。目前已知的包括生物碱类、黄酮类、萜类等许多中药单体成分,被报道具有逆转肿瘤耐药的药理活性。且与维拉帕米和环孢素A等化学合成药相比,具有高效、低毒、多靶点的特点,对于MDR抑制剂的研发具有重要价值。
黄芩素可以通过诱导细胞凋亡和自噬并下调P-gp和B淋巴细胞瘤-xl(Bcl-xl)的表达[66]来提高耐药癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性;白藜芦醇可以通过下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和上调促凋亡蛋白 Bax的表达[56]来对抗癌细胞的MDR;槲皮素(quercetin)可以通过下调P-gp和Y-box结合蛋白1 (YB-1)的表达逆转耐药乳腺癌细胞对多柔比星、PTX和长春新碱(vincristine, VCR)耐药,还可以通过抑制溶质载体家族1、成员5转运蛋白来克服结肠癌细胞对化疗的耐药性[53,75]。汉防己甲素可下调MDR1和重组人G蛋白信号调节因子10(RGS10)的mRNA和蛋白表达,并上调高温必需蛋白A1(HTRA1)的表达从而降低人喉癌细胞对VCR[55]的耐药。
中药是克服肿瘤MDR的另一重要来源。其中各类中药的提取物在逆转耐药方面有大量研究。Lin等[67]等发现葡萄籽原花青素提取物能恢复人白血病细胞HL-ADR细胞对阿糖胞苷和ADR敏感性,其作用机制可能是通过下调MRP1,MDR1和LRP的表达并通过抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(serine/threonine kinase Akt)信号通路逆转HL-ADR细胞的耐药性。Li等[69]发现茯苓提取物可以通过抑制P-gp功能的功能,下调P-gp和微囊蛋白-1的表达来对抗乳腺癌细胞的耐药性。
中药复方是两味及两味以上的药物组合,是对药物配伍的合理应用。近些年对中药复方逆转肿瘤耐药的研究也越来越多,部分复方如健脾解毒方、左金丸等在逆转结肠癌耐药已有较广泛的研究。健脾解毒方出自《痧疹辑要》卷二,研究发现其不仅可以通过下调环氧和酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) 和P-gp的蛋白表达逆转结肠癌对VCR、DDP、5-FU和吡柔比星耐药,还可以通过抑制肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白3(TNF-αIP3)NF-κB信号通路下调细胞外小泡中整合素β样1的表达,抑制肿瘤相关成纤维细胞的活化来抑制结直肠癌肝转移[73,76]
综上所述,中药在逆转恶性肿瘤MDR方面已取得了可观的结果,但是深入挖掘中药逆转耐药的通路从而筛选出更加有效的逆转剂是当前最需要解决的问题之一。中药作为天然活性化合物与耐药发生机制如MDR基因、蛋白表达的改变,GST、XPF和Caspase等酶上调或者相关凋亡蛋白下调等的关系还不是很明确,大部分实验仍处于临床前研究阶段,体内临床试验更是相对缺失,需要更进一步地研究。
信号通路相互作用形成复杂的调节网络,对肿瘤的形成、转化、迁移以及凋亡抑制发挥重要作用。化疗作为常用的治疗方法,1个或多个信号通路的异常激活或抑制会降低药效,从而导致肿瘤对化疗药物产生耐药性。有研究报道,MAPK、PI3K/Akt、Wnt/β-连环蛋白、GST和Notch通路均在肿瘤耐药过程中发挥重要作用[77] (图2)。
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 级联通路是常见的细胞转导通路,与细胞的生长发育、迁移、分化和凋亡有关。MAPK家族由3个主要信号通路组成:细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK) 、c-Jun N端激酶或应激活化蛋白激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK/stress-activated protein kinase, SAPK),以及p38激酶,其中Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK途径与肿瘤有千丝万缕的关系[78]
ERK级联是一种高度调控的级联,负责基本的细胞过程,包括细胞增殖和分化。ERK的表达对肿瘤的发展至关重要,其过度活化在恶性肿瘤的进展中起着重要作用[79]。Hong等[80]发现,卵巢癌组织中MAPK1和ERK的表达水平高于癌旁正常组织。且有研究发现,MAPK通路的异常激活能上调 ABC 转运蛋白超家族中P-gp、MRP、LRP等耐药相关蛋白的表达,并在使用ERK的通路阻断剂后,这些蛋白的表达有一定程度的减少[81]。其他的一些研究显示在缺氧状态下,MAPK是使HIF-1α活化的主要信号途径之一。MAPK信号途径能通过增加HIF-1α蛋白的稳定性实现HIF-1α转录活性的增强[82]。Jin等[83]研究发现,MAPK信号通路还可以通过酸化转录因子AP-1,影响MDR信号转导即P-gp的功能。
Zhou等[84]发现经新型天然合果酸结合单萜托莫托二酮M (tomentodione M,TTM) 作用后,人乳腺癌MDR细胞MCF-7/MDR和人红白血病MDR细胞 K562/MDR对多西PTX和ADR等化疗药物的细胞毒性呈剂量和时间依赖性增加。进一步研究发现,TTM能够减少细胞的聚集和促进细胞凋亡,并通过下调P-gp的表达增加ADR和罗丹明123的胞内积累,在进行细胞转染和使用p38 MAPK抑制剂后发现,TTM通过抑制p38 MAPK来降低P-gp的表达,逆转了肿瘤细胞中的MDR。Wu等[85]发现姜黄素 (curcumin, Cur)可以增加奥沙利铂、PTX、5-FU等抗肿瘤药物对食管癌耐药细胞Eca-109/VCR的细胞毒性,作用机制可能与下调MAPK通路相关的 p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK和P-gp等蛋白的表达有关。MAPK不仅参与细胞生物学功能,还与肿瘤形成耐药关系密切。许多天然化合物逆转肿瘤耐药的机制很大可能与抑制MAPK通路相关,将MAPK通路作为靶点切入,发现和开发天然低毒的通路抑制剂逆转肿瘤耐药不失为一种好的治疗策略。
PI3K/Akt信号通路是通过激活Akt来控制细胞内多个生物过程,而Akt是下游关键因子。Akt的过度激活诱导底物和下游效应子的磷酸化,包括叉头、半胱天冬酶和细胞周期蛋白家族成员,以及NF-κB,共同促进细胞增殖、恶性肿瘤、侵袭和转移[86]。因此,PI3K信号通路被认为是攻克 MDR 核心通路之一,大量研究表明,很多中药具有逆转肿瘤 MDR 的作用。其中相当一部分中药是通过PI3K/Akt信号途径逆转MDR的发生[87-89]
RY10-4是由原芹菜素经化学方法合成的一种新型化合物。有研究将RY10-4应用于MCF-7/ADR细胞,结果提示MCF-7/ADR细胞P-gp的表达下调并对ADR的化学敏感性升高。机制研究证明,MDR现象受PI3K/Akt/NF-κB通路的调控,RY10-4抑制该通路从而达到逆转耐药的效果[90]。牡荆素是一种天然的黄酮类化合物。有研究表明,牡荆素能够下调 P-gp 表达并抑制 PI3K/Akt信号通路活性,通过线粒体途径诱导耐药细胞凋亡,从而逆转结肺癌细胞的耐药性[91]。Lu等[92]发现槲皮素可以逆转前列腺癌耐药细胞LNCaP/R和PC3/R细胞的耐药性的作用机制可能是通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。
根据Bcl-2家族在细胞凋亡中的作用可分为抗凋亡蛋白和促凋亡蛋白两大类。肿瘤细胞发生耐药性可能是由于两种蛋白的比例异常:促凋亡基因如Bax的表达减少,以及抗凋亡Bcl-2基因的表达增加[93]。Wang等[94]对车毛茉莉素B逆转肿瘤MDR的机制进行研究,发现其可能通过下调Bcl-2的表达,同时上调Bax的表达,调节Caspase 9的释放从而发挥抗MDR作用。Sun等[95]用不同浓度的飞燕草苷 (delphinin) 处理HepG2和HuH-7细胞,发现不同浓度的飞燕草苷处理后的HepG2和HuH-7细胞存活率显著降低,进一步研究发现飞燕草苷可以阻断自噬流量,导致自噬体显著增加,并导致细胞凋亡增加,在与DDP联合应用后可显著提高肿瘤细胞的抗肿瘤作用。
Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin) 信号通路是目前肿瘤治疗研究的热点。Wnt/β-catenin信号通路是以调控β-catenin 的稳定性和核定位为核心过程的经典通路,在细胞增殖、分化和组织稳态维持过程中发挥重要作用,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路异常可促进肿瘤干细胞更新、细胞增殖和分化,在肿瘤发生和治疗反应中作用显著[96]。Gao等[97]将Cur和5-FU联合作用于HCT116/5-FU细胞,发现Cur和5-FU联合应用对细胞凋亡的诱导具有协同作用且对肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移具有抑制作用。进一步研究发现Cur降低了MRP-2、P-gp、生存素(survivin) 和β-catenin的表达并显著增加了HCT116/5-FU细胞中p-β-catenin水平和Bad/Bcl-2比率。且Cur在体内表现出明显的肿瘤抑制作用。
肿瘤MDR的发病机制复杂,相应地涉及的逆转通路千变万化。有研究表明通过下调谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶-π的表达或者抑制信号传导及转录激活蛋白3(signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT3) 通路/ Notch信号通路可逆转肿瘤MDR[98-100]。Zhu等[101]通过薄膜水合法制备了独特的人参皂苷Rg3基PTX脂质体(Rg3-PTX-LP),并分别在体内和体外对MCF-7/T细胞进行抗肿瘤活性研究,发现Rg3-PTX-LPs具有显著的耐药逆转能力,并在体内显示出较高抗肿瘤活性。进一步研究发现,Rg3通过抑制IL-6/STAT3/p-STAT3通路的激活使原癌M2巨噬细胞复极为抗肿瘤M1表型,并抑制了TME中的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞TAFs和胶原纤维的增殖和表达,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。Eid等[102]发现类胡萝卜素岩藻红素 (fucoxanthin,FUC) 可通过诱导凋亡、抑制MDR蛋白 P-gp、MRP和BCRP和代谢酶(CYP3A4和GST)的表达,使肝MDR细胞HepG-2/ADR和卵巢MDR细胞SKOV-3/ADR对多柔比星重新敏感。
放、化疗是目前肿瘤治疗最主要的手段之一,但随之出现的肿瘤MDR却成为削弱肿瘤治疗效果甚至导致化疗失败的主要阻碍。肿瘤细胞膜上药物转运体(P-gp、MRP、BCRP和LRP等外排“泵”)的过表达是肿瘤产生MDR的主要原因。迄今为止,已有一些化学制剂在临床试验中具有调节肿瘤MDR活性,但肿瘤MDR的发生往往是一个复杂的过程,不同的肿瘤细胞对同一种抗肿瘤药物或者单一肿瘤细胞对不同的抗肿瘤药物都有可能产生不同的耐药机制,加之这些逆转手段往往只针对一种逆转机制且具有一定的毒副作用,往往达不到理想的治疗效果,目前还没有任何一种逆转肿瘤MDR的化学制剂上市。因此,明确MDR发生机制并对作用靶点进行干预,寻找更有效的MDR逆转方法,对实现逆转肿瘤MDR至关重要。
近年来,中药逆转这一方法频繁出现在人们的视野,中药作为天然活性成分有着其天然的优势:毒副作用小、资源丰富、多靶点治疗且兼具抗癌作用等,但相应地因其成分复杂也存在一定的弊端,例如溶解度差、有效成分筛选困难、生物利用度低、配伍禁忌和治疗靶点或机制不明等。天然产物的特异性信号通路抑制活性和中药悠久的用药历史为筛选疗效确切的MDR逆转剂提供了一定的理论基础。随着现代科学技术的快速发展,针对中药出现的溶解度差、生物利用度低、治疗靶点不明等应用限制,在了解各种中药的药物代谢动力学特点前提下应用外泌体或纳米技术等提高中药的生物利用度。中药治疗是从整体出发,其多靶点治疗的特性针对某些恶性肿瘤后期出现的病灶转移有独特优势,且大多中药活性成分兼具抗肿瘤活性,在已知其作用靶点和相关通路情况下,通过合理的药物配伍以及新技术联用,实现中药治疗肿瘤MDR性能最大化。但大多数药物还停留在实验研究阶段,离临床应用还有一定距离。中药进入体内后经吸收、分布和代谢后,其性质可能发生改变,需要更多体内相关研究进一步验证其疗效。如何将现有的策略应用到临床实践也是目前肿瘤MDR相关研究迫切需要解决的问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82204348)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.001
  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(82204348)
作者信息
    1 浙江工业大学绿色制药协同创新中心, 杭州 310032
    2 浙江省食品药品检验研究院, 国家药品监督管理局化妆品动物替代试验技术重点实验室, 杭州 310052
    3 浙江大学转化医学研究院, 杭州 310029

通讯作者:

* 曹雨虹,女,博士,副主任药师 研究方向:肿瘤多药耐药 Tel:18817266930;
匡荣,男,博士,主任药师 研究方向:药理毒理学 Tel:(0571)87180393
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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